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id="toc-Recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>In English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>In German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmuth_James_Graf_von_Moltke" title="Helmuth James Graf von Moltke – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Helmuth James Graf von Moltke" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmuth_James_von_Moltke" title="Helmuth James von Moltke – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Helmuth James von Moltke" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmuth_James_von_Moltke" title="Helmuth James von Moltke – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Helmuth James von Moltke" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmuth_James_Graf_von_Moltke" title="Helmuth James Graf von Moltke – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Helmuth James Graf von Moltke" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krahv_Helmuth_James_von_Moltke" title="Krahv Helmuth James von Moltke – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Krahv Helmuth James von Moltke" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmuth_James_von_Moltke" title="Helmuth James von Moltke – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Helmuth James von Moltke" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmuth_James_Graf_von_Moltke" title="Helmuth James Graf von Moltke – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Helmuth James Graf von Moltke" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81_%D9%81%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%87" title="هلموت جیمز گراف فن مولتکه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هلموت جیمز گراف فن مولتکه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmuth_James_von_Moltke" title="Helmuth James von Moltke – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Helmuth James von Moltke" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmuth_James_von_Moltke" title="Helmuth James von Moltke – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Helmuth James von Moltke" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmuth_James_Graf_von_Moltke" title="Helmuth James Graf von Moltke – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Helmuth James Graf von Moltke" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%98_%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%94" title="הלמוט ג'יימס פון מולטקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הלמוט ג'יימס פון מולטקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helimutus_Iacobus_Comes_de_Moltke" title="Helimutus Iacobus Comes de Moltke – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Helimutus Iacobus Comes de Moltke" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AB_%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81_%DA%A4%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%83" title="هيلموث چيمس جراف ڤون مولتك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيلموث چيمس جراف ڤون مولتك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%82%B1" title="ヘルムート・イェームス・フォン・モルトケ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘルムート・イェームス・フォン・モルトケ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmuth_James_von_Moltke" title="Helmuth James von Moltke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Helmuth James von Moltke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmuth_James_Graf_von_Moltke" title="Helmuth James Graf von Moltke – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Helmuth James Graf von Moltke" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmuth_James_Graf_von_Moltke" title="Helmuth James Graf von Moltke – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Helmuth James Graf von Moltke" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B5,_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мольтке, Хельмут Джеймс фон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мольтке, Хельмут Джеймс фон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmuth_James_graf_von_Moltke" title="Helmuth James graf von Moltke – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Helmuth James graf von Moltke" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmuth_James_von_Moltke" title="Helmuth James von Moltke – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Helmuth James von Moltke" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmuth_James_von_Moltke" title="Helmuth James von Moltke – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Helmuth James von Moltke" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmuth_James_Graf_von_Moltke" title="Helmuth James Graf von Moltke – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Helmuth James Graf von Moltke" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Гельмут Джеймс фон Мольтке – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гельмут Джеймс фон Мольтке" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE%E7%A9%86%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%AF%9B%E5%A5%87" title="赫爾穆特·詹姆斯·馮·毛奇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="赫爾穆特·詹姆斯·馮·毛奇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q61613#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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class="mw-redirect" title="Helmuth James Graf von Moltke">Helmuth James Graf von Moltke</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German resistance member (1907–1945)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the German military commander of the 19th century, see <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Elder" title="Helmuth von Moltke the Elder">Helmuth von Moltke the Elder</a>. For the German chief of staff at the start of the First World War, see <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Younger" title="Helmuth von Moltke the Younger">Helmuth von Moltke the Younger</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Helmuth James Graf von Moltke</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:HelmuthvonMoltkeJan1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/HelmuthvonMoltkeJan1945.jpg/220px-HelmuthvonMoltkeJan1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/HelmuthvonMoltkeJan1945.jpg/330px-HelmuthvonMoltkeJan1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/HelmuthvonMoltkeJan1945.jpg/440px-HelmuthvonMoltkeJan1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="1223" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Moltke in January 1945</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1907-03-11</span>)</span>11 March 1907<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Kreisau, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Krzy%C5%BCowa,_%C5%9Awidnica_County" title="Krzyżowa, Świdnica County">Krzyżowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 January 1945<span style="display:none">(1945-01-23)</span> (aged 37)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%B6tzensee_Prison" title="Plötzensee Prison">Plötzensee Prison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_hanging" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution by hanging">Execution by hanging</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg-Wandsbek" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg-Wandsbek">Hamburg-Wandsbek</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Helmuth James Ludwig Eugen Heinrich Graf von Moltke</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="University of Wrocław">University of Breslau</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Lawyer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Non-violent opposition to the Nazi government of Germany as co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Kreisau_Circle" title="Kreisau Circle">Kreisau Circle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Freya_von_Moltke" title="Freya von Moltke">Freya Deichmann</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Helmuth Caspar, Konrad</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data">James Rose-Innes and Jessie Rose-Innes (maternal grandparents)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Helmuth James Graf<sup id="cite_ref-graf_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> von Moltke</b> (11 March 1907 – 23 January 1945) was a German <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a> who, as a draftee in the German <a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a>, acted to subvert German human-rights abuses of people in territories occupied by Germany during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. He was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Kreisau_Circle" title="Kreisau Circle">Kreisau Circle</a> <a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">opposition</a> group, whose members opposed the government of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, and discussed prospects for a Germany based on moral and democratic principles after Hitler. The Nazis executed him for treason for his participation in these discussions. </p><p>Moltke was the grandnephew of <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Younger" title="Helmuth von Moltke the Younger">Helmuth von Moltke the Younger</a> and the great-grandnephew of <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Elder" title="Helmuth von Moltke the Elder">Helmuth von Moltke the Elder</a>, the victorious commander in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian Wars</a>, from whom he inherited the Kreisau estate in Prussian <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Krzy%C5%BCowa,_%C5%9Awidnica_County" title="Krzyżowa, Świdnica County">Krzyżowa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Balfour_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balfour-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_James_von_Moltke&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moltke was born in Kreisau (now <a href="/wiki/Krzy%C5%BCowa,_%C5%9Awidnica_County" title="Krzyżowa, Świdnica County">Krzyżowa, Świdnica County</a>, Poland) in the Prussian <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Province of Silesia</a>. His mother, Dorothy (<i>née</i> Rose Innes), was a <a href="/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa" title="British diaspora in Africa">South African of British descent</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/James_Rose_Innes" title="James Rose Innes">Sir James Rose Innes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_South_Africa" title="Chief Justice of South Africa">Chief Justice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> from 1914 to 1927, and his wife <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Rose-Innes" title="Jessie Rose-Innes">Jessie Rose-Innes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moltke's parents were <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Scientists</a>, his mother adopting his father's religion after marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father became a <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science_practitioner" title="Christian Science practitioner">Christian Science practitioner</a> and teacher,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and both parents were in the group that translated the first German edition of the Christian Science textbook, <i><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Health_with_Key_to_the_Scriptures" title="Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures">Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-csm_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csm-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For reasons of family tradition, Moltke decided to become confirmed in the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Church of Prussia">Evangelical Church of Prussia</a> when he was 14.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_James_von_Moltke&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1927 to 1929, Moltke studied law and <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political sciences</a> in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="University of Wrocław">Breslau</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Berlin</a>. In 1928, Moltke became involved with college teachers and youth movement leaders in the organization of the <i>Löwenberger Arbeitsgemeinschaften</i> (Löwenberg working groups) in which <a href="/wiki/Unemployed" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployed">unemployed</a> young workers and young <a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">farmers</a> were brought together with <a href="/wiki/Student" title="Student">students</a> so that they could learn from one another.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also discussed <a href="/wiki/Civics" title="Civics">civics</a>, obligations, and rights. In Kreisau, Moltke set aside an unused part of the estate for farming startups, which earned him harsh criticism from neighbouring landowners.<sup id="cite_ref-Balfour_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balfour-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1931, he married <a href="/wiki/Freya_von_Moltke" title="Freya von Moltke">Freya Deichmann</a>, whom he met in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Balfour_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balfour-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934, Moltke took his junior law examination. In 1935, he declined the chance to become a judge to avoid having to join the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>. Instead, he opened a law practice in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. As a lawyer dealing in <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, he helped victims of Hitler's régime emigrate, and he traveled abroad to maintain contacts. Between 1935 and 1938, Moltke regularly visited <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, where he completed English legal training in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Balfour_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balfour-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_law_division_of_the_Abwehr">International law division of the Abwehr</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_James_von_Moltke&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: International law division of the Abwehr"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1939, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> began with the German invasion of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. Moltke was immediately drafted at the beginning of the Polish campaign by the <a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a>, the High Command of the Armed Forces (<a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht">Oberkommando der Wehrmacht</a>), Counter-Intelligence Service, Foreign Division, under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Canaris" title="Wilhelm Canaris">Wilhelm Canaris</a>, as an expert in <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_public_law" class="mw-redirect" title="International public law">international public law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Letters_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moltke's work for the Abwehr mainly involved gathering insights from abroad, from <a href="/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9" title="Military attaché">military attachés</a> and foreign <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a>, and news of military-political importance, and relaying this information to the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>. He maintained the connection between the OKW and the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office_(Germany)#Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office (Germany)">Foreign Office</a>, but above all to provide appraisals of questions of the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_war#International_treaties_on_the_laws_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of war">international laws of war</a>. Unusually, he chose not to wear a uniform.<sup id="cite_ref-wengler_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wengler-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his travels through <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a>, he observed many <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> abuses, which he attempted to thwart by citing legal principles.<sup id="cite_ref-Letters_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moltke was one of the few officials who argued for treating captured <a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet prisoners of war</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention_on_Prisoners_of_War" title="Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War">1929 Geneva Convention</a>, a treaty that Germany had signed and was legally obliged to follow.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1941, Moltke wrote: "Certainly more than a thousand people are murdered in this way every day, and another thousand German men are habituated to murder.... What shall I say when I am asked: And what did you do during that time?" In the same letter he said, "Since Saturday the Berlin Jews are being rounded up. Then they are sent off with what they can carry.... How can anyone know these things and walk around free?"<sup id="cite_ref-csm_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csm-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Letters_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moltke hoped that his appraisals could have a humanitarian effect on military actions; he was supported by anti-Hitler officers such as Canaris and Major General <a href="/wiki/Hans_Oster" title="Hans Oster">Hans Oster</a>, Chief of the Central Division. During Nazi Germany's <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">war with the Soviet Union</a>, Moltke wrote a memorandum urging the Wehrmacht to follow both the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention">Geneva Convention</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_(1899_and_1907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)">Hague Convention</a>, in order to comply with international law and to promote reciprocal good treatment for German prisoners of war, but the recommendation was rejected by Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a>, who scribbled on the margin that "The objections arise from the military concept of chivalrous warfare".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moltke invoked international law and political reasoning to stop the shooting of hostages in Holland, and was involved in warning the <a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Danish resistance movement</a> of the impending planned deportation of Danish Jews, which led to their mass evacuation by boat from Copenhagen to Malmö, Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-csm_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csm-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having access to information about deportations and the shootings of hostages reinforced Moltke's opposition to the war and the entire program of the Nazi Party. </p><p>Moltke's meeting with <a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9e_de_Heeren" title="Aimée de Heeren">Aimée Sotto Maior</a> (aka de Heeren), a Brazilian spy who had come to Paris in 1938 under the cover of being a wealthy heiress and fashion shopper, allowed her to discourage Brazilian president, <a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a>, from entering an alliance with Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-The_spectator_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_spectator-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Thompson" title="Dorothy Thompson">Dorothy Thompson</a>, one of the most famous and celebrated journalists of the period, performed a radio show during the war called <i>Listen, Hans!</i> These broadcasts were addressed, in German, to a fictional Prussian Junker identified only as “Hans.” Thompson later explained that the figure of 'Hans' whom she addressed her broadcasts to was really Helmuth James von Moltke III.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1943, Moltke traveled to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> on two occasions. The official reason was to retrieve German merchant ships impounded by <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. The real reason was participation in an effort to end the war by a coalition of anti-Hitler elements of the German Army, German refugees living in Turkey, members of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">OSS</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a> (German military intelligence) and the German ambassador to Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a>. This group passed a report to the Allies, which reached President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a>. However, Roosevelt's advisers, including <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a>, counseled against the credibility of the report.<sup id="cite_ref-Balfour_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balfour-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nonviolent_opposition_to_Nazi_rule">Nonviolent opposition to Nazi rule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_James_von_Moltke&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nonviolent opposition to Nazi rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moltke also surreptitiously spread the information to which he was privy, on the war and the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>, to friends outside the Nazi party, including members of the <a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a> in occupied Europe. Declassified British documents reveal that he twice attempted to contact British officials, including friends from <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, offering to "go to any length" to assist them, but the British refused the first time, confusing him with his uncle, the German ambassador to Spain, and replied to the second offer by asking for "deeds" rather than "talk".<sup id="cite_ref-csm_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csm-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moltke possessed strong religious convictions. In a 1942 letter smuggled to a British friend <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Curtis" title="Lionel Curtis">Lionel Curtis</a>, Moltke wrote: "Today, not a numerous, but an active part of the German people are beginning to realize, not that they have been led astray, not that bad times await them, not that the war may end in defeat, but that what is happening is <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> and that they are personally responsible for each terrible deed that has been committed – naturally, not in the earthly sense, but as Christians".<sup id="cite_ref-rothfels_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rothfels-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same letter, Moltke wrote that before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he had believed that it was possible to be totally opposed to <a href="/wiki/National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">National Socialism</a> without believing in God, but he now declared his former ideas to be "wrong, completely wrong". In Moltke's opinion, only by believing in God could one be a total opponent of the Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-rothfels_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rothfels-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kreisau_Circle">Kreisau Circle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_James_von_Moltke&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kreisau Circle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krzyzowa4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Krzyzowa4.JPG/220px-Krzyzowa4.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Krzyzowa4.JPG/330px-Krzyzowa4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Krzyzowa4.JPG/440px-Krzyzowa4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The von Moltke main house at Kreisau</figcaption></figure> <p>In Berlin Moltke had a circle of acquaintances who opposed <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> and who met frequently there, but on three occasions met at Kreisau. These three incidental gatherings were the basis for the term "<a href="/wiki/Kreisau_Circle" title="Kreisau Circle">Kreisau Circle</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Kreisau_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kreisau-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meetings at Kreisau had an agenda of well-organized discussion topics, beginning with relatively innocuous ones as cover. The topics of the first meeting of May 1942 included the failure of German educational and religious institutions to fend off the rise of Nazism. The theme of the second meeting in the autumn of 1942 was on post-war reconstruction, assuming the likely defeat of Germany. This included both economic planning and self-government, developing a pan-European concept that pre-dated the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, summarized in documented resolutions. The third meeting, in June 1943, addressed how to handle the legacy of Nazi war crimes after the fall of the dictatorship. These and other meetings resulted in "Principles for the New [Post-Nazi] Order" and "Directions to Regional Commissioners", works, which Moltke asked his wife, Freya, to hide in a place that not even he knew.<sup id="cite_ref-Kreisau_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kreisau-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moltke opposed the assassination of Hitler. He believed that if one succeeded, Hitler would become a <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a>, and if it failed, that would expose those few individuals among the German leadership who could be counted on to build a democratic state after the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a>. On 20 July 1944, there was an <a href="/wiki/20_July_Plot" class="mw-redirect" title="20 July Plot">attempt on Hitler's life</a>, which the Gestapo used as a pretext to eliminate perceived opponents to the Nazi regime. In the aftermath of the plot, some 5,000 of Hitler's opponents were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-csm_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csm-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arrest,_trial_and_execution"><span id="Arrest.2C_trial_and_execution"></span>Arrest, trial and execution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_James_von_Moltke&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Arrest, trial and execution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_147-1277,_Volksgerichtshof,_Helmuth_James_Graf_v._Moltke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bundesarchiv_Bild_147-1277%2C_Volksgerichtshof%2C_Helmuth_James_Graf_v._Moltke.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_147-1277%2C_Volksgerichtshof%2C_Helmuth_James_Graf_v._Moltke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bundesarchiv_Bild_147-1277%2C_Volksgerichtshof%2C_Helmuth_James_Graf_v._Moltke.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_147-1277%2C_Volksgerichtshof%2C_Helmuth_James_Graf_v._Moltke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bundesarchiv_Bild_147-1277%2C_Volksgerichtshof%2C_Helmuth_James_Graf_v._Moltke.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_147-1277%2C_Volksgerichtshof%2C_Helmuth_James_Graf_v._Moltke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Moltke at the <i>Volksgerichtshof</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Moltke's mindset and his objections to orders that were at odds with international law both put him at risk of arrest. Indeed, the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> arrested him in January 1944. A year later, in January 1945, he stood, along with several of his fellow régime opponents, before the <i><a href="/wiki/Volksgerichtshof" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgerichtshof">People's Court</a></i> (<i>Volksgerichtshof</i>), presided over by <a href="/wiki/Roland_Freisler" title="Roland Freisler">Roland Freisler</a>. Because no evidence could be found that Moltke had participated in any conspiracy to bring about a <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a></i>, Freisler had to invent a charge <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/de_novo" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:de novo">de novo</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Balfour_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balfour-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since Moltke and his friends had discussed a Germany based on moral and democratic principles that could develop after Hitler, Freisler deemed this discussion as <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>, a crime worthy of death. <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Lilje" title="Hanns Lilje">Hanns Lilje</a> writes in his autobiography that as Moltke stood before the <i>Volksgerichtshof</i>, he had "possessed, in the face of clear recognition of the fact that the death penalty had already been decided, the moral courage for an attack on Freisler and the whole institution". In two letters written to his wife in January 1945 while imprisoned at <a href="/wiki/Tegel_Prison" title="Tegel Prison">Tegel Prison</a>, Moltke noted with considerable pride that he was to be executed for his ideas, not his actions, a point that had been underlined a number of times by Freisler. In one letter, Moltke noted "Thus it is documented, that not plans, not preparations, but the spirit as such shall be persecuted. <i>Vivat</i> Freisler!"<sup id="cite_ref-rothfels_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rothfels-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second letter, Moltke claimed that he stood before the court "not as a Protestant, not as a great landowner, not as an aristocrat, not as a Prussian, not as a German...but as a Christian and nothing else".<sup id="cite_ref-rothfels_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rothfels-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote: "But what the Third Reich is so terrified of ... is ultimately the following: a private individual, your husband, of whom it is established that he discussed with 2 clergymen of both denominations [Protestant and Catholic] ... questions of the practical, ethical demands of Christianity. Nothing else; for that alone we are condemned.... I just wept a little, not because I was sad or melancholy ... but because I am thankful and moved by this proof of God's presence."<sup id="cite_ref-csm_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csm-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moltke was sentenced to death on 11 January 1945 and hanged twelve days later at <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%B6tzensee_Prison" title="Plötzensee Prison">Plötzensee Prison</a> in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter written while in custody, he revealed his motivation for resistance to his two sons: "Since <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">National Socialism</a> came to power, I have striven to make its consequences milder for its victims and to prepare the way for a change. In that, my conscience drove me – and in the end, that is a man's duty."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_James_von_Moltke&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gedenkstein_f%C3%BCr_Helmuth_James_Graf_von_Moltke.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gedenkstein_f%C3%BCr_Helmuth_James_Graf_von_Moltke.JPG/220px-Gedenkstein_f%C3%BCr_Helmuth_James_Graf_von_Moltke.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gedenkstein_f%C3%BCr_Helmuth_James_Graf_von_Moltke.JPG/330px-Gedenkstein_f%C3%BCr_Helmuth_James_Graf_von_Moltke.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gedenkstein_f%C3%BCr_Helmuth_James_Graf_von_Moltke.JPG/440px-Gedenkstein_f%C3%BCr_Helmuth_James_Graf_von_Moltke.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Memorial stone to Moltke and his brother at Kreisau (now Krzyżowa, Poland)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1989, Moltke was posthumously awarded the <a href="/wiki/Geschwister-Scholl-Preis" title="Geschwister-Scholl-Preis">Geschwister-Scholl-Preis</a> for his work, <i>Briefe an Freya 1939–1945</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, the German Section of the International Society for Military Law and the Law of War established the <a href="/wiki/Helmuth-James-von-Moltke-Preis" title="Helmuth-James-von-Moltke-Preis">Helmuth-James-von-Moltke-Preis</a> for outstanding judicial works in the field of security policy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Germany continues to shed light on the internal dynamics of the Nazi era, Moltke has become a prominent symbol of moral opposition to the Nazi regime. On 11 March 2007, Moltke's <a href="/wiki/Centenary" class="mw-redirect" title="Centenary">centenary</a> was commemorated in the <a href="/wiki/Franz%C3%B6sischer_Dom" class="mw-redirect" title="Französischer Dom">Französischer Dom</a> in Berlin, where he was described by German chancellor <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> as a symbol of "European courage".<sup id="cite_ref-csm_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csm-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His life was the subject of a 1992 <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a> nominated for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Oscar</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Restless_Conscience:_Resistance_to_Hitler_Within_Germany_1933-1945" class="mw-redirect" title="The Restless Conscience: Resistance to Hitler Within Germany 1933-1945">The Restless Conscience: Resistance to Hitler Within Germany 1933-1945</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-csm_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csm-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A biography by Günter Brakelmann compiles Moltke's letters, diary, and other papers shared by <a href="/wiki/Freya_von_Moltke" title="Freya von Moltke">his wife</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_James_von_Moltke&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Bericht aus Deutschland im Jahre 1943</i> ("Report from Germany in the Year 1943").</li> <li><i>Letzte Briefe aus dem Gefängnis Tegel</i> ("Last Letters from Tegel Prison"). Letters to his wife Freya and his two sons from the time of the trial against him, first published in 1951, later published together with <i>Bericht</i> in many editions (latest: Diogenes, Zürich 1997 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-257-22975-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-257-22975-5">3-257-22975-5</a>).</li> <li><i>Briefe an Freya. 1939-1945</i>, ed. Beate Ruhm von Oppen. 2. Auflage, Beck, München 1991 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-35279-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-35279-0">3-406-35279-0</a>. English edition: <i>Letters to Freya: 1939–1945</i>, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-57923-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-57923-2">0-394-57923-2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_James_von_Moltke&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-graf-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-graf_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regarding personal names: <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Graf" title="Graf">Graf</a></i></span></i> was a title before 1919, but now is regarded as part of the surname. It is translated as <i><a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a></i>. Before the August 1919 abolition of nobility as a legal class, titles preceded the full name when given (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Graf Helmuth James von Moltke</i></span>). Since 1919, these titles, along with any nobiliary prefix (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">von</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">zu</i></span>, etc.), can be used, but are regarded as a dependent part of the surname, and thus come after any given names (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Helmuth James Graf von Moltke</i></span>). Titles and all dependent parts of surnames are ignored in alphabetical sorting. The feminine form is <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A4fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gräfin">Gräfin</a></i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balfour-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Balfour_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balfour_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balfour_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balfour_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balfour_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balfour_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalfourFrisby1972" class="citation book cs1">Balfour, Michael; Frisby, Julian (1972). <i>Helmuth von Moltke—A Leader against Hitler</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. p. 388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-14030-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-14030-7"><bdi>978-0-333-14030-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Helmuth+von+Moltke%E2%80%94A+Leader+against+Hitler&rft.place=London&rft.pages=388&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-333-14030-7&rft.aulast=Balfour&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Frisby%2C+Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelmuth+James+von+Moltke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Innes, James Rose, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ayINAQAAIAAJ&q=Dorothy"><i>James Rose Innes: Chief Justice of South Africa, 1914-27 : Autobiography</i></a> Oxford University Press (1949). Retrieved June 28, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">von Moltke, Dorothy (1999). Translator: von Oppen, Beate Ruhm, ed. <i>Ein Leben in Deutschalnd</i>. Munich: Verlag C. H. Beck. p. XII. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-45475-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-45475-5">3-406-45475-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">von Moltke, Dorothy (1999), p. XIV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-csm-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-csm_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csm_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csm_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csm_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csm_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csm_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csm_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csm_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquand2007" class="citation news cs1">Marquand, Robert (March 12, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0312/p01s04-woeu.html">"Moral legacy of Nazi resister takes root in Germany – and abroad"</a>. <i>The Christian Science Monitor</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Moral+legacy+of+Nazi+resister+takes+root+in+Germany+%E2%80%93+and+abroad&rft.date=2007-03-12&rft.aulast=Marquand&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2007%2F0312%2Fp01s04-woeu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelmuth+James+von+Moltke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammond, Catharine, "We are translating <i>Science and Health</i> into German". Lead article in the "Report to Members" (Spring/Summer 2009) Longyear Museum, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">von Moltke, Dorothy (1999), p. XII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäuble2007" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schäuble, Wolfgang (2007-06-21), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629084822/http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Reden/DE/2007/06/bm_konrad_adenauer_stiftung.html"><i>Zivilcourage und Bürgergesellschaft – Strategien gegen die totalitäre Versuchung—100. Geburtstages von Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, Helmuth James Graf von Moltke und Pater Alfred Delp</i></a> (in German), Ministerium des Inneren, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Reden/DE/2007/06/bm_konrad_adenauer_stiftung.html">the original</a> on 2015-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-14</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zivilcourage+und+B%C3%BCrgergesellschaft+%E2%80%93+Strategien+gegen+die+totalit%C3%A4re+Versuchung%E2%80%94100.+Geburtstages+von+Claus+Schenk+Graf+von+Stauffenberg%2C+Helmuth+James+Graf+von+Moltke+und+Pater+Alfred+Delp&rft.pub=Ministerium+des+Inneren&rft.date=2007-06-21&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4uble&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmi.bund.de%2FSharedDocs%2FReden%2FDE%2F2007%2F06%2Fbm_konrad_adenauer_stiftung.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelmuth+James+von+Moltke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letters-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Letters_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letters_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letters_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Moltke1990" class="citation book cs1">von Moltke, Helmuth James (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/letterstofreya00molt"><i>Letters to Freya—1939–1945</i></a></span>. Translated by von Oppen, Beata Ruhm. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-57923-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-57923-2"><bdi>0-394-57923-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+to+Freya%26mdash%3B1939%26ndash%3B1945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-394-57923-2&rft.aulast=von+Moltke&rft.aufirst=Helmuth+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fletterstofreya00molt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelmuth+James+von+Moltke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wengler-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wengler_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWengler1948" class="citation book cs1">Wengler, Wilhelm (1948). <i>Vorkaempfer der Voelkerverstaendigung und Voelkerrechtsgelehrte als Opfer des Nationalsozialismus, Nr. 9: H. J. Graf von Moltke (1906[sic]-1945)</i>. London: Die Friedens-Warte 48. pp. 297–305.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vorkaempfer+der+Voelkerverstaendigung+und+Voelkerrechtsgelehrte+als+Opfer+des+Nationalsozialismus%2C+Nr.+9%3A+H.+J.+Graf+von+Moltke+%281906%5Bsic%5D-1945%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=297-305&rft.pub=Die+Friedens-Warte+48&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Wengler&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelmuth+James+von+Moltke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohl2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Pohl" title="Dieter Pohl">Pohl, Dieter</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1524/9783486707397/html"><i>Die Herrschaft der Wehrmacht: Deutsche Militärbesatzung und einheimische Bevölkerung in der Sowjetunion 1941-1944</i></a> (in German). Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-70739-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-70739-7"><bdi>978-3-486-70739-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Herrschaft+der+Wehrmacht%3A+Deutsche+Milit%C3%A4rbesatzung+und+einheimische+Bev%C3%B6lkerung+in+der+Sowjetunion+1941-1944&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Oldenbourg+Wissenschaftsverlag&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-486-70739-7&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1524%2F9783486707397%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelmuth+James+von+Moltke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/chap16_part04.asp">"Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression vol. 2 chapter XVI part 4"</a>. <i>Avalon Project</i>. Yale Law School Law Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Avalon+Project&rft.atitle=Nazi+Conspiracy+and+Aggression+vol.+2+chapter+XVI+part+4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2Fimt%2Fchap16_part04.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelmuth+James+von+Moltke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerghahn1990" class="citation news cs1">Berghahn, V.R. (1 July 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/01/books/no-mein-fuhrer.html">"No, Mein Führer"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=No%2C+Mein+F%C3%BChrer&rft.date=1990-07-01&rft.aulast=Berghahn&rft.aufirst=V.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F07%2F01%2Fbooks%2Fno-mein-fuhrer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelmuth+James+von+Moltke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_spectator-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_spectator_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1bfhAAAAMAAJ"><i>The spectator</i></a>. F.C. Westley. 1 January 2004. p. 44<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+spectator&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=F.C.+Westley&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1bfhAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelmuth+James+von+Moltke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1942" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Dorothy (1942). <i>Listen, Hans!</i> (1st ed.). Boston: CBS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Listen%2C+Hans%21&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=CBS&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelmuth+James+von+Moltke" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rothfels-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rothfels_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rothfels_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rothfels_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rothfels_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothfels1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Rothfels" title="Hans Rothfels">Rothfels, Hans</a> (1961). <i>The German Opposition to Hitler</i>. London: Oswald Wolff. pp. 112, 114, 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-8696-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8371-8696-X"><bdi>0-8371-8696-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Opposition+to+Hitler&rft.place=London&rft.pages=112%2C+114%2C+122&rft.pub=Oswald+Wolff&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=0-8371-8696-X&rft.aulast=Rothfels&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelmuth+James+von+Moltke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kreisau-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kreisau_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kreisau_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Moltke2003" class="citation book cs1">von Moltke, Freya (2003). <i>Memories of Kreisau & The German Resistance</i>. Translated by Winter, Julie M. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-4669-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-4669-2"><bdi>0-8032-4669-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memories+of+Kreisau+%26+The+German+Resistance&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8032-4669-2&rft.aulast=von+Moltke&rft.aufirst=Freya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelmuth+James+von+Moltke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susanne Eckelmann, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhm.de/lemo/biografie/helmuth-james-moltke"><i>Helmuth James Graf von Moltke</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Historisches_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsches Historisches Museum">Deutsches Historisches Museum</a>, 14 September 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Original quotation: "<i>Nationalsozialismus zur Macht gekommen ist, habe ich mich bemüht, seine Folgen für seine Opfer zu mildern und einer Wandlung den Weg zu bereiten. Dazu hat mich mein Gewissen getrieben—und schließlich ist das eine Aufgabe für einen Mann.</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Moltke1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">von Moltke, Helmuth James (1986) [1945]. "Letter to sons". In van Roon, G. (ed.). <i>Helmuth James Graf von Moltke: Volkerrecht im Dienste der Menschen : Dokumente (Deutscher Widerstand 1933-1945)</i> (in German). Berlin: Siedler Verlag. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3886801541" title="Special:BookSources/978-3886801541"><bdi>978-3886801541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+to+sons&rft.btitle=Helmuth+James+Graf+von+Moltke%3A+Volkerrecht+im+Dienste+der+Menschen+%3A+Dokumente+%28Deutscher+Widerstand+1933-1945%29&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Siedler+Verlag&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-3886801541&rft.aulast=von+Moltke&rft.aufirst=Helmuth+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelmuth+James+von+Moltke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJury1989" class="citation cs2">Jury (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073159/http://www.geschwister-scholl-preis.de/preistraeger_1980-1989/1989/index.php"><i>Preisträger 1989 Helmuth James von Moltke</i></a>, Geschwister-Scholl-Preis, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geschwister-scholl-preis.de/preistraeger_1980-1989/1989/index.php">the original</a> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-13</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preistr%C3%A4ger+1989+Helmuth+James+von+Moltke&rft.pub=Geschwister-Scholl-Preis&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Jury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geschwister-scholl-preis.de%2Fpreistraeger_1980-1989%2F1989%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelmuth+James+von+Moltke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718230358/http://www.dgwhv.de/wb/pages/helmuth-james-von-moltke-preis.php">"Helmuth-James-von-Moltke-Preis"</a> (in German). Deutsche Gesellschaft für Wehrrecht und Humanitäres Völkerrecht e.V. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dgwhv.de/wb/pages/helmuth-james-von-moltke-preis.php">the original</a> on 2011-07-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Helmuth-James-von-Moltke-Preis&rft.pub=Deutsche+Gesellschaft+f%C3%BCr+Wehrrecht+und+Humanit%C3%A4res+V%C3%B6lkerrecht+e.V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dgwhv.de%2Fwb%2Fpages%2Fhelmuth-james-von-moltke-preis.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelmuth+James+von+Moltke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrakelmann2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brakelmann, Günter (2007). <i>Helmuth James von Moltke, 1907–1945 : eine Biographie</i> (in German). München: C.H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783406554957" title="Special:BookSources/9783406554957"><bdi>9783406554957</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/82149044">82149044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Helmuth+James+von+Moltke%2C+1907%E2%80%931945+%3A+eine+Biographie&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F82149044&rft.isbn=9783406554957&rft.aulast=Brakelmann&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelmuth+James+von+Moltke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_James_von_Moltke&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_English">In English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_James_von_Moltke&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Balfour, Michael, and Frisby, Julian, "Helmuth von Moltke: A Leader Against Hitler", London: Macmillan, 1972.</li> <li>Rothfels, Hans, "The German Opposition to Hitler", London: Oswald Wolff, pages 112, 114, 122.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Moltke2003" class="citation book cs1">von Moltke, Freya (2003). <i>Memories of Kreisau & The German Resistance</i>. Winter, Julie M. (translator and editor). Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-4669-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-4669-2"><bdi>0-8032-4669-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50476640">50476640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memories+of+Kreisau+%26+The+German+Resistance&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50476640&rft.isbn=0-8032-4669-2&rft.aulast=von+Moltke&rft.aufirst=Freya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelmuth+James+von+Moltke" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Moltke1990" class="citation book cs1">von Moltke, Helmuth James (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/letterstofreya00molt"><i>Letters to Freya: 1939–1945</i></a></span>. von Oppen, Beata Ruhm (translator and editor). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-57923-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-57923-2"><bdi>0-394-57923-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+to+Freya%3A+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-394-57923-2&rft.aulast=von+Moltke&rft.aufirst=Helmuth+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fletterstofreya00molt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelmuth+James+von+Moltke" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_German">In German</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_James_von_Moltke&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Finker, Kurt: <i>Graf Moltke und der Kreisauer Kreis</i>. Dietz, Berlin 1993 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-320-01816-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-320-01816-7">3-320-01816-7</a></li> <li>Lilje, Hanns: <i>Im finsteren Tal</i>, Reihe Stundenbücher Bd. 25, Furche Verlag, Hamburg</li> <li>von Moltke, Freya, <i>"Die Verteidigung europäischer</i> <i>Menschlichkeit</i>", in: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, Beilage zur Wochenzeitschrift "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Parlament</i></span>", Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung, Heft B27/2004</li> <li>von Moltke, Freya, <i>"Erinnerungen an</i> <i>Kreisau 1930-1945</i>", München 1987/2001</li> <li>von Schwerin, Franz: <i>Helmuth James Graf von Moltke. Im Widerstand die Zukunft denken. Zielvorstellungen für ein neues Deutschland</i>. Schöningh, Paderborn u. a. 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-506-73387-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-506-73387-7">3-506-73387-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_James_von_Moltke&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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