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Dishes borrow ingredients from Middle Eastern, Turkic, Iranian and South Asian cuisines, notably mutton and spices. Much like other northern Chinese cuisines, Chinese Islamic cuisine uses wheat noodles as the staple, rather than rice. Chinese Islamic dishes include [[Beef noodle soup#Clear broth beef noodles|clear-broth beef noodle soup]] and ''[[Chuan (food)|chuanr]]''. The [[Hui people|Hui]] (ethnic Chinese Muslims), [[Bonan people|Bonan]], [[Dongxiangs|Dongxiang]], [[Salar people|Salar]] and [[Uyghurs]] of China, as well as the [[Dungan people|Dungans]] of [[Central Asia]] and the [[Panthays]] of [[Myanmar|Burma]], collectively contribute to Chinese Islamic cuisine. ==History== Due to the large [[Muslims|Muslim]] population in Western China, many Chinese restaurants cater to or are run by Muslims. Northern Chinese Islamic cuisine originated in [[China proper]]. It is heavily influenced by [[Beijing cuisine]], with nearly all cooking methods identical and differs only in material due to religious restrictions. As a result, northern Islamic cuisine is often included in home Beijing cuisine though seldom in east coast restaurants. During the [[Yuan dynasty]], [[halal]] and [[kosher]] methods of slaughtering animals and preparing food was banned and forbidden by the Mongol emperors, starting with [[Genghis Khan]] who banned Muslims and Jews from slaughtering their animals their own way and made them follow the Mongol method.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&q=yuan+dynasty+halal&pg=PA24|title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects|author=Michael Dillon|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|location=Richmond|page=24|isbn=0-7007-1026-4|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/buddhismislamons0000elve|url-access=registration|quote= halal chinggis khan you are our slaves .|title=Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road|author=Johan Elverskog|year=2010|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|edition=illustrated|page=[https://archive.org/details/buddhismislamons0000elve/page/228 228]|isbn=978-0-8122-4237-9|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> <blockquote> Among all the [subject] alien peoples only the Hui-hui say "we do not eat Mongol food." [Cinggis Qa'an replied:] "By the aid of heaven we have pacified you; you are our slaves. Yet you do not eat our food or drink. How can this be right?" He thereupon made them eat. "If you slaughter sheep, you will be considered guilty of a crime." He issued a regulation to that effect ... [In 1279/1280 under [[Kublai Khan|Qubilai]]] all the Muslims say: “if someone else slaughters [the animal] we do not eat." Because the poor people are upset by this, from now on, Musuluman [Muslim] Huihui and Zhuhu [Jewish] Huihui, no matter who kills [the animal] will eat [it] and must cease slaughtering sheep themselves, and cease the rite of circumcision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamicpopulation.com/asia/China/China_integration%20of%20religious%20minority.pdf |title=The Integration of Religious Minorities in China: The Case of Chinese Muslims |author=Donald Daniel Leslie |year=1998 |page=12 |publisher=The Fifty-ninth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology |access-date=30 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217112014/http://islamicpopulation.com/asia/China/China_integration%20of%20religious%20minority.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2010}}.</ref> </blockquote> [[File:Muslim meat shop halal sign, Hankow China, 1935.jpg|thumb|left|A halal meat store in [[Hankou]], {{circa}} 1934 to 1935]] Traditionally, there is a distinction between Northern and Southern Chinese Islamic cuisine despite both using [[lamb and mutton]]. Northern Chinese Islamic cuisine relies heavily on beef, but rarely ducks, geese, shrimp or seafood, while southern Islamic cuisine is the reverse. The reason for this difference is due to availability of the ingredients. Oxen have been long used for farming and Chinese governments have frequently strictly prohibited the slaughter of oxen for food. However, due to the geographic proximity of the northern part of China to minority-dominated regions that were not subjected to such restrictions, beef could be easily purchased and transported to Northern China. At the same time, ducks, geese and shrimp are rare in comparison to Southern China due to the arid climate of Northern China. [[File:Hongchangxing Islamic Fastfood in Expo2010.jpg|thumb|left|An Islamic fast food restaurant at Shanghai Expo]] A Chinese Islamic restaurant ({{zh|t=淸眞菜館|p=qīngzhēn càiguǎn}}) can be similar to a [[Beijing cuisine|Mandarin restaurant]] with the exception that there is no [[pork]] on the menu and the dishes are primarily noodle/soup based. In most major eastern cities in China, there are very limited Islamic/Halal restaurants, which are typically run by migrants from Western China (e.g., [[Uyghurs]]). They primarily offer inexpensive noodle soups only. These restaurants are typically decorated with Islamic motifs such as Islamic writing. Another difference is that [[lamb and mutton]] dishes are more commonly available than in other Chinese restaurants, due to the greater prevalence of these meats in the cuisine of Western Chinese regions. ([[Chinese Islamic cuisine#Image gallery|Refer to image 1]].) Other Muslim ethnic minorities like the [[Bonan people|Bonan]], [[Dongxiangs|Dongxiang]], [[Salar people|Salar]] and [[Tibetan Muslims]] have their own cuisines as well. Dongxiang people operate their own restaurants serving their cuisine. Many cafeterias (canteens) at Chinese universities have separate sections or dining areas for Muslim students (Hui or Western Chinese minorities), typically labeled "qingzhen". Student ID cards sometimes indicate whether a student is Muslim and will allow access to these dining areas or will allow access on special occasions such as the [[Eid ul-Fitr|Eid]] feast following [[Ramadan]]. Several Hui restaurants serving Chinese Islamic cuisine exist in [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TbZuVatiFIUC&q=dru+c+gladney|title=Dislocating China: reflections on Muslims, minorities, and other subaltern subjects|author=Dru C. Gladney|year=2004|publisher=University of Chicago Press|page=188|isbn=0-226-29775-6|access-date=2010-11-28}}</ref> [[San Francisco]], despite its huge number of Chinese restaurants, appears to have only one whose cuisine would qualify as halal. Many Chinese Hui Muslims who moved from [[Yunnan]] to [[Myanmar|Burma]] (Myanmar) are known as [[Panthays]] operate restaurants and stalls serving Chinese Islamic cuisine such as noodles. Chinese Hui Muslims from Yunnan who moved to [[Thailand]] are known as [[Chin Haw]] and they also own restaurants and stalls serving Chinese Islamic food. [[File:E7869-Dordoy-Bazaar.jpg|thumb|right|Restaurant in [[Bishkek]], Kyrgyzstan, advertising Dungan cuisine.]] In [[Central Asia]], [[Dungan people]], descendants of Hui, operate restaurants serving Chinese Islamic cuisine, which is respectively referred to as ''Dungan cuisine'' there. They cater to Chinese businessmen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kyrgyzstan Eats: A Dungan Feast in Naryn|author=David Trilling|website=EURASIANET.org|date=April 20, 2010|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/60892}}</ref> Chopsticks are used by Dungans.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CquTz6ps5YgC&q=dungan+chopsticks&pg=PA204|title=An Ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empiresJames Stuart Olson, Nicholas Charles Pappas|author=Barbara A. West|year=1994|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-313-27497-5|page=204|access-date=2011-01-01}}</ref> The cuisine of the Dungan resembles northwestern Chinese cuisine.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNXiAAAAMAAJ&q=Dungan+food%2C+despite+some+changes%2C+modifications%2C+and+the+influence+of+the+surrounding+peoples+%2C+is+very+similar+to+the+type+of+Chinese+cooking+found+in+northwest+China|title=Soviet Dungan kolkhozes in the Kirghiz SSR and the Kazakh SSR|author=Svetlana Rimsky-Korsakoff Dyer|year=1979|publisher=Faculty of Asian Studies, ANU|isbn=0-909879-11-7|page=62|access-date=2011-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=InRbAAAAIAAJ&q=But+their+food+is+still+Chinese%3B+they+eat+with+chopsticks%2C+and+all+the+names+of+their+national+dishes%2C+seasonings%2C+and+cooking+terms+are+|title=Asian and African studies, Volume 16|author=Ḥevrah ha-Mizraḥit ha-Yiśreʾelit|year=1983|publisher=Jerusalem Academic Press|page=338|access-date=2011-01-01}}{{full citation needed||date=May 2023|reason=should supply chapter author, chapter title, book or series editor}}</ref> Most Chinese regard Hui halal food as cleaner than food made by non-Muslims so their restaurants are popular in China.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RTROdDIiaT8C&q=hui+halal+food+cleaner&pg=PA32|title=Governing China's Multiethnic Frontiers|author=Morris Rossabi|year=2005|publisher=University of Washington Press|page=32|isbn=0-295-98412-0|access-date=2011-04-09}}</ref> Hui who migrated to [[Northeast China]] ([[Manchuria]]) after the [[Chuang Guandong]] opened many new inns and restaurants to cater to travelers, which were regarded as clean. The [[Islam in Taiwan|Hui who migrated to Taiwan]] operate Qingzhen restaurants and stalls serving Chinese Islamic cuisine in [[Taipei]] and other big cities.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Peter G. Gowing |date=July–August 1970 |title=Islam in Taiwan |magazine=Saudi Aramco World |pages=22–27 |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197004/islam.in.taiwan.htm |access-date=2014-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911170917/https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197004/islam.in.taiwan.htm |archive-date=2014-09-11 |url-status=dead}}; PDF at {{cite web |url=https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/pdf/1970/197004.pdf |title=Saudi Aramco World July–August 1970 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114032808/http://saudiaramcoworld.com/pdf/1970/197004.pdf |archive-date=2010-01-14}}</ref> The [[Thailand|Thai]] Department of Export Promotion claims that "China's halal food producers are small-scale entrepreneurs whose products have little value added and lack branding and technology to push their goods to international standards" to encourage Thai private sector halal producers to market their products in China.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thai private sector urged to penetrate China's halal market|author=MCOT online news|website=MCOT online news|date=May 17, 2011|url=http://www.mcot.net/cfcustom/cache_page/210644.html|access-date=2010-11-28|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520214517/http://www.mcot.net/cfcustom/cache_page/210644.html|archive-date=May 20, 2011}}</ref> A 1903-started franchise serving Muslim food is Dong Lai Shun in [[Hankou]].<ref name="LeffmanLewis2003">{{cite book|author1=David Leffman|author2=Simon Lewis|author3=Jeremy Atiyah|title=China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dA_QbQiZkB4C&pg=PA540|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-019-0|pages=540–}}</ref> 400 meters have to be kept as a distance from each restaurant serving beef noodles to another of its type if they belong to Hui Muslims, since Hui have a pact between each other in Ningxia, [[Gansu]] and [[Shaanxi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1= Guo |first1= Diandian |last2=Koetse |first2=Manya |date=July 24, 2016 |title=Weibo Netizens Show Support for Shanghai Restaurant Harassed By Muslim "Noodle Gang" |url=http://www.whatsonweibo.com/weibo-netizens-support-shanghai-restaurant-harrassed-muslim-noodle-gang/ |website=What's on Weibo}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 July 2016 |title=Got beef? How one man faced down a 'noodle cartel' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-36881040 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Halal restaurants are checked up upon by clerics from mosques.<ref name="Bergeaud-BlacklerFischer2015">{{cite book|author1=Florence Bergeaud-Blackler|author2=Johan Fischer|author3=John Lever|title=Halal Matters: Islam, Politics and Markets in Global Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gItCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA169|date=16 July 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-59739-1|pages=169–}}</ref> Halal food manufacture has been sanctioned by the government of the [[Ningxia|Ningxia Autonomous Region]].<ref name="NyriTan2016">{{cite book|author1=Pl Nyri|author2=Danielle Tan|title=Chinese Encounters in Southeast Asia: How People, Money, and Ideas from China Are Changing a Region|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpwhDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA60|date=27 November 2016|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-99931-9|pages=60–}}</ref> ==Famous dishes== [[File:清真中國牛肉館.JPG|thumb|Chinese halal restaurant in [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]]]] [[File:Keluarga Ali.JPG|thumb|Chinese Islamic restaurant in [[Malacca|Melaka]], [[Malaysia]]]] ===Lamian=== {{Main|Lamian}} '''Lamian''' ({{zh|s=拉面|t=拉麪|p=lāmiàn}}, [[Dungan language|Dungan]]: Ламян)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/60892|title=Kyrgyzstan Eats: A Dungan Feast in Naryn|website=Eurasianet.org|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref> is a Chinese dish of hand-made noodles, usually served in a beef or mutton-flavored soup (湯麪, даңмян, tāngmiàn), but sometimes stir-fried (炒麪, Чаомян, chǎomiàn) and served with a tomato-based sauce. Literally, 拉, ла (lā) means to pull or stretch, while 麪, мян (miàn) means noodle. The hand-making process involves taking a lump of dough and repeatedly stretching it to produce a single very long noodle. Words that begin with L are not native to Turkic — [[laghman (food)|läghmän]] is a loanword as stated by Uyghur linguist Abdlikim: It is of Chinese derivation and not originally Uyghur.<ref name="Bellér-Hann2007">{{cite book|author=Ildikó Bellér-Hann|title=Situating the Uyghurs Between China and Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NKCU3BdeBbEC&q=laghman&pg=PA192|year=2007|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-7041-4|pages=192–193}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Inner Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QUJuAAAAMAAJ&q=The+most+likely+etymology+of+the+word+is+that+which+derives+it+from+the+Chinese+%27leng+mian%27+%28cold+noodles%29+or+%27la+mian%27+%28pulled+noodles%29+%28Qazaq+tilining+1987%29.+6|year=2000|publisher=The White Horse Press for the Mongolia and Inner Asia Studies Unit at the University of Cambridge|page=235}}</ref><ref name="Wang2015">{{cite book|author=Q. Edward Wang|title=Chopsticks: A Cultural and Culinary History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hiJEBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55|date=26 January 2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-19436-2|pages=55–}}</ref><ref name="Lynn2014">{{cite book|author=Andrea Lynn|title=Queens: A Culinary Passport: Exploring Ethnic Cuisine in New York City's Most Diverse Borough|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubZzAwAAQBAJ&q=laghman+noodles&pg=PT81|date=30 September 2014|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-1-4668-5755-1}}</ref><ref name="ChristianJohanson2015">{{cite book|author1=Fuchs Christian|author2=Lars Johanson|author3=Éva Ágnes Csató Johanson|title=The Turkic Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7i5CAAAQBAJ&q=turkic+native+words+l+begin&pg=PA204|date=29 April 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-82527-9|pages=204–}}</ref><ref name="Robbeets2015">{{cite book|author=Martine Robbeets|author-link=Martine Robbeets|title=Diachrony of Verb Morphology: Japanese and the Transeurasian Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u8xCgAAQBAJ&q=turkic+native+words+l+begin&pg=PA224|date=24 July 2015|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-039994-3|pages=224–}}</ref><ref name="JanseTol2003">{{cite book|author1=Mark Janse|author2=Sijmen Tol|title=Language Death and Language Maintenance: Theoretical, Practical and Descriptive Approaches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b6fRqSPNVIkC&q=turkic+native+words+l+begin&pg=PA93|date=1 January 2003|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=90-272-4752-8|pages=93–}}</ref><ref name="LubotskySchaeken2008">{{cite book|author1=Alexander Lubotsky|author2=J. Schaeken|author3=Jeroen Wiedenhof|title=Evidence and Counter-evidence: General linguistics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wTdyv6cF3RgC&q=turkic+native+words+l+begin&pg=PA157|date=January 2008|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-2471-7|pages=157–}}</ref> ===Beef noodle soup=== {{Main|Beef noodle soup}} '''Beef noodle soup''' is a [[noodle soup]] dish composed of stewed [[beef]], beef broth, [[vegetable]]s and [[wheat noodle]]s. It exists in various forms throughout [[East Asia|East]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. It was created by the Hui people during the [[Qing dynasty]] of [[China]]. In the west, this food may be served in a small portion as a soup. In China, a large bowl of it is often taken as a whole meal with or without any side dish. ===Chuanr=== {{Main|Chuan (food)}} '''Chuanr''' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 串儿, [[Dungan language|Dungan]]: Чўанр, [[Pinyin]]: chuànr (shortened from "chuan er"), "''kebab''"), originating in the [[Xinjiang]] (新疆) province of China and in recent years has been disseminated throughout the rest of that country, most notably in [[Beijing]]. It is a product of the Chinese Islamic cuisine of the [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] (维吾尔) people and other [[Islam in China|Chinese Muslims]]. Yang rou chuan or lamb kebabs, is particularly popular. ===Suan cai=== {{Main|Suan cai}} '''Suan cai''' is a traditional fermented vegetable dish, similar to Korean [[kimchi]] and German [[sauerkraut]], used in a variety of ways. It consists of pickled Chinese cabbage. Suan cai is a unique form of pao cai due to the material used and the method of production. Although ''suan cai'' is not exclusive to Chinese Islamic cuisine, it is used in Chinese Islamic cuisine to top off noodle soups, especially [[beef noodle soup]]. ===Nang=== ''Nang'' (Chinese: 馕, Dungan: Нәң) is a type of round unleavened bread, topped with sesame. It is similar to South and Central Asia [[naan]]. ==Image gallery== <gallery class="center" widths="210" heights="210"> File:Beef noodle.JPG|Beef noodle served File:Peking Duck.jpg|[[Peking duck]] served at a halal restaurant in Beijing File:5658-Linxia-City-niang-pi.jpg|''Niang pi'' (酿皮, Няң пы), a popular vegetarian noodle cold dish in [[Linxia City|Linxia]] </gallery> ==See also== {{Portal|China|Islam|Food}} {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[Chinese cuisine]] * [[Islam in China]] * [[Uyghur cuisine]] * [[Dali City]] * [[Gansu]] * [[Kunming]] * [[Lanzhou]] * [[Ningxia]] * [[Qinghai]] * [[Shaanxi]] * [[Xi'an]] * [[Yunnan]] {{div col end}} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Chinese Islamic cuisine}} *[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/07/09/PNGTF7H0QS1.DTL article on a Chinese Islamic restaurant in the San Francisco Bay area], ''San Francisco Chronicle''. *[http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/features.php?searchterm=005_halal.inc&issue=005 chinaheritagequarterly.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121163637/http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/features.php?searchterm=005_halal.inc&issue=005 |date=2021-01-21 }} *[http://centralasianchef.spaces.live.com/blog/cns!C5B6F768391D3635!272.entry The Famous Dungan Noodles or Lyu Mian with Eight Seasoning Dishes!]{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110826134305/http://s694.photobucket.com/albums/vv306/CyberChef/ More pictures of the Dungan Cuisine] {{Cuisine}} {{Religion in China}} {{Xinjiang topics}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chinese Islamic Cuisine}} [[Category:Chinese Islamic cuisine| ]] [[Category:Regional cuisines of China]] [[Category:Islamic culture]] [[Category:Xinjiang]] [[Category:Multiculturalism and Islam]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div 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