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class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Sir Paul Tucker</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Governor of the Bank of England">Deputy Governor of the Bank of England for Financial Stability</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 2009 – October 2013</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Carney" title="Mark Carney">Mark Carney</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mervyn_King_(economist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mervyn King (economist)">Mervyn King</a> (2003–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward George">Sir Edward George</a> (2002–2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Gieve" title="John Gieve">John Gieve</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Cunliffe" title="Jon Cunliffe">Jon Cunliffe</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Monetary Policy Committee (United Kingdom)">Monetary Policy Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />June 2002 – October 2013</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Carney" title="Mark Carney">Mark Carney</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mervyn_King_(economist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mervyn King (economist)">Mervyn King</a> (2003–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward George">Sir Edward George</a> (2002–2003)</li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Policy_Committee" title="Financial Policy Committee">Financial Policy Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 2013 – October 2013</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Carney" title="Mark Carney">Mark Carney</a> (July–October 2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mervyn_King_(economist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mervyn King (economist)">Mervyn King</a> (April–June 2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1958-03-24</span>) </span>24 March 1958<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 66)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Economist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paultucker.me/">paultucker<wbr />.me</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Paul Tucker</b> (born 24 March 1958) is a British central banker and author. He was formerly the <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Governor of the Bank of England">Deputy Governor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>, with responsibility for financial stability, and served on the Bank's <a href="/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Monetary Policy Committee (United Kingdom)">Monetary Policy Committee</a> from June 2002 until October 2013<sup id="cite_ref-boe_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its interim and then full <a href="/wiki/Financial_Policy_Committee" title="Financial Policy Committee">Financial Policy Committee</a> from June 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2012 he was turned down for the position of governor in favour of <a href="/wiki/Mark_Carney" title="Mark Carney">Mark Carney</a>. In June 2013, Tucker announced that he would leave the Bank of England,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later that he would be moving to Harvard.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a> in the 2014 New Year Honours for services to central banking.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first book, <i>Unelected Power</i>, was published in May 2018 and his second book, <i>Global Discord</i> was published in November 2022. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Tucker_(banker)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tucker was educated at <a href="/wiki/Codsall_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Codsall High School">Codsall High School</a>, Wolverhampton, and graduated from <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>, where he studied maths and philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-boe_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bpost_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bpost-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Central_Banking_career">Central Banking career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Tucker_(banker)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Central Banking career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section of a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">biography of a living person</a> <b>needs additional <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Remove_contentious_material_that_is_unsourced_or_poorly_sourced" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Contentious material</a> about living persons that is unsourced or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources#Questionable_and_self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">poorly sourced</a> <b>must be removed immediately</b> from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel" title="Wikipedia:Libel">libelous</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Paul+Tucker%22+banker">"Paul Tucker" banker</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Paul+Tucker%22+banker+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Paul+Tucker%22+banker&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Paul+Tucker%22+banker+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Paul+Tucker%22+banker">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Paul+Tucker%22+banker&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tucker joined the Bank of England in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1980 to 1989 Tucker worked in banking supervision; in corporate finance at a merchant bank; on reforming Hong Kong following the 1987 crash, and then the UK's wholesale payments system, leading to the introduction of real-time gross settlement. He was Principal Private Secretary to <a href="/wiki/Robin_Leigh-Pemberton,_Baron_Kingsdown" title="Robin Leigh-Pemberton, Baron Kingsdown">Robin Leigh-Pemberton</a>, Governor of the Bank of England, for nearly four years until 1993. </p><p>Tucker became Head of Gilt-Edged & Money Markets Division in mid-1994, during a period of reforms in the money markets. He was Head of Monetary Assessment and Strategy Division 1997–1998, responsible for assessing UK monetary conditions and issues concerning the monetary framework. From January 1999, he was Deputy Director of Financial Stability, and was closely involved with the Bank's Financial Stability Review. From 1997 to 2002, he was also on the Secretariat of the Monetary Policy Committee, preparing the published minutes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appointed_Policymaker">Appointed Policymaker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Tucker_(banker)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Appointed Policymaker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting in June 2002, he became Executive Director for Markets, with responsibility for (i) the Bank's implementation of monetary policy and the management of its balance sheet more generally, including management of UK's foreign currency reserves; and (ii) for market intelligence and analysis supporting the Bank's monetary and financial stability core purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-boe_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time he was appointed a member of the Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee and Executive Director for Markets from June 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-boe-02-appointment_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boe-02-appointment-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While on the monetary committee, he voted in a minority seven times.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been described as trying to break down silos between different parts of the central banking during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That theme had featured in various speeches before the financial crisis focusing on financial innovation, the monetary aggregates, and stability.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was reported as having pushed for a more active response to the liquidity crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was appointed as Deputy Governor of the Bank of England with effect from March 2009. In this capacity he was closely involved in framing and implementing the extension of the central bank's formal responsibilities and powers into micro and macro-prudential supervision of the financial system, following the financial crisis of 2007–2009.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A July 2012 memo submitted to the Treasury Select Committee and released by the <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i> suggested that Tucker may have implicitly pressured <a href="/wiki/Barclays" title="Barclays">Barclays</a> to manipulate its <a href="/wiki/Libor" title="Libor">Libor</a> submissions by relaying a message from senior members of the UK government that "it did not always need to be the case that [Barclays] appeared as high as [Barclays] has recently."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The memo also noted that Diamond did not believe he received an instruction from Tucker.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2012, the Treasury Select Committee noted in its report into Libor that the conclusion of the Financial Services Authority was that "no instruction for Barclays to lower its LIBOR submissions was given during this telephone conversation", but that "as the substance of the telephone conversation was relayed down the <a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">chain of command</a> at Barclays, a misunderstanding or miscommunication occurred" so that "Barclays' Submitters believed mistakenly that they were operating under an instruction from the Bank of England".<sup id="cite_ref-TreasReport_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TreasReport-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission also came to similar conclusions following their investigations.<sup id="cite_ref-TreasReport_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TreasReport-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, Tucker spoke frequently about future risks to stability from shadow banking and clearing houses.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While on the Financial Policy Committee, Tucker also argued against the Bank of England being granted powers to intervene in the housing market for its own sake, as that would be highly political, contrasting that with powers that were needed to ensure the resilience of the financial system.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Central_Banking">International Central Banking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Tucker_(banker)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: International Central Banking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Deputy Governor of the Bank of England, Tucker became a director of the Bank for International Settlements,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later also chaired the Basel-based <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Payment_and_Settlement_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems">Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems</a> (CPSS).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, he was a member of the Steering Committee of the G20 Financial Stability Board ("FSB"). </p><p>In 2009 Tucker became the first chair of the FSB's Working Group on Cross-Border Crisis Management.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the British Bankers Association, Tucker was “one of the first to set out thinking on ways to deepen the resolution regime”, in particular to develop "a super special resolution framework that permitted the authorities, on a rapid timetable, to haircut uninsured creditors in a going concern”.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tucker helped to develop the conceptual architecture of bail-in, and also got the FSB and G-20 behind the proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2011, the FSB Working Group published the "Key Attributes of Effective Resolution Regimes for Financial Institutions". This document set out core principles to be adopted by all participating jurisdictions, including the legal and operational capability for such a super special resolution regime (now known as 'bail-in').<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 2012, Tucker co-authored an op-ed with FDIC Chairman Martin Gruenberg that described how different countries should cooperate on the resolution of a cross-border bank.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systemic_Risk_Council">Systemic Risk Council</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Tucker_(banker)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Systemic Risk Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From December 2015, two years after leaving office, until August 2021, Tucker was chair of the Systemic Risk Council, a body set up in 2012 by former regulators and central bankers to promote financial stability.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its first chair was Sheila Bair, former Chair of the FDIC,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its members included Paul Volcker (former Chair of the Federal Reserve)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Jean-Claude Trichet (former President of the European Central Bank).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Tucker was chair, in early 2017 the SRC issued a statement to G20 Finance Ministers and Governors on financial reform<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which it refreshed in the run up to the November 2020 US Presidential election, highlighting outstanding issues.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amongst other things, the SRC has intervened on various Trump US Treasury proposals to roll back financial regulation, and on the need for a policy on the resolution of clearing houses without taxpayer bailouts.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was critical of various Federal Reserve relaxations on the grounds they left the system less resilent.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after the 2019 outbreak of the Covid pandemic, the Systemic Risk Council issued a statement addressed to the G20 on how the economic and financial authorities should respond, including credit facilities, and urging suspension of banks’ dividends, share buy backs and top-end bonuses, which the EU but not US followed.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Continued_Involvement_in_Monetary_Issues">Continued Involvement in Monetary Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Tucker_(banker)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Continued Involvement in Monetary Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tucker has continued to speak and write about monetary policy and financial stability. Shortly after leaving office, he set out views on the program to reform the financial system, at an event held by the Washington D.C. Brookings think tank's Hutchins Center to mark the retirement of Federal Reserve chairman Ben S. Bernanke.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He co-authored advice to the International Monetary Fund on how to address countries' external financing and other risks.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tucker's analysis of the lender of last resort function has been published by the Bank for International Settlements and quoted extensively in a leading US textbook on the law of financial regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 2020, Tucker published proposals for reforming financial regulation so that all issuers of instruments treated as safe by customers, investors and traders (shadow banks as well as banks) have to carry sufficient assets to cover 100% of their short-term liabilities by borrowing secured at the central bank.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2018, Tucker was elected President of the UK's <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Economic_and_Social_Research" title="National Institute of Economic and Social Research">National Institute of Economic and Social Research</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2021 testimony to a UK House of Lords committee on quantitative easing, Tucker was critical of the way the different purposes of central banks purchasing government bonds had blurred, highlighting that market-maker-of-last resort was important but not regular monetary policy, and expressing concern about the effect of massive QE on the interest rate-sensitivity of government debt-servicing costs.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_Post_Central_Banking_Activities">Other Post Central Banking Activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Tucker_(banker)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other Post Central Banking Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since late 2013, Tucker has been a Fellow<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a>'s Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government. He is a Senior Fellow at Harvard's Center for European Studies.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 referendum on European Union membership</a> in the United Kingdom, Tucker co-authored a paper with <a href="/wiki/Jean_Pisani-Ferry" title="Jean Pisani-Ferry">Jean Pisani-Ferry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Sapir" title="André Sapir">André Sapir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Rottgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Norbert Rottgen">Norbert Rottgen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guntram_Wolff" title="Guntram Wolff">Guntram Wolff</a> which lays out a proposal of a "continental partnership" between the EU and the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the paper, such a partnership would grant Britain some control over labor mobility while preserving free movement of capital, goods and services <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tucker's first book, <i>Unelected Power: The Quest for Legitimacy in Central Banking and the Regulatory State</i>, was published in May 2018 by Princeton University Press.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been described as "rang[ing] with great erudition and clear logic across political philosophy, economics and public law to reconstruct from the ground up the case for the legitimate exercise of unelected power in a modern representative democracy."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2022, the UK House of Lords Industry and Regulators select committee discussed the implications of the book's thesis for parliamentary scrutiny of regulators in detail, drawing on examples from his own experience. He contrasts the attitude and approach of different nations, particularly the USA and France, and expresses concern that officials become 'overmighty citizens' without effective scrutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His second book, <i>Global Discord: Values and Power in a Fractured World Order</i>, was published in November 2022 by Princeton University Press. In it he advances the argument that western democracies are facing a long term contest with more authoritarian states involving entangling many dimensions of international public policy and security issues. He expounds the principles for what he argues would be a sustainable system of international cooperation between democracies and illiberal states in a way which would not sacrifice the wests political values. His arguments are inspired, he says, by <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> (not the usual catalogue of <a href="/wiki/Hobbes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobbes">Hobbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kant">Kant</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Grotius" class="mw-redirect" title="Grotius">Grotius</a>). <sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Tucker_(banker)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-boe-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boe_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boe_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boe_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBank_of_England" class="citation web cs1">Bank of England. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610134143/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/people/biographies/tucker.htm">"Profile of Paul Tucker"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/people/biographies/tucker.htm">the original</a> on 10 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profile+of+Paul+Tucker&rft.au=Bank+of+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankofengland.co.uk%2Fabout%2Fpeople%2Fbiographies%2Ftucker.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Tucker+%28banker%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090630013226/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/8545074/The-Financial-Policy-Committee-what-it-does-and-who-is-in-charge.html">"Financial Policy Committee: what it does and who is in charge"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. 29 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/8545074/The-Financial-Policy-Committee-what-it-does-and-who-is-in-charge.html">the original</a> on 30 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Financial+Policy+Committee%3A+what+it+does+and+who+is+in+charge&rft.date=2011-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fnewsbysector%2Fbanksandfinance%2F8545074%2FThe-Financial-Policy-Committee-what-it-does-and-who-is-in-charge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Tucker+%28banker%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather_Stewart2013" class="citation news cs1">Heather Stewart (14 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090630013226/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2013/jun/14/bank-england-deputy-governor-paul-tucker-quits">"Deputy governor Paul Tucker quits Bank of England"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jun/14/bank-england-deputy-governor-paul-tucker-quits">the original</a> on 30 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Deputy+governor+Paul+Tucker+quits+Bank+of+England&rft.date=2013-06-14&rft.au=Heather+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2013%2Fjun%2F14%2Fbank-england-deputy-governor-paul-tucker-quits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Tucker+%28banker%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Aldrick2013" class="citation news cs1">Philip Aldrick (19 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/10390869/American-dream-is-Tuckers-future.html">"American dream in Tucker's future"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=American+dream+in+Tucker%27s+future&rft.date=2013-10-19&rft.au=Philip+Aldrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Feconomics%2F10390869%2FAmerican-dream-is-Tuckers-future.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Tucker+%28banker%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette60728" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/60728/supplement/2">"No. 60728"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 31 December 2013. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+60728&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2013-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F60728%2Fsupplement%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Tucker+%28banker%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bpost-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bpost_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirmingham_Post" class="citation web cs1">Birmingham Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090630013226/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2013/jun/14/bank-england-deputy-governor-paul-tucker-quits">"Staffordshire man named as new deputy at Bank of England Dec 12 2008"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birminghampost.net/birmingham-business/birmingham-business-news/other-uk-business/2008/12/12/staffordshire-man-named-as-new-deputy-at-bank-of-england-65233-22458835/">the original</a> on 30 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Staffordshire+man+named+as+new+deputy+at+Bank+of+England+Dec+12+2008&rft.au=Birmingham+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birminghampost.net%2Fbirmingham-business%2Fbirmingham-business-news%2Fother-uk-business%2F2008%2F12%2F12%2Fstaffordshire-man-named-as-new-deputy-at-bank-of-england-65233-22458835%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Tucker+%28banker%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_GilesBrooke_MastersPatrick_Jenkins2012" class="citation web cs1">Chris Giles; Brooke Masters; Patrick Jenkins (17 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090630013226/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8cc50f14-88a1-11e1-9b8d-00144feab49a.html">"Favourites line up for beefier BoE"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8cc50f14-88a1-11e1-9b8d-00144feab49a.html">the original</a></span> on 30 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Favourites+line+up+for+beefier+BoE&rft.date=2012-04-17&rft.au=Chris+Giles&rft.au=Brooke+Masters&rft.au=Patrick+Jenkins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F8cc50f14-88a1-11e1-9b8d-00144feab49a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Tucker+%28banker%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boe-02-appointment-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-boe-02-appointment_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/-/media/boe/files/news/2002/april/appointments-at-the-bank-of-england.pdf">"Appointments at the Bank of England"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Press release). 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Bank of England<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monetary+Policy+Summary+and+Minutes&rft.pub=Bank+of+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankofengland.co.uk%2F-%2Fmedia%2Fboe%2Ffiles%2Fmonetary-policy-summary-and-minutes%2Fmpcvoting.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Tucker+%28banker%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-SNB-163">"BOE's Paul Tucker Was Doubly Unlucky"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. 14 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=BOE%27s+Paul+Tucker+Was+Doubly+Unlucky&rft.date=2013-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FBL-SNB-163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Tucker+%28banker%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTett2015" class="citation book cs1">Tett, Gillian (2015). <i>The Silo Effect</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appendix+A&rft.pub=Department+of+Justice&rft.date=2012-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fiso%2Fopa%2Fresources%2F9312012710173426365941.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Tucker+%28banker%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cftc.gov/sites/default/files/idc/groups/public/@lrenforcementactions/documents/legalpleading/enfbarclaysorder062712.pdf">"ORDER INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS PURSUANT TO SECTIONS 6(c) AND 6(d) OF THE COMMODITY EXCHANGE ACT, AS AMENDED, MAKING FINDINGS AND IMPOSING REMEDIAL SANCTIONS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Bank of England. 28 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Record+of+Financial+Policy+Committee+Meeting+held+on+16+March+2012&rft.pub=Bank+of+England&rft.date=2012-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankofengland.co.uk%2Frecord%2F2012%2Ffinancial-policy-committee-march-2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Tucker+%28banker%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2009e8.pdf">"Organisation, activities and financial results"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>BIS 79th Annual Report</i>, Bank of International Settlements, 2009, p. 147<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2018</span>, <q>By letter dated 23 April 2009, Mervyn King, Governor of the Bank of England, appointed Paul Tucker, Deputy Governor of the Bank of England, as a member of the Board of Directors for the remaining period of Lord George's term of office ending on 6 May 2011.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Organisation%2C+activities+and+financial+results&rft.btitle=BIS+79th+Annual+Report&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Bank+of+International+Settlements&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bis.org%2Fpubl%2Farpdf%2Far2009e8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Tucker+%28banker%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bis.org/press/p120305.htm">"Paul Tucker appointed CPSS Chairman"</a> (Press release). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+Tucker+appointed+CPSS+Chairman&rft.pub=Bank+of+International+Settlements&rft.date=2012-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bis.org%2Fpress%2Fp120305.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Tucker+%28banker%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFSB2009" class="citation cs2">FSB (27 June 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180406102137/http://www.fsb.org/wp-content/uploads/pr_090627.pdf"><i>Financial Stability Board holds inaugural meeting in Basel</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsb.org/wp-content/uploads/pr_090627.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 April 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Financial+Stability+Board+holds+inaugural+meeting+in+Basel&rft.date=2009-06-27&rft.au=FSB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsb.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fpr_090627.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Tucker+%28banker%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Bankers_Association2010" class="citation cs2">British Bankers Association (August 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/news/2010/march/resolution-of-large-and-complex-financial-institutions-the-big-issues-speech-by-paul-tucker"><i>Resolution and unsecured creditors</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resolution+and+unsecured+creditors&rft.date=2010-08&rft.au=British+Bankers+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankofengland.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2010%2Fmarch%2Fresolution-of-large-and-complex-financial-institutions-the-big-issues-speech-by-paul-tucker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Tucker+%28banker%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisk_Magazine2014" class="citation cs2">Risk Magazine (13 January 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.risk.net/awards/2320523/lifetime-achievement-award-wilson-ervin"><i>Lifetime achievement award: Wilson Ervin</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lifetime+achievement+award%3A+Wilson+Ervin&rft.date=2014-01-13&rft.au=Risk+Magazine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.risk.net%2Fawards%2F2320523%2Flifetime-achievement-award-wilson-ervin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Tucker+%28banker%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinancial_Stability_Board2011" class="citation cs2">Financial Stability Board (October 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsb.org/wp-content/uploads/r_111104cc.pdf"><i>Key Attributes of Effective Resolution Regimes for Financial Institutions</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+Attributes+of+Effective+Resolution+Regimes+for+Financial+Institutions&rft.date=2011-10&rft.au=Financial+Stability+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsb.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fr_111104cc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Tucker+%28banker%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Gruenberg_and_Paul_Tucker2012" class="citation news cs1">Martin Gruenberg and Paul Tucker (10 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171118101241/https://www.ft.com/content/fd66d172-3fd4-11e2-b0ce-00144feabdc0">"When global banks fail, resolve them globally"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comments+regarding+the+eSLR+and+Volcker+Rule&rft.pub=The+Systemic+Risk+Council&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F4atmuz3ab8k0glu2m35oem99-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F08%2FSRC-Comment-Letter-on-eSLR-and-Volcker-Rule-Aug-8-2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Tucker+%28banker%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.systemicriskcouncil.org/2020/03/src-statement-on-financial-system-actions-for-covid-19/">"SRC Statement on Financial System Actions for Covid-19"</a>, <i>Systemic Risk Council</i>, 19 March 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systemic+Risk+Council&rft.atitle=SRC+Statement+on+Financial+System+Actions+for+Covid-19&rft.date=2020-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.systemicriskcouncil.org%2F2020%2F03%2Fsrc-statement-on-financial-system-actions-for-covid-19%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Tucker+%28banker%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Tucker2014" class="citation cs2">Paul Tucker (16 January 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/16-regulatory-reform-stability-central-banking-tucker.pdf">"REGULATORY REFORM, STABILITY, and CENTRAL BANKING"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy at Brookings</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hutchins+Center+on+Fiscal+and+Monetary+Policy+at+Brookings&rft.atitle=REGULATORY+REFORM%2C+STABILITY%2C+and+CENTRAL+BANKING&rft.date=2014-01-16&rft.au=Paul+Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F06%2F16-regulatory-reform-stability-central-banking-tucker.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Tucker+%28banker%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Daokui_Li_and_Paul_Tucker2014" class="citation cs2">David Daokui Li and Paul Tucker (30 July 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/~/media/Websites/IMF/imported-full-text-pdf/external/np/pp/eng/2014/_073014e.ashx"><i>2014 TRIENNIAL SURVEILLANCE REVIEW—EXTERNAL STUDY—RISKS AND SPILLOVERS</i></a>, International Monetary Fund</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2014+TRIENNIAL+SURVEILLANCE+REVIEW%E2%80%94EXTERNAL+STUDY%E2%80%94RISKS+AND+SPILLOVERS&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2014-07-30&rft.au=David+Daokui+Li+and+Paul+Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2F~%2Fmedia%2FWebsites%2FIMF%2Fimported-full-text-pdf%2Fexternal%2Fnp%2Fpp%2Feng%2F2014%2F_073014e.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Tucker+%28banker%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Tucker, Paul (2014). "The Lender of Last Resort and Modern Central Banking: Principles and Reconstruction". <i>BIS Papers</i>. Bank for International Settlements (79).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BIS+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Lender+of+Last+Resort+and+Modern+Central+Banking%3A+Principles+and+Reconstruction&rft.volume=Bank+for+International+Settlements&rft.issue=79&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Tucker+%28banker%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonBarrTahyar2018" class="citation book cs1">Jackson; Barr; Tahyar (2018). <i>Financial Regulation: Law and Policy</i>. 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National Institute of Economic and Social Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+of+management&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Economic+and+Social+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.niesr.ac.uk%2Fcouncil-management&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Tucker+%28banker%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2021" class="citation web cs1">Tucker, Paul (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://committees.parliament.uk/oralevidence/1653/html/">"Select Committee on Economic Affairs:Quantitative Easing"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Select+Committee+on+Economic+Affairs%3AQuantitative+Easing&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommittees.parliament.uk%2Foralevidence%2F1653%2Fhtml%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Tucker+%28banker%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hks.harvard.edu/centers/mrcbg/about/research-fellows#tucker">"Research Fellows and Other Appointees"</a>. <i>Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Ramsden" title="Dave Ramsden">Dave Ramsden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huw_Pill" title="Huw Pill">Huw Pill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Cunliffe" title="Jon Cunliffe">Jon Cunliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Haskel" title="Jonathan Haskel">Jonathan Haskel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swati_Dhingra" title="Swati Dhingra">Swati Dhingra</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:London.bankofengland.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/London.bankofengland.arp.jpg/170px-London.bankofengland.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/London.bankofengland.arp.jpg/255px-London.bankofengland.arp.jpg 1.5x, 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title="Charlotte Hogg">Charlotte Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Allsopp" title="Christopher Allsopp">Christopher Allsopp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Blanchflower" title="David Blanchflower">David Blanchflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Clementi" title="David Clementi">David Clementi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Miles" title="David Miles">David Miles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walton_(economist)" title="David Walton (economist)">David Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeAnne_Julius" title="DeAnne Julius">DeAnne Julius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_George,_Baron_George" title="Edward George, Baron George">Edward George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertjan_Vlieghe" title="Gertjan Vlieghe">Gertjan Vlieghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Davies_(economist)" title="Howard Davies (economist)">Howard Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_McCafferty_(economist)" title="Ian McCafferty (economist)">Ian McCafferty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Plenderleith" title="Ian Plenderleith">Ian Plenderleith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gieve" title="John Gieve">John Gieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vickers" title="John Vickers">John Vickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Barker" title="Kate Barker">Kate Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Forbes" title="Kristin Forbes">Kristin Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Bell_(economist)" title="Marian Bell (economist)">Marian Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Carney" title="Mark Carney">Mark Carney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Weale" title="Martin Weale">Martin Weale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mervyn_King,_Baron_King_of_Lothbury" title="Mervyn King, Baron King of Lothbury">Mervyn King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minouche_Shafik,_Baroness_Shafik" class="mw-redirect" title="Minouche Shafik, Baroness Shafik">Nemat Shafik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fisher_(economist)" title="Paul Fisher (economist)">Paul Fisher</a></li> <li><a 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000048003922X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/181614412">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1014279402">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tucker, Paul M. 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