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class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Reptiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reptiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Small_mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Small mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small_mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Megafauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Megafauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Megafauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Megafauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Herbivores_and_omnivores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herbivores_and_omnivores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2.1</span> <span>Herbivores and omnivores</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herbivores_and_omnivores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carnivores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carnivores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2.2</span> <span>Carnivores</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carnivores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_mammals" 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data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_white_pelican" title="Great white pelican">Great white pelicans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>fauna of Romania</b> comprises all the <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> inhabiting the country of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and its coastal territory in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invertebrates">Invertebrates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Romania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Invertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output 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.ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Romania&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vertebrates">Vertebrates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Romania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a systematic list of the Romanian vertebrate fauna, there are 732 species of vertebrates living in Romania. When grouped into <a href="/wiki/Class_(taxonomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (taxonomy)">classes</a>, the largest number of these species are <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, with 382 species, followed by <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> with 184. 110 of these species are <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, 31 are reptiles, 20 are <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, while only four belong to the <a href="/wiki/Cyclostomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclostomata">Cyclostomata</a> class of <a href="/wiki/Jawless_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawless fish">jawless fish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyclostomata">Cyclostomata</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Romania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cyclostomata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cyclostomata superclass of vertebrates is represented in Romania by four species of <a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">lampreys</a> that live in fast, mountains streams. They are found particularly in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, in rivers such as <a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ul_Negru_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crișul Negru (river)">Criș</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mure%C8%99_(river)" title="Mureș (river)">Mureș</a>, <a href="/wiki/Some%C8%99_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Someș (river)">Someș</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vi%C8%99eu_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vișeu River">Vișeu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish">Fish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Romania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Freshwater">Freshwater</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Romania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Freshwater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romania's rivers, lakes and ponds are home to numerous species of freshwater fish, most importantly <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussian_carp" title="Prussian carp">Prussian carp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chub" title="Chub">chub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">perch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zander" title="Zander">zander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bream" title="Bream">bream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_pike" title="Northern pike">pike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_roach" title="Common roach">roach</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wels_catfish" title="Wels catfish">wels catfish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_(Huso_huso).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%28Huso_huso%29.jpg/220px-%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%28Huso_huso%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%28Huso_huso%29.jpg/330px-%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%28Huso_huso%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%28Huso_huso%29.jpg/440px-%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%28Huso_huso%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10287" data-file-height="7370" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Beluga_(sturgeon)" title="Beluga (sturgeon)">beluga sturgeon</a> is the largest freshwater fish in the world</figcaption></figure> <p>Additionally, six species of <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a> live in the Black Sea, but travel upriver on the Danube to mate.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five of the six Danube sturgeon species are <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a>, with only the <a href="/wiki/Sterlet" title="Sterlet">sterlet</a> being considered <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">vulnerable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most well known of these six species is probably the <a href="/wiki/Beluga_(sturgeon)" title="Beluga (sturgeon)">beluga sturgeon</a>, which is heavily fished for the female's valuable <a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">roe</a> – known as <a href="/wiki/Beluga_caviar" title="Beluga caviar">beluga caviar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romania is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Romanichthys" title="Romanichthys">asprete</a>, a critically endangered species described by the media as a <a href="/wiki/Living_fossil" title="Living fossil">living fossil</a> and "Europe's rarest fish".<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once common in the waters of the <a href="/wiki/Arge%C8%99_(river)" title="Argeș (river)">Argeș</a> river and its tributaries, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A2ul_Doamnei" title="Râul Doamnei">Râul Doamnei</a> and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2lsan_River_(Arge%C8%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vâlsan River (Argeș)">Vâlsan</a>, by the 2000s it was only found to be extant in a 1 km stretch of the Vâlsan, with conservationist fearing that less than 10 individuals remained.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increased conservation and survey efforts led to a resurgence in the numbers of identified individuals, with a 2022 survey finding 58 asprete across a 15 km stretch of the Vâlsan.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saltwater">Saltwater</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Romania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Saltwater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The saltwater fish of Romania are the Black Sea species of fish that live in the territorial waters of Romania. A 2005 biodiversity inventory of the Romanian waters identified around 140 species and subspecies of marine fish.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the species have seen their stocks plummet in the last 50 years due to commercial exploitation. The six species that are the most commercially viable today are all small-sized fish: the <a href="/wiki/Red_mullet" title="Red mullet">red mullet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sand_smelt" title="Sand smelt">sand smelt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Round_goby" title="Round goby">round goby</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_anchovy" title="European anchovy">European anchovy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Merlangius" title="Merlangius">merling</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">sprat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to recent reports, dozens of species of fish that were believed to be extinct in the Black Sea have reappeared in the area in the last few years, most likely travelling from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>, due to the improved water quality and regeneration of the Black Sea ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other species that can be found on the Romanian coast include two <a href="/wiki/Ray_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray fish">rays</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a> and dozens of <a href="/wiki/Teleostean" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleostean">teleostean</a> fish.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amphibians">Amphibians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Romania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Amphibians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The amphibian population of Romania includes more than a dozen species of <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toad" title="Toad">toads</a>, several species of <a href="/wiki/Newt" title="Newt">newts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fire_salamander" title="Fire salamander">fire salamander</a>, out of which nine species are not found outside of Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The most common amphibians are the <a href="/wiki/Common_toad" title="Common toad">common toad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yellow-bellied_toad" title="Yellow-bellied toad">yellow-bellied toad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_green_toad" title="European green toad">European green toad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Agile_frog" title="Agile frog">agile frog</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Smooth_newt" title="Smooth newt">smooth newt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vipera_ammodytesRomania2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Vipera_ammodytesRomania2.jpg/220px-Vipera_ammodytesRomania2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Vipera_ammodytesRomania2.jpg/330px-Vipera_ammodytesRomania2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Vipera_ammodytesRomania2.jpg/440px-Vipera_ammodytesRomania2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2164" data-file-height="1564" /></a><figcaption>Known for its distinctive "horn", the long-nosed viper (<i><a href="/wiki/Vipera_ammodytes" title="Vipera ammodytes">Vipera ammodytes</a></i>) is the most dangerous snake in Romania</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reptiles">Reptiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Romania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reptiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are ten species of snakes living in Romania, of which three, the <a href="/wiki/Vipera_berus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipera berus">common European viper</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vipera_ursinii" title="Vipera ursinii">meadow viper</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vipera_ammodytes" title="Vipera ammodytes">horned viper</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Venomous_snake" title="Venomous snake">venomous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The horned viper in particular is considered to be extremely dangerous and possibly the most venomous snake in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eryx_jaculus" title="Eryx jaculus">javeline sand boa</a>, the rarest species of snake in Europe and the only species of boa on the continent, was believed extinct in Romania, with the last live specimen being reported in 1937. An entire stable population of the species was discovered by experts in 2014 along the banks of the Danube, with the exact location being kept a secret to avoid trophy hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four species of turtle and tortoise call Romania their home: The <a href="/wiki/European_pond_turtle" title="European pond turtle">European pond turtle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Common_tortoise" class="mw-redirect" title="Common tortoise">common tortoise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann%27s_tortoise" title="Hermann's tortoise">Hermann's tortoise</a> and the marine <a href="/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle" title="Loggerhead sea turtle">loggerhead sea turtle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, a number of exotic species such as the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_map_turtle" title="Mississippi map turtle">Mississippi map turtle</a> and even the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_softshell_turtle" title="Chinese softshell turtle">Chinese softshell turtle</a> were spotted in ponds and rivers around Bucharest, but their presence has not been extensively documented and their impact on the environment is not yet clearly understood.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over a dozen species of lizard can be found in the country, with the most common one being the <a href="/wiki/European_green_lizard" title="European green lizard">European green lizard</a> and the common field lizard <i><a href="/wiki/Lacerta_agilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacerta agilis">Lacerta agilis</a></i>. While not yet present in Romania, the <a href="/wiki/Sheltopusik" title="Sheltopusik">Pallas's glass lizard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kotschy%27s_gecko" title="Kotschy's gecko">Kotschy's gecko</a> are considered likely to join the list of reptiles in Romania in the near future, both being present in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, near the Romanian border.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birds">Birds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Romania&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chrysaetos_La_Ca%C3%B1ada_20120114_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Chrysaetos_La_Ca%C3%B1ada_20120114_1.jpg/220px-Chrysaetos_La_Ca%C3%B1ada_20120114_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Chrysaetos_La_Ca%C3%B1ada_20120114_1.jpg/330px-Chrysaetos_La_Ca%C3%B1ada_20120114_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Chrysaetos_La_Ca%C3%B1ada_20120114_1.jpg/440px-Chrysaetos_La_Ca%C3%B1ada_20120114_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3722" data-file-height="2481" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagle</a> appears on the Romanian coat of arms</figcaption></figure> <p>Romania is home to roughly two-dozen species of <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">raptors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Accipitriformes" title="Accipitriformes">Accipitriformes</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> which includes the <a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kite_(bird)" title="Kite (bird)">kites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Old_World_vulture" title="Old World vulture">Old World vultures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adjacent bird-of-prey groups, the <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kestrel" title="Kestrel">kestrels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Falconiformes" title="Falconiformes">Falconiformes</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owls</a> (<a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">Strigiformes</a>) each have about ten species represented in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last <a href="/wiki/Bearded_vulture" title="Bearded vulture">bearded vulture</a>, or llamergeier, in Romania was shot in <a href="/wiki/Sibiu_County" title="Sibiu County">Sibiu</a> in 1927, with no other credible sightings of the bird until 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, researchers provided the first photographic evidence of bearded vulture activity in Romania after almost 90 years.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The water-dwelling birds of Romania are mainly concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">lower Danube</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">littoral area</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a> region, in general, and the Danube Delta, in particular, are hotspots for nesting <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migratory</a> birds. These include numerous species of <a href="/wiki/Anseriformes" title="Anseriformes">Anseriformes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">geese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan">swans</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Cormorant" title="Cormorant">cormorants</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_shag" title="European shag">shags</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heron" title="Heron">herons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stork" title="Stork">storks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibis" title="Ibis">ibises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelican" title="Pelican">pelicans</a> and, seasonally, <a href="/wiki/Greater_flamingo" title="Greater flamingo">greater flamingos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several species of <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">seagulls</a> can be found not only on the coast, but hundreds of kilometres inland, as they follow waterways; as in many worldwide cities, they have become something of a pest in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Great_white_pelican" title="Great white pelican">great white pelican</a> is sometimes mentioned in the media as being the <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_birds" title="List of national birds">national bird</a> of Romania, despite the lack of any official decision in this regard.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danube_Delta_pelican_flying.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Danube_Delta_pelican_flying.jpg/220px-Danube_Delta_pelican_flying.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Danube_Delta_pelican_flying.jpg/330px-Danube_Delta_pelican_flying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Danube_Delta_pelican_flying.jpg/440px-Danube_Delta_pelican_flying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_white_pelican" title="Great white pelican">Great white pelican</a> taking off from the water in the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Among <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">passerine</a> birds, the most numerous species in Romania is probably the <a href="/wiki/Common_chaffinch" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chaffinch">chaffinch</a>, with an estimated 5 million adults, followed by the <a href="/wiki/European_robin" title="European robin">European robin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Goldcrest" title="Goldcrest">goldcrest</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_tit" title="Great tit">great tit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/White_wagtail" title="White wagtail">white wagtail</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Song_thrush" title="Song thrush">song thrush</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red-backed_shrike" title="Red-backed shrike">red-backed shrike</a>, and several species of <a href="/wiki/Old_World_sparrow" title="Old World sparrow">sparrow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_bustard" title="Great bustard">great bustard</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Flying_and_gliding_animals" title="Flying and gliding animals">world's largest extant flying animal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was once common in Central and Southeast Romania until the early 20th century, when agrarian reform severely restricted its habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were considered extinct in Romania, with no sightings between 1981 and 2002, but can now be found in two small, isolated groups in <a href="/wiki/Bihor_County" title="Bihor County">Bihor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99_County" title="Timiș County">Timiș</a> counties, near the border with <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first proactive conservation measures affecting the great bustard populations in Western Romania began in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mammals">Mammals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Romania&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Small_mammals">Small mammals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Romania&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Small mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nyctalus_lasiopterus01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nyctalus_lasiopterus01.png/220px-Nyctalus_lasiopterus01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nyctalus_lasiopterus01.png/330px-Nyctalus_lasiopterus01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nyctalus_lasiopterus01.png/440px-Nyctalus_lasiopterus01.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Greater_noctule_bat" title="Greater noctule bat">greater noctule bat</a> is Europe's largest species of bat. It is also among its most rare.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rodents make up a large proportion of the mammals in Romania, especially in the low-lying plains. This includes species of <a href="/wiki/Hamster" title="Hamster">hamsters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apodemus" title="Apodemus">field mice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ground_squirrel" title="Ground squirrel">ground squirrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vole" title="Vole">voles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dormouse" title="Dormouse">dormice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_squirrel" title="Red squirrel">red squirrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coypu" class="mw-redirect" title="Coypu">nutrias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beavers</a>. Other common small mammals include <a href="/wiki/Shrew" title="Shrew">shrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hedgehog" title="Hedgehog">hedgehogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polecat" title="Polecat">polecats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marten" title="Marten">martens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">badgers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bat</a> population in Romania is particularly plentiful with 32 species present in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huda_lui_Papar%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huda lui Papară (page does not exist)">Huda lui Papară</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C8%99tera_Huda_lui_Papar%C4%83" class="extiw" title="ro:Peștera Huda lui Papară">ro</a>]</span> cave in the <a href="/wiki/Trasc%C4%83u_Mountains" title="Trascău Mountains">Trascău Mountains</a> is home to the largest known bat colony in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Topolni%C8%9Ba_Cave" title="Topolnița Cave">Topolnița Cave</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mehedin%C8%9Bi_County" title="Mehedinți County">Mehedinți</a> hosts the largest colony of <a href="/wiki/Greater_horseshoe_bat" title="Greater horseshoe bat">greater horseshoe bat</a> on the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other caves display extraordinary biodiversity, with up to 20 species of bats living in the same cave system.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romania is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Greater_noctule_bat" title="Greater noctule bat">greater noctule bat</a> (<i>Nyctalus lasiopterus</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a rare species that is Europe's largest and least studied bat, as well as probably its most threatened.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivorous</a> bat that feeds on insects, but was also found to consume "large numbers of migratory passerines", making it the sole bat species known to regularly <a href="/wiki/Avivore" title="Avivore">prey on birds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Megafauna">Megafauna</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Romania&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Megafauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Herbivores_and_omnivores">Herbivores and omnivores</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Romania&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Herbivores and omnivores"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%A4mse_(Rupicapra_rupicapra)_Zoo_Salzburg_2014_g-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/G%C3%A4mse_%28Rupicapra_rupicapra%29_Zoo_Salzburg_2014_g-crop.jpg/220px-G%C3%A4mse_%28Rupicapra_rupicapra%29_Zoo_Salzburg_2014_g-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/G%C3%A4mse_%28Rupicapra_rupicapra%29_Zoo_Salzburg_2014_g-crop.jpg/330px-G%C3%A4mse_%28Rupicapra_rupicapra%29_Zoo_Salzburg_2014_g-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/G%C3%A4mse_%28Rupicapra_rupicapra%29_Zoo_Salzburg_2014_g-crop.jpg/440px-G%C3%A4mse_%28Rupicapra_rupicapra%29_Zoo_Salzburg_2014_g-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2792" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chamois" title="Chamois">chamois</a> has been the subject of some of the most robust conservation efforts in Romania</figcaption></figure> <p>Large species of non-carnivorous mammals in Romania include the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_boar" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian boar">Carpathian boar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fallow_deer" title="Fallow deer">fallow deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe deer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chamois" title="Chamois">chamois</a>. The endangered <a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">saiga antelope</a> was once common in <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> and Eastern <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, but has gone all but extinct in the 18th century. Today only a few specimens survive in a small natural reserve in the north-eastern county of <a href="/wiki/Boto%C8%99ani_County" title="Botoșani County">Botoșani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chamois is a protected species in Romania and is the subject of several conservation efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison</a>, the largest European land mammal, became extinct in the region in the 18th century,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1958, Romania began the reintroduction of the bison into its nature reserves. In the 21st century, Romania also began reintroducing the European bison in the wild, the ninth country to do so as part of a <a href="/wiki/European_bison#Reintroduction" title="European bison">continent-wide effort</a> that saw the total number of bison in Europe go from 54 captive individuals in 1927 to more than 7000 in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, there were over 200 bison living in wild or semi-wild areas in regions of Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romania is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta_horse" title="Danube Delta horse">Danube Delta horses</a>, a population of <a href="/wiki/Feral_horse" title="Feral horse">feral horses</a> that has lived for hundreds of years in and around <a href="/wiki/Letea_Forest" title="Letea Forest">Letea Forest</a> in the Danube Delta and is possibly the last sizable population of wild horses in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Collective_farms" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective farms">collective farms</a> were closed in the 1990s, the population was supplanted by freed horses and by the beginning of the 21st century, it increased to around 4,000 individuals, turning them into a threat to the protected flora of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following media and public outrage in 2011, authorities walked back on the initial plan of killing the horses and the population is now controlled through birth-control vaccines.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Carnivores">Carnivores</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Romania&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Carnivores"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown_bear_(Ursus_arctos_arctos)_smiling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Brown_bear_%28Ursus_arctos_arctos%29_smiling.jpg/220px-Brown_bear_%28Ursus_arctos_arctos%29_smiling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Brown_bear_%28Ursus_arctos_arctos%29_smiling.jpg/330px-Brown_bear_%28Ursus_arctos_arctos%29_smiling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Brown_bear_%28Ursus_arctos_arctos%29_smiling.jpg/440px-Brown_bear_%28Ursus_arctos_arctos%29_smiling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Over 6000 <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bears</a> live in Romania</figcaption></figure> <p>The large carnivores living in Romania are the <a href="/wiki/European_wildcat" title="European wildcat">European wildcat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red fox</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">grey wolf</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are over 6,000 brown bears living in Romania, in one of the largest concentrations in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the increasing number of interactions with settled areas, including a number of attacks, but also because the "optimum size of the population of brown bear, from an ecological, social and economic point of view" is around 4,000, the Romanian government announced plans in 2018 for a culling of about 2000 of the country's brown bears. This measured was met with hostility by many conservationist organisations and the public.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marine_mammals">Marine mammals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Romania&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Marine mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One species of <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoise</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Harbour_porpoise" title="Harbour porpoise">Phocoena phocoena</a></i>) and several species of <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> live in the Black Sea off the cost of Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the endangered <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_monk_seal" title="Mediterranean monk seal">Mediterranean monk seal</a> still appears in the Black Sea, it has not been recorded in Romanian waters for several decades.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_arrivals">New arrivals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Romania&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: New arrivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several non-native species of mammals were introduced to Romania during the 20th century. Among these the most notable are the East-Asian <a href="/wiki/Raccoon_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Raccoon dog">raccoon dog</a>, which spread to Europe through the USSR and was first seen in Romania in 1951,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/European_mouflon" title="European mouflon">European mouflon</a>, which was introduces starting with 1966 in <a href="/wiki/Game_reserve" title="Game reserve">game reserves</a> and later in the wilderness,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the North-American <a href="/wiki/Muskrat" title="Muskrat">muskrat</a>, which was introduced to Romania accidentally, after individuals which escaped captivity in Czech and Russian farms spread across the continent around the middle of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_challenges">Conservation challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Romania&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Conservation challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Due to the low level of conservation research done in Romania and the rapid pace of environmental changes that the country has gone through in the last decades, there is no definitive list of <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a> in Romania. According to a 2013 paper on biodiversity, </p><blockquote><p>The incomplete and biased species inventory in Romania may have several causes: difficult access due to low road density, complex landscape (with 15% of the territory above 800 m), limited funds available for large-scale inventory and monitoring projects, and lack of institutional support. For instance, no species distribution databases are publicly available at the Romanian Ministry of the Environment<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Some species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chamois" title="Chamois">chamois</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Lynx" class="mw-redirect" title="European Lynx">Eurasian lynx</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_capercaillie" title="Western capercaillie">wood grouse</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Huchen" title="Huchen">Danube salmon</a> have been the subject of high-profile conservation efforts and are protected by national laws.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alien_species">Alien species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Romania&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Alien species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2017 study identified 390 <a href="/wiki/Alien_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Alien species">alien species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial animals</a> (of which 90% are invertebrates) and 102 species of <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic organisms</a> (44 freshwater and 58 marine) in Romania. Most of these originate in North America and Southeast Asia and have been introduced accidentally. Despite being a signatory of the <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_European_Wildlife_and_Natural_Habitats" title="Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats">Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats</a>, Romania is behind many other countries when it comes to protecting its ecosystems from <a href="/wiki/Invasive_alien_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasive alien species">invasive alien species</a>. There is currently no official list of alien species or invasive species provided by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_(Romania)" title="Ministry of Environment (Romania)">Romanian Ministry of Environment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the invasive alien species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Veined_rapa_whelk" class="mw-redirect" title="Veined rapa whelk">veined rapa whelk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mnemiopsis" title="Mnemiopsis">sea walnut</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Soft-shell_clam" title="Soft-shell clam">soft-shell clam</a> have been well documented,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the impact of most invasive species on the Romanian ecosystems has not been properly researched, with serious academic research into the topic only beginning within the last decade.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Romania&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Romania" title="List of birds of Romania">List of birds of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Romania" title="List of mammals of Romania">List of mammals of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fishes_of_the_Black_Sea" title="List of fishes of the Black Sea">List of fishes of the Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Romania" title="Outline of Romania">Outline of Romania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Romania&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a 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0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMurariu2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Murariu, Dumitru (2010-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/travmu/53/1/article-p377.xml">"Systematic list of the Romanian vertebrate fauna"</a>. <i>Travaux du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle "Grigore Antipa"</i> (in French). <b>53</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">377–</span>411. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fv10191-010-0028-1">10.2478/v10191-010-0028-1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1223-2254">1223-2254</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84849175">84849175</a> – via Sciendo.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Template:Fauna_of_Europe" title="Template:Fauna of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fauna_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Fauna of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fauna_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fauna of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fauna_of_Europe120" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Europe" title="Fauna of Europe">Fauna of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fauna of Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Armenia" title="Fauna of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Austria" title="Fauna of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Azerbaijan" title="Fauna of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Belarus" title="Fauna of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Belgium" title="Fauna of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Fauna of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Bulgaria" title="Fauna of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Croatia" title="Fauna of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Fauna of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Denmark" title="Fauna of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Estonia" title="Fauna of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Finland" title="Fauna of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Fauna of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Germany" title="Fauna of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Greece" title="Fauna of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Hungary" title="Fauna of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Iceland" title="Fauna of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Kazakhstan" title="Fauna of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Latvia" title="Fauna of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Liechtenstein" title="Fauna of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Lithuania" title="Fauna of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Luxembourg" title="Fauna of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Malta" title="Fauna of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Moldova" title="Fauna of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Monaco" title="Fauna of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Montenegro" title="Fauna of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_the_Netherlands" title="Fauna of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_North_Macedonia" title="Fauna of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Norway" title="Fauna of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Poland" title="Fauna of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Portugal" title="Fauna of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_San_Marino" title="Fauna of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Serbia" title="Fauna of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Slovakia" title="Fauna of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Slovenia" title="Fauna of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Spain" title="Fauna of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Sweden" title="Fauna of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Switzerland" title="Fauna of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Turkey" title="Fauna of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fauna of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fauna of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fauna of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fauna of Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fauna of Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Fauna of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fauna of Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Fauna of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fauna of Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Romania&oldid=1264901146">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_Romania&oldid=1264901146</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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