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type="application/rsd+xml" href="//cy.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.cy"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Ffrwd Atom Wicipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig rootpage-Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Neidio i'r cynnwys</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prif ddewislen" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prif ddewislen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Prif ddewislen</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Panel llywio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hafan" title="Ymweld â'r Hafan [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Hafan</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Porth_y_Gymuned" title="Pethau i'w gwneud, adnoddau a thudalennau'r gymuned"><span>Porth y Gymuned</span></a></li><li id="n-cafe" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Y_Caffi"><span>Y Caffi</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Categori:Materion_cyfoes" title="Gwybodaeth yn gysylltiedig â materion cyfoes"><span>Materion cyfoes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChanges" title="Rhestr y newidiadau diweddar ar y wici. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Newidiadau diweddar</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Random" title="Llwytho tudalen ar hap [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Erthygl ar hap</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Cymorth" title="Tudalennau cymorth"><span>Cymorth</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hafan" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wicipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-cy.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-cy.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Chwilio</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Chwilio Wicipedia" aria-label="Chwilio Wicipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Arbennig:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Chwilio</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Offer personol"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Newidiwch ymddangosiad maint ffont, lled a lliw y dudalen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gwedd" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gwedd</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy" class=""><span>Rhoi</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=Yr+Ymerodraeth+Rufeinig" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol" class=""><span>Creu cyfrif</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Yr+Ymerodraeth+Rufeinig" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Mewngofnodi</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Offer personol" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Offer personol</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Dewislen defnyddiwr" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy"><span>Rhoi</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=Yr+Ymerodraeth+Rufeinig" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Creu cyfrif</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Yr+Ymerodraeth+Rufeinig" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Mewngofnodi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tudalennau ar gyfer golygyddion allgofnodedig <a href="/wiki/Cymorth:Cyflwyniad" aria-label="Dysgu mwy am olygu"><span>dysgu mwy</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyContributions" title="Rhestr golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Cyfraniadau</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyTalk" title="Sgwrs ynglŷn â golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Sgwrs</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Cynnwys" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cynnwys</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Y dechrau</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Hanes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Hanes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hanes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Hanes</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hanes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-O_weriniaeth_i_ymerodraeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#O_weriniaeth_i_ymerodraeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>O weriniaeth i ymerodraeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-O_weriniaeth_i_ymerodraeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yr_ymerawdwyr_cynnar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yr_ymerawdwyr_cynnar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Yr ymerawdwyr cynnar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yr_ymerawdwyr_cynnar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oes_Aur_yr_Ymerodraeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oes_Aur_yr_Ymerodraeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Oes Aur yr Ymerodraeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oes_Aur_yr_Ymerodraeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argyfwng_ac_adferiad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argyfwng_ac_adferiad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Argyfwng ac adferiad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argyfwng_ac_adferiad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argyfwng_y_drydedd_ganrif_a_diwygiadau_Diocletian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argyfwng_y_drydedd_ganrif_a_diwygiadau_Diocletian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Argyfwng y drydedd ganrif a diwygiadau Diocletian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argyfwng_y_drydedd_ganrif_a_diwygiadau_Diocletian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cristioneiddio'r_ymerodraeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cristioneiddio'r_ymerodraeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Cristioneiddio'r ymerodraeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cristioneiddio'r_ymerodraeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cwymp_ymerodraeth_y_gorllewin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cwymp_ymerodraeth_y_gorllewin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Cwymp ymerodraeth y gorllewin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cwymp_ymerodraeth_y_gorllewin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yr_ymerodraeth_yn_y_dwyrain:_yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yr_ymerodraeth_yn_y_dwyrain:_yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Yr ymerodraeth yn y dwyrain: yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yr_ymerodraeth_yn_y_dwyrain:_yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dylanwad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dylanwad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dylanwad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dylanwad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gweler_hefyd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gweler_hefyd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gweler hefyd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gweler_hefyd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Llyfryddiaeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Llyfryddiaeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Llyfryddiaeth</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Llyfryddiaeth-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Llyfryddiaeth</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Llyfryddiaeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haneswyr_Rhufeinig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haneswyr_Rhufeinig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Haneswyr Rhufeinig</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haneswyr_Rhufeinig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gweithiau_diweddar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gweithiau_diweddar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Gweithiau diweddar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gweithiau_diweddar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cynnwys" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toglo'r tabl cynnwys" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toglo'r tabl cynnwys</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yr Ymerodraeth Rufeinig</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ewch i erthygl mewn iaith arall. Ar gael mewn 184 iaith" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-184" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">184 iaith</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keurajeu%C3%ABn_Romawi" title="Keurajeuën Romawi - Acehneg" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Keurajeuën Romawi" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeinse_Ryk" title="Romeinse Ryk - Affricaneg" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Romeinse Ryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Affricaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%AE%E1%88%9B_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%9B%E1%89%B5" title="የሮማ ግዛት - Amhareg" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሮማ ግዛት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Romano" title="Imperio Romano - Aragoneg" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Imperio Romano" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisc_Rice" title="Romanisc Rice - Hen Saesneg" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Romanisc Rice" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Hen Saesneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الإمبراطورية الرومانية - Arabeg" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإمبراطورية الرومانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لإمبراطورية الرومانية - Arabeg Moroco" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لإمبراطورية الرومانية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arabeg Moroco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الامبراطوريه الرومانيه - Arabeg yr Aifft" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الامبراطوريه الرومانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arabeg yr Aifft" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য - Asameg" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asameg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_romanu" title="Imperiu romanu - Astwrianeg" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu romanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Astwrianeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Румалъул империя - Afareg" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Румалъул империя" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Afareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romafo_gindaxo" title="Romafo gindaxo - Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Romafo gindaxo" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Roma imperiyası - Aserbaijaneg" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Roma imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Aserbaijaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="روم ایمپیراتورلوغو - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روم ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Рим империяһы - Bashcorteg" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рим империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashcorteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruomas_imper%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Ruomas imperėjė - Samogiteg" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ruomas imperėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogiteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Romano" title="Imperyong Romano - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Imperyong Romano" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Рымская імперыя - Belarwseg" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рымская імперыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Рымская імпэрыя - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рымская імпэрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Римска империя - Bwlgareg" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Римска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bwlgareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="রোমান সাম্রাজ্য - Bengaleg" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোমান সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_roman" title="Impalaeriezh roman - Llydaweg" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh roman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Llydaweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimsko_Carstvo" title="Rimsko Carstvo - Bosnieg" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rimsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Римэй эзэнтэ гүрэн - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Римэй эзэнтэ гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Rom%C3%A0" title="Imperi Romà - Catalaneg" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Romà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2%CC%A4-m%C4%81_D%C3%A1%CC%A4-gu%C3%B3k" title="Lò̤-mā Dá̤-guók - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lò̤-mā Dá̤-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Руман импери - Tsietsieneg" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Руман импери" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsietsieneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Romano" title="Imperyong Romano - Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Imperyong Romano" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%86%D9%85%DB%8C" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی ڕۆمی - Cwrdeg Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی ڕۆمی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperu_Rumanu" title="Imperu Rumanu - Corseg" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Imperu Rumanu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_%C4%B0mperiyas%C4%B1" title="Roma İmperiyası - Tyrceg y Crimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Roma İmperiyası" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Tyrceg y Crimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%ADmsk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Římská říše - Tsieceg" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Římská říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsieceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romerske_Kejserrige" title="Romerske Kejserrige - Daneg" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Romerske Kejserrige" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Daneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6mische_Kaiserzeit" title="Römische Kaiserzeit - Almaeneg" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Römische Kaiserzeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mperatoriya_Roma" title="İmperatoriya Roma - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İmperatoriya Roma" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romski_imperium" title="Romski imperium - Sorbeg Isaf" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Romski imperium" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbeg Isaf" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ρωμαϊκή Αυτοκρατορία - Groeg" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωμαϊκή Αυτοκρατορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Groeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire - Saesneg" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Roman Empire" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Saesneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romia_Imperio" title="Romia Imperio - Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Romia Imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_romano" title="Imperio romano - Sbaeneg" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio romano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sbaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooma_keisririik" title="Rooma keisririik - Estoneg" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rooma keisririik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erromatar_Inperioa" title="Erromatar Inperioa - Basgeg" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erromatar Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_romanu" title="Imperiu romanu - Extremadureg" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Imperiu romanu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremadureg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="امپراتوری روم - Perseg" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری روم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooman_keisarikunta" title="Rooman keisarikunta - Ffinneg" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rooman keisarikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Ffinneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Matanitu_ki_Roma" title="Na Matanitu ki Roma - Ffijïeg" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Na Matanitu ki Roma" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Ffijïeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mverjar%C3%ADki%C3%B0" title="Rómverjaríkið - Ffaröeg" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Rómverjaríkið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Ffaröeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_romain" title="Empire romain - Ffrangeg" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire romain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Ffrangeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6%C3%B6msk_Keisertidj" title="Röömsk Keisertidj - Ffriseg Gogleddol" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Röömsk Keisertidj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg Gogleddol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeinske_Ryk" title="Romeinske Ryk - Ffriseg y Gorllewin" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Romeinske Ryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg y Gorllewin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impireacht_na_R%C3%B3imhe" title="Impireacht na Róimhe - Gwyddeleg" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Impireacht na Róimhe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Gwyddeleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國 - Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="羅馬帝國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampir_romen" title="Ampir romen - Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ampir romen" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impireachd_na_R%C3%B2imhe" title="Impireachd na Ròimhe - Gaeleg yr Alban" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Impireachd na Ròimhe" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaeleg yr Alban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Romano" title="Imperio Romano - Galisieg" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Romano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rr%C3%B3ma_Mburuvi" title="Rróma Mburuvi - Guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Rróma Mburuvi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA_%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B9" title="𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹 - Gotheg" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gotheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2-m%C3%A2_Ti-koet" title="Lò-mâ Ti-koet - Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lò-mâ Ti-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה הרומית - Hebraeg" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה הרומית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebraeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="रोमन साम्राज्य - Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोमन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Samrajya" title="Roman Samrajya - Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Roman Samrajya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimsko_Carstvo" title="Rimsko Carstvo - Croateg" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rimsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romske_m%C3%B3cnarstwo" title="Romske mócnarstwo - Sorbeg Uchaf" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Romske mócnarstwo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbeg Uchaf" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anpi_Women" title="Anpi Women - Creol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anpi Women" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Creol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mai_Birodalom" title="Római Birodalom - Hwngareg" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Római Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hwngareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հռոմեական կայսրություն - Armeneg" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հռոմեական կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հռոմէական Կայսրութիւն - Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հռոմէական Կայսրութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Roman" title="Imperio Roman - Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Imperio Roman" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi" title="Kekaisaran Romawi - Indoneseg" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran Romawi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indoneseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_a_Romano" title="Imperio a Romano - Ilocaneg" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Imperio a Romano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Ilocaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Рума импери - Ingwsieg" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Рума импери" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingwsieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romana_Imperio" title="Romana Imperio - Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Romana Imperio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mverska_keisarad%C3%A6mi%C3%B0" title="Rómverska keisaradæmið - Islandeg" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rómverska keisaradæmið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_romano" title="Impero romano - Eidaleg" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero romano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Eidaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="ローマ帝国 - Japaneeg" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローマ帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japaneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruoman_Empaya" title="Ruoman Empaya - Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ruoman Empaya" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/latmo_sosygugje%27a" title="latmo sosygugje'a - Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="latmo sosygugje'a" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamaharajan_Rum" title="Kamaharajan Rum - Jafanaeg" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kamaharajan Rum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jafanaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="რომის იმპერია - Georgeg" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რომის იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Rim imperiyası - Cara-Calpaceg" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Rim imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Cara-Calpaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamnekda_Tarumanit" title="Tamnekda Tarumanit - Cabileg" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamnekda Tarumanit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Cabileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8D_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D" title="Ромэ Империэ - Cabardieg" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Ромэ Империэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Cabardieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1byintyokshan_Rom" title="A̱byintyokshan Rom - Tyapeg" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱byintyokshan Rom" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyapeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsi_ya_Roma" title="Nsi ya Roma - Congo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Nsi ya Roma" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Congo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Рим империясы - Casacheg" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рим империясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Casacheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98" title="ចក្រភពរ៉ូម - Chmereg" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចក្រភពរ៉ូម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Chmereg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ರೋಮನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ - Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೋಮನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="로마 제국 - Coreeg" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로마 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Coreeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emperatoriya_Rom%C3%AA" title="Împeratoriya Romê - Cwrdeg" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Împeratoriya Romê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperoureth_Romanek" title="Emperoureth Romanek - Cernyweg" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Emperoureth Romanek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cernyweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Romanum" title="Imperium Romanum - Lladin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium Romanum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Lladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Romano" title="Imperio Romano - Iddew-Sbaeneg" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Imperio Romano" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Iddew-Sbaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9imescht_R%C3%A4ich" title="Réimescht Räich - Lwcsembwrgeg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Réimescht Räich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Lwcsembwrgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Рим империя - Lezgheg" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Рим империя" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Roman" title="Impero Roman - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Impero Roman" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeins_Riek" title="Romeins Riek - Limbwrgeg" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Romeins Riek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limbwrgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%AAo_Roman" title="Impêo Roman - Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Impêo Roman" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imper_Roman" title="Imper Roman - Lombardeg" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Imper Roman" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ຈັກກະວັດໂລມັນ - Laoeg" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຈັກກະວັດໂລມັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laoeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romos_imperija" title="Romos imperija - Lithwaneg" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Romos imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithwaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romas_imp%C4%93rija" title="Romas impērija - Latfieg" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Romas impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latfieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empira_R%C3%B4mana" title="Empira Rômana - Malagaseg" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Empira Rômana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagaseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emepaea_R%C5%8Dmana" title="Emepaea Rōmana - Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Emepaea Rōmana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaisaran_Romawi" title="Kakaisaran Romawi - Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kakaisaran Romawi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Римско Царство - Macedoneg" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Римско Царство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="റോമാ സാമ്രാജ്യം - Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോമാ സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Ромын эзэнт гүрэн - Mongoleg" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ромын эзэнт гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongoleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="रोमन साम्राज्य - Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रोमन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Rom" title="Empayar Rom - Maleieg" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Rom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperu_Ruman" title="Imperu Ruman - Malteg" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Imperu Ruman" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp%C3%A9rio_Romano" title="Ampério Romano - Mirandeg" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ampério Romano" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="ရောမအင်ပါယာ - Byrmaneg" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရောမအင်ပါယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Byrmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="روم امپراتوری - Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="روم امپراتوری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Rumano" title="Impero Rumano - Naplieg" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Impero Rumano" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Naplieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6%C3%B6msch_Kaiserriek" title="Röömsch Kaiserriek - Almaeneg Isel" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Röömsch Kaiserriek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg Isel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeinse_Riek" title="Romeinse Riek - Sacsoneg Isel" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Romeinse Riek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Sacsoneg Isel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="रोमन साम्राज्य - Nepaleg" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रोमन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="रोमन साम्राज्य - Newaeg" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रोमन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeinse_Keizerrijk" title="Romeinse Keizerrijk - Iseldireg" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Romeinse Keizerrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Iseldireg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romarriket" title="Romarriket - Norwyeg Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Romarriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_romerske_keiserriket" title="Det romerske keiserriket - Norwyeg Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det romerske keiserriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Roman" title="Empire Roman - Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Empire Roman" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_roman" title="Empèri roman - Ocsitaneg" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri roman" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ocsitaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%80%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F" title="ରୋମୀୟ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟ - Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରୋମୀୟ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Ромы импери - Oseteg" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ромы импери" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Oseteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਰੋਮਨ ਸਮਰਾਜ - Pwnjabeg" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੋਮਨ ਸਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pwnjabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_romano" title="Imperio romano - Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Imperio romano" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impire_Romain" title="Impire Romain - Picardeg" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Impire Romain" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6misch_Imperium" title="Römisch Imperium - Almaeneg Pensylfania" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Römisch Imperium" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg Pensylfania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesarstwo_Rzymskie" title="Cesarstwo Rzymskie - Pwyleg" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cesarstwo Rzymskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pwyleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Roman" title="Imperi Roman - Piedmonteg" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Imperi Roman" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmonteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="رومی سلطنت - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رومی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="روم سترواکي - Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روم سترواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Romano" title="Império Romano - Portiwgaleg" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Romano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portiwgaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumanu_qhapaq_suyu" title="Rumanu qhapaq suyu - Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rumanu qhapaq suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_roman_(sursilvan)" title="Imperi roman (sursilvan) - Románsh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Imperi roman (sursilvan)" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Románsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Roman" title="Imperiul Roman - Rwmaneg" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Roman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rwmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Римская империя - Rwseg" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Римская империя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Римска империя - Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Римска империя" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Рим империята - Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Рим империята" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A8riu_romanu" title="Impèriu romanu - Sardeg" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Impèriu romanu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mp%C3%A8riu_rumanu" title="Mpèriu rumanu - Sisileg" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mpèriu rumanu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire - Sgoteg" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Roman Empire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Sgoteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="رومي سلطنت - Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رومي سلطنت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimsko_Carstvo" title="Rimsko Carstvo - Serbo-Croateg" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rimsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamnkda_Ta%E1%B9%9Bumanit" title="Tamnkda Taṛumanit - Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tamnkda Taṛumanit" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යය - Sinhaleg" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Roman Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADmske_cis%C3%A1rstvo" title="Rímske cisárstvo - Slofaceg" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rímske cisárstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slofaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimsko_cesarstvo" title="Rimsko cesarstvo - Slofeneg" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rimsko cesarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slofeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emepaea_o_Roma" title="Emepaea o Roma - Samöeg" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Emepaea o Roma" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samöeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria_Romake" title="Perandoria Romake - Albaneg" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria Romake" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Римско царство - Serbeg" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Римско царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roomske_Riek" title="Roomske Riek - Ffriseg Saterland" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Roomske Riek" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg Saterland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaisaran_Romawi" title="Kakaisaran Romawi - Swndaneg" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kakaisaran Romawi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Swndaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romerska_kejsard%C3%B6met" title="Romerska kejsardömet - Swedeg" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Romerska kejsardömet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dola_la_Roma" title="Dola la Roma - Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dola la Roma" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="உரோமைப் பேரரசு - Tamileg" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உரோமைப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="రోమన్ సామ్రాజ్యం - Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రోమన్ సామ్రాజ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="จักรวรรดิโรมัน - Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิโรมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AE%E1%88%9C_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%9D%E1%8A%A3%E1%89%B5" title="ሮሜ ግዝኣት - Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሮሜ ግዝኣት" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim_imperi%C3%BDasy" title="Rim imperiýasy - Tyrcmeneg" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Rim imperiýasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Tyrcmeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Romano" title="Imperyong Romano - Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imperyong Romano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Roma İmparatorluğu - Tyrceg" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Roma İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tyrceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Рим империясе - Tatareg" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рим империясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufumu_wa_Roma" title="Ufumu wa Roma - Twmbwca" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Ufumu wa Roma" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Twmbwca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%85_%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="رىم ئىمپېرىيىسى - Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رىم ئىمپېرىيىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Римська імперія - Wcreineg" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Римська імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Wcreineg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="رومی سلطنت - Wrdw" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رومی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Wrdw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim_imperiyasi" title="Rim imperiyasi - Wsbeceg" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rim imperiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Wsbeceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inpero_Roman" title="Inpero Roman - Feniseg" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Inpero Roman" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Feniseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimalaine_imperii" title="Rimalaine imperii - Feps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Rimalaine imperii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Feps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_La_M%C3%A3" title="Đế quốc La Mã - Fietnameg" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc La Mã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Fietnameg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeins_Ryk" title="Romeins Ryk - Fflemeg Gorllewinol" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Romeins Ryk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="Fflemeg Gorllewinol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impire_romin" title="Impire romin - Walwneg" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Impire romin" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walwneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyo_Romano" title="Imperyo Romano - Winarayeg" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Imperyo Romano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Winarayeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="罗马帝国 - Wu Tsieineaidd" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗马帝国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tsieineaidd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="რომიშ იმპერია - Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რომიშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="רוימישע אימפעריע - Iddew-Almaeneg" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רוימישע אימפעריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Iddew-Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_%E1%BB%8Cbal%C3%BAay%C3%A9_R%C3%B3m%C3%B9" title="Ilẹ̀ Ọbalúayé Rómù - Iorwba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilẹ̀ Ọbalúayé Rómù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Iorwba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digoz_Lozmaj" title="Digoz Lozmaj - Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Digoz Lozmaj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國 - Tsieinëeg" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羅馬帝國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tsieinëeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4-m%C3%A1_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Lô-má Tè-kok - Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lô-má Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國 - Cantoneeg" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅馬帝國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantoneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2277#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Golygu dolenni rhyngwici" class="wbc-editpage">Golygu dolenni</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Parthau"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig" title="Gweld y dudalen bwnc [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Erthygl</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sgwrs:Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Sgwrsio am y dudalen (dim tudalen ar gael) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Sgwrs</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Newid amrywiad iaith" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Cymraeg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Golygon"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig"><span>Darllen</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Golygu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Golygu cod</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&action=history" title="Fersiynau cynt o'r dudalen hon. 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vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig"><span>Darllen</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Golygu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Golygu cod</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&action=history"><span>Gweld hanes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cyffredinol </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:WhatLinksHere/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig" title="Rhestr o bob tudalen sy'n cysylltu â hon [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Beth sy'n cysylltu yma</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChangesLinked/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig" rel="nofollow" title="Newidiadau diweddar i dudalennau sydd yn cysylltu â hon [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Newidiadau perthnasol</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:SpecialPages" title="Rhestr o'r holl dudalennau arbennig [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Tudalennau arbennig</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&oldid=12968644" title="Dolen barhaol i'r fersiwn hwn y dudalen hon"><span>Dolen barhaol</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&action=info" title="Mwy o wybodaeth am y dudalen hon"><span>Gwybodaeth am y dudalen</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CiteThisPage&page=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&id=12968644&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Gwybodaeth ar sut i gyfeirio at y dudalen hon"><span>Cyfeirio at y dudalen hon</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig"><span>Cael URL byr</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig"><span>Lawrlwytho cod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Argraffu / allforio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Yr+Ymerodraeth+Rufeinig"><span>Llunio llyfr</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:DownloadAsPdf&page=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&action=show-download-screen"><span>Lawrlwytho fel PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&printable=yes" title="Cynhyrchwch fersiwn o'r dudalen yn barod at ei hargraffu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Fersiwn argraffu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mewn prosiectau eraill </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_ancient_Rome" hreflang="en"><span>Comin Wikimedia</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2277" title="Cysylltu i eitem ystorfa gysylltiedig [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Eitem Wicidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gwedd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Oddi ar Wicipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cy" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><caption>yr Ymerodraeth Rufeinig</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Inscription_Theatre_Leptis_Magna_Libya.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Inscription_Theatre_Leptis_Magna_Libya.JPG/280px-Inscription_Theatre_Leptis_Magna_Libya.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Inscription_Theatre_Leptis_Magna_Libya.JPG/420px-Inscription_Theatre_Leptis_Magna_Libya.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Inscription_Theatre_Leptis_Magna_Libya.JPG/560px-Inscription_Theatre_Leptis_Magna_Libya.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Math</th><td>cyfnod o hanes, gwlad ar un adeg <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2277?uselang=cy#P31" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Enwyd ar ôl</th><td><a href="/wiki/Rhufain" title="Rhufain">Rhufain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talaith_Imperia" title="Talaith Imperia">Talaith Imperia</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2277?uselang=cy#P138" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div class="center"></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Prifddinas</th><td><a href="/wiki/Rhufain" title="Rhufain">Rhufain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caergystennin" title="Caergystennin">Caergystennin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, Rhufain <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2277?uselang=cy#P36" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Poblogaeth</th><td>87,500,000 ±33000000 <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2277?uselang=cy#P1082" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Iaith/Ieithoedd<br />  swyddogol</th><td><a href="/wiki/Lladin" title="Lladin">Lladin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hen_Roeg_(iaith)" title="Hen Roeg (iaith)">Hen Roeg</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2277?uselang=cy#P37" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ddf;">Daearyddiaeth</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Rhan o'r canlynol</th><td><a href="/wiki/Rhufain_hynafol" title="Rhufain hynafol">Rhufain hynafol</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2277?uselang=cy#P361" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Arwynebedd</th><td>5,957,000 km² <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2277?uselang=cy#P2046" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Yn ffinio gyda</th><td><a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2277?uselang=cy#P47" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Cyfesurynnau</th><td>41.9°N 12.5°E <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2277?uselang=cy#P625" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ddf;">Gwleidyddiaeth</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Cyfnod daearegol</th><td>y cynfyd clasurol <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2277?uselang=cy#P2348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Corff deddfwriaethol</th><td>Senate of the Roman Empire <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2277?uselang=cy#P194" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Swydd pennaeth<br />  y wladwriaeth</th><td>ymerawdwr Rhufain <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2277?uselang=cy#P1906" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 280px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="250" data-zoom="8" data-lat="41.9" data-lon="12.5" data-overlays="["_995cfe42766178ae9cdd420290184250ed97cb0a"]" href="/wiki/Arbennig:Map/8/41.9/12.5/cy"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,41.9,12.5,280x250.png?lang=cy&domain=cy.wikipedia.org&title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&revid=12968644&groups=_995cfe42766178ae9cdd420290184250ed97cb0a" width="280" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,41.9,12.5,280x250@2x.png?lang=cy&domain=cy.wikipedia.org&title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&revid=12968644&groups=_995cfe42766178ae9cdd420290184250ed97cb0a 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Sefydlwydwyd gan</th><td><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2277?uselang=cy#P112" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Crefydd/Enwad</th><td>ardal o fewn Rhufain hynafol, eglwys wladwriaethol yr Ymerodraeth Rufeinig <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2277?uselang=cy#P140" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Arian</th><td>Roman currency <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2277?uselang=cy#P38" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tudalen Comin"><img alt="Tudalen Comin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roman_Empire" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Roman Empire">Ffeiliau perthnasol ar Comin</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div class="metadata" style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2277" class="extiw" title="d:Q2277">golygwch ar Wicidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Roman_Empire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Roman_Empire.png/300px-Roman_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Roman_Empire.png/450px-Roman_Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Roman_Empire.png/600px-Roman_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>Ymestyniad yr Ymerodraeth: <a href="/wiki/133_CC" title="133 CC">133 CC</a> (coch), <a href="/wiki/44_CC" title="44 CC">44 CC</a> (oren), <a href="/wiki/14_OC" class="mw-redirect" title="14 OC">14 OC</a> (melyn), a <a href="/wiki/117_OC" class="mw-redirect" title="117 OC">117 OC</a> (gwyrdd)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Yr Ymerodraeth Rufeinig</b> (<a href="/wiki/Lladin" title="Lladin">Lladin</a>: <span lang="la"><i>Imperium Romanum</i></span>) yw'r term a ddefnyddir am y cyfnod yn hanes y wladwriaeth Rufeinig a ddilynodd <a href="/wiki/Y_Weriniaeth_Rufeinig" class="mw-redirect" title="Y Weriniaeth Rufeinig">y Weriniaeth Rufeinig</a> ac a barhaodd hyd y <a href="/wiki/5g" class="mw-redirect" title="5g">5g</a> OC yn y gorllewin, ac fel <a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd">yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd</a> hyd <a href="/wiki/1453" title="1453">1453</a> yn y dwyrain. Yn wahanol i'r Weriniaeth, lle'r oedd yr awdurdod yn nwylo <a href="/wiki/Senedd_Rhufain" title="Senedd Rhufain">Senedd Rhufain</a>, llywodraethid yr ymerodraeth gan gyfres o ymerawdwyr, gyda'r Senedd yn gymharol ddi-rym. Awgrymwyd nifer o ddyddiadau gan haneswyr ar gyfer diwedd y weriniaeth a dechrau'r ymerodraeth; er enghraifft dyddiad apwyntio <a href="/wiki/I%C5%B5l_Cesar" title="Iŵl Cesar">Iŵl Cesar</a> fel <i>dictator</i> am oes yn <a href="/wiki/44_CC" title="44 CC">44 CC</a>, buddugoliaeth etifedd Cesar, <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavianus</a> ym <a href="/wiki/Brwydr_Actium" title="Brwydr Actium">Mrwydr Actium</a> yn <a href="/wiki/31_CC" title="31 CC">31 CC</a>, a'r dyddiad y rhoddodd y Senedd y teitl "Augustus" i Octavianus (<a href="/wiki/16_Ionawr" title="16 Ionawr">16 Ionawr</a> <a href="/wiki/27_CC" title="27 CC">27 CC</a>). </p><p>Roedd Rhufain eisoes wedi meddiannu tiriogaethau helaeth yng nghyfnod y Weriniaeth; daeth yn feistr ar ran o <a href="/wiki/Sbaen" title="Sbaen">Sbaen</a> yn dilyn ei buddugoliaeth yn y rhyfel cyntaf yn erbyn <a href="/wiki/Carthago" title="Carthago">Carthago</a>, a dilynwyd hyn gan diriogaethau eraill. Cyrhaeddodd yr ymerodraeth ei maint mwyaf yn ystod teyrnasiad <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> tua <a href="/wiki/177" title="177">177</a>. Yr adeg honno roedd yr ymerodraeth yn ymestyn dros tua 5,900,000 km² (2,300,000 milltir sgwâr) o dir. </p><p>Rhannwyd yr ymerodraeth yn ddwy ran, yn y gorllewin a'r dwyrain, fel rhan o ddiwygiadau'r ymerawdwr <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>. Daeth yr ymerodraeth Rufeinig yn y gorllewin i ben yn <a href="/wiki/476" title="476">476</a> pan ddiorseddwyd yr ymerawdwr olaf, <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustus" title="Romulus Augustus">Romulus Augustus</a>. Parhaodd yr ymerodraeth yn y dwyrain am bron fil o flynyddoedd wedi hyn fel yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd. Cafodd yr ymerodraeth Rufeinig ddylanwad enfawr ar y byd, o ran iaith, crefydd, pensaernïaeth, athroniaeth, cyfraith a llywodraeth; dylanwad sy'n parhau hyd heddiw. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hanes">Hanes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Golygu'r adran: Hanes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Hanes"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="O_weriniaeth_i_ymerodraeth">O weriniaeth i ymerodraeth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Golygu'r adran: O weriniaeth i ymerodraeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: O weriniaeth i ymerodraeth"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Bust_of_Gaius_Iulius_Caesar_in_Naples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bust_of_Gaius_Iulius_Caesar_in_Naples.jpg/140px-Bust_of_Gaius_Iulius_Caesar_in_Naples.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bust_of_Gaius_Iulius_Caesar_in_Naples.jpg/210px-Bust_of_Gaius_Iulius_Caesar_in_Naples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bust_of_Gaius_Iulius_Caesar_in_Naples.jpg/280px-Bust_of_Gaius_Iulius_Caesar_in_Naples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/I%C5%B5l_Cesar" title="Iŵl Cesar">Iŵl Cesar</a>: cerflun Rhufeinig.</figcaption></figure> <p>Roedd i <a href="/wiki/Rhufain_Hynafol" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhufain Hynafol">Rufain Hynafol</a> hanes hir cyn cyfnod yr ymerodraeth. Concrwyd llawer o'r tiriogaethau aeth yn rhan o'r Ymerodraeth yn ystod y <a href="/wiki/Gweriniaeth_Rhufain" title="Gweriniaeth Rhufain">Weriniaeth Rufeinig</a>, er enghraifft concrwyd <a href="/wiki/Sbaen" title="Sbaen">Sbaen</a> yn ystod y rhyfeloedd rhwng Rhufain a <a href="/wiki/Carthago" title="Carthago">Carthago</a>, a choncrwyd <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2l" title="Gâl">Gâl</a> gan <a href="/wiki/I%C5%B5l_Cesar" title="Iŵl Cesar">Iŵl Cesar</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Das_Stra%C3%9Fennetz_im_antiken_Rom_%28CC_BY_4.0%29_cy.webmhd.webm/220px--Das_Stra%C3%9Fennetz_im_antiken_Rom_%28CC_BY_4.0%29_cy.webmhd.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="55" data-mwtitle="Das_Straßennetz_im_antiken_Rom_(CC_BY_4.0)_cy.webmhd.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Delwedd:Das_Stra%C3%9Fennetz_im_antiken_Rom_(CC_BY_4.0)_cy.webmhd.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Das_Stra%C3%9Fennetz_im_antiken_Rom_%28CC_BY_4.0%29_cy.webmhd.webm/Das_Stra%C3%9Fennetz_im_antiken_Rom_%28CC_BY_4.0%29_cy.webmhd.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Das_Stra%C3%9Fennetz_im_antiken_Rom_%28CC_BY_4.0%29_cy.webmhd.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1077" data-height="606" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Das_Stra%C3%9Fennetz_im_antiken_Rom_%28CC_BY_4.0%29_cy.webmhd.webm/Das_Stra%C3%9Fennetz_im_antiken_Rom_%28CC_BY_4.0%29_cy.webmhd.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Das_Stra%C3%9Fennetz_im_antiken_Rom_%28CC_BY_4.0%29_cy.webmhd.webm/Das_Stra%C3%9Fennetz_im_antiken_Rom_%28CC_BY_4.0%29_cy.webmhd.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Das_Stra%C3%9Fennetz_im_antiken_Rom_%28CC_BY_4.0%29_cy.webmhd.webm/Das_Stra%C3%9Fennetz_im_antiken_Rom_%28CC_BY_4.0%29_cy.webmhd.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Das_Stra%C3%9Fennetz_im_antiken_Rom_%28CC_BY_4.0%29_cy.webmhd.webm/Das_Stra%C3%9Fennetz_im_antiken_Rom_%28CC_BY_4.0%29_cy.webmhd.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Fideo byr am ffyrdd Rhufeinig</figcaption></figure> <p>Yn <a href="/wiki/60_CC" title="60 CC">60 CC</a> daeth Cesar i gytundeb a <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus">Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus</a> a <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Marcus Licinius Crassus</a> i rannu grym, a phriododd Pompeius ferch Cesar, Julia. Galwyd y cynghrair yma yn y <i>triumvirate</i>. Yn <a href="/wiki/54_CC" title="54 CC">54 CC</a>, lladdwyd Crassus gan y <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthiaid</a>, ac yn raddol dirywiodd y berthynas rhwng Pompeius a Cesar. Yn <a href="/wiki/49_CC" title="49 CC">49 CC</a>, croesodd Cesar a'i fyddin <a href="/wiki/Afon_Rubicon" title="Afon Rubicon">Afon Rubicon</a>, y ffin rhwng ei dalaith ei hun a'r Eidal, gan ddechrau <a href="/wiki/Rhyfel_cartref" title="Rhyfel cartref">rhyfel cartref</a> yn Rhufain. Enciliodd Pompeius i <a href="/wiki/Brundisium" class="mw-redirect" title="Brundisium">Brundisium</a> cyn croesi i <a href="/wiki/Gwlad_Groeg" title="Gwlad Groeg">Wlad Roeg</a>, a'r rhan fwyaf o Senedd Rhufain gydag ef. Croesodd Ceasr a'i fyddin ar ei ôl. Gorchfygwyd Pompeius gan Cesar ym <a href="/wiki/Brwydr_Pharsalus" title="Brwydr Pharsalus">Mrwydr Pharsalus</a> yn <a href="/wiki/48_CC" title="48 CC">48 CC</a>, a ffodd Pompeius i'r Aifft. Pan gyrhaeddodd yno, llofruddiwyd ef ar orchymyn y brenin <a href="/wiki/Ptolemi_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemi XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemi XIII Theos Philopator</a>. Gadawodd hyn Cesar yn feistr ar Rufain. </p><p>Roedd y garfan oedd o blaid Senedd gref yn anfodlon bod gan Iŵl Cesar gymaint o bŵer. Ym mis Mawrth <a href="/wiki/44_CC" title="44 CC">44 CC</a> llofruddiwyd ef gan gynllwynwyr yn cynnwys ei ffrind <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Junius Brutus</a> a <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus" title="Gaius Cassius Longinus">Gaius Cassius Longinus</a>. Dilynwyd hyn gan ryfel cartref rhwng y gweriniaethwyr, dan arweiniad Cassius a Brutus, a chefnogwyr Cesar dan arweiniad <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius">Marcus Antonius</a> ac Octavianus. Plaid Cesar fu'n fuddugol, ond yna datblygodd rhyfel rhwng Marcus Antonius ac Octavianus. Wedi buddugoliaeth dros Antonius ym <a href="/wiki/Brwydr_Actium" title="Brwydr Actium">Mrwydr Actium</a>, daeth Octavianus yn rheolwr Rhufain. Newidiodd ei enw i <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, ac ystyrir ef fel yr <a href="/wiki/Ymerawdwr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ymerawdwr">Ymerawdwr</a> (Lladin: <i>Imperator</i>) cyntaf (<a href="/wiki/27_CC" title="27 CC">27 CC</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yr_ymerawdwyr_cynnar">Yr ymerawdwyr cynnar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Golygu'r adran: Yr ymerawdwyr cynnar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Yr ymerawdwyr cynnar"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Augustus_Statue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Augustus_Statue.JPG/200px-Augustus_Statue.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Augustus_Statue.JPG/300px-Augustus_Statue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Augustus_Statue.JPG/400px-Augustus_Statue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>Yr ymerawdwr cyntaf: Augustus tua 30 CC.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dangosodd Augustus allu gwleidyddol anghyffredin i gadarnhau ei safle wrth gadw llawer o nodweddion y cyfnod gweriniaethol, megis y <a href="/wiki/Senedd_Rhufain" title="Senedd Rhufain">Senedd</a>. I bob golwg, y Senedd oedd yn rheoli Rhufain, ond mewn gwirionedd gan Augustus yr oedd y grym. Cymerodd rai blynyddoedd i ddatblygu fframwaith ar gyfer rheoli'r ymerodraeth. Ni dderbyniodd swydd <i>dictator</i> fel Iŵl Cesar pan gynigiwyd hi iddo gan bobl Rhufain; y teitl a ddefnyddiai oedd <i>Princeps</i>, yn yr ystyr "dinesydd cyntaf" yn hytrach na "tywysog". Rhoddodd y Senedd hawliau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribwn_y_bobl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribwn y bobl (dim tudalen ar gael)">tribwn y bobl</a> a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sensor (dim tudalen ar gael)">sensor</a> iddo am oes, a bu'n gonswl hyd 23 CC. Yn rhannol, deilliai ei rym o'r ffaith mai ef oedd a rheolaeth dros y fyddin, ond deilliai hefyd o'i <i>auctoritas</i> (awdurdod) ef ei hun. </p><p>Bu llawer o ymladd yn <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> yn ystod ei deyrnasiad ef. Enillwyd nifer o fuddugoliaethau dros yr Almaenwyr, ond yn y flwyddyn <a href="/wiki/9" title="9">9</a> OC gorchfygwyd y cadfridog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Publius_Quinctilius_Varus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Publius Quinctilius Varus (dim tudalen ar gael)">Publius Quinctilius Varus</a> ym <a href="/wiki/Brwydr_Fforest_Teutoburg" title="Brwydr Fforest Teutoburg">Mrwydr Fforest Teutoburg</a> gan luoedd <a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a>, a dinistriwyd tair lleng Rufeinig. Roedd colledion y Rhufeiniaid yn fwy nag yn unrhyw frwydr yn erbyn gelyn allanol ers <a href="/wiki/Brwydr_Cannae" title="Brwydr Cannae">Brwydr Cannae</a> yn erbyn <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>. Dilynwyd y frwydr gan saith mlynedd o ymladd, cyn i'r ffin gael ei sefydlogi ar hyd <a href="/wiki/Afon_Rhein" title="Afon Rhein">Afon Rhein</a>. </p><p>Er gwaethaf yr ymladd ar ffiniau'r ymerodraeth, dechreuodd teyrnasiad Augustus gyfnod o heddwch oddi mewn i'r ymerodraeth ei hun, y <i>Pax Romana</i> ("Heddwch Rhufeinig"). Heblaw am flwyddyn o ryfel cartref yn <a href="/wiki/69" title="69">69</a>, parhaodd hwn am dros ddwy ganrif. Roedd hefyd yn gyfnod nodedig i lenyddiaeth, gyda llenorion fel <a href="/wiki/Fyrsil" title="Fyrsil">Fyrsil</a> ac <a href="/wiki/Ofydd" title="Ofydd">Ofydd</a> yn ysgrifennu. Bu Augustus farw ar <a href="/wiki/19_Awst" title="19 Awst">19 Awst</a>, <a href="/wiki/14" title="14">14</a> OC, a dilynwyd ef gan <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, mab ei wraig Livia o briodas flaenorol. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:(Venice)_Tiberius_Portrait_of_the_%27Imperium_Maius%27_type_in_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%28Venice%29_Tiberius_Portrait_of_the_%27Imperium_Maius%27_type_in_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale.jpg/200px-%28Venice%29_Tiberius_Portrait_of_the_%27Imperium_Maius%27_type_in_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%28Venice%29_Tiberius_Portrait_of_the_%27Imperium_Maius%27_type_in_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale.jpg/300px-%28Venice%29_Tiberius_Portrait_of_the_%27Imperium_Maius%27_type_in_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%28Venice%29_Tiberius_Portrait_of_the_%27Imperium_Maius%27_type_in_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale.jpg/400px-%28Venice%29_Tiberius_Portrait_of_the_%27Imperium_Maius%27_type_in_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5504" data-file-height="7080" /></a><figcaption>Tiberius Caesar Augustus, ail ymerawdwr Rhufain</figcaption></figure> <p>Bu blynyddoedd cyntaf teyrnasiad Tiberius yn llwyddiannus; sefydlogwyd y ffin yn <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> a dangosodd ei hun yn weinyddwr galluog. Fodd bynnag, gwaethygodd y berthynas rhyngddo ef ac aelodau'r Senedd. Yn y flwyddyn <a href="/wiki/27" title="27">27</a> OC, aeth yr ymerawdwr i fyw i ynys <a href="/wiki/Capri" title="Capri">Capri</a>, ar yr arfordir gerllaw <a href="/wiki/Napoli" title="Napoli">Napoli</a>. Daeth pennaeth <a href="/wiki/Gard_y_Praetoriwm" title="Gard y Praetoriwm">Gard y Praetoriwm</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Aelius_Seianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Aelius Seianus (dim tudalen ar gael)">Lucius Aelius Seianus</a>, yn ddylanwadol iawn. Ceisiodd Seianus droi Tiberius yn erbyn ei deulu, iddo ef ei hun gael ei enwi fel ei etifedd, ond dienyddiwyd ef yn <a href="/wiki/31" title="31">31</a>. Gwnaeth brad ei gyfaill Seianus i'r ymerawdwr, oedd eisoes yn ddrwgdybus o'r Senedd, yn fwy drwgdybus byth, a dienyddiwyd nifer o Seneddwyr a gwŷr amlwg eraill yn ei flynyddoedd olaf. </p><p>Bu farw yn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Misenum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Misenum (dim tudalen ar gael)">Misenum</a> yn 77 oed yn <a href="/wiki/37" title="37">37</a>, a dilynwyd ef gan <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>, mab ei frawd <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>. </p><p>Mwynhaodd Caligula boblogrwydd eithriadol ar ddechrau ei deyrnasiad am ei fod yn ifanc a brwdfrydig, ond yn nes ymlaen dechreuodd ymddwyn yn orthrymol ac afresymol ac fe'i cyhuddid o fod yn wallgof gan ei gyfoeswyr. Cafodd ei lofruddio yn <a href="/wiki/41" title="41">41</a>, a dilynwyd ef gan <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>. </p><p>Ymestynnodd Claudius ffiniau'r ymerodraeth yn sylweddol, gan ychwanegu <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_(talaith)" title="Mauretania (talaith)">Mauretania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lycia (dim tudalen ar gael)">Lycia</a> ac <a href="/wiki/Iudaea" title="Iudaea">Iudaea</a> yn ogystal â choncro <a href="/wiki/Prydain" class="mw-disambig" title="Prydain">Prydain</a>. Yn <a href="/wiki/43" title="43">43</a>, gyrrodd Claudius <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Plautius" title="Aulus Plautius">Aulus Plautius</a> gyda phedair <a href="/wiki/Lleng_Rufeinig" title="Lleng Rufeinig">lleng</a> i Brydain i'w hychwanegu at yr ymerodraeth. Bu farw Claudius yn <a href="/wiki/54" title="54">54</a>, a dilynwyd ef gan <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>. </p><p>Fel Caligula, roedd Nro yn eithriadol o boblogaidd ar ddechrau ei deyrnasiad, ond yn ddiweddarach collodd ei boblogrwydd, yn rhannol oherwydd ei ymddygiad anghonfensiynol. Dienyddiwyd llawer o seneddwyr ac eraill a ystyriai yn fygythiad iddo. Bu gwrthryfel yn ei erbyn, a lladdodd ei hun yn <a href="/wiki/68" title="68">68</a> pan welodd nad oedd cefnogaeth iddo. Apwyntiodd y Senedd <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a>, i gymryd ei le; yr ymerawdwr cyntaf nad oedd o deulu Augustus. </p><p>Roedd Galba yn 71 oed ac roedd ei ddau fab wedi marw o'i flaen. Roedd felly yn bwysig ei fod yn dewis ei olynydd yn fuan. Roedd Marcus Salvius <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a> wedi gobeithio cael ei ddewis ond yn y diwedd penderfynodd Galba enwi Calpurnius Piso yn olynydd. Oherwydd hyn cynllwyniodd Otho yn erbyn Galba, a pherswadiodd y milwyr yng ngarsiwn Rhufain i'w gyhoeddi ef yn ymerawdwr. Lladdwyd Galba gan rai o'r milwyr, a dilynwyd ef ar yr orsedd gan Otho. Dilynwyd hyn gan gyfres o ryfeloedd a elwir yn <a href="/wiki/Blwyddyn_y_Pedwar_Ymerawdwr" title="Blwyddyn y Pedwar Ymerawdwr">Flwyddyn y Pedwar Ymerawdwr</a> yn <a href="/wiki/69" title="69">69</a>. Roedd y <a href="/wiki/Lleng_Rufeinig" title="Lleng Rufeinig">llengoedd</a> yn <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> eisoes wedi cyhoeddi <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a> yn ymerawdwr gan a chychwynnodd fyddin gref o'r llengoedd hyn am ddinas <a href="/wiki/Rhufain" title="Rhufain">Rufain</a> ei hun. Bu brwydr rhyngddynt hwy a'r llengoedd oedd yn ffyddlon i Otho yn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bedriacum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bedriacum (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bedriacum</a>, gyda byddin Vitellius yn fuddugol. Lladdodd Otho ei hun, a daeth Vittelis yn ymerawdwr. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Colosseum_in_Rome,_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Colosseum_in_Rome%2C_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg/200px-Colosseum_in_Rome%2C_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Colosseum_in_Rome%2C_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg/300px-Colosseum_in_Rome%2C_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Colosseum_in_Rome%2C_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg/400px-Colosseum_in_Rome%2C_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4827" data-file-height="2833" /></a><figcaption>Adeiladwyd y Colisewm gan Vespasian, a'i agor yn nheyrnasiad ei fab, Titus</figcaption></figure> <p>Yn <a href="/wiki/Judea" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea">Judea</a>, roedd byddin Rufeinig gref dan y cadfridog <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> yn ymladd yn erbyn gwrthryfel yr Iddewon. Trafododd Vespasian y mater gyda rhaglaw <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, Gaius Licinius Mucianus, a chyhoeddodd llengoedd Judea a Syria Vespasian fel ymerawdwr. Cefnogwyd Vespasian hefyd gan y llengoedd ar <a href="/wiki/Afon_Donaw" title="Afon Donaw">Afon Donaw</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius_Primus" title="Marcus Antonius Primus">Marcus Antonius Primus</a>, a'r llengoedd hyn oedd y cyntaf i gyrraedd yr Eidal. Yn <a href="/wiki/Brwydr_Bedriacum" title="Brwydr Bedriacum">ail frwydr Bedriacum</a> gorchfygodd byddin Primus lengoedd Vitellius, cyn mynd ymlaen i Rufain a lladd Vitellius ei hun. </p><p>Yn wahanol i'r tri ymerawdwr o'i flaen, llwyddodd Vespasian i'w sefydlu ei hun yn gadarn ar yr orsedd a chychwyn y llinach Fflafaidd. Teyrnasodd am ddeng mlynedd, a dilynwyd ef gan ei fab hynaf <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a>. Vespasian oedd yn gyfrifol am adeiladu'r <a href="/wiki/Colisewm" class="mw-redirect" title="Colisewm">Colisewm</a> yn Rhufain. </p><p>Enillodd Titus boblogrwydd mawr, ond dim ond dwy flynedd y bu ar yr orsedd. Pan fu farw Titus, ar <a href="/wiki/13_Medi" title="13 Medi">13 Medi</a> <a href="/wiki/81" title="81">81</a>, daeth ei frawd iau, <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> yn ymerawdwr. Yn ystod ei deyrnasiad bu brwydro ym <a href="/wiki/Prydain" class="mw-disambig" title="Prydain">Mhrydain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> ac yn arbennig yn erbyn <a href="/wiki/Decebalus" title="Decebalus">Decebalus</a>, brenin <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a> o gwmpas <a href="/wiki/Afon_Donaw" title="Afon Donaw">Afon Donaw</a>. Ni fu'n llwyddiannus, ac yn y diwedd bu'n rhaid iddo dalu swm mawr o arian i'r Daciaid i sicrhau heddwch. Bu hefyd yn brwydro yn erbyn y <a href="/wiki/Sarmatiaid" title="Sarmatiaid">Sarmatiaid</a>. Llofruddiwyd ef ar <a href="/wiki/18_Medi" title="18 Medi">18 Medi</a> <a href="/wiki/96" title="96">96</a>, yn dilyn cynllwyn gan ei wraig Domicia a phennaeth <a href="/wiki/Gard_y_Praetoriwm" title="Gard y Praetoriwm">Gard y Praetoriwm</a>. Penododd y senedd <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> fel ei olynydd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oes_Aur_yr_Ymerodraeth">Oes Aur yr Ymerodraeth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Golygu'r adran: Oes Aur yr Ymerodraeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Oes Aur yr Ymerodraeth"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:TrajanXanten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/TrajanXanten.jpg/200px-TrajanXanten.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/TrajanXanten.jpg/300px-TrajanXanten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/TrajanXanten.jpg/400px-TrajanXanten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Cerflun o Trajan yn <a href="/wiki/Xanten" title="Xanten">Xanten</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yr_Almaen" title="Yr Almaen">Yr Almaen</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>O <a href="/wiki/98" title="98">98</a> hyd <a href="/wiki/180" title="180">180</a> OC, cafodd yr ymerodraeth <a href="/wiki/Oes_Aur" class="mw-redirect" title="Oes Aur">Oes Aur</a> yn ystod teyrnasiad y "Pum Ymerawdwr Da", sef <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> a <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>. Roedd y pedwar cyntaf o'r rhain yn ddi-blant, ac felly dewisasant y gŵr yr oeddynt yn ei ystyried fel y mwyaf addas fel olynydd. Sicrhaodd hyn fod yr Ymerodraeth yn cael ei harwain gan gyfres o wŷr galluog ac ymroddgar. Yn anffodus yr oedd gan yr olaf ohonynt, Marcus Aurelius, fab, sef <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a>. Dilynodd ef ei dad fel ymerawdwr a bu'n llawer llai llwyddiannus. </p><p>Roedd Trajan yn filwr galluog, ac ar ôl dod yn ymerawdwr parhaodd i ymladd ar <a href="/wiki/Afon_Rhein" title="Afon Rhein">Afon Rhein</a> ac <a href="/wiki/Afon_Donaw" title="Afon Donaw">Afon Donaw</a>. Ni ddaeth i Rufain am y tro cyntaf fel ymerawdwr hyd y flwyddyn <a href="/wiki/99" title="99">99</a>. Bu'n ymladd llawer yn erbyn y <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Daciaid</a>, oedd yn byw yn yr ardal sy'n awr yn <a href="/wiki/Rwmania" title="Rwmania">Rwmania</a>. Bu dau ryfel yn erbyn <a href="/wiki/Decebalus" title="Decebalus">Decebalus</a>, brenin Dacia, a gorchfygwyd ef gan Trajan, gan greu talaith Rufeinig newydd <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>. Adeiladwyd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colofn_Trajan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colofn Trajan (dim tudalen ar gael)">Colofn Trajan</a> yn Rhufain i goffáu ei fuddugoliaeth. Tua'r un pryd crëwyd talaith <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a>. </p><p>Yn <a href="/wiki/113" title="113">113</a> dechreuodd rhyfel yn erbyn y <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthiaid</a>. Cipiodd <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>, prifddinas Parthia, yn <a href="/wiki/115" title="115">115</a>, ac ymgorfforwyd <a href="/wiki/Armenia_Inferior" title="Armenia Inferior">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asyria" class="mw-redirect" title="Asyria">Asyria</a> a <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> yn yr ymerodraeth. Bu farw Trajan ar ei ffordd yn ôl o'r brwydro yma, yn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selinus (dim tudalen ar gael)">Selinus</a>, gerllaw'r <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4r_Du" class="mw-redirect" title="Môr Du">Môr Du</a>, ar yr <a href="/wiki/8_Awst" title="8 Awst">8 Awst</a> <a href="/wiki/117" title="117">117</a>. Yn ystod teyrnasiad Trajan y cyrhaeddodd yr ymerodraeth Rufeinig ei maint eithaf. Dewisodd <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> fel ei olynydd. </p><p>Newidiodd Hadrian bolisi Trajan o ymestyn ffiniau'r ymerodraeth a chanolbwyntiodd ar amddiffyn ffiniau'r ymerodraeth fel yr oedd. Gollyngodd ei afael ar rai o'r tiriogaethau a goncrwyd gan Trajan yn <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>. Fel rhan o'r un polisi adeiladodd y mur a adwaenir fel <a href="/wiki/Mur_Hadrian" title="Mur Hadrian">Mur Hadrian</a> ym <a href="/wiki/Y_Brydain_Rufeinig" class="mw-redirect" title="Y Brydain Rufeinig">Mhrydain</a>. Ef hefyd a adeiladodd y <a href="/wiki/Pantheon" title="Pantheon">Pantheon</a> yn <a href="/wiki/Rhufain" title="Rhufain">Rhufain</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/250px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/375px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/500px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2534" data-file-height="1614" /></a><figcaption>Yr ymerodraeth Rufeinig ar ei heithaf yn <a href="/wiki/117" title="117">117</a>, ar ddiwedd teyrnasiad Trajan</figcaption></figure> <p>Fel ymerawdwr, treuliodd Hadrian lawer o'i amser yn teithio o amgylch yr ymerodraeth, a bu'n gyfrifol am lawer o adeiladu mewn gwahanol rannau ohoni. Nid oedd ganddo blant, a dewisodd <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> fel ei olynydd. Dywedir fod Antoninus Pius yn ymerawdwr poblogaidd iawn oherwydd ei allu a'i hynawsedd. Amddiffynnodd y Cristionogion yn yr ymerodraeth ac yr oedd yn nodedig o drugarog wrth ddelio a chynllwynion yn ei erbyn. Roedd yn gyfrifol am lawer o adeiladu, yn enwedig yn ninas Rhufain. </p><p>Bu raid i'w olynydd, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> ryfela'n barhaus yn erbyn gwahanol bobloedd ar ffiniau'r ymerodraeth. Ymosododd yr Almaenwyr droeon ar <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2l" title="Gâl">Gâl</a>, ac adenillodd y <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthiaid</a> eu nerth ac ymosod ar yr ymerodraeth. Oherwydd y problemau hyn dewisodd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Verus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Verus (dim tudalen ar gael)">Lucius Verus</a> fel cyd-ymerawdwr, hyd farwolaeth Verus yn <a href="/wiki/169" title="169">169</a>. Credir mai yn ystod ei deyrnasiad ef y bu'r cysylltiad cyntaf rhwng yr ymerodraeth Rufeinig a <a href="/wiki/Tsieina" title="Tsieina">Tsieina</a> yn y flwyddyn <a href="/wiki/166" title="166">166</a>. </p><p>Bu farw Marcus Aurelius ar <a href="/wiki/17_Mawrth" title="17 Mawrth">17 Mawrth</a> <a href="/wiki/180" title="180">180</a> yn ninas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vindobona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vindobona (dim tudalen ar gael)">Vindobona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fienna" title="Fienna">Fienna</a> heddiw) wrth ymgyrchu yn erbyn y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcomanni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcomanni (dim tudalen ar gael)">Marcomanni</a>. Daethpwyd a'i gorff yn ôl i Rufain i'w gladdu. Yn wahanol i'r pedwar ymerawdwr o'i flaen yr oedd ganddo fab i'w olynu. Gwnaeth ei fab <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> yn gyd-ymerawdwr yn <a href="/wiki/177" title="177">177</a>, a dilynodd ei dad yn 180. Yn anffodus ni fu Commodus yn ymerawdwr da, ac mae rhai haneswyr yn ystyried mai marwolaeth Marcus Aurelius yn 180 oedd diwedd y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pax_Romana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pax Romana (dim tudalen ar gael)">Pax Romana</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argyfwng_ac_adferiad">Argyfwng ac adferiad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Golygu'r adran: Argyfwng ac adferiad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Argyfwng ac adferiad"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:SeptimeS%C3%A9v%C3%A8re.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/SeptimeS%C3%A9v%C3%A8re.jpg/220px-SeptimeS%C3%A9v%C3%A8re.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/SeptimeS%C3%A9v%C3%A8re.jpg/330px-SeptimeS%C3%A9v%C3%A8re.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/SeptimeS%C3%A9v%C3%A8re.jpg/440px-SeptimeS%C3%A9v%C3%A8re.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><b>Septimius Severus</b>, amgueddfa'r <a href="/wiki/Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Rhoddodd Commodus rym i ffrindiau llwgr, a chynorthwyodd hwy i ddwyn arian oddi ar y wladwriaeth. Roedd yn arbennig o hoff o ymladdfeydd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gladiator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gladiator (dim tudalen ar gael)">gladiator</a> a byddai'n ymladd yn yr arena ei hun yn erbyn gwrthwynebwyr oedd wedi cael cyffuriau i'w hatal rhag ymladd yn iawn neu oedd heb eu harfogi'n llawn. Gwnaeth hyn ef yn amhoblogaidd iawn gyda haenau uwch cymdeithas. Dywedir iddo orchymyn lladd y cyfan o boblogaeth un dref oherwydd ei fod yn credu fod un person wedi edrych yn gas arno, a chyhoeddodd ei hun yn dduw gyda'r enw <a href="/wiki/Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercules">Hercules</a> Romanus. </p><p>Llofruddiwyd Commodus yn <a href="/wiki/192" title="192">192</a>, a dilynwyd ef gan <a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a>. Byr fu ei deyrnasiad ef; y flwyddyn ddilynol, <a href="/wiki/193" title="193">193</a>, llofruddiwyd yntau. Cyhoeddwyd y cadfridog <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> yn ymerawdwr gan ei lengoedd. Llwyddodd llengoedd Severus i feddiannu <a href="/wiki/Rhufain" title="Rhufain">Rhufain</a> heb wrthwynebiad. Yr un pryd yr oedd y llengoedd yn <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> wedi cyhoeddi <a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a> yn ymerawdwr, a'r llengoedd ym Mhrydain wedi cyhoeddi <a href="/wiki/Clodius_Albinus" title="Clodius Albinus">Clodius Albinus</a> fel ymerawdwr. Gwnaeth Severus gynghrair a Clodius Albinus i orchfygu Pescennius Niger, yna yn <a href="/wiki/197" title="197">197</a> cafodd wared ar Albinus hefyd a theyrnasu ar ei ben ei hun. </p><p>Roedd Severus yn filwr galluog, ac ymladdodd ryfel llwyddiannus yn erbyn y <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthiaid</a>, gan ddychwelyd rhan ogleddol <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> i'r ymerodraeth. Nid oes ei berthynas a'r Senedd yn dda, a chafodd wared â dwsinau o seneddwyr gan eu cyhuddo o fod yn llwgr. Penodwyd seneddwyr eraill oedd yn gefnogol iddo ef. Roedd yn fwy poblogaidd ymysg y bobl gyffredin, oedd yn falch o gael sefydlogrwydd ar ôl helyntion teyrnasiad Commodus. </p><p>Ym mlynyddoedd olaf Septimius Severus bu raid iddo ymladd yn erbyn y barbariaid oedd yn bygwth ffiniau'r ymerodraeth. Roedd problemau arbennig ym Mhrydain, ac atgyweiriodd Severus <a href="/wiki/Mur_Hadrian" title="Mur Hadrian">Fur Hadrian</a>. Bu farw yn <a href="/wiki/Efrog" title="Efrog">Efrog</a> ar <a href="/wiki/4_Chwefror" title="4 Chwefror">4 Chwefror</a> <a href="/wiki/211" title="211">211</a>. Olynwyd ef gan ei feibion <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geta (dim tudalen ar gael)">Geta</a> a <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>, ond llofruddiwyd Geta gan ei frawd yn fuan wedyn. </p><p>Aeth Caracalla i <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>, lle bu'n brwydro'n llwyddiannus yn erbyn rhai o'r llwythi Almaenaidd. Yn ddiweddarach bu'n ymladd yn y dwyrain, gan ryfela yn erbyn y <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthiaid</a> gyda chryn lwyddiant. Er gwaethaf ei lwyddiant milwrol yr oedd y rhan fwyaf o'r boblogaeth yn casáu Caracalla oherwydd ei greulondeb, a chododd cynllwyn ei erbyn, gyda phennaeth y Praetoriaid, <a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a>, yn ei arwain. Llofruddiwyd Caracalla pan oedd ar ei ffordd i ddinas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carrhae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carrhae (dim tudalen ar gael)">Carrhae</a> yn <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. Daeth Macrinus yn ymerawdwr yn ei le am gyfnod byr, ac yna dilynwyd ef gan <a href="/wiki/Heliogabalus" title="Heliogabalus">Heliogabalus</a>. </p><p>Roedd Heliogabalus yn ddilynwr y duwiau Ffenicaidd El-Gabal a Baal, a daeth a seremonïau i'w hanrhydeddu i Rufain. Ceisiodd sefydlu El-Gabal fel prif dduw y pantheon Rhufeinig dan yr enw Sol invictus ("Yr haul anorchfygol"). Roedd syniadau yr ymerawdwr yn annerbyniol gan y mwyafrif o drigolion yr ymerodraeth a bu nifer o gynllwynion yn ei erbyn. Lladdwyd Heliogabalus a'i fam Julia Soaemias ar <a href="/wiki/11_Mawrth" title="11 Mawrth">11 Mawrth</a> <a href="/wiki/222" title="222">222</a>, a thaflwyd eu cyrff i <a href="/wiki/Afon_Tiber" title="Afon Tiber">Afon Tiber</a>. Daeth ei nai <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Severus" title="Alexander Severus">Alexander Severus</a> yn ymerawdwr. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argyfwng_y_drydedd_ganrif_a_diwygiadau_Diocletian">Argyfwng y drydedd ganrif a diwygiadau Diocletian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Golygu'r adran: Argyfwng y drydedd ganrif a diwygiadau Diocletian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Argyfwng y drydedd ganrif a diwygiadau Diocletian"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yn dilyn marwolaeth yr ymerawdwr <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Severus" title="Alexander Severus">Alexander Severus</a> yn 235 bu o leiaf 19 o ymerawdwyr (heb gynnwys cyd-ymerawdwyr) yn y 50 mlynedd hyd 284. Y cyfnod yma oedd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Argyfwng_y_Drydedd_Ganrif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argyfwng y Drydedd Ganrif (dim tudalen ar gael)">Argyfwng y Drydedd Ganrif</a>, gyda chyfres o ymerawdwyr milwrol, yn dechrau gyda <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a>, oedd yn dibynnu ar gefnogaeth y llengoedd i'w cadw ar yr orsedd. Ni lwyddodd yr un o'r ymerawdwyr hyn i deyrnasu fwy nag 8 mlynedd, a llawer ohonynt ddim mwy nag ychydig fisoedd. Un o'r mwyaf llwyddiannus oedd <a href="/wiki/Valerian_I" title="Valerian I">Valerian I</a>, a ddaeth yn ymerawdwr yn <a href="/wiki/253" title="253">253</a>. Enwodd Valerian ei fab Galienus fel cyd-ymerawdwr. Ar ddechrau ei deyrnasiad yr oedd problemau yn Ewrop, yna bu trafferthion mwy yn y Dwyrain. Cipiodd y <a href="/wiki/Persia" title="Persia">Persiaid</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochia" title="Antiochia">Antiochia</a> a meddiannu <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>. Tra'r oedd Galienus yn delio ag Ewrop, teithiodd Valerian tua'r dwyrain. Tua <a href="/wiki/257" title="257">257</a> llwyddodd Valerian i gael Antiochia a thalaith <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> yn ôl, ond y flwyddyn wedyn ymosododd y <a href="/wiki/Gothiaid" title="Gothiaid">Gothiaid</a> ar <a href="/wiki/Asia_Leiaf" title="Asia Leiaf">Asia Leiaf</a>. Tua diwedd <a href="/wiki/259" title="259">259</a> yr oedd yr ymerawdwr yn <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" title="Şanlıurfa">Edessa</a>, ond effeithiwyd ar ei fyddin gan glefyd. Rhywsut, efallai trwy frad pennaeth <a href="/wiki/Gard_y_Praetoriwm" title="Gard y Praetoriwm">Gard y Praetoriwm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a>, cymerwyd Valerian yn garcharor gan y Persiaid. Credir iddo gael ei drin yn greulon ac yna ei ddienyddio. Wedi marwolaeth Valerian, meddiannwyd Syria a <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a> gan y Persiaid. </p><p>Daeth <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> yn ymerawdwr yn <a href="/wiki/270" title="270">270</a>, gyda'r ymerodraeth yn wynebu bygythiadau yn y dwyrain a'r gorllewin. Bu'n ymladd yn erbyn yr Almaenwyr a'r Gothiaid, ac wedi ymosodiadau'r Almaenwyr ar yr Eidal penderfynodd Aurelian adeiladu mur o amgylch Rhufain, "Mur Aurelian", Dechreuodd y gwaith yn <a href="/wiki/271" title="271">271</a> a gorffennwyd ef yn nheyrnasiad <a href="/wiki/Probus" title="Probus">Probus</a>. Cyhoeddodd nifer o bersonau eu hunain yn ymerawdwyr, ond llwyddodd Aurelian i'w gorchfygu heb ormod o drafferth. Yn <a href="/wiki/272" title="272">272</a> gorchfygodd y Gothiaid ar ffin Afon Donaw, gan ladd eu brenin, Cannabaudes. Yna troes tua'r dwyrain, lle'r oedd <a href="/wiki/Zenobia_(Brenhines_Palmyra)" title="Zenobia (Brenhines Palmyra)">Zenobia</a>, brenhines <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> wedi adeiladu ymerodraeth oedd yn ymestyn o'r <a href="/wiki/Aifft" class="mw-redirect" title="Aifft">Aifft</a> hyd <a href="/wiki/Asia_Leiaf" title="Asia Leiaf">Asia Leiaf</a>. Gorchfygodd Aurelian Zenobia mewn dwy frwydr cyn gwarchae ar Palmyra. Ceisiodd Zenobia ddianc i <a href="/wiki/Persia" title="Persia">Persia</a> ond cymerwyd hi'n garcharor gan y Rhufeiniaid. Yn awr troes Aurelian tua'r gorllewin, lle'r oedd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ymerodraeth_y_Galiaid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ymerodraeth y Galiaid (dim tudalen ar gael)">Ymerodraeth y Galiaid</a> wedi dod yn rhydd o reolaeth Rhufain. Ffoes Tetricus, ymerawdwr y Galiaid, at Aurelian i ofyn am nodded rhag yr ymladd parhaus yn ei diriogaethau. Wedi delio a gelynion allanol, rhoes Aurelian ei sylw i'r economi a gwnaeth ymdrech fawr i ddileu llygredd yn yr ymerodraeth. Roedd yn cynllunio ymgyrch i adennill <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> i'r ymerodraeth pan lofruddiwyd ef gan ei ysgrifennydd personol, Eros, efallai am ei fod yn ofni am ei safle yn wyneb ymgyrch Aurelian yn erbyn llygredd. </p><p>Daeth <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> yn ymerawdwr yn <a href="/wiki/284" title="284">284</a>, a gwnaeth newidiadau mawr yn nhrefn rheoli'r ymerodraeth. Ceisiodd adfywio'r economi a rhannodd yr ymerodraeth yn 96 talaith oedd wedi eu rhannu'n 12 rhanbarth <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocesis (dim tudalen ar gael)">diocesis</a></i>. Ceisiodd hefyd adfywio hen grefydd Rhufain, a bu llawer o erlid ar y Cristionogion yn ystod ei deyrnasiad. </p><p>Y newid pwysicaf a wnaed gan Diocletian oedd dechrau'r Tetrarchiaeth, oedd yn rhannu'r ymerodraeth yn bedwar. Yn rheoli'r rhannau hyn yr oedd dau "Augustus", sef Diocletian ei hun a Maximinus, a dau "Cesar", <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a> a <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a>. Roedd Diocletian, fel Augustus y dwyrain, yn gyfrifol am <a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> a'r <a href="/wiki/Aegyptus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptus">Aifft</a>; Galerius yn gyfrifol am y <a href="/wiki/Balcanau" title="Balcanau">Balcanau</a> heblaw Thracia, Maximinus fel Augustus y gorllewin yn rheoli <a href="/wiki/Italia" class="mw-disambig" title="Italia">Italia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> ac <a href="/w/index.php?title=Africa_(Talaith_Rufeinig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Africa (Talaith Rufeinig (dim tudalen ar gael)">Affrica</a>, a'r Cesar Constantius Chlorus yn gyfrifol am Gâl a Phrydain. Roedd pob Augustus i fod i ymddeol ar ôl 20 mlynedd, gyda'r ddau Gesar yn dod yn Augustus yn eu lle. Ar <a href="/wiki/1_Mai" title="1 Mai">1 Mai</a> <a href="/wiki/305" title="305">305</a> ymddeolodd Dioclecian a Maximianus yn ôl y cynllun; y tro cyntaf i ymerawdwr Rhufeinig ymddeol yn wirfoddol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cristioneiddio'r_ymerodraeth"><span id="Cristioneiddio.27r_ymerodraeth"></span>Cristioneiddio'r ymerodraeth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Golygu'r adran: Cristioneiddio'r ymerodraeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Cristioneiddio'r ymerodraeth"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg/200px-Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg/300px-Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg/400px-Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Cystennin Fawr</figcaption></figure> <p>Ar farwolaeth Constantius, yn <a href="/wiki/Efrog" title="Efrog">Efrog</a> ar <a href="/wiki/25_Gorffennaf" title="25 Gorffennaf">25 Gorffennaf</a> <a href="/wiki/306" title="306">306</a>, cyhoeddodd ei lengoedd ei fab <a href="/wiki/Cystennin_Fawr" class="mw-redirect" title="Cystennin Fawr">Cystennin</a> yn "Augustus". </p><p>Yn ystod y deunaw mlynedd nesaf bu Cystennin yn brwydro, yn gyntaf i ddiogelu ei safle fel cyd-ymerawdwr ac yn nes ymlaen i uno’r ymerodraeth. Ym <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brwydr_Pont_Milvius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brwydr Pont Milvius (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mrwydr Pont Milvius</a> (<a href="/wiki/312" title="312">312</a>) enillodd fuddugoliaeth derfynol yn y gorllewin, ac ym <a href="/wiki/Brwydr_Adrianople" class="mw-disambig" title="Brwydr Adrianople">Mrwydr Adrianople</a> (<a href="/wiki/323" title="323">323</a>) gorchfygodd ymerawdwr y dwyrain, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Licinius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Licinius (dim tudalen ar gael)">Licinius</a>, a dod yn unig ymerawdwr (<i>Totius orbis imperator</i>). </p><p>Dywedir i Cystennin gael gweledigaeth cyn brwydr Pont Milvius. Gwelodd groes o flaen yr haul, yn darogan ei fuddugoliaeth. Wedi’r frwydr cymerodd arwydd Cristnogol, y ‘’Crismon’’, fel baner. Credir i’w fam, Helena, oedd o deulu Cristionogol, gael dylanwad mawr arno. Yn 325 bu Cystennin yn gyfrifol am alw <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyngor_Nicea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyngor Nicea (dim tudalen ar gael)">Cyngor Nicea</a> a wnaeth y grefydd Gristionogol yn gyfreithlon yn yr ymerodraeth am y tro cyntaf. Er hynny ni chafodd ei fedyddio yn Gristion ei hun nes oedd ar ei wely angau. Ail-sefydlodd Cystennin ddinas <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> fel <a href="/wiki/Caergystennin" title="Caergystennin">Caergystennin</a> (<i>Constantini-polis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> heddiw. </p><p>Ceisiodd yr ymerawdwr <a href="/wiki/Julian" title="Julian">Julian</a>, a gyhoeddwyd yn "Augustus" gan ei filwyr yn <a href="/wiki/360" title="360">360</a>, wrthwynebu y symudiad tuag at Gristionogaeth. Ail-agorodd demlau duwiau traddodiadol Rhufain. Ceisiodd wanhau'r Cristionogion mewn gwahanol ffyrdd. Yn <a href="/wiki/362" title="362">362</a> pasiwyd deddf oedd yn gwahardd Cristionogion rhag dysgu gramadeg a rhethreg, ac alltudiwyd rhai esgobion megis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Athanasius (dim tudalen ar gael)">Athanasius</a>. </p><p>Yn <a href="/wiki/363" title="363">363</a> cychwynnodd Julian tua'r dwyrain gyda byddin o 65,000 i ddechrau'r ymgyrch yn erbyn y <a href="/wiki/Persiaid" title="Persiaid">Persiaid</a> oedd wedi ei chynllunio gan Constantius. Enillodd Julian fuddugoliaeth dros y Persiaid a chyrraedd at eu prifddinas <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>, ond mewn ysgarmes ar <a href="/wiki/26_Mehefin" title="26 Mehefin">26 Mehefin</a> <a href="/wiki/363" title="363">363</a> anafwyd Julian gan waywffon, ac er gwaethaf ymdrechion ei feddyg Oribasius o Pergamon, bu farw o'r clwyf. Cyhoeddodd y fyddin swyddog ieuanc o Gristion, <a href="/wiki/Jovian" title="Jovian">Jovian</a>, yn ymerawdwr yn ei le, ac o hynny ymlaen Cristionogaeth oedd crefydd yr ymerodraeth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cwymp_ymerodraeth_y_gorllewin">Cwymp ymerodraeth y gorllewin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Golygu'r adran: Cwymp ymerodraeth y gorllewin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Cwymp ymerodraeth y gorllewin"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:RomulusAugustus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/RomulusAugustus.jpg/200px-RomulusAugustus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/RomulusAugustus.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="236" /></a><figcaption>Romulus Augustus, yr ymerawdwr olaf yn y gorllewin</figcaption></figure> <p>O <a href="/wiki/375" title="375">375</a> ymlaen, roedd tri ymerawdwr yn rheoli darnau o'r ymerodraeth: <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentinian_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valentinian II (dim tudalen ar gael)">Valentinian II</a> a <a href="/wiki/Gratianus" title="Gratianus">Gratianus</a>. Pan laddwyd <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a> ym <a href="/wiki/Brwydr_Adrianople_(378)" title="Brwydr Adrianople (378)">Mrwydr Adrianople</a> yn <a href="/wiki/378" title="378">378</a>, penododd Gratianus <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius</a> yn ei le fel <i>cyd-augustus</i> yn y dwyrain. Lladdwyd Gratianus mewn gwrthryfel yn <a href="/wiki/383" title="383">383</a>, a chyhoeddodd <a href="/wiki/Macsen_Wledig" title="Macsen Wledig">Macsen Wledig</a> (Magnus Maximus) ei hun yn gyd-ymerawdwr yn y gorllewin, gan feddiannu holl daleithiau'r gorllewin heblaw yr <a href="/wiki/Eidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Eidal">Eidal</a>. Yn <a href="/wiki/387" title="387">387</a> ymosododd Macsen ar yr Eidal, ond gorchfygodd Theodosius ef a'i ladd. Bu farw Valentinian II yn <a href="/wiki/392" title="392">392</a>, gan adael Theodosius yn unig ymerawdwr. Teyrnasodd Theodosius hyd <a href="/wiki/395" title="395">395</a>; ef oedd yr ymerawdwr olaf i deyrnasu dros yr ymerodraeth gyfan. Gwnaeth <a href="/wiki/Cristionogaeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristionogaeth">Gristionogaeth</a> yn grefydd swyddogol yr ymerodraeth. </p><p>Dilynwyd Theodosius gan ei ddau fab, <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Augustus_Honorius" title="Flavius Augustus Honorius">Honorius</a> yn y gorllewin ac <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a> yn y dwyrain, ac ni chafodd y ddau ran eu had-uno eto. Erbyn hyn roedd y <a href="/wiki/Fisigothiaid" title="Fisigothiaid">Fisigothiaid</a> dan eu brenin <a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric I</a> yn bygwth yr ymerodraeth. Yn <a href="/wiki/401" title="401">401</a> gwnaeth gytundeb ag Arcadius a'i galluogodd i arwain ei fyddin tua'r gorllewin, gan gipio dinasoedd Groegaidd megis <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> a <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> cyn cyrraedd <a href="/wiki/Yr_Eidal" title="Yr Eidal">Yr Eidal</a>. Yno, gorchfygwyd ef gan y cadfridog Rhufeinig <a href="/wiki/Stilicho" title="Stilicho">Stilicho</a> ar <a href="/wiki/6_Ebrill" title="6 Ebrill">6 Ebrill</a> <a href="/wiki/402" title="402">402</a> ym Mrwydr Pollentia. Wedi i Honorius lofruddio Stilicho yn <a href="/wiki/408" title="408">408</a>, gallodd Alaric a'i fyddin ymosod ar yr Eidal eto a gosod gwarchae ar ddinas <a href="/wiki/Rhufain" title="Rhufain">Rhufain</a>. Ym mis Awst <a href="/wiki/410" title="410">410</a> cipiodd y ddinas a'i hanrheithio, gan ddwyn chwaer yr ymerawdwr, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gala_Placidia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gala Placidia (dim tudalen ar gael)">Gala Placidia</a>, ymaith fel carcharor. Dyma'r tro cyntaf i'r ddinas gael ei chipio gan elyn ers <a href="/wiki/390_CC" title="390 CC">390 CC</a>. </p><p>Dirywiodd sefyllfa ymerodraeth y gorllewin yn raddol yn ystod y <a href="/wiki/5g" class="mw-redirect" title="5g">5g</a>. Yn <a href="/wiki/455" title="455">455</a>, llofruddiwyd dau ymerawdwr, a bu un arall farw mewn terfysg. Yn y cyfnod yma, cadfridogion megis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricimer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ricimer (dim tudalen ar gael)">Ricimer</a> oedd a'r grym mewn gwirionedd, yn hytrach na'r ymerawdwr. Cafodd yr ymerawdwr olaf, <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustus" title="Romulus Augustus">Romulus Augustus</a>, ei goroni yn Hydref <a href="/wiki/475" title="475">475</a>, yn llanc ifanc tua 12 oed. Roedd ei dad, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavius_Orestes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flavius Orestes (dim tudalen ar gael)">Orestes</a>, yn bennaeth y fyddin Rufeinig (<a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a>), ac ef a osododd Romulus ar yr orsedd wedi iddo ddiorseddu <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a>. Mae'n debyg mai ei dad oedd yn rheoli yn ei enw. Ddeg mis yn ddiweddarach, diorseddwyd Romulus Augustus gan <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a> ar <a href="/wiki/4_Medi" title="4 Medi">4 Medi</a>, <a href="/wiki/476" title="476">476</a>. Ni laddwyd Romulus; yn hytrach fe'i gyrrwyd i fyw yn y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Castellum_Lucullanum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castellum Lucullanum (dim tudalen ar gael)">Castellum Lucullanum</a> yn <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>. </p><p>Yn eironig, roedd yr ymerawdwr olaf yn dwyn enw sylfaenydd dinas Rhufain, <a href="/wiki/Romulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>, ac enw ymerawdwr cyntaf Rhufain, <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>. Parhaodd yr ymerodraeth yn y dwyrain am fil o flynyddoedd eto fel <a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd">yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yr_ymerodraeth_yn_y_dwyrain:_yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd">Yr ymerodraeth yn y dwyrain: yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Golygu'r adran: Yr ymerodraeth yn y dwyrain: yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Yr ymerodraeth yn y dwyrain: yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Roman-Empire_565ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Roman-Empire_565ad.jpg/250px-Roman-Empire_565ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Roman-Empire_565ad.jpg/375px-Roman-Empire_565ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Roman-Empire_565ad.jpg/500px-Roman-Empire_565ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1287" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption>Yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd ar ei hanterth yn 565.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bu'r ymerodraeth yn y dwyrain yn fwy llwyddiannus nag ymerodraeth y gorllewin yn y <a href="/wiki/5g" class="mw-redirect" title="5g">5g</a>. Nid yw haneswyr yn cytuno pa bryd y dechreuodd <a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd">yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd</a>; "yr ymerodraeth Rufeinig" oedd hi i'w phreswylwyr ar hyd y canrifoedd. Awgryma rhai ei bod wedi dechrau gyda <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> yn rhannu'r ymerodraeth yn ddwy ran yn y flwyddyn <a href="/wiki/284" title="284">284</a>. Gellir dyddio'r Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd o deyrnasiad <a href="/wiki/Cystennin_I" title="Cystennin I">Cystennin I</a>, yr ymerodr Cristnogol cyntaf, a symudodd y <a href="/wiki/Prifddinas" title="Prifddinas">brifddinas</a> i Gaergystennin. Gellir hefyd ei dyddio i deyrnasiad <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a>; lladdwyd ef yn ymladd yn erbyn y <a href="/wiki/Gothiaid" title="Gothiaid">Gothiaid</a> ym <a href="/wiki/Brwydr_Adrianople_(378)" title="Brwydr Adrianople (378)">Mrwydr Adrianople</a> yn <a href="/w/index.php?title=378)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="378) (dim tudalen ar gael)">378)</a>, ac mae'r flwyddyn hon yn un o'r dyddiadau traddodiadol ar gyfer dechrau <a href="/wiki/Yr_Oesoedd_Canol" title="Yr Oesoedd Canol">yr Oesoedd Canol</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a> a <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> oedd yr ymerodron olaf i reoli'r cyfan o'r ymerodraeth, gorllewin a dwyrain. </p><p>Yn y <a href="/wiki/6g" class="mw-redirect" title="6g">6g</a> dechreuodd yr ymerawdwr <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> ymgyrch i adennill y tiriogaethau a gollwyd. Penododd y cadfridog <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> yn arweinydd ymgyrch yn erbyn y <a href="/wiki/Fandaliaid" title="Fandaliaid">Fandaliaid</a> yng Ngogledd Affrica rhwng <a href="/wiki/533" title="533">533</a> a <a href="/wiki/534" title="534">534</a>. Ym <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brwydr_Ad_Decimum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brwydr Ad Decimum (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mrwydr Ad Decimum</a> (<a href="/wiki/13_Medi" title="13 Medi">13 Medi</a> <a href="/wiki/533" title="533">533</a>) gerllaw <a href="/wiki/Carthago" title="Carthago">Carthago</a>, gorchfygodd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelimer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelimer (dim tudalen ar gael)">Gelimer</a>, brenin y Fandaliaid. Enillodd fuddugoliaeth arall ym mrwydr Ticameron, ac ildiodd Gelimer tua dechrau <a href="/wiki/534" title="534">534</a>. </p><p>Yn <a href="/wiki/535" title="535">535</a> gyrrwyd Belisarius ar ymgyrch i geisio adennill tiriogaethau'r Ymerodraeth Rufeinig yn y gorllewin. Glaniodd yn yr <a href="/wiki/Eidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Eidal">Eidal</a>, oedd ym meddiant yr <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothiaid" title="Ostrogothiaid">Ostrogothiaid</a> a chipiodd ddinas <a href="/wiki/Rhufain" title="Rhufain">Rhufain</a> yn <a href="/wiki/536" title="536">536</a>, yna symudodd tua'r gogledd i gipio Mediolanum (<a href="/wiki/Milano" class="mw-redirect" title="Milano">Milano</a> heddiw) yna yn <a href="/wiki/540" title="540">540</a> <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, prifddinas yr Ostrogothiaid. Dywedir i'r Ostrogothiaid gynnig derbyn Belisarius fel Ymerawdwr y Gorllewin; cymerodd yntau arno dderbyn y cynnig a defnyddio'r cyfle i gymryd brenin yr Ostrogothiaid yn garcharor. Yn ddiweddarach galwyd ef o'r Eidal i wynebu ymgyrch Bersaidd yn <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <a href="/wiki/541" title="541">541</a>–<a href="/wiki/542" title="542">542</a>). </p><p>Dychwelodd Belisarius i'r Eidal yn <a href="/wiki/544" title="544">544</a>, lle roedd y sefyllfa wedi newid yn fawr, a'r Ostrogothiaid dan eu brenin newydd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Totila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Totila (dim tudalen ar gael)">Totila</a> wedi adfeddiannu gogledd yr Eidal, yn cynnwys Rhufain. Llwyddodd Belisarius i ail-gipio Rhufain am gyfnod, ond roedd yr ymerawdwr yn amau ei deyrngarwch, a galwyd ef yn ôl o'r Eidal, gyda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narses (dim tudalen ar gael)">Narses</a> yn cymryd ei le. Llwyddwyd i gadw gafael ar rai o'r tiriogaethau a adenillwyd am ganrif a mwy. </p><p>Mae eraill yn dadlau bod yr ymerodraeth Fysantaidd wedi dechrau mor hwyr ag yn oes <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a>, a wnaeth yr <a href="/wiki/Groeg" class="mw-disambig" title="Groeg">iaith Roeg</a> yn iaith swyddogol yn lle <a href="/wiki/Lladin" title="Lladin">Lladin</a>, ac mae arbenigwyr arian bath yn ei gyfrif o ddiwygiad ariannol <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a> yn <a href="/wiki/498" title="498">498</a>. Dylid cofio, fodd bynnag, mai term a ddefnyddir gan haneswyyr diweddar yw "yr Ymerodraeth Fystantaidd", ac mai fel "yr ymerodraeth Rufeinig" y byddai ei thrigolion yn ei hystyried hyd ei diwedd. Er gwaethaf digwyddiadau fel cipio ac anrheithio <a href="/wiki/Caergystennin" title="Caergystennin">Caergystennin</a> gan y croesgadwr yn ystod y Bedwaredd Groesgad yn 1204, llwyddodd yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd i barhau hyd <a href="/wiki/1453" title="1453">1453</a>, pan gipiwyd Caergystennin gan y <a href="/wiki/Twrci" title="Twrci">Twrciaid</a> <a href="/wiki/Ymerodraeth_yr_Otomaniaid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ymerodraeth yr Otomaniaid">Otoman</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dylanwad">Dylanwad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Golygu'r adran: Dylanwad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Dylanwad"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae dylanwad yr Ymerodraeth Rufeinig ar <a href="/wiki/Llywodraeth" title="Llywodraeth">lywodraeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyfraith" title="Cyfraith">cyfraith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pensaern%C3%AFaeth" title="Pensaernïaeth">pensaernïaeth</a> a <a href="/wiki/Diwylliant" title="Diwylliant">diwylliant</a> gwledydd <a href="/wiki/Ewrop" title="Ewrop">Ewrop</a> yn enfawr. Mae <a href="/wiki/Ffrainc" title="Ffrainc">Ffrainc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sbaen" title="Sbaen">Sbaen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portiwgal" title="Portiwgal">Portiwgal</a> a'r <a href="/wiki/Eidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Eidal">Eidal</a> yn ogystal â nifer o wledydd eraill yn siarad ieithoedd sydd wedi datblygu o'r <a href="/wiki/Lladin" title="Lladin">iaith Ladin</a> neu wedi'u dylanwadu'n gryf ganddi. Er mwyn ddangos eu nerth, roedd gwledydd a swyddi yn defnyddio enwau'r cyfnod Rhufeinig hyd yn oed ganrifoedd ar ôl cwymp yr ymerodraeth, er enghraifft yn nheyrnas y <a href="/wiki/Ffranciaid" title="Ffranciaid">Ffranciaid</a> a'r <a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_L%C3%A2n_Rufeinig" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Lân Rufeinig">Ymerodraeth Lân Rufeinig</a>, a chan deuluoedd y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsar (dim tudalen ar gael)">tsar</a> yn <a href="/wiki/Rwsia" title="Rwsia">Rwsia</a> ac <a href="/wiki/Yr_Almaen" title="Yr Almaen">Ymerawdwr yr Almaen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gweler_hefyd">Gweler hefyd</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Golygu'r adran: Gweler hefyd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Gweler hefyd"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhestr_Ymerodron_Rhufeinig" title="Rhestr Ymerodron Rhufeinig">Rhestr Ymerodron Rhufeinig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhestr_Llengoedd_Rhufeinig" title="Rhestr Llengoedd Rhufeinig">Rhestr Llengoedd Rhufeinig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lleng_Rufeinig" title="Lleng Rufeinig">Lleng Rufeinig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfnod_y_Rhufeiniaid_yng_Nghymru" title="Cyfnod y Rhufeiniaid yng Nghymru">Cyfnod y Rhufeiniaid yng Nghymru</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Llyfryddiaeth">Llyfryddiaeth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Golygu'r adran: Llyfryddiaeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Llyfryddiaeth"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haneswyr_Rhufeinig">Haneswyr Rhufeinig</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Golygu'r adran: Haneswyr Rhufeinig" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Haneswyr Rhufeinig"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> <i>Historiae</i> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanes_(Tacitus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanes (Tacitus) (dim tudalen ar gael)">Hanes</a></i>). Hanes Rhufain ar ddiwedd y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganrif_gyntaf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ganrif gyntaf (dim tudalen ar gael)">ganrif gyntaf</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> <i>Ab excessu divi Augusti</i> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Croniclau_(Tacitus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Croniclau (Tacitus) (dim tudalen ar gael)">Croniclau</a></i> neu'r <i>Annales</i>). Hanes Rhufain a'i hymerodron o amser <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> i <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gweithiau_diweddar">Gweithiau diweddar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Golygu'r adran: Gweithiau diweddar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Gweithiau diweddar"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Michael Grant, <i>The History of Rome</i> (Faber and Faber, 2002), <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/057111461X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-571-11461-X</a></li> <li>Peter Heather, <i>The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians</i> (2005), <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/0330491369" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-330-49136-9</a></li> <li>A.H.M. Jones, <i>The Later Roman Empire, 284–602</i> (1964), <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/0801832853" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8018-3285-3</a></li> <li>Andrew Lintott, <i>Imperium Romanum: Politics and administration</i> (1993), <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/0415093759" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-09375-9</a></li></ul> <center> <table id="toc" style="margin: 0 2em 0 2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#ccccff" align="center" width="100%"><a href="/wiki/Rhufain_hynafol" title="Rhufain hynafol">Rhufain hynafol</a></th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/50px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/75px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/100px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Teyrnas_Rhufain" title="Teyrnas Rhufain">Teyrnas Rhufain </a> | <a href="/wiki/Gweriniaeth_Rhufain" title="Gweriniaeth Rhufain">Gweriniaeth Rhufain</a> | <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yr Ymerodraeth Rufeinig</a> | <a href="/wiki/Senedd_Rhufain" title="Senedd Rhufain">Senedd Rhufain</a> | <a href="/wiki/Conswl_Rhufeinig" title="Conswl Rhufeinig">Conswl Rhufeinig</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </center>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Wedi dod o "<a dir="ltr" href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&oldid=12968644">https://cy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig&oldid=12968644</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Categories" title="Arbennig:Categories">Categorïau</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Yr_Ymerodraeth_Rufeinig" title="Categori:Yr Ymerodraeth Rufeinig">Yr Ymerodraeth Rufeinig</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categori cudd: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Tudalennau_gyda_meysydd_deublyg_yn_y_Nodion" title="Categori:Tudalennau gyda meysydd deublyg yn y Nodion">Tudalennau gyda meysydd deublyg yn y Nodion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Erthyglau_sy%27n_defnyddio_Nodyn_Gwybodlen_lle_Wicidata" title="Categori:Erthyglau sy'n defnyddio Nodyn Gwybodlen lle Wicidata">Erthyglau sy'n defnyddio Nodyn Gwybodlen lle Wicidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Erthyglau_sy%27n_cynnwys_testun_Lladin" title="Categori:Erthyglau sy'n cynnwys testun Lladin">Erthyglau sy'n cynnwys testun Lladin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Tudalennau_sy%27n_defnyddio_dolenni_hud_ISBN" title="Categori:Tudalennau sy'n defnyddio dolenni hud ISBN">Tudalennau sy'n defnyddio dolenni hud ISBN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Pages_using_the_Kartographer_extension" title="Categori:Pages using the Kartographer extension">Pages using the Kartographer extension</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Golygwyd y dudalen hon ddiwethaf ar 26 Awst 2024, am 21:04.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Mae'r testun ar gael o dan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; gall telerau ychwanegol fod yn berthnasol. 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