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<span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions_and_technical_distinctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions_and_technical_distinctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Definitions and technical distinctions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definitions_and_technical_distinctions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definitions and technical distinctions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definitions_and_technical_distinctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thorns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thorns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Thorns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thorns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Spines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prickles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prickles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Prickles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prickles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Other structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphological_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphological_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Morphological variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphological_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Human uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thorns, spines, and prickles</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شوك النبات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شوك النبات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puncha" title="Puncha – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Puncha" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schinu" title="Schinu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Schinu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escayu_(bot%C3%A1nica)" title="Escayu (botánica) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Escayu (botánica)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91uat%C4%A9" title="Ñuatĩ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñuatĩ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trnovi,_bodlje_i_bodljice" title="Trnovi, bodlje i bodljice – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Trnovi, bodlje i bodljice" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spern" title="Spern – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Spern" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espina_(bot%C3%A0nica)" title="Espina (botànica) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Espina (botànica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trn_(botanika)" title="Trn (botanika) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Trn (botanika)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torn" title="Torn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Torn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorn_(Botanik)" title="Dorn (Botanik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dorn (Botanik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astel" title="Astel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Astel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%B9" title="Αγκάθι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγκάθι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espina_(bot%C3%A1nica)" title="Espina (botánica) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Espina (botánica)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorno_(botaniko)" title="Dorno (botaniko) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dorno (botaniko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arantza_(botanika)" title="Arantza (botanika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arantza (botanika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="خار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89pine" title="Épine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Épine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealg" title="Dealg – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Dealg" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espi%C3%B1a_(bot%C3%A1nica)" title="Espiña (botánica) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Espiña (botánica)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%A9igua" title="Mĩigua – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Mĩigua" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%8B%9C_(%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC)" title="가시 (식물) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가시 (식물)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trn" title="Trn – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trn" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorno" title="Dorno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dorno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duri" title="Duri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Duri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spina_(botanica)" title="Spina (botanica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spina (botanica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eri" title="Eri – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Eri" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81,_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಮುಳ್ಳುಗಳು, ಸ್ಪೈನ್‍ಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಮುಳ್ಳಿನ ಗಂತಿಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮುಳ್ಳುಗಳು, ಸ್ಪೈನ್‍ಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಮುಳ್ಳಿನ ಗಂತಿಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94)" title="ეკალი (მცენარე) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეკალი (მცენარე)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwiba" title="Mwiba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwiba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikan" title="Pikan – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pikan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakis" title="Rakis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rakis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A4%C3%B6re" title="Däöre – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Däöre" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nz%C3%BAb%C9%9B" title="Nzúbɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nzúbɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6vis_(botanika)" title="Tövis (botanika) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tövis (botanika)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D_(%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82)" title="മുള്ള് (സസ്യശാസ്ത്രം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുള്ള് (സസ്യശാസ്ത്രം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duri" title="Duri – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Duri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doorn_(plant)" title="Doorn (plant) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Doorn (plant)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A3%98_(%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9)" title="棘 (植物) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="棘 (植物)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torn" title="Torn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Torn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espina_(botanica)" title="Espina (botanica) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Espina (botanica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikan" title="Tikan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tikan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cier%C5%84" title="Cierń – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cierń" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espinho_(bot%C3%A2nica)" title="Espinho (botânica) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Espinho (botânica)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(botanic%C4%83)" title="Spin (botanică) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Spin (botanică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kichka" title="Kichka – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kichka" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Колючки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колючки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spina" title="Spina – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Spina" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorns,_spines_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines and prickles – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thorns, spines and prickles" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%A7_%DA%AA%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%A7_%DB%BD_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%A7" title="نباتات جا ڪنڊا ۽ سوئا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نباتات جا ڪنڊا ۽ سوئا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trn" title="Trn – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trn" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Трн – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трн" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trn" title="Trn – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Trn" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hard, rigid extensions or modifications of leaves, roots, stems or buds with sharp, stiff ends</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thorns_on_a_blackberry_branch_in_Norrkila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Thorns_on_a_blackberry_branch_in_Norrkila.jpg/260px-Thorns_on_a_blackberry_branch_in_Norrkila.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Thorns_on_a_blackberry_branch_in_Norrkila.jpg/390px-Thorns_on_a_blackberry_branch_in_Norrkila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Thorns_on_a_blackberry_branch_in_Norrkila.jpg/520px-Thorns_on_a_blackberry_branch_in_Norrkila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4885" data-file-height="2748" /></a><figcaption>Prickles on a <a href="/wiki/Rubus_fruticosus" title="Rubus fruticosus">blackberry</a> branch</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">plant morphology</a>, <b>thorns</b>, <b>spines</b>, and <b>prickles</b>, and in general <b>spinose structures</b> (sometimes called <i>spinose teeth</i> or <i>spinose apical processes</i>), are hard, rigid extensions or modifications of <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stems</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Plant_bud" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant bud">buds</a> with sharp, stiff ends, and generally serve the same function: physically <a href="/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory" title="Plant defense against herbivory">defending plants against herbivory</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In common language, the terms are used more or less interchangeably, but in botanical terms, thorns are derived from <a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">shoots</a> (so that they may or may not be branched, they may or may not have leaves, and they may or may not arise from a bud),<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Judd_et_al._2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd_et_al._2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Turner_et_al._2005_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner_et_al._2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Van_Wyk_and_Van_Wyk_2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Wyk_and_Van_Wyk_2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spines are derived from <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> (either the entire leaf or some part of the leaf that has vascular bundles inside, like the <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiole</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Stipule" title="Stipule">stipule</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_2010_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Judd_et_al._2007_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd_et_al._2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Turner_et_al._2005_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner_et_al._2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Van_Wyk_and_Van_Wyk_2007_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Wyk_and_Van_Wyk_2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and prickles are derived from <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">epidermis</a> tissue (so that they can be found anywhere on the plant and do not have vascular bundles inside<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Wyk_and_Van_Wyk_2007_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Wyk_and_Van_Wyk_2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_2010_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Judd_et_al._2007_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd_et_al._2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Turner_et_al._2005_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner_et_al._2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leaf margins may also have teeth, and if those teeth are sharp, they are called spinose teeth on a spinose <a href="/wiki/Leaf_margin" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf margin">leaf margin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_2010_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Judd_et_al._2007_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd_et_al._2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (some authors consider them a kind of spine<sup id="cite_ref-Judd_et_al._2007_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd_et_al._2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). On a leaf apex, if there is an apical process (generally an extension of the midvein), and if it is especially sharp, stiff, and spine-like, it may be referred to as spinose or as a <i>pungent apical process</i><sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_2010_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (again, some authors call them a kind of spine<sup id="cite_ref-Judd_et_al._2007_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd_et_al._2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). When the leaf epidermis is covered with very long, stiff <a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">trichomes</a> (more correctly called <a href="/wiki/Bristle" title="Bristle">bristles</a> in this case;<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_2010_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for some authors a kind of prickle<sup id="cite_ref-Judd_et_al._2007_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd_et_al._2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), it may be referred to as a <i>hispid vestiture</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_2010_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Judd_et_al._2007_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd_et_al._2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Turner_et_al._2005_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner_et_al._2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> if the trichomes are stinging trichomes, it may be called a <i>urent vestiture</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_2010_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There can be found also spines or spinose structures derived from roots.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_1986_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_1986-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The predominant function of thorns, spines, and prickles is deterring <a href="/wiki/Herbivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivory">herbivory</a> in a mechanical form. For this reason, they are classified as physical or mechanical defenses, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">chemical</a> defenses. </p><p>Not all functions of spines or <a href="/wiki/Glochid" title="Glochid">glochids</a> are limited to defense from physical attacks by herbivores and other animals. In some cases, spines have been shown to shade or insulate the plants that grow them, thereby protecting them from extreme temperatures. For example, <a href="/wiki/Saguaro_cactus" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguaro cactus">saguaro cactus</a> spines shade the <a href="/wiki/Apical_meristem" class="mw-redirect" title="Apical meristem">apical meristem</a> in summer, and in members of the <a href="/wiki/Opuntioideae" title="Opuntioideae">Opuntioideae</a>, glochids insulate the apical meristem in winter. </p><p>Agrawal <i>et al.</i> (2000) found that spines seem to have little effect on specialist pollinators, on which many plants rely in order to reproduce.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions_and_technical_distinctions">Definitions and technical distinctions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Definitions and technical distinctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pointing or spinose processes can broadly be divided by the presence of vascular tissue: <b>thorns and spines</b> are derived from shoots and leaves respectively, and have vascular bundles inside, whereas <b>prickles</b> (like <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">rose</a> prickles) do not have vascular bundles inside, so that they can be removed more easily and cleanly than thorns and spines. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stem_morphology_type_thorn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Stem_morphology_type_thorn.svg/220px-Stem_morphology_type_thorn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Stem_morphology_type_thorn.svg/330px-Stem_morphology_type_thorn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Stem_morphology_type_thorn.svg/440px-Stem_morphology_type_thorn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Thorns are <a href="/wiki/Aerial_stem_modification" title="Aerial stem modification">modified stems</a> and arise from buds</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stem_morphology_type_areole.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Stem_morphology_type_areole.svg/220px-Stem_morphology_type_areole.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Stem_morphology_type_areole.svg/330px-Stem_morphology_type_areole.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Stem_morphology_type_areole.svg/440px-Stem_morphology_type_areole.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Cactus areoles; shoot (yellow), spines (green) and <a href="/wiki/Glochid" title="Glochid">glochids</a> (also spines, green and little)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diferencia_espina_y_aguij%C3%B3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Diferencia_espina_y_aguij%C3%B3n.jpg/220px-Diferencia_espina_y_aguij%C3%B3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Diferencia_espina_y_aguij%C3%B3n.jpg/330px-Diferencia_espina_y_aguij%C3%B3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Diferencia_espina_y_aguij%C3%B3n.jpg/440px-Diferencia_espina_y_aguij%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>(A) Thorn or spine<br />(B) Prickle</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_tooth_spinose.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Leaf_morphology_tooth_spinose.png/220px-Leaf_morphology_tooth_spinose.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Leaf_morphology_tooth_spinose.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>A spinose tooth in a leaf margin</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_apical_process_spinose-pungent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Leaf_morphology_apical_process_spinose-pungent.png/220px-Leaf_morphology_apical_process_spinose-pungent.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Leaf_morphology_apical_process_spinose-pungent.png 1.5x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>A spinose apical process</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thorns">Thorns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Thorns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thorns are modified branches or <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stems</a>. They may be simple or branched. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 268px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thorn_image.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Smooth, featureless Citrus thorn."><img alt="Smooth, featureless Citrus thorn." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Thorn_image.JPG/402px-Thorn_image.JPG" decoding="async" width="268" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Thorn_image.JPG/603px-Thorn_image.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Thorn_image.JPG/804px-Thorn_image.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2876" data-file-height="2148" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Smooth, featureless <i><a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">Citrus</a></i> thorn.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 274px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 272px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gymnosporia_buxifolia_thorn.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gymnosporia buxifolia thorn, its leaves, nodes, and emergence from an axillary bud demonstrating its nature as a branch."><img alt="Gymnosporia buxifolia thorn, its leaves, nodes, and emergence from an axillary bud demonstrating its nature as a branch." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Gymnosporia_buxifolia_thorn.JPG/408px-Gymnosporia_buxifolia_thorn.JPG" decoding="async" width="272" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Gymnosporia_buxifolia_thorn.JPG/611px-Gymnosporia_buxifolia_thorn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Gymnosporia_buxifolia_thorn.JPG/815px-Gymnosporia_buxifolia_thorn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3406" data-file-height="2508" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Gymnosporia" title="Gymnosporia">Gymnosporia buxifolia</a></i> thorn, its leaves, nodes, and emergence from an axillary bud demonstrating its nature as a branch.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carissa_bispinosa_Uniondale_1167.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carissa bispinosa showing characteristic branched thorns."><img alt="Carissa bispinosa showing characteristic branched thorns." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Carissa_bispinosa_Uniondale_1167.jpg/400px-Carissa_bispinosa_Uniondale_1167.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Carissa_bispinosa_Uniondale_1167.jpg/600px-Carissa_bispinosa_Uniondale_1167.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Carissa_bispinosa_Uniondale_1167.jpg/800px-Carissa_bispinosa_Uniondale_1167.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3052" data-file-height="2290" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Carissa_bispinosa" title="Carissa bispinosa">Carissa bispinosa</a></i> showing characteristic branched thorns.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spines">Spines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spines are modified <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stipules" class="mw-redirect" title="Stipules">stipules</a>, or parts of leaves, such as extensions of leaf veins. Some authors prefer not to distinguish spines from thorns because, like thorns, and unlike prickles, they commonly contain <a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">vascular tissue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spines are variously described as <b>petiolar spines</b> (as in <i><a href="/wiki/Fouquieria" title="Fouquieria">Fouquieria</a></i>), <b>leaflet spines</b> (as in <i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(plant)" title="Phoenix (plant)">Phoenix</a></i>), or <b>stipular spines</b> (as in <i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia" title="Euphorbia">Euphorbia</a></i>), all of which are examples of spines developing from a part of a leaf containing the petiole, midrib, or a secondary vein.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_2010_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plants of the <a href="/wiki/Cactaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cactaceae">cactus family</a> are particularly well known for their dense covering of spines. Some cacti have also <b><a href="/wiki/Glochid" title="Glochid">glochids</a></b> (or <b>glochidia</b>, singular glochidium) – a particular kind of spine of different origin, which are smaller and deciduous with numerous retrose barbs along its length (as found in <a href="/wiki/Areole" title="Areole">areoles</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Opuntia" title="Opuntia">Opuntia</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_2010_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocotillothron02262006.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The spines of Fouquieria splendens develop from the leaf petioles."><img alt="The spines of Fouquieria splendens develop from the leaf petioles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ocotillothron02262006.JPG/450px-Ocotillothron02262006.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ocotillothron02262006.JPG/675px-Ocotillothron02262006.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ocotillothron02262006.JPG/900px-Ocotillothron02262006.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The spines of <i><a href="/wiki/Fouquieria_splendens" title="Fouquieria splendens">Fouquieria splendens</a></i> develop from the leaf <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petioles</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AcaciaXanthophloeaSpines.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Stipule spines on Vachellia xanthophloea."><img alt="Stipule spines on Vachellia xanthophloea." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/AcaciaXanthophloeaSpines.JPG/400px-AcaciaXanthophloeaSpines.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/AcaciaXanthophloeaSpines.JPG/600px-AcaciaXanthophloeaSpines.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/AcaciaXanthophloeaSpines.JPG/800px-AcaciaXanthophloeaSpines.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stipule spines on <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_xanthophloea" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia xanthophloea">Vachellia xanthophloea</a></i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 231.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 229.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pereskia_grandifolia_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Areoles and spines of the tree-like Rhodocactus grandifolius."><img alt="Areoles and spines of the tree-like Rhodocactus grandifolius." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pereskia_grandifolia_ies.jpg/344px-Pereskia_grandifolia_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pereskia_grandifolia_ies.jpg/516px-Pereskia_grandifolia_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pereskia_grandifolia_ies.jpg/688px-Pereskia_grandifolia_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="698" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Areoles and spines of the tree-like <i><a href="/wiki/Rhodocactus_grandifolius" title="Rhodocactus grandifolius">Rhodocactus grandifolius</a></i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_hook_Cactus_Without_wool.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spines of Mammillaria balsasoides[citation needed]"><img alt="Spines of Mammillaria balsasoides[citation needed]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Fish_hook_Cactus_Without_wool.jpg/451px-Fish_hook_Cactus_Without_wool.jpg" decoding="async" width="301" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Fish_hook_Cactus_Without_wool.jpg/676px-Fish_hook_Cactus_Without_wool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Fish_hook_Cactus_Without_wool.jpg/902px-Fish_hook_Cactus_Without_wool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5456" data-file-height="3632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spines of <i><a href="/wiki/Mammillaria" title="Mammillaria">Mammillaria</a> balsasoides</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:With_separate_hook.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hooked spine of Mammillaria balsasoides"><img alt="Hooked spine of Mammillaria balsasoides" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/With_separate_hook.jpg/451px-With_separate_hook.jpg" decoding="async" width="301" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/With_separate_hook.jpg/676px-With_separate_hook.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/With_separate_hook.jpg/902px-With_separate_hook.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5456" data-file-height="3632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hooked spine of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammillaria_balsasoides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mammillaria balsasoides (page does not exist)">Mammillaria balsasoides</a></i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prickles">Prickles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prickles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prickles are comparable to hairs but can be quite coarse (for example, rose prickles). They are extensions of the <a href="/wiki/Cortex_(botany)" title="Cortex (botany)">cortex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">epidermis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Technically speaking, many plants commonly thought of as having thorns or spines actually have prickles. <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">Roses</a>, for instance, have prickles.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the position of thorns and spines are known positively to be controlled by <a href="/wiki/Phyllotaxis" title="Phyllotaxis">phyllotaxis</a>, the positioning of prickles appears to be truly random. If not, then by a phyllotaxis so arcane as to give the appearance of randomness.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A study published for peer review to the journal <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> concluded that plants with these types of prickles have been identified as sharing a common gene family.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wait-a-bit_stem.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Raised prickles on the stem of Caesalpinia decapetala."><img alt="Raised prickles on the stem of Caesalpinia decapetala." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wait-a-bit_stem.jpg/225px-Wait-a-bit_stem.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wait-a-bit_stem.jpg/337px-Wait-a-bit_stem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wait-a-bit_stem.jpg/450px-Wait-a-bit_stem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Raised prickles on the stem of <i><a href="/wiki/Caesalpinia_decapetala" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesalpinia decapetala">Caesalpinia decapetala</a></i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_Prickles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rose prickles."><img alt="Rose prickles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rose_Prickles.jpg/198px-Rose_Prickles.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rose_Prickles.jpg/298px-Rose_Prickles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rose_Prickles.jpg/397px-Rose_Prickles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="1915" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">Rose</a> prickles.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solanum_viarum_1673056.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prickles on the leaves of Solanum viarum."><img alt="Prickles on the leaves of Solanum viarum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Solanum_viarum_1673056.jpg/450px-Solanum_viarum_1673056.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Solanum_viarum_1673056.jpg/675px-Solanum_viarum_1673056.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Solanum_viarum_1673056.jpg/900px-Solanum_viarum_1673056.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prickles on the leaves of <i><a href="/wiki/Solanum_viarum" title="Solanum viarum">Solanum viarum</a></i>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_structures">Other structures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other similar structures are spinose teeth, spinose apical processes, and trichomes. <a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichomes</a>, in particular, are distinct from thorns, spines, and prickles in that they are much smaller (often microscopic) outgrowths of epidermal tissue, and they are less rigid and more hair-like in appearance; they typically consist of just a few cells of the outermost layer of epidermis, whereas prickles may include cortex tissue. Trichomes are often effective defenses against small insect herbivores; thorns, spines, and prickles are usually only effective against larger herbivores like birds and mammals. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 98px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hulst_getand_blad_Ilex_aquifolium.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spinose leaf margin in Ilex aquifolium."><img alt="Spinose leaf margin in Ilex aquifolium." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hulst_getand_blad_Ilex_aquifolium.jpg/147px-Hulst_getand_blad_Ilex_aquifolium.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hulst_getand_blad_Ilex_aquifolium.jpg/221px-Hulst_getand_blad_Ilex_aquifolium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hulst_getand_blad_Ilex_aquifolium.jpg/295px-Hulst_getand_blad_Ilex_aquifolium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="928" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spinose leaf margin in <i><a href="/wiki/Ilex_aquifolium" title="Ilex aquifolium">Ilex aquifolium</a></i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sansevieria_trifasciata2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spinose apical process in Sansevieria."><img alt="Spinose apical process in Sansevieria." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sansevieria_trifasciata2.jpg/223px-Sansevieria_trifasciata2.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sansevieria_trifasciata2.jpg/334px-Sansevieria_trifasciata2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sansevieria_trifasciata2.jpg/446px-Sansevieria_trifasciata2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spinose apical process in <i><a href="/wiki/Sansevieria" title="Sansevieria">Sansevieria</a></i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 253.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 251.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galium.aparine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stiff, sharp trichomes in Galium aparine."><img alt="Stiff, sharp trichomes in Galium aparine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Galium.aparine.jpg/377px-Galium.aparine.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Galium.aparine.jpg/566px-Galium.aparine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Galium.aparine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="563" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stiff, sharp trichomes in <i><a href="/wiki/Galium_aparine" title="Galium aparine">Galium aparine</a></i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urtica_dioica_stinging_hair.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stinging trichome in Urtica dioica."><img alt="Stinging trichome in Urtica dioica." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Urtica_dioica_stinging_hair.jpg/400px-Urtica_dioica_stinging_hair.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Urtica_dioica_stinging_hair.jpg/600px-Urtica_dioica_stinging_hair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Urtica_dioica_stinging_hair.jpg/800px-Urtica_dioica_stinging_hair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="951" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stinging trichome in <i><a href="/wiki/Urtica_dioica" title="Urtica dioica">Urtica dioica</a></i>.</div> </li> </ul> <p><i>Spinescent</i> is a term describing plants that bear any sharp structures that deter herbivory. It also can refer to the state of tending to be or become spiny in some sense or degree, as in: "... the division of the African acacias on the basis of spinescent stipules versus non-spinescent stipules..."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cryosophila_warscewiczii,_thorns_of_the_Silver_Star_Palm._(11164016416).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cryosophila_warscewiczii%2C_thorns_of_the_Silver_Star_Palm._%2811164016416%29.jpg/170px-Cryosophila_warscewiczii%2C_thorns_of_the_Silver_Star_Palm._%2811164016416%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cryosophila_warscewiczii%2C_thorns_of_the_Silver_Star_Palm._%2811164016416%29.jpg/255px-Cryosophila_warscewiczii%2C_thorns_of_the_Silver_Star_Palm._%2811164016416%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cryosophila_warscewiczii%2C_thorns_of_the_Silver_Star_Palm._%2811164016416%29.jpg/340px-Cryosophila_warscewiczii%2C_thorns_of_the_Silver_Star_Palm._%2811164016416%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>"Root spines" on the trunk of a <i><a href="/wiki/Cryosophila" title="Cryosophila">Cryosophila</a></i> species.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are also spines derived from roots, like the ones on the trunk of the "Root Spine Palms" (<i><a href="/wiki/Cryosophila" title="Cryosophila">Cryosophila</a></i> spp.). The trunk roots of <i><a href="/wiki/Cryosophila_guagara" title="Cryosophila guagara">Cryosophila guagara</a></i> grow downwards to a length of 6–12 cm, then stop growing and transform into a spine.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_1986_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_1986-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anatomy of crown roots on this species (roots among the bases of the living fronds) also alters during their life.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_1986_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_1986-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They initially grow upwards and then turn down and finally they, too, become spinous.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_1986_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_1986-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lateral roots on these two types of roots, as well as those on the stilt roots on this species, also become spinous.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_1986_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_1986-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authors believe that some of these short spiny laterals have a ventilating function so they are 'pneumorhizae'.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_1986_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_1986-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Short spiny laterals that may have a ventilating function may also be found on roots of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iriartea_exorrhiza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iriartea exorrhiza (page does not exist)">Iriartea exorrhiza</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_1986_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_1986-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also spines that function as pneumorhizae on the palm <i><a href="/wiki/Euterpe_oleracea" class="mw-redirect" title="Euterpe oleracea">Euterpe oleracea</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_1986_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_1986-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Cryosophila_nana" title="Cryosophila nana">Cryosophila nana</a></i> (formerly <i>Acanthorhiza aculeata</i>), there are spiny roots; some authors prefer to term these "root spines" if the length of the root is less than 10x the thickness and "spine roots" if the length is more than 10x the thickness.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_1986_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_1986-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adventitious spiny roots have also been described on the trunks of dicotyledonous trees from tropical Africa (e.g. Euphorbiaceae, as in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macaranga_barteri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macaranga barteri (page does not exist)">Macaranga barteri</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bridelia_micrantha" title="Bridelia micrantha">Bridelia micrantha</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bridelia_pubescens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bridelia pubescens (page does not exist)">B. pubescens</a></i>; Ixonanthaceae, Sterculiaceae), and may also be found protecting perennating organs such as tubers and corms (e.g. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorea_prehensilis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dioscorea prehensilis (page does not exist)">Dioscorea prehensilis</a></i> -Dioscoreaceae- and <i><a href="/wiki/Moraea" title="Moraea">Moraea</a></i> spp. -Iridaceae- respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_1986_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_1986-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Short root spines cover the tuberous base of the epiphytic ant-plant <i><a href="/wiki/Myrmecodia_tuberosa" title="Myrmecodia tuberosa">Myrmecodia tuberosa</a></i> (Rubiaceae), these probably give protection to ants which inhabit chambers within the tuber as they wander over the plant's surface. (Jackson 1986<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_1986_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_1986-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and references therein). In many respects, the pattern of spine formation is similar to that which occurs in the development of thorns from lateral shoots. (Jackson 1986<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_1986_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_1986-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and references therein). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been proposed that thorny structures may have first evolved as a <a href="/wiki/Antipredator_adaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipredator adaptation">defense mechanism</a> in plants growing in sandy environments that provided inadequate resources for fast regeneration of damage.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphological_variation">Morphological variation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Morphological variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spinose structures occur in a wide variety of ecologies, and their morphology also varies greatly. They occur as: </p> <ul><li>sharpened branches (e.g. in <i><a href="/wiki/Carissa" title="Carissa">Carissa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">Citrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Crataegus" title="Crataegus">Crataegus</a></i>),</li> <li>spiky inflorescences (<i><a href="/wiki/Tylecodon" title="Tylecodon">Tylecodon</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a tiny point at the tip of the leaf (mucronate leaves) (<i><a href="/wiki/Sansevieria" title="Sansevieria">Sansevieria</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>leaves fully converted to spines (<i><a href="/wiki/Opuntia" title="Opuntia">Opuntia</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>stipules converted to spines (many <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Vachellia</a></i>),</li> <li>prickles on stems (<i><a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">Rosa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Erythrina" title="Erythrina">Erythrina</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ceiba_speciosa" title="Ceiba speciosa">Ceiba speciosa</a></i>),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urticating_hair" title="Urticating hair">urticating (i.e. stinging) hairs</a>,</li> <li>bristles, and</li> <li>finely barbed spines called <a href="/wiki/Glochid" title="Glochid">glochids</a>.</li></ul> <p>Some thorns are hollow and act as <a href="/wiki/Domatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Domatia">myrmecodomatia</a>; others (e.g. in <i><a href="/wiki/Crataegus_monogyna" title="Crataegus monogyna">Crataegus monogyna</a></i>) bear leaves. The thorns of many species are branched (e.g. in <i><a href="/wiki/Crataegus_crus-galli" title="Crataegus crus-galli">Crataegus crus-galli</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Carissa_macrocarpa" title="Carissa macrocarpa">Carissa macrocarpa</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_uses">Human uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Human uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plants bearing thorns, spines, or prickles are often used as a defense against <a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">burglary</a>, being strategically planted below windows or around the entire perimeter of a property.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also have been used to protect crops and livestock against marauding animals. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Crataegus" title="Crataegus">hawthorn</a> hedges in Europe, <a href="/wiki/Agave" title="Agave">agaves</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ocotillo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocotillo">ocotillos</a> in the Americas and in other countries where they have been introduced, <a href="/wiki/Maclura_pomifera" title="Maclura pomifera">Osage orange</a> in the prairie states of the US, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sansevieria" title="Sansevieria">Sansevieria</a></i> in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areole" title="Areole">Areole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glochid" title="Glochid">Glochid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory" title="Plant defense against herbivory">Plant defense against herbivory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Simpson_2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson_2010_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson_2010_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson_2010_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson_2010_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson_2010_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson_2010_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson_2010_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson_2010_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson_2010_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson_2010_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson, M. G. 2010. "Plant Morphology". In: <i>Plant Systematics, 2nd. edition</i>. Elsevier Academic Press. Chapter 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judd_et_al._2007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Judd_et_al._2007_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Judd_et_al._2007_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Judd_et_al._2007_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Judd_et_al._2007_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Judd_et_al._2007_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Judd_et_al._2007_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Judd_et_al._2007_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Judd_et_al._2007_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Judd, Campbell, Kellogg, Stevens, Donoghue. 2007. "Structural and Biochemical Characters". In: <i>Plant Systematics, a phylogenetic approach, third edition</i>. Chapter 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner_et_al._2005-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turner_et_al._2005_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turner_et_al._2005_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turner_et_al._2005_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turner_et_al._2005_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IbKmK2_Tn74C&dq=glossary+thorn+spine+prickle+spinose&pg=PA433">Turner et al. 2005, <i>Sonoran Desert Plants, an Ecological Atlas.</i> University of Arizona Press.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Wyk_and_Van_Wyk_2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Wyk_and_Van_Wyk_2007_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Wyk_and_Van_Wyk_2007_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Wyk_and_Van_Wyk_2007_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9HOmOElZL6IC&dq=thorn+spine+prickle&pg=PA35">Van Wyk, Van Wyk. 2007. <i>How to identify trees in South Africa.</i> Struik.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson_1986-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_1986_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_1986_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_1986_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_1986_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_1986_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_1986_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_1986_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_1986_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_1986_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_1986_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_1986_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_1986_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJackson2012" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, M. B. (2012-12-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gAv8CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA80"><i>New Root Formation in Plants and Cuttings</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-4358-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-009-4358-2"><bdi>978-94-009-4358-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Root+Formation+in+Plants+and+Cuttings&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-94-009-4358-2&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=M.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgAv8CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorns%2C+spines%2C+and+prickles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgrawalRudgersBotsfordCutler2000" class="citation journal cs1">Agrawal, Anurag A.; Rudgers, Jennifer A.; Botsford, Louis W.; Cutler, David; Gorin, Jessica B.; Lundquist, Carolyn J.; Spitzer, Brian W.; Swann, Alisa L. (2000). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3672545">"Benefits and Constraints on Plant Defense against Herbivores: Spines Influence the Legitimate and Illegitimate Flower Visitors of Yellow Star Thistle, Centaurea solstitialis L. 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(2024-08-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11305333">"Convergent evolution of plant prickles by repeated gene co-option over deep time"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>385</b> (6708): eado1663. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024Sci...385o1663S">2024Sci...385o1663S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.ado1663">10.1126/science.ado1663</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11305333">11305333</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39088611">39088611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Convergent+evolution+of+plant+prickles+by+repeated+gene+co-option+over+deep+time&rft.volume=385&rft.issue=6708&rft.pages=eado1663&rft.date=2024-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11305333%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024Sci...385o1663S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39088611&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.ado1663&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft.aulast=Satterlee&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft.au=Alonso%2C+David&rft.au=Gramazio%2C+Pietro&rft.au=Jenike%2C+Katharine+M.&rft.au=He%2C+Jia&rft.au=Arrones%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Villanueva%2C+Gloria&rft.au=Plazas%2C+Mariola&rft.au=Ramakrishnan%2C+Srividya&rft.au=Benoit%2C+Matthias&rft.au=Gentile%2C+Iacopo&rft.au=Hendelman%2C+Anat&rft.au=Shohat%2C+Hagai&rft.au=Fitzgerald%2C+Blaine&rft.au=Robitaille%2C+Gina+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11305333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorns%2C+spines%2C+and+prickles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, J. 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Allen, “The Genera of Southern African Flowering Plants”, Vol 2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-621-02863-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-621-02863-0">0-621-02863-0</a>, 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, Edward F., The Cactus Family, Pub: Timber Press 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-498-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-498-5">978-0-88192-498-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felson, Marcus (2006) <i>Crime and Nature</i>, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunter, J. A. (1993) "Hunter" Publisher: Buccaneer Books,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56849-109-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56849-109-7">978-1-56849-109-7</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Simpson, M. G. 2010. "Plant Morphology". In: <i>Plant Systematics, 2nd. edition</i>. Elsevier Academic Press. Chapter 9.</li> <li>Judd, Campbell, Kellogg, Stevens, Donoghue. 2007. "Structural and Biochemical Characters". In: <i>Plant Systematics, a phylogenetic approach, third edition</i>. Chapter 4.</li> <li>Esau, K. 1965. <i>Plant Anatomy</i>, 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons. 767 pp.</li> <li>Llamas, K. A. 2003. <i>Tropical Flowering Plants</i>. Timber Press, Portland. 423 pp.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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(plant)">Thorn (plant)</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thorn+%28plant%29&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorns%2C+spines%2C+and+prickles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Thorn" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Thorn">Thorn</a>". <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work">The New Student's Reference Work</a></i>. 1914.</cite><span 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(botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">Phytochemical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists" title="List of botanists">Botanists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)">by author abbreviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_expeditions" title="Botanical expeditions">Botanical expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_trees" title="List of individual trees">Individual trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Botany" title="Category:Botany">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201851#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata975" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201851#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata975" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201851#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1150229/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Dorn"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4150472-0">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="thorns"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85134974">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007534012205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles&oldid=1276888095">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles&oldid=1276888095</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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