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<button aria-controls="toc-Types_and_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types and sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contents_in_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents_in_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Contents in food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contents_in_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Plant sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soluble_fiber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soluble_fiber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Soluble fiber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soluble_fiber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insoluble_fiber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insoluble_fiber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Insoluble fiber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insoluble_fiber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supplements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supplements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Supplements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supplements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soluble_fiber_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soluble_fiber_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Soluble fiber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soluble_fiber_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insoluble_fiber_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insoluble_fiber_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Insoluble fiber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insoluble_fiber_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inulins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inulins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Inulins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inulins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetable_gums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetable_gums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Vegetable gums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetable_gums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activity_in_the_gut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activity_in_the_gut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Activity in the gut</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Activity_in_the_gut-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Activity in the gut subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Activity_in_the_gut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physicochemical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physicochemical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Physicochemical properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physicochemical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_gastrointestinal_tract" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Upper gastrointestinal tract</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_gastrointestinal_tract-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Colon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cholesterol_metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cholesterol_metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Cholesterol metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cholesterol_metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fecal_weight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fecal_weight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Fecal weight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fecal_weight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_fiber_intake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_fiber_intake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Effects of fiber intake</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects_of_fiber_intake-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects of fiber intake subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_fiber_intake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dietary_recommendations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dietary_recommendations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dietary recommendations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dietary_recommendations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dietary recommendations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dietary_recommendations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fermentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fermentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fermentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fermentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Short-chain_fatty_acids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short-chain_fatty_acids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Short-chain fatty acids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short-chain_fatty_acids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FDA-approved_health_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FDA-approved_health_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>FDA-approved health claims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FDA-approved_health_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dietary fiber</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieetvesel" title="Dieetvesel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dieetvesel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ألياف غذائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألياف غذائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_alimentaria" title="Fibra alimentaria – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fibra alimentaria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%B6" title="খাদ্য আঁশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খাদ্য আঁশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Харчовыя валокны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Харчовыя валокны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Баластни вещества – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Баластни вещества" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_aliment%C3%A0ria" title="Fibra alimentària – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fibra alimentària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82-%C3%A7%D0%B8%D0%BC%C4%95%C3%A7%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D0%BA%C4%95%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Апат-çимĕçри чĕлкĕмсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Апат-çимĕçри чĕлкĕмсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vl%C3%A1knina" title="Vláknina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vláknina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostfibre" title="Kostfibre – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kostfibre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballaststoff" title="Ballaststoff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ballaststoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiudained_(toit)" title="Kiudained (toit) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kiudained (toit)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Φυτικές ίνες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φυτικές ίνες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_alimentaria" title="Fibra alimentaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fibra alimentaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieta_fibro" title="Dieta fibro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dieta fibro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuntz_dietetiko" title="Zuntz dietetiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zuntz dietetiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="فیبر خوراکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیبر خوراکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_alimentaire" title="Fibre alimentaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fibre alimentaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiedingsfezels" title="Fiedingsfezels – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fiedingsfezels" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%A1ith%C3%ADn_cothaithe" title="Snáithín cothaithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Snáithín cothaithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_alimentaria" title="Fibra alimentaria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fibra alimentaria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EC%9D%B4_%EC%84%AC%EC%9C%A0" title="식이 섬유 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="식이 섬유" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սննդային մանրաթելեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սննդային մանրաթելեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE" title="आहारीय रेशा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आहारीय रेशा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serat_pangan" title="Serat pangan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Serat pangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_alimentare" title="Fibra alimentare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fibra alimentare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%AA%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="סיבים תזונתיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיבים תזונתיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%88%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тағамдық талшықтар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тағамдық талшықтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ເສັ້ນໄຍອາຫານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເສັ້ນໄຍອາຫານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_alimentaria" title="Fibra alimentaria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fibra alimentaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%B7iedrvielas" title="Šķiedrvielas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šķiedrvielas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tkez%C3%A9si_rostok" title="Étkezési rostok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Étkezési rostok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Прехранбени влакна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Прехранбени влакна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="നാരുള്ള ഭക്ഷണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാരുള്ള ഭക്ഷണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serabut_diet" title="Serabut diet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Serabut diet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voedingsvezels" title="Voedingsvezels – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Voedingsvezels" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B9%8A%E7%B6%AD" title="食物繊維 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="食物繊維" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostfiber" title="Kostfiber – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kostfiber" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostfiber" title="Kostfiber – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kostfiber" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kletchatka" title="Kletchatka – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kletchatka" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮੋਟਾ ਅਹਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੋਟਾ ਅਹਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%82onnik" title="Błonnik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Błonnik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_diet%C3%A9tica" title="Fibra dietética – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fibra dietética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_alimentare" title="Fibre alimentare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fibre alimentare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Пищевые волокна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пищевые волокна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_dietike" title="Fibra dietike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fibra dietike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dietary fiber" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehranske_vlaknine" title="Prehranske vlaknine – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prehranske vlaknine" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%8C_%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ڕیشاڵی خۆراکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕیشاڵی خۆراکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дијететска влакна – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дијететска влакна" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravintokuitu" title="Ravintokuitu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ravintokuitu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostfiber" title="Kostfiber – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kostfiber" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81)" title="நார்ப்பொருள் (உணவு) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நார்ப்பொருள் (உணவு)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%81" title="పీచు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పీచు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="เส้นใยอาหาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เส้นใยอาหาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyet_lifi" title="Diyet lifi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Diyet lifi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Харчові волокна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Харчові волокна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_x%C6%A1" title="Chất xơ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chất xơ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%86%B3%E9%A3%9F%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4" title="膳食纤维 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="膳食纤维" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%86%B3%E9%A3%9F%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD" title="膳食纖維 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="膳食纖維" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%86%B3%E9%A3%9F%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD" title="膳食纖維 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="膳食纖維" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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searchaux" style="display:none">Portion of plant-derived food that cannot be completely digested</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fruit,_Vegetables_and_Grain_NCI_Visuals_Online.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Fruit%2C_Vegetables_and_Grain_NCI_Visuals_Online.jpg/220px-Fruit%2C_Vegetables_and_Grain_NCI_Visuals_Online.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Fruit%2C_Vegetables_and_Grain_NCI_Visuals_Online.jpg/330px-Fruit%2C_Vegetables_and_Grain_NCI_Visuals_Online.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Fruit%2C_Vegetables_and_Grain_NCI_Visuals_Online.jpg/440px-Fruit%2C_Vegetables_and_Grain_NCI_Visuals_Online.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Foods rich in fibers: fruits, vegetables and grains</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WheatBran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/WheatBran.jpg/220px-WheatBran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/WheatBran.jpg/330px-WheatBran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/WheatBran.jpg/440px-WheatBran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="1110" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a> <a href="/wiki/Bran" title="Bran">bran</a> has a high content of dietary fiber.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Dietary fiber</b> (<b>fibre</b> in <a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth English</a>) or <b>roughage</b> is the portion of plant-derived <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> that cannot be completely broken down by human <a href="/wiki/Digestive_enzyme" title="Digestive enzyme">digestive enzymes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bnf_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bnf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dietary fibers are diverse in chemical composition and can be grouped generally by their <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">solubility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fermentation#Biological_role" title="Fermentation">fermentability</a> which affect how fibers are processed in the body.<sup id="cite_ref-lpi_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dietary fiber has two main subtypes: soluble fiber and insoluble fiber which are components of plant-based foods such as <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">whole grains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a> or <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lpi_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USDA-IOM_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-IOM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A diet high in regular fiber consumption is generally associated with supporting health and lowering the risk of several diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-lpi_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-veronese_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-veronese-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dietary fiber consists of non-<a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a> and other plant components such as <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resistant_starch" title="Resistant starch">resistant starch</a>, resistant <a href="/wiki/Dextrin" title="Dextrin">dextrins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inulin" title="Inulin">inulins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta-glucan" title="Beta-glucan">beta-glucans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bnf_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bnf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lpi_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USDA-IOM_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-IOM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Food sources of dietary fiber have traditionally been divided according to whether they provide soluble or insoluble fiber. Plant foods contain both types of fiber in varying amounts according to the fiber characteristics of viscosity and fermentability.<sup id="cite_ref-bnf_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bnf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advantages of consuming fiber depend upon which type is consumed.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulking fibers – such as cellulose and <a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">hemicellulose</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Psyllium" title="Psyllium">psyllium</a>) – absorb and hold water, promoting bowel movement regularity.<sup id="cite_ref-IOM_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viscous fibers – such as beta-glucan and psyllium – thicken the fecal mass.<sup id="cite_ref-IOM_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fermentable fibers – such as resistant starch, <a href="/wiki/Xanthan_gum" title="Xanthan gum">xanthan gum</a>, and inulin – feed the bacteria and <a href="/wiki/Gut_microbiota" title="Gut microbiota">microbiota</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">large intestine</a> and are <a href="/wiki/Metabolized" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolized">metabolized</a> to yield short-chain fatty acids, which have diverse roles in gastrointestinal health.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cummings_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cummings-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soluble fiber (<i>fermentable fiber</i> or <i>prebiotic fiber</i>) – which dissolves in water – is generally fermented in the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">colon</a> into gases and physiologically active <a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">by-products</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Short-chain_fatty_acid" title="Short-chain fatty acid">short-chain fatty acids</a> produced in the colon by gut bacteria. Examples are beta-glucans (in oats, barley, and mushrooms) and raw <a href="/wiki/Guar_gum" title="Guar gum">guar gum</a>. Psyllium – soluble, viscous, and non-fermented fiber – is a bulking fiber that retains water as it moves through the <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system">digestive system</a>, easing <a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">defecation</a>. Soluble fiber is generally viscous and delays <a href="/wiki/Stomach#Function" title="Stomach">gastric emptying</a> which in humans can result in an extended feeling of fullness.<sup id="cite_ref-lpi_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inulin (in <a href="/wiki/Chicory" title="Chicory">chicory</a> root), <a href="/wiki/Wheat_dextrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat dextrin">wheat dextrin</a>, oligosaccharides, and resistant starches<sup id="cite_ref-keenan_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keenan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in legumes and bananas) are soluble non-viscous fibers.<sup id="cite_ref-lpi_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regular intake of soluble fibers such as beta-glucans from oats or <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> has been established to lower blood levels of <a href="/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein" title="Low-density lipoprotein">LDL</a> <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lpi_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-veronese_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-veronese-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FDAc_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDAc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soluble fiber supplements also significantly lower LDL cholesterol.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Insoluble fiber – which does not dissolve in water – is inert to digestive enzymes in the upper <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>. Examples are wheat bran, cellulose, and lignin. Coarsely ground insoluble fiber triggers the secretion of mucus in the large intestine providing bulking. However, finely ground insoluble fiber does not have this effect and instead can cause a constipation.<sup id="cite_ref-lpi_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some forms of insoluble fiber, such as resistant starches, can be fermented in the colon.<sup id="cite_ref-lockyer_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lockyer-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dietary fiber is defined to be plant components that are not broken down by human digestive enzymes.<sup id="cite_ref-bnf_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bnf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 20th century, only <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a> were known to satisfy this definition, but in the early 21st century, <a href="/wiki/Resistant_starch" title="Resistant starch">resistant starch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a> were included as dietary fiber components.<sup id="cite_ref-bnf_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bnf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most accepted definition of dietary fiber is "all polysaccharides and lignin, which are not digested by the endogenous secretion of the human digestive tract".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, most animal nutritionists are using either a physiological definition, "the dietary components resistant to degradation by mammalian enzymes", or a chemical definition, "the sum of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and lignin".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_and_sources">Types and sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types and sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dietary_fiber" title="Special:EditPage/Dietary fiber">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>water-insoluble dietary fibers </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#B3B7FF;"> <th scope="col">Nutrient </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Food additive</a> </th> <th scope="col">Source/Comments </th></tr> <tr style="background:#E0E0E0;"> <td align="left" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Beta-glucan" title="Beta-glucan">β-glucans</a> (a few of which are water-soluble) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">   <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></td> <td>E 460</td> <td align="left">cereals, fruit, vegetables (in all plants in general) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">   <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a></td> <td>—</td> <td align="left">in <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, exoskeleton of <a href="/wiki/Entomophagy" title="Entomophagy">insects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E0E0E0;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</a></td> <td></td> <td align="left">cereals, <a href="/wiki/Bran" title="Bran">bran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a>, legumes </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">   <a href="/wiki/Hexose" title="Hexose">Hexoses</a></td> <td>—</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">   <a href="/wiki/Pentose" title="Pentose">Pentose</a></td> <td>—</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oat</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E0E0E0;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></td> <td>—</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">stones</a> of fruits, vegetables (filaments of the <a href="/wiki/Garden_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden bean">garden bean</a>), cereals </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E0E0E0;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Xanthan_gum" title="Xanthan gum">Xanthan gum</a></td> <td>E 415</td> <td align="left">production with <a href="/wiki/Xanthomonas" title="Xanthomonas">Xanthomonas</a>-bacteria from sugar substrates </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E0E0E0;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Resistant_starch" title="Resistant starch">Resistant starch</a></td> <td></td> <td align="left">Can be starch protected by seed or shell (type RS1), granular starch (type RS2) or retrograded starch (type RS3)<sup id="cite_ref-lockyer_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lockyer-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">   <a href="/wiki/Resistant_starch" title="Resistant starch">Resistant starch</a></td> <td>—</td> <td align="left">high amylose corn, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, high amylose wheat, legumes, raw bananas, cooked and cooled pasta and potatoes<sup id="cite_ref-lockyer_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lockyer-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>water-soluble dietary fibers </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Nutrient </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Food additive</a> </th> <th scope="col">Source/Comments </th></tr> <tr style="background:#E0E0E0;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Arabinoxylan" title="Arabinoxylan">Arabinoxylan</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">hemicellulose</a>)</td> <td>—</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Psyllium" title="Psyllium">psyllium</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E0E0E0;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Fructan" title="Fructan">Fructans</a></td> <td></td> <td align="left">replace or complement in some <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a> taxa the <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> as storage carbohydrate </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">   <a href="/wiki/Inulin" title="Inulin">Inulin</a></td> <td>—</td> <td align="left">in diverse plants, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Topinambour" class="mw-redirect" title="Topinambour">topinambour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicory" title="Chicory">chicory</a>, etc. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E0E0E0;"> <td align="left" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Polyuronide" title="Polyuronide">Polyuronide</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">   <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">Pectin</a></td> <td>E 440</td> <td align="left">in the fruit skin (mainly <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quince" title="Quince">quinces</a>), vegetables </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">   <a href="/wiki/Alginic_acid" title="Alginic acid">Alginic acids</a> (Alginates)</td> <td>E 400–E 407</td> <td align="left">in <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">      <a href="/wiki/Sodium_alginate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium alginate">Sodium alginate</a></td> <td>E 401 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">      <a href="/wiki/Potassium_alginate" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium alginate">Potassium alginate</a></td> <td>E 402 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">      <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonium_alginate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ammonium alginate (page does not exist)">Ammonium alginate</a></td> <td>E 403 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">      <a href="/wiki/Calcium_alginate" title="Calcium alginate">Calcium alginate</a></td> <td>E 404 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">      <a href="/wiki/Propylene_glycol_alginate" title="Propylene glycol alginate">Propylene glycol alginate</a> (PGA)</td> <td>E 405 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">      <a href="/wiki/Agar" title="Agar">agar</a></td> <td>E 406 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">      <a href="/wiki/Carrageenan" title="Carrageenan">carrageenan</a></td> <td>E 407</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">red algae</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E0E0E0;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Raffinose" title="Raffinose">Raffinose</a></td> <td>—</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E0E0E0;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Polydextrose" title="Polydextrose">Polydextrose</a></td> <td>E 1200</td> <td align="left">synthetic polymer, c. 1 kcal/g </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contents_in_food">Contents in food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contents in food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kids_%E2%80%98n_Fiber_(6121371164).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kids_%E2%80%98n_Fiber_%286121371164%29.jpg/220px-Kids_%E2%80%98n_Fiber_%286121371164%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kids_%E2%80%98n_Fiber_%286121371164%29.jpg/330px-Kids_%E2%80%98n_Fiber_%286121371164%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kids_%E2%80%98n_Fiber_%286121371164%29.jpg/440px-Kids_%E2%80%98n_Fiber_%286121371164%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Children eating fiber-rich food</figcaption></figure> <p>Dietary fiber is found in fruits, vegetables and <a href="/wiki/Whole_grains" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole grains">whole grains</a>. The amounts of fiber contained in common foods are listed in the following table:<sup id="cite_ref-usda28_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usda28-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Fiber content of some common food</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Food group</th> <th scope="col">Serving mean</th> <th scope="col">Fibermass per serving </th></tr> <tr> <td>Fruit</td> <td>120 <a href="/wiki/Millilitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Millilitre">mL</a> (0.5 cup)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1.1 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">g</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dark green vegetables</td> <td>120 mL (0.5 cup)</td> <td>6.4 g </td></tr> <tr> <td>Orange vegetables</td> <td>120 mL (0.5 cup)</td> <td>2.1 g </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cooked dry beans (legumes)</td> <td>120 mL (0.5 cup)</td> <td>8.0 g </td></tr> <tr> <td>Starchy vegetables</td> <td>120 mL (0.5 cup)</td> <td>1.7 g </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other vegetables</td> <td>120 mL (0.5 cup)</td> <td>1.1 g </td></tr> <tr> <td>Whole grains</td> <td>28 g (1 oz)</td> <td>2.4 g </td></tr> <tr> <td>Meat</td> <td>28 g (1 oz)</td> <td>0.1 g </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Dietary fiber is found in plants, typically eaten whole, raw or cooked, although fiber can be added to make <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplements</a> and fiber-rich <a href="/wiki/Processed_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Processed foods">processed foods</a>. Grain bran products have the highest fiber contents, such as crude corn bran (79 g per 100 g) and crude wheat bran (43 g per 100 g), which are ingredients for manufactured foods.<sup id="cite_ref-usda28_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usda28-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medical authorities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a>, recommend adding fiber-rich products to the <a href="/wiki/Standard_American_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard American Diet">Standard American Diet</a> because it is rich in processed and artificially sweetened foods, with minimal intake of vegetables and legumes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant_sources">Plant sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Plant sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some plants contain significant amounts of soluble and insoluble fiber. For example, <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prune" title="Prune">prunes</a> have a thick skin covering a juicy pulp. The skin is a source of insoluble fiber, whereas soluble fiber is in the pulp. Grapes also contain a fair amount of fiber.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soluble_fiber">Soluble fiber</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Soluble fiber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Found in varying quantities in all plant foods, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">peas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lupin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupin">lupins</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvia_hispanica" title="Salvia hispanica">chia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a></li> <li>some <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">figs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prune" title="Prune">prunes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">berries</a>, ripe <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>, and the skin of <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quince" title="Quince">quinces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">pears</a>)</li> <li>certain <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Broccoli" title="Broccoli">broccoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">carrots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_artichoke" title="Jerusalem artichoke">Jerusalem artichokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_tuber" class="mw-redirect" title="Root tuber">root tubers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Root_vegetable" title="Root vegetable">root vegetables</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onions</a> (skins of these are sources of insoluble fiber also)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyllium_seed_husks" class="mw-redirect" title="Psyllium seed husks">psyllium seed husks</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Mucilage" title="Mucilage">mucilage</a> soluble fiber) and <a href="/wiki/Flax#Flax_seeds" title="Flax">flax seeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Almonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Almonds">almonds</a> being the highest in dietary fiber</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insoluble_fiber">Insoluble fiber</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Insoluble fiber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sources include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">whole grain</a> foods</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> <a href="/wiki/Bran" title="Bran">bran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a> such as beans and peas</li> <li>nuts and <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a> skins</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignan" title="Lignan">lignans</a></li> <li>vegetables such as <a href="/wiki/Green_bean" title="Green bean">green beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cauliflower" title="Cauliflower">cauliflower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zucchini" title="Zucchini">zucchini</a> (courgette), <a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nopal" title="Nopal">nopal</a></li> <li>some fruits including <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocado</a>, and unripe <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a></li> <li>the skins of some fruits, including <a href="/wiki/Kiwifruit" title="Kiwifruit">kiwifruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supplements">Supplements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Supplements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are a few example forms of fiber that have been sold as supplements or food additives. These may be marketed to consumers for nutritional purposes, treatment of various <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal disorder">gastrointestinal disorders</a>, and for such possible health benefits as lowering <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> levels, reducing the risk of <a href="/wiki/Colon_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon cancer">colon cancer</a>, and losing weight. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soluble_fiber_2">Soluble fiber</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Soluble fiber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soluble fiber supplements may be beneficial for alleviating symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">irritable bowel syndrome</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a> or <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a> and abdominal discomfort.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_(nutrition)" title="Prebiotic (nutrition)">Prebiotic</a> soluble fiber products, like those containing <a href="/wiki/Inulin" title="Inulin">inulin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a>, may contribute to relief from <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">inflammatory bowel disease</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">ulcerative colitis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_(bacteria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clostridioides difficile (bacteria)">Clostridioides difficile</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due in part to the short-chain <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a> produced with subsequent <a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">anti-inflammatory</a> actions upon the bowel.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fiber supplements may be effective in an overall dietary plan for managing irritable bowel syndrome by modification of food choices.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insoluble_fiber_2">Insoluble fiber</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Insoluble fiber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One insoluble fiber, <a href="/wiki/Resistant_starch" title="Resistant starch">resistant starch</a> from high-amylose corn, has been used as a supplement and may contribute to improving insulin sensitivity and glycemic management<sup id="cite_ref-Insulin-sensitizing_effects_on_musc_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Insulin-sensitizing_effects_on_musc-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Resistant_starch_from_high-amylose_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resistant_starch_from_high-amylose-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Resistant_starch_improves_insulin_s_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resistant_starch_improves_insulin_s-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as promoting regularity<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly relief of diarrhea.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One preliminary finding indicates that resistant <a href="/wiki/Corn_starch" title="Corn starch">corn starch</a> may reduce symptoms of ulcerative colitis.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inulins">Inulins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Inulins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inulin" title="Inulin">Inulin</a></div> <p>Chemically defined as <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a> and occurring naturally in most plants, inulins have nutritional value as <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrates">carbohydrates</a>, or more specifically as <a href="/wiki/Fructan" title="Fructan">fructans</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> of the natural plant sugar, <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>. Inulin is typically extracted by manufacturers from enriched plant sources such as <a href="/wiki/Chicory" title="Chicory">chicory</a> roots or <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_artichoke" title="Jerusalem artichoke">Jerusalem artichokes</a> for use in prepared foods.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subtly sweet, it can be used to replace sugar, fat, and flour, is often used to improve the flow and mixing qualities of powdered <a href="/wiki/Nutritional_supplements" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutritional supplements">nutritional supplements</a>, and has potential health value as a <a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_(nutrition)" title="Prebiotic (nutrition)">prebiotic</a> fermentable fiber.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a prebiotic fermentable fiber, inulin is <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolized</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gut_flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut flora">gut flora</a> to yield short-chain fatty acids (<a href="#Short-chain_fatty_acids">see below</a>), which increase absorption of <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary disadvantage of inulin is its fermentation within the intestinal tract, possibly causing <a href="/wiki/Flatulence" title="Flatulence">flatulence</a> and digestive distress at doses higher than 15 grams/day in most people.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals with digestive diseases have benefited from removing fructose and inulin from their diet.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While clinical studies have shown changes in the <a href="/wiki/Microbiota" title="Microbiota">microbiota</a> at lower levels of inulin intake, higher intake amounts may be needed to achieve effects on body weight.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vegetable_gums">Vegetable gums</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vegetable gums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">Vegetable gum</a> fiber supplements are relatively new to the market. Often sold as a powder, vegetable gum fibers dissolve easily with no aftertaste. In preliminary clinical trials, they have proven effective for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of vegetable gum fibers are <a href="/wiki/Guar_gum" title="Guar gum">guar gum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">gum arabic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activity_in_the_gut">Activity in the gut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Activity in the gut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dietary_fiber" title="Special:EditPage/Dietary fiber">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many molecules that are considered to be "dietary fiber" are so because humans lack the necessary enzymes to split the <a href="/wiki/Glycosidic_bond" title="Glycosidic bond">glycosidic bond</a> and they reach the large intestine. Many foods contain varying types of dietary fibers, all of which contribute to health in different ways. </p><p>Dietary fibers make three primary contributions: bulking, viscosity and fermentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallaher_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallaher-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different fibers have different effects, suggesting that a variety of dietary fibers contribute to overall health. Some fibers contribute through one primary mechanism. For instance, cellulose and wheat bran provide excellent bulking effects, but are minimally fermented. Alternatively, many dietary fibers can contribute to health through more than one of these mechanisms. For instance, psyllium provides bulking as well as viscosity. </p><p>Bulking fibers can be soluble (e.g. psyllium) or insoluble (e.g. cellulose and hemicellulose). They absorb water and can significantly increase stool weight and regularity. Most bulking fibers are not fermented or are minimally fermented throughout the intestinal tract.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallaher_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallaher-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Viscous fibers thicken the contents of the intestinal tract and may attenuate the absorption of sugar, reduce sugar response after eating, and reduce lipid absorption (notably shown with cholesterol absorption). Their use in food formulations is often limited to low levels, due to their viscosity and thickening effects. Some viscous fibers may also be partially or fully fermented within the intestinal tract (guar gum, beta-glucan, glucomannan and pectins), but some viscous fibers are minimally or not fermented (modified cellulose such as methylcellulose and psyllium).<sup id="cite_ref-Gallaher_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallaher-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fermentable fibers are consumed by the microbiota within the large intestines, mildly increasing fecal bulk and producing <a href="/wiki/Short-chain_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-chain fatty acids">short-chain fatty acids</a> as byproducts with wide-ranging physiological activities. <a href="/wiki/Resistant_starch" title="Resistant starch">Resistant starch</a>, inulin, <a href="/wiki/Fructooligosaccharide" title="Fructooligosaccharide">fructooligosaccharide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galactooligosaccharide" title="Galactooligosaccharide">galactooligosaccharide</a> are dietary fibers which are fully fermented. These include insoluble as well as soluble fibers. This fermentation influences the expression of many genes within the large intestine,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which affect digestive function and lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as the immune system, inflammation and more.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fiber fermentation produces gas (majorly carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and methane) and short-chain fatty acids. Isolated or purified fermentable fibers are more rapidly fermented in the fore-gut and may result in undesirable gastrointestinal symptoms (<a href="/wiki/Bloating" title="Bloating">bloating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigestion" title="Indigestion">indigestion</a> and flatulence).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dietary fibers can change the nature of the contents of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> and can change how other nutrients and chemicals are absorbed through bulking and viscosity.<sup id="cite_ref-USDA-IOM_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-IOM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eastwood_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastwood-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some types of soluble fibers bind to <a href="/wiki/Bile_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Bile acids">bile acids</a> in the small intestine, making them less likely to re-enter the body; this in turn lowers <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> levels in the blood from the actions of <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a>-mediated oxidation of cholesterol.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Insoluble fiber is associated with reduced risk of diabetes,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the mechanism by which this is achieved is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One type of insoluble dietary fiber, resistant starch, may increase insulin sensitivity in healthy people,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in type 2 diabetics,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in individuals with insulin resistance, possibly contributing to reduced risk of type 2 diabetes.<sup id="cite_ref-Resistant_starch_improves_insulin_s_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resistant_starch_improves_insulin_s-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Resistant_starch_from_high-amylose_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resistant_starch_from_high-amylose-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Insulin-sensitizing_effects_on_musc_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Insulin-sensitizing_effects_on_musc-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not yet formally proposed as an essential <a href="/wiki/Macronutrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Macronutrient">macronutrient</a>, dietary fiber has importance in the diet, with regulatory authorities in many developed countries recommending increases in fiber intake.<sup id="cite_ref-USDA-IOM_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-IOM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eastwood_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastwood-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physicochemical_properties">Physicochemical properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Physicochemical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dietary fiber has distinct <a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">physicochemical</a> properties. Most semi-solid foods, fiber and fat are a combination of gel matrices which are hydrated or collapsed with microstructural elements, globules, solutions or encapsulating walls. Fresh fruit and vegetables are cellular materials.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The cells of cooked potatoes and legumes are gels filled with gelatinized starch granules. The cellular structures of fruits and vegetables are foams with a closed cell geometry filled with a gel, surrounded by cell walls which are composites with an amorphous matrix strengthened by complex carbohydrate fibers.</li> <li>Particle size and interfacial interactions with adjacent matrices affect the mechanical properties of food composites.</li> <li>Food polymers may be soluble in and/or plasticized by water.</li> <li>The variables include chemical structure, polymer concentration, molecular weight, degree of chain branching, the extent of ionization (for electrolytes), solution pH, ionic strength and temperature.</li> <li>Cross-linking of different polymers, protein and polysaccharides, either through chemical covalent bonds or cross-links through molecular entanglement or hydrogen or ionic bond cross-linking.</li> <li>Cooking and chewing food alters these physicochemical properties and hence absorption and movement through the stomach and along the intestine<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_gastrointestinal_tract">Upper gastrointestinal tract</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Upper gastrointestinal tract"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following a meal, the stomach and upper gastrointestinal contents consist of </p> <ul><li>food compounds</li> <li>complex lipids/<a href="/wiki/Micelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Micelles">micellar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aqueous" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueous">aqueous</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hydrocolloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocolloid">hydrocolloid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a> phases</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophilic">hydrophilic</a> phases</li> <li>solid, liquid, colloidal and gas bubble phases.<sup id="cite_ref-Eastwood_a_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastwood_a-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Micelle" title="Micelle">Micelles</a> are colloid-sized clusters of molecules which form in conditions as those above, similar to the critical micelle concentration of detergents.<sup id="cite_ref-Carey_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carey-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the upper gastrointestinal tract, these compounds consist of bile acids and di- and monoacyl <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerols</a> which solubilize <a href="/wiki/Triacylglycerol" class="mw-redirect" title="Triacylglycerol">triacylglycerols</a> and cholesterol.<sup id="cite_ref-Carey_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carey-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two mechanisms bring nutrients into contact with the epithelium: </p> <ol><li>intestinal contractions create turbulence; and</li> <li>convection currents direct contents from the <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumen</a> to the epithelial surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The multiple physical phases in the intestinal tract slow the rate of absorption compared to that of the suspension solvent alone. </p> <ol><li>Nutrients diffuse through the thin, relatively unstirred layer of fluid adjacent to the epithelium.</li> <li>Immobilizing of nutrients and other chemicals within complex polysaccharide molecules affects their release and subsequent absorption from the small intestine, an effect influential on the <a href="/wiki/Glycemic_index" title="Glycemic index">glycemic index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Molecules begin to interact as their concentration increases. During absorption, water must be absorbed at a rate commensurate with the absorption of solutes. The transport of actively and passively absorbed nutrients across epithelium is affected by the unstirred water layer covering the <a href="/wiki/Microvillus" title="Microvillus">microvillus</a> membrane.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The presence of mucus or fiber, e.g., pectin or guar, in the unstirred layer may alter the viscosity and solute diffusion coefficient.<sup id="cite_ref-Eastwood_a_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastwood_a-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Adding viscous polysaccharides to carbohydrate meals can reduce <a href="/wiki/Post-prandial" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-prandial">post-prandial</a> blood glucose concentrations. Wheat and maize but not oats modify glucose absorption, the rate being dependent upon the particle size. The reduction in absorption rate with guar gum may be due to the increased resistance by viscous solutions to the convective flows created by intestinal contractions. </p><p>Dietary fiber interacts with pancreatic and enteric enzymes and their substrates. Human pancreatic enzyme activity is reduced when incubated with most fiber sources. Fiber may affect <a href="/wiki/Amylase" title="Amylase">amylase</a> activity and hence the rate of hydrolysis of starch. The more viscous polysaccharides extend the mouth-to-<a href="/wiki/Cecum" title="Cecum">cecum</a> transit time; guar, <a href="/wiki/Tragacanth" title="Tragacanth">tragacanth</a> and pectin being slower than wheat bran.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colon">Colon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Colon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The colon may be regarded as two organs, </p> <ol><li>the right side (cecum and <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine#Ascending_colon" title="Large intestine">ascending colon</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermenter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The right side of the colon is involved in nutrient salvage so that dietary fiber, resistant starch, fat and protein are utilized by bacteria and the end-products absorbed for use by the body</li> <li>the left side (<a href="/wiki/Large_intestine#Transverse_colon" title="Large intestine">transverse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine#Descending_colon" title="Large intestine">descending</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine#Sigmoid_colon" title="Large intestine">sigmoid colon</a>), affecting continence.</li></ol> <p>The presence of bacteria in the colon produces an 'organ' of intense, mainly reductive, metabolic activity, whereas the liver is oxidative. The substrates utilized by the cecum have either passed along the entire intestine or are biliary excretion products. The effects of dietary fiber in the colon are on </p> <ol><li>bacterial fermentation of some dietary fibers</li> <li>thereby an increase in bacterial mass</li> <li>an increase in bacterial enzyme activity</li> <li>changes in the water-holding capacity of the fiber residue after fermentation</li></ol> <p>Enlargement of the cecum is a common finding when some dietary fibers are fed and this is now believed to be normal physiological adjustment. Such an increase may be due to a number of factors, prolonged cecal residence of the fiber, increased bacterial mass, or increased bacterial end-products. Some non-absorbed carbohydrates, e.g. pectin, gum arabic, oligosaccharides and resistant starch, are fermented to short-chain fatty acids (chiefly acetic, propionic and n-butyric), and carbon dioxide, hydrogen and methane. Almost all of these short-chain fatty acids will be absorbed from the colon. This means that fecal short-chain fatty acid estimations do not reflect cecal and colonic fermentation, only the efficiency of absorption, the ability of the fiber residue to sequestrate short-chain fatty acids, and the continued fermentation of fiber around the colon, which presumably will continue until the substrate is exhausted. The production of short-chain fatty acids has several possible actions on the gut mucosa. All of the short-chain fatty acids are readily absorbed by the colonic mucosa, but only acetic acid reaches the systemic circulation in appreciable amounts. Butyric acid appears to be used as a fuel by the colonic mucosa as the preferred energy source for colonic cells. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cholesterol_metabolism">Cholesterol metabolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cholesterol metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dietary fiber may act on each phase of ingestion, digestion, absorption and excretion to affect cholesterol metabolism,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the following: </p> <ol><li>Caloric energy of foods through a bulking effect</li> <li>Slowing of gastric emptying time</li> <li>A glycemic index type of action on absorption</li> <li>A slowing of bile acid absorption in the <a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">ileum</a> so bile acids escape through to the cecum</li> <li>Altered or increased bile acid metabolism in the cecum</li> <li>Indirectly by absorbed short-chain fatty acids, especially propionic acid, resulting from fiber fermentation affecting the cholesterol metabolism in the liver.</li> <li>Binding of bile acids to fiber or bacteria in the cecum with increased fecal loss from the entero-hepatic circulation.</li></ol> <p>One action of some fibers is to reduce the reabsorption of bile acids in the ileum and hence the amount and type of bile acid and fats reaching the colon. A reduction in the reabsorption of bile acid from the ileum has several direct effects. </p> <ol><li>Bile acids may be trapped within the lumen of the ileum either because of a high luminal viscosity or because of binding to a dietary fiber.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lignin in fiber adsorbs bile acids, but the unconjugated form of the bile acids are adsorbed more than the conjugated form. In the ileum where bile acids are primarily absorbed the bile acids are predominantly conjugated.</li> <li>The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids may be altered and there is an increased flow of bile acids to the cecum, where they are deconjugated and 7alpha-dehydroxylated.</li> <li>These water-soluble form, bile acids e.g., deoxycholic and lithocholic are adsorbed to dietary fiber and an increased fecal loss of sterols, dependent in part on the amount and type of fiber.</li> <li>A further factor is an increase in the bacterial mass and activity of the ileum as some fibers e.g., pectin are digested by bacteria. The bacterial mass increases and cecal bacterial activity increases.</li> <li>The enteric loss of bile acids results in increased synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol which in turn reduces body cholesterol.</li></ol> <p>The fibers that are most effective in influencing sterol metabolism (e.g. pectin) are fermented in the colon. It is therefore unlikely that the reduction in body cholesterol is due to adsorption to this fermented fiber in the colon. </p> <ol><li>There might be alterations in the end-products of bile acid bacterial metabolism or the release of short chain fatty acids which are absorbed from the colon, return to the liver in the portal vein and modulate either the synthesis of cholesterol or its catabolism to bile acids.</li> <li>The prime mechanism whereby fiber influences cholesterol metabolism is through bacteria binding bile acids in the colon after the initial deconjugation and dehydroxylation. The sequestered bile acids are then excreted in feces.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fermentable fibers e.g., pectin will increase the bacterial mass in the colon by virtue of their providing a medium for bacterial growth.</li> <li>Other fibers, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">gum arabic</a>, act as <a href="/wiki/Food_additive#Categories" title="Food additive">stabilizers</a> and cause a significant decrease in serum cholesterol without increasing fecal bile acid excretion.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fecal_weight">Fecal weight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fecal weight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Feces consist of a plasticine-like material, made up of water, bacteria, lipids, sterols, mucus and fiber. </p> <ol><li>Feces are 75% water; bacteria make a large contribution to the dry weight, the residue being unfermented fiber and excreted compounds.</li> <li>Fecal output may vary over a range of between 20 and 280 g over 24 hours. The amount of feces egested a day varies for any one individual over a period of time.</li> <li>Of dietary constituents, only dietary fiber increases fecal weight.</li></ol> <p>Water is distributed in the colon in three ways: </p> <ol><li>Free water which can be absorbed from the colon.</li> <li>Water that is incorporated into bacterial mass.</li> <li>Water that is bound by fiber.</li></ol> <p>Fecal weight is dictated by: </p> <ol><li>the holding of water by the residual dietary fiber after fermentation.</li> <li>the bacterial mass.</li> <li>There may also be an added osmotic effect of products of bacterial fermentation on fecal mass.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_of_fiber_intake">Effects of fiber intake</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Effects of fiber intake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Preliminary research indicates that fiber may affect health by different mechanisms. </p><p>Effects of fiber include:<sup id="cite_ref-bnf_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bnf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lpi_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Increases food volume without increasing caloric content to the same extent as digestible carbohydrates, providing satiety which may reduce appetite (both insoluble and soluble fiber)</li> <li>Attracts water and forms a <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscous</a> gel during digestion, slowing the emptying of the stomach, shortening intestinal transit time, shielding carbohydrates from enzymes, and delaying absorption of glucose,<sup id="cite_ref-bnf_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bnf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which lowers variance in blood sugar levels (soluble fiber)</li> <li>Lowers total and LDL cholesterol, which may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease<sup id="cite_ref-bnf_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bnf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (soluble fiber)</li> <li>Reduces blood pressure, being negatively associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may prevent the development of cardiovascular disease in offspring<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Regulates blood sugar, which may reduce glucose and insulin levels in diabetic patients and may lower risk of diabetes<sup id="cite_ref-bnf_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bnf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (insoluble fiber)</li> <li>Speeds the passage of foods through the digestive system, which facilitates regular defecation (insoluble fiber)</li> <li>Adds bulk to the stool, which alleviates constipation (insoluble fiber)</li> <li>Balances intestinal pH<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and stimulates intestinal fermentation production of short-chain fatty acids.<sup id="cite_ref-bnf_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bnf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Fiber does not bind to minerals and vitamins and therefore does not restrict their absorption, but rather evidence exists that fermentable fiber sources improve absorption of minerals, especially calcium.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2019, preliminary <a href="/wiki/Clinical_research" title="Clinical research">clinical research</a> on the potential health effects of a regular high-fiber diet included studies on the risk of several <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular diseases</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Type_II_diabetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Type II diabetes">type II diabetes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lpi_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-veronese_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-veronese-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High-fiber intake is associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer, colon cancer and lower mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dietary_recommendations">Dietary recommendations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dietary recommendations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> (EFSA) Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens, which deals with the establishment of Dietary Reference Values for carbohydrates and dietary fibre, "based on the available evidence on bowel function, the Panel considers dietary fibre intakes of 25 g per day to be adequate for normal laxation in adults".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jrc2017_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jrc2017-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Current recommendations from the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine">National Academy of Medicine</a> (NAM) (formerly Institute of Medicine) of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> state that for <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" title="Dietary Reference Intake">Adequate Intake</a>, adult men ages 19–50 consume 38 grams of dietary fiber per day, men 51 and older 30 grams, women ages 19–50 to consume 25 grams per day, women 51 and older 21 grams. These are based on three studies observing that people in the highest quintile of fiber intake consumed a median of 14 grams of fiber per 1,000 Calories and had the lowest risk of coronary heart disease, especially for those who ate more cereal fiber.<sup id="cite_ref-lpi_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USDA-IOM_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-IOM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Nutrition_and_Dietetics" title="Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics">Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics</a> (AND) reiterates the recommendations of the NAM.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1995 research team's recommendation for children is that intake should equal age in years plus 5 g/day (e.g., a 4-year-old should consume 9 g/day).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NAM's current recommendation for children is 19 g/day for age 1–3 years and 25 g/day for age 4–8 years.<sup id="cite_ref-lpi_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No guidelines have yet been established for the elderly or very ill. Patients with current <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">abdominal pain</a> should see a physician. Certain bulking agents are not commonly recommended with the prescription of <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a> because the slow transit time mixed with larger stools may lead to severe constipation, pain, or obstruction. </p><p>On average, North Americans consume less than 50% of the dietary fiber levels recommended for good health. In the preferred food choices of today's youth, this value may be as low as 20%, a factor considered by experts as contributing to the <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> levels seen in many <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recognizing the growing scientific evidence for physiological benefits of increased fiber intake, regulatory agencies such as the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) have given approvals to food products making health claims for fiber. The FDA classifies which ingredients qualify as being "fiber", and requires for product labeling that a physiological benefit is gained by adding the fiber ingredient.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2008, the FDA approved <a href="/wiki/Health_claim" title="Health claim">health claims</a> for qualified fiber products to display labeling that regular consumption may reduce <a href="/wiki/Blood_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood cholesterol">blood cholesterol</a> levels – which can lower the risk of <a href="/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary heart disease">coronary heart disease</a><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – and also reduce the risk of some types of cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Viscous fiber sources gaining FDA approval are:<sup id="cite_ref-lpi_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psyllium" title="Psyllium">Psyllium</a> seed husk (7 grams per day)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-glucan" title="Beta-glucan">Beta-glucan</a> from <a href="/wiki/Oat_bran" class="mw-redirect" title="Oat bran">oat bran</a>, whole <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rolled_oats" title="Rolled oats">rolled oats</a>; or whole grain or dry-milled <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> (3 grams per day)</li></ul> <p>Other examples of bulking fiber sources used in <a href="/wiki/Functional_food" title="Functional food">functional foods</a> and supplements include <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guar_gum" title="Guar gum">guar gum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xanthan_gum" title="Xanthan gum">xanthan gum</a>. Other examples of fermentable fiber sources (from plant foods or biotechnology) used in functional foods and supplements include <a href="/wiki/Resistant_starch" title="Resistant starch">resistant starch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inulin" title="Inulin">inulin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fructan" title="Fructan">fructans</a>, fructooligo saccharides, oligo- or polysaccharides, and resistant <a href="/wiki/Dextrin" title="Dextrin">dextrins</a>, which may be partially or fully fermented. </p><p>Consistent intake of fermentable fiber may reduce the risk of chronic diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-tungland_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tungland-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insufficient fiber in the diet can lead to <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WebMDConst_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebMDConst-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/British_Nutrition_Foundation" title="British Nutrition Foundation">British Nutrition Foundation</a> issued a statement to define dietary fiber more concisely and list the potential health benefits established to date, while increasing its recommended daily minimum intake to 30 grams for healthy adults.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bnf_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bnf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of certain analytical methods to quantify dietary fiber by nature of its indigestion ability results in many other indigestible components being isolated along with the carbohydrate components of dietary fiber. These components include resistant starches and oligosaccharides along with other substances that exist within the plant cell structure and contribute to the material that passes through the digestive tract. Such components are likely to have physiological effects. </p><p>Diets naturally high in fiber can be considered to bring about several main physiological consequences:<sup id="cite_ref-bnf_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bnf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>increases <a href="/wiki/Fecal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fecal">fecal</a> bulk and helps prevent <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a> by decreasing fecal transit time in the <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">large intestine</a></li> <li>improves <a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">gastro-intestinal</a> health</li> <li>improves <a href="/wiki/Glucose_tolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucose tolerance">glucose tolerance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> response following a meal</li> <li>increases <a href="/wiki/Colonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonic">colonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermentation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Short-chain_fatty_acid" title="Short-chain fatty acid">short-chain fatty acid</a> production</li> <li>positively modulates colonic <a href="/wiki/Microflora" class="mw-redirect" title="Microflora">microflora</a></li> <li>reduces <a href="/wiki/Hyperlipidemia" title="Hyperlipidemia">hyperlipidemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary heart disease">coronary heart disease</a> risk factors</li> <li>increases <a href="/wiki/Satiety" title="Satiety">satiety</a> and hence may contribute to weight management</li></ul> <p>Fiber is defined by its physiological impact, with many heterogenous types of fibers. Some fibers may primarily impact one of these benefits (i.e., cellulose increases fecal bulking and prevents constipation), but many fibers impact more than one of these benefits (i.e., resistant starch increases bulking, increases colonic fermentation, positively modulates colonic microflora and increases satiety and insulin sensitivity).<sup id="cite_ref-lockyer_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lockyer-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-keenan_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keenan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The beneficial effects of high fiber diets are the summation of the effects of the different types of fiber present in the diet and also other components of such diets. </p><p>Defining fiber physiologically allows recognition of indigestible carbohydrates with structures and physiological properties similar to those of naturally occurring dietary fibers.<sup id="cite_ref-bnf_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bnf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fermentation">Fermentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Fermentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Cereal_Chemists" class="mw-redirect" title="American Association of Cereal Chemists">Cereals & Grains Association</a> has defined soluble fiber this way: "the edible parts of plants or similar carbohydrates resistant to digestion and absorption in the human small intestine with complete or partial fermentation in the large intestine."<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this definition, "edible parts of plants" indicates that some parts of a plant that are eaten—skin, pulp, seeds, stems, leaves, roots—contain fiber. Both insoluble and soluble sources are in those plant components. "Carbohydrates" refers to complex carbohydrates, such as long-chained sugars also called starch, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides, which are sources of soluble fermentable fiber. "Resistant to digestion and absorption in the human small intestine" refers to compounds that are not digested by <a href="/wiki/Gastric_acid" title="Gastric acid">gastric acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digestive_enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive enzymes">digestive enzymes</a> in the stomach and small intestine, preventing the digesting animal from utilizing the compounds for energy. A food resistant to this process is undigested, as insoluble and soluble fibers are. They pass to the large intestine only affected by their absorption of water (insoluble fiber) or dissolution in water (soluble fiber). "Complete or partial fermentation in the large intestine" describes the digestive processes of the large intestine, which comprises a segment called the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">colon</a> within which additional nutrient absorption occurs through the process of fermentation. Fermentation occurs through the action of colonic bacteria on the food mass, producing gases and short-chain fatty acids. These short-chain fatty acids have been shown to have significant health properties.<sup id="cite_ref-Wong_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They include <a href="/wiki/Butyric_acid" title="Butyric acid">butyric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic</a> (ethanoic), <a href="/wiki/Propionic_acid" title="Propionic acid">propionic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valeric_acid" title="Valeric acid">valeric</a> acids. </p><p>As an example of fermentation, shorter-chain carbohydrates (a type of fiber found in legumes) cannot be digested, but are changed via fermentation in the colon into short-chain <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a> and gases (which are typically expelled as flatulence). </p><p>According to a 2002 journal article,<sup id="cite_ref-tungland_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tungland-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fiber compounds with partial or low fermentability include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, a polysaccharide</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_cellulose" title="Methyl cellulose">methyl cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">hemicellulose</a>, a polysaccharide</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignan" title="Lignan">lignans</a>, a group of <a href="/wiki/Phytoestrogen" title="Phytoestrogen">phytoestrogens</a></li> <li>plant <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a></li></ul> <p>fiber compounds with high fermentability include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistant_starch" title="Resistant starch">resistant starches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-glucans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-glucans">beta-glucans</a>, a group of polysaccharides</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectins</a>, a group of <a href="/wiki/Heteropolysaccharide" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteropolysaccharide">heteropolysaccharides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">natural gums</a>, a group of polysaccharides</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inulin" title="Inulin">inulins</a>, a group of polysaccharides</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Short-chain_fatty_acids">Short-chain fatty acids</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Short-chain fatty acids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Short-chain_fatty_acid" title="Short-chain fatty acid">Short-chain fatty acid</a></div> <p>When fermentable fiber is fermented, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are produced.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SCFAs are involved in numerous physiological processes promoting health, including:<sup id="cite_ref-Wong_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>stabilize blood <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> levels by acting on pancreatic <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> release and liver control of <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a> breakdown</li> <li>stimulate <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a> of <a href="/wiki/Glucose_transporter" title="Glucose transporter">glucose transporters</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_mucosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal mucosa">intestinal mucosa</a>, regulating glucose absorption<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>provide nourishment of <a href="/wiki/Colonocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonocytes">colonocytes</a>, particularly by the SCFA butyrate</li> <li>suppress <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> synthesis by the liver and reduce blood levels of <a href="/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein" title="Low-density lipoprotein">LDL cholesterol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglycerides</a> responsible for <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a></li> <li>lower colonic <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> (i.e., raises the acidity level in the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">colon</a>) which protects the lining from formation of <a href="/wiki/Colonic_polyp" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonic polyp">colonic polyps</a> and increases absorption of <a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">dietary minerals</a></li> <li>stimulate production of <a href="/wiki/T_helper_cell" title="T helper cell">T helper cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leukocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukocyte">leukocytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">lymph</a> mechanisms having crucial roles in <a href="/wiki/Immune" class="mw-redirect" title="Immune">immune</a> protection</li> <li>improve barrier properties of the colonic <a href="/wiki/Mucosal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucosal">mucosal</a> layer, inhibiting <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammatory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adhesion" title="Adhesion">adhesion</a> irritants, contributing to immune functions</li></ul> <p>SCFAs that are absorbed by the colonic mucosa pass through the colonic wall into the <a href="/wiki/Portal_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal circulation">portal circulation</a> (supplying the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>), and the liver transports them into the general <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a>. </p><p>Overall, SCFAs affect major regulatory systems, such as blood glucose and lipid levels, the colonic environment, and intestinal immune functions.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major SCFAs in humans are <a href="/wiki/Butyric_acid" title="Butyric acid">butyrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propionic_acid" title="Propionic acid">propionate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetate</a>, where butyrate is the major energy source for colonocytes, propionate is destined for uptake by the liver, and acetate enters the peripheral circulation to be metabolized by peripheral tissues.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="FDA-approved_health_claims">FDA-approved health claims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: FDA-approved health claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FDA allows manufacturers of foods containing 1.7 g per serving of psyllium husk soluble fiber or 0.75 g of <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oat</a> or <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> soluble fiber as <a href="/wiki/Beta-glucans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-glucans">beta-glucans</a> to <a href="/wiki/Health_claim" title="Health claim">claim</a> that regular consumption may reduce the risk of <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FDAc_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDAc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FDA statement template for making this claim is: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Soluble fiber from foods such as [name of soluble fiber source, and, if desired, name of food product], as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease. A serving of [name of food product] supplies __ grams of the [necessary daily dietary intake for the benefit] soluble fiber from [name of soluble fiber source] necessary per day to have this effect.<sup id="cite_ref-FDAc_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDAc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Eligible sources of soluble fiber providing beta-glucan include: </p> <ul><li>Oat bran</li> <li>Rolled oats</li> <li>Whole oat flour</li> <li>Oatrim</li> <li>Whole grain barley and dry milled barley</li> <li>Soluble fiber from psyllium husk with purity of no less than 95%</li></ul> <p>The allowed label may state that diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol and that include soluble fiber from certain of the above foods "may" or "might" reduce the risk of heart disease. </p><p>As discussed in FDA regulation 21 CFR 101.81, the daily dietary intake levels of soluble fiber from sources listed above associated with reduced risk of <a href="/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary heart disease">coronary heart disease</a> are: </p> <ul><li>3 g or more per day of beta-glucan soluble fiber from either whole oats or barley, or a combination of whole oats and barley</li> <li>7 g or more per day of soluble fiber from psyllium seed husk.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Soluble fiber from consuming grains is included in other allowed health claims for lowering risk of some types of cancer and heart disease by consuming fruit and vegetables (21 CFR 101.76, 101.77, and 101.78).<sup id="cite_ref-FDAc_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDAc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2016, the FDA approved a qualified health claim that consuming resistant starch from high-<a href="/wiki/Amylose" title="Amylose">amylose</a> corn may reduce the risk of <a href="/wiki/Type_2_diabetes" title="Type 2 diabetes">type 2 diabetes</a> due to its effect of increasing <a href="/wiki/Insulin_sensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulin sensitivity">insulin sensitivity</a>. The allowed claim specified: "High-amylose maize resistant starch may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. The FDA has concluded that there is limited scientific evidence for this claim."<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the FDA released further guidance on the labeling of isolated or synthetic dietary fiber to clarify how different types of dietary fiber should be classified.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_nutrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential nutrient">Essential nutrient</a> – Substance that an organism uses to live<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diets" title="List of diets">List of diets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_macronutrients" title="List of macronutrients">List of macronutrients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_micronutrients" title="List of micronutrients">List of micronutrients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_phytochemicals_in_food" title="List of phytochemicals in food">List of phytochemicals in food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-fiber/low-residue_diet" title="Low-fiber/low-residue diet">Low-fiber/low-residue diet</a> – Diet that limits stool</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bnf-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bnf_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bnf_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bnf_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bnf_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bnf_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bnf_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bnf_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bnf_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bnf_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bnf_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bnf_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bnf_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bnf_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726203523/https://www.nutrition.org.uk/nutritionscience/nutrients-food-and-ingredients/dietary-fibre.html?limitstart=0">"Dietary fibre"</a>. British Nutrition Foundation. 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nutrition.org.uk/nutritionscience/nutrients-food-and-ingredients/dietary-fibre.html?limitstart=0">the original</a> on 26 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F137.3.838S">"Prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics affect mineral absorption, bone mineral content, and bone structure"</a>. <i>The Journal of Nutrition</i>. <b>137</b> (3 Suppl 2): <span class="nowrap">838S –</span> <span class="nowrap">46S</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F137.3.838S">10.1093/jn/137.3.838S</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17311984">17311984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Prebiotics%2C+probiotics%2C+and+synbiotics+affect+mineral+absorption%2C+bone+mineral+content%2C+and+bone+structure&rft.volume=137&rft.issue=3+Suppl+2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E838S+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46S%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjn%2F137.3.838S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17311984&rft.aulast=Scholz-Ahrens&rft.aufirst=KE&rft.au=Ade%2C+P&rft.au=Marten%2C+B&rft.au=Weber%2C+P&rft.au=Timm%2C+W&rft.au=A%C3%A7il%2C+Y&rft.au=Gl%C3%BCer%2C+CC&rft.au=Schrezenmeir%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjn%252F137.3.838S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADietary+fiber" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: overridden setting (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_overridden_setting" title="Category:CS1 maint: overridden setting">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Soluble Fiber from Certain Foods and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease, U.S. Government Printing Office, Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21: Food and Drugs, part 101: Food Labeling, Subpart E, Specific Requirements for Health Claims, 101.81 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=77ed7da9463357d9a09892213e5c74db&rgn=div8&view=text&node=21:2.0.1.1.2.5.1.12&idno=21">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080601040856/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=77ed7da9463357d9a09892213e5c74db&rgn=div8&view=text&node=21%3A2.0.1.1.2.5.1.12&idno=21">Archived</a> 1 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalentine2016" class="citation web cs1">Balentine D (12 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/downloads/food/ingredientspackaginglabeling/labelingnutrition/ucm546963.pdf">"Petition for a Health Claim for High-Amylose Maize Starch (Containing Type-2 Resistant Starch) and Reduced Risk Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Docket Number FDA2015-Q-2352)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Office of Nutrition and Food Labeling, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Petition+for+a+Health+Claim+for+High-Amylose+Maize+Starch+%28Containing+Type-2+Resistant+Starch%29+and+Reduced+Risk+Type+2+Diabetes+Mellitus+%28Docket+Number+FDA2015-Q-2352%29&rft.pub=Office+of+Nutrition+and+Food+Labeling%2C+Center+for+Food+Safety+and+Applied+Nutrition%2C+U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.date=2016-12-12&rft.aulast=Balentine&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fdownloads%2Ffood%2Fingredientspackaginglabeling%2Flabelingnutrition%2Fucm546963.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADietary+fiber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElaine_Watson2018" class="citation web cs1">Elaine Watson (14 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Article/2018/06/15/FDA-unveils-dietary-fibers-guidance-Good-news-for-inulin-polydextrose-some-gray-areas-remaining">"FDA unveils dietary fibers guidance: Good news for inulin, polydextrose, some gray areas remaining"</a>. FoodNavigatorUSA.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FDA+unveils+dietary+fibers+guidance%3A+Good+news+for+inulin%2C+polydextrose%2C+some+gray+areas+remaining&rft.pub=FoodNavigatorUSA.com&rft.date=2018-06-14&rft.au=Elaine+Watson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodnavigator-usa.com%2FArticle%2F2018%2F06%2F15%2FFDA-unveils-dietary-fibers-guidance-Good-news-for-inulin-polydextrose-some-gray-areas-remaining&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADietary+fiber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Yusuf, K.; Saha, S.; Umar, S. (26 May 2022). "Health Benefits of Dietary Fiber for the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease". <i>Biomedicines</i>, <b>10</b>(6: Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2.0 (special issue)), 1242. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbiomedicines10061242">10.3390/biomedicines10061242</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiber&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Terpenoids" title="Template:Terpenoids"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Terpenoids" title="Template talk:Terpenoids"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Terpenoids" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Terpenoids"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_terpenes_and_terpenoids_(#_of_isoprene_units)435" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">terpenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">terpenoids</a> (# of <a href="/wiki/Isoprene" title="Isoprene">isoprene</a> units)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic forms:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Acyclic (linear, <i>cis</i> and <i>trans</i> forms)</li> <li>Monocyclic (single ring)</li> <li>Bicyclic (2 rings)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridoid" title="Iridoid">Iridoids</a> (cyclopentane ring)</li> <li>Iridoid glycosides (iridoids bound to a sugar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroids</a> (4 rings)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemiterpenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemiterpenoid">Hemiterpenoids</a> (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isoprene" title="Isoprene">Isoprene</a> (C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>8</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenol" title="Prenol">Prenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isovaleric_acid" title="Isovaleric acid">Isovaleric acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monoterpene" title="Monoterpene">Monoterpenes</a> <br />(C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>16</sub>)(2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acyclic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocimene" title="Ocimene">Ocimene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrcene" title="Myrcene">Myrcenes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monocyclic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limonene" title="Limonene">Limonene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terpinene" title="Terpinene">Terpinene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phellandrene" title="Phellandrene">Phellandrene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bicyclic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinene" title="Pinene">Pinene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pinene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pinene">α</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta-Pinene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Pinene">β</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphene" title="Camphene">Camphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thujene" title="Thujene">Thujene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabinene" title="Sabinene">Sabinene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carene" class="mw-redirect" title="Carene">Carene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monoterpenoids <br />(2,modified)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acyclic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citronellal" title="Citronellal">Citronellal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citral" title="Citral">Citral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citronellol" title="Citronellol">Citronellol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraniol" title="Geraniol">Geraniol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geranyl_pyrophosphate" title="Geranyl pyrophosphate">Geranyl pyrophosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halomon" title="Halomon">Halomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linalool" title="Linalool">Linalool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monocyclic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grapefruit_mercaptan" title="Grapefruit mercaptan">Grapefruit mercaptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-Cymene" title="P-Cymene">p-Cymene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thujaplicin" title="Thujaplicin">Thujaplicins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hinokitiol" title="Hinokitiol">Hinokitiol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymol" title="Thymol">Thymol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perillyl_alcohol" title="Perillyl alcohol">Perillyl alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvacrol" title="Carvacrol">Carvacrol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bicyclic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneol" title="Borneol">Borneol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornyl_acetate" title="Bornyl acetate">Bornyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascaridole" title="Ascaridole">Ascaridole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbellulone" title="Umbellulone">Umbellulone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sesquiterpenoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesquiterpenoids">Sesquiterpenoids</a> (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemisinin" title="Artemisinin">Artemisinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisabolol" title="Bisabolol">Bisabolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadinene" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadinene">Cadinene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadinol" title="Cadinol">Cadinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedrene" title="Cedrene">Cedrene</a></li> <li>Chanootin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnesyl_pyrophosphate" title="Farnesyl pyrophosphate">Farnesyl pyrophosphate</a></li> <li>Juniperol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longifolene" title="Longifolene">Longifolene</a></li> <li>Muurolene</li> <li>Nootkatin</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">Diterpenoids</a> (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acyclic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phytol" title="Phytol">Phytol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geranylgeranyl_pyrophosphate" title="Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate">Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate</a></li> <li>Geranyl-linalool</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monocyclic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retinol" title="Retinol">Retinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinal" title="Retinal">Retinal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bicyclic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>cis</i>-Abienol</li> <li>Epimanool</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tricyclic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cembrene" class="mw-redirect" title="Cembrene">Cembrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forskolin" title="Forskolin">Forskolin</a></li> <li>Manoyl oxide</li> <li>Pimaral</li> <li>Pimarol</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tetracyclic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphidicolin" title="Aphidicolin">Aphidicolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibberellin" title="Gibberellin">Gibberellin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">Paclitaxel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resin_acid" title="Resin acid">Resin acids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abietic_acid" title="Abietic acid">Abietic acid</a></li> <li>Communic acid</li> <li>Dehydroabietic acid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopimaric_acid" title="Isopimaric acid">Isopimaric acid</a></li> <li>Lambertianic acid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levopimaric_acid" title="Levopimaric acid">Levopimaric acid</a></li> <li>Mercusic acid</li> <li>Neoabietic acid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimaric_acid" title="Pimaric acid">Pimaric acid</a></li> <li>Sandaracopimaric acid</li> <li>Secodehydroabietic acid</li> <li>Palustric acid</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sesterterpenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesterterpenoid">Sesterterpenoids</a> (5)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Geranylfarnesol</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triterpenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Triterpenoid">Triterpenoids</a> (6)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phytosterol" title="Phytosterol">Phytosterols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campesterol" title="Campesterol">Campesterol</a></li> <li>Citrostadienol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloartenol" title="Cycloartenol">Cycloartenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitostanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitostanol">Sitostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitosterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitosterol">Sitosterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigmasterol" title="Stigmasterol">Stigmasterol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocopherol" title="Tocopherol">Tocopherols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecalciferol" title="Cholecalciferol">Cholecalciferol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecdysone" title="Ecdysone">Ecdysones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betulin" title="Betulin">Betulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanosterol" title="Lanosterol">Lanosterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saponin" title="Saponin">Saponins</a></li> <li>Serratenediol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squalane" title="Squalane">Squalane</a></li> <li>Acids <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oleanolic_acid" title="Oleanolic acid">Oleanolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursolic_acid" title="Ursolic acid">Ursolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betulinic_acid" title="Betulinic acid">Betulinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moronic_acid" title="Moronic acid">Moronic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sesquarterpenes/oids (7)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ferrugicadiol</li> <li>Tetraprenylcurcumene</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetraterpenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraterpenoid">Tetraterpenoids</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">Carotenoids</a>) (8)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carotene" title="Carotene">Carotenes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Carotene">Alpha-Carotene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Carotene">Beta-Carotene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Carotene">Gamma-Carotene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta-Carotene">Delta-Carotene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopene" title="Lycopene">Lycopene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosporene" title="Neurosporene">Neurosporene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytofluene" title="Phytofluene">Phytofluene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoene" title="Phytoene">Phytoene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xanthophyll" title="Xanthophyll">Xanthophylls</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canthaxanthin" title="Canthaxanthin">Canthaxanthin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptoxanthin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptoxanthin">Cryptoxanthin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeaxanthin" title="Zeaxanthin">Zeaxanthin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astaxanthin" title="Astaxanthin">Astaxanthin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutein" title="Lutein">Lutein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubixanthin" title="Rubixanthin">Rubixanthin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polyterpenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyterpenoid">Polyterpenoids</a> (many)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Natural rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta_percha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutta percha">Gutta percha</a></li> <li>Gutta-balatá</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norisoprenoids (modified)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>3-oxo-α-ionol</li> <li>7,8-dihydroionone</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synthesis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Terpene synthase enzymes (many), having in common a <a href="/wiki/Terpene_synthase_N_terminal_domain" title="Terpene synthase N terminal domain">terpene synthase N terminal domain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protein_domain" title="Protein domain">protein domain</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activated isoprene forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isopentenyl_pyrophosphate" title="Isopentenyl pyrophosphate">Isopentenyl pyrophosphate</a> (IPP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylallyl_pyrophosphate" title="Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate">Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate</a> (DMAPP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenolic compound">Phenolic compounds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_phenolic_compounds121" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Phenolic_compounds" title="Template:Phenolic compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Phenolic_compounds" title="Template talk:Phenolic compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Phenolic_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Phenolic compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_phenolic_compounds121" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Phenolic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenolic compound">phenolic compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_monophenol" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural monophenol">Natural monophenols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzenediol" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzenediol">Benzenediols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzenetriol" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzenetriol">Benzenetriols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apiole" title="Apiole">Apiole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnosol" title="Carnosol">Carnosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvacrol" title="Carvacrol">Carvacrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillapiole" title="Dillapiole">Dillapiole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">Polyphenols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polyphenols" title="Template:Polyphenols"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polyphenols" title="Template talk:Polyphenols"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polyphenols" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polyphenols"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_polyphenols177" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenols</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">Flavonoids</a><br />(C6-C3-C6)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Flavonoids" title="Template:Flavonoids"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Flavonoids" title="Template talk:Flavonoids"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Flavonoids" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Flavonoids"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_flavonoids63" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">flavonoids</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">Flavonoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anthoxanthin" title="Anthoxanthin">Anthoxanthins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flavone" title="Flavone">Flavones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">Apigenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrysin" title="Chrysin">Chrysin</a>, et.c.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flavonols" title="Flavonols">Flavonols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quercetin" title="Quercetin">Quercetin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaempferol" title="Kaempferol">Kaempferol</a>, et.c.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isoflavones" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoflavones">Isoflavones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daidzein" title="Daidzein">Daidzein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genistein" title="Genistein">Genistein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orobol" title="Orobol">Orobol</a> et.c.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neoflavonoid" title="Neoflavonoid">Neoflavonoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalbergichromene" title="Dalbergichromene">Dalbergichromene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flavan" title="Flavan">Flavans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flavan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luteoliflavan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luteoliflavan (page does not exist)">Luteoliflavan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flavan-3-ol" title="Flavan-3-ol">Flavan-3-ols</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Flavanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavanol">flavanols</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">Catechin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallocatechol" title="Gallocatechol">Gallocatechol</a>, et.c.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flavan-4-ol" title="Flavan-4-ol">Flavan-4-ols</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Flavanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavanol">flavanols</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apiforol" title="Apiforol">Apiforol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luteoforol" title="Luteoforol">Luteoforol</a>, et.c.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leucoanthocyanidin" title="Leucoanthocyanidin">Flavan-3,4-diols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leucocyanidin" title="Leucocyanidin">Leucocyanidin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leucodelphinidin" title="Leucodelphinidin">Leucodelphinidin</a>, et.c.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flavanone" title="Flavanone">Flavanones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesperidin" title="Hesperidin">Hesperidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naringenin" title="Naringenin">Naringenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriodictyol" title="Eriodictyol">Eriodictyol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flavanonol" title="Flavanonol">Flavanonols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxifolin" title="Taxifolin">Taxifolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromadendrin" title="Aromadendrin">Aromadendrin</a>, et.c.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anthocyanidins" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthocyanidins">Anthocyanidins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3-deoxyanthocyanidin" class="mw-redirect" title="3-deoxyanthocyanidin">3-deoxyanthocyanidins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyanidin" title="Cyanidin">Cyanidin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delphinidin" title="Delphinidin">Delphinidin</a>, et.c.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-hydroxyanthocyanidin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-hydroxyanthocyanidin (page does not exist)">3-hydroxyanthocyanidin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apigeninidin" title="Apigeninidin">Apigeninidin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guibourtinidin" title="Guibourtinidin">Guibourtinidin</a>, et.c.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aurones" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurones">Aurones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aureusidin" title="Aureusidin">Aureusidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptosidin" title="Leptosidin">Leptosidin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chalcones" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcones">Chalcones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chalcone" title="Chalcone">Chalcones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butein" title="Butein">Butein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isoliquiritigenin" title="Isoliquiritigenin">Isoliquiritigenin</a>, et.c.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dihydrochalcone" title="Dihydrochalcone">Dihydrochalcone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phloretin" title="Phloretin">Phloretin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Miscellaneous</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_phytochemicals_in_food" title="List of phytochemicals in food">List of phytochemicals in food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-methylated_flavonoid" title="C-methylated flavonoid">C-methylated flavonoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-methylated_flavonoid" title="O-methylated flavonoid">O-methylated flavonoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furanoflavonoid" title="Furanoflavonoid">Furanoflavonoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyranoflavonoid" title="Pyranoflavonoid">Pyranoflavonoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenylflavonoid" title="Prenylflavonoid">Prenylflavonoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxy" title="Methylenedioxy">Methylenedioxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castavinol" title="Castavinol">Castavinols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Flavonoid_biosynthesis" title="Flavonoid biosynthesis">Flavonoid biosynthesis</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flavonolignan" title="Flavonolignan">Flavonolignans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Silymarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Silymarin">Silymarin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lignan" title="Lignan">Lignans</a><br />((C6-C3)<sub>2</sub>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matairesinol" title="Matairesinol">Matairesinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secoisolariciresinol" title="Secoisolariciresinol">Secoisolariciresinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoresinol" title="Pinoresinol">Pinoresinol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stilbenoid" title="Stilbenoid">Stilbenoids</a><br />(C6-C2-C6)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resveratrol" title="Resveratrol">Resveratrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterostilbene" title="Pterostilbene">Pterostilbene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piceatannol" title="Piceatannol">Piceatannol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinosylvin" title="Pinosylvin">Pinosylvin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Curcuminoid" title="Curcuminoid">Curcuminoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Curcumin" title="Curcumin">Curcumin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">Tannins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tannin" title="Template:Tannin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tannin" title="Template talk:Tannin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tannin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tannin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_natural_tannins155" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of natural <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrolysable_tannin" title="Hydrolysable tannin">Hydrolysable tannins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ellagitannin" title="Ellagitannin">Ellagitannins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punicalagin" title="Punicalagin">Punicalagins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalagin" title="Castalagin">Castalagins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vescalagin" class="mw-redirect" title="Vescalagin">Vescalagins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalin" title="Castalin">Castalins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuarictin" title="Casuarictin">Casuarictins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandinin" title="Grandinin">Grandinins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punicalin" title="Punicalin">Punicalins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roburin_A" title="Roburin A">Roburin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellimagrandin_II" title="Tellimagrandin II">Tellimagrandin IIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terflavin_B" title="Terflavin B">Terflavin B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallotannin" title="Gallotannin">Gallotannins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digalloyl_glucose" class="mw-redirect" title="Digalloyl glucose">Digalloyl glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3,6-Trigalloyl_glucose" class="mw-redirect" title="1,3,6-Trigalloyl glucose">1,3,6-Trigalloyl glucose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Condensed_tannin" title="Condensed tannin">Condensed tannins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proanthocyanidin" title="Proanthocyanidin">Proanthocyanidins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyflavonoid_tannin" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyflavonoid tannin">Polyflavonoid tannins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechol-type_tannin" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechol-type tannin">Catechol-type tannins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrocatecollic_type_tannin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrocatecollic type tannin">Pyrocatecollic type tannins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavolan" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavolan">Flavolans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phlorotannin" title="Phlorotannin">Phlorotannins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eckol" title="Eckol">Eckol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8,8%E2%80%B2-Bieckol" title="8,8′-Bieckol">8,8′-Bieckol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6,6%27-Bieckol" title="6,6'-Bieckol">6,6'-Bieckol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieckol" title="Dieckol">Dieckol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckstolonol" title="Eckstolonol">Eckstolonol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphlorethol" title="Diphlorethol">Diphlorethol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difucol" title="Difucol">Difucol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fucophlorethol_A" title="Fucophlorethol A">Fucophlorethol A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlorofucofuroeckol_A" title="Phlorofucofuroeckol A">Phlorofucofuroeckol A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrafucol_A" title="Tetrafucol A">Tetrafucol A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifucol" title="Trifucol">Trifucol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifuhalol" title="Bifuhalol">Bifuhalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Phloroeckol" title="7-Phloroeckol">7-Phloroeckol</a></li> <li>Phlorofucofuroeckol B</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flavono-ellagitannin" title="Flavono-ellagitannin">Flavono-ellagitannins</a><br />(complex tannins)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epicutissimin_A" title="Epicutissimin A">Epicutissimin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acutissimin_A" title="Acutissimin A">Acutissimin A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Tannin_source" title="Template:Tannin source">Tannin sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo_tannins" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo tannins">Pseudo tannins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_tannins" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic tannins">Synthetic tannins</a></li> <li>Tannin uses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enological_tannin" class="mw-redirect" title="Enological tannin">Enological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_mud" class="mw-redirect" title="Drilling mud">Drilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_gall_ink" title="Iron gall ink">Ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">Tanning</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diarylheptanoid" title="Diarylheptanoid">Diarylheptanoids</a> (C6-C7-C6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthraquinones" title="Anthraquinones">Anthraquinones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalconoid" title="Chalconoid">Chalconoids</a> (C6-C3-C6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavalactone" title="Kavalactone">Kavalactones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthoquinone" title="Naphthoquinone">Naphthoquinones</a> (C6-C4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanoid" title="Phenylpropanoid">Phenylpropanoids</a> (C6-C3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthonoid" title="Xanthonoid">Xanthonoids</a> (C6-C1-C6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coumarin" title="Coumarin">Coumarins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isocoumarin" title="Isocoumarin">isocoumarins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Misc</i>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">Polyphenols</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aromatic_acid" title="Aromatic acid">Aromatic acids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aromatic_acids" title="Template:Aromatic acids"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aromatic_acids" title="Template talk:Aromatic acids"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aromatic_acids" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aromatic acids"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aromatic_acids99" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aromatic_acid" title="Aromatic acid">Aromatic acids</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_acid" title="Phenolic acid">Phenolic acids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monohydroxybenzoic_acids101" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monohydroxybenzoic_acid" title="Monohydroxybenzoic acid">Monohydroxybenzoic acids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aglycones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Hydroxybenzoic_acid" title="3-Hydroxybenzoic acid">3-Hydroxybenzoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxybenzoic_acid" title="4-Hydroxybenzoic acid">4-Hydroxybenzoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">Salicylic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Glycosides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P-Hydroxybenzoic_acid_glucoside" class="mw-redirect" title="P-Hydroxybenzoic acid glucoside">p-Hydroxybenzoic acid glucoside</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxybenzoic_acid" title="Dihydroxybenzoic acid">Dihydroxybenzoic acids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic_acid" title="2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid">2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid</a> (Hypogallic acid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic_acid" title="2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid">2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic_acid" title="2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid">2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic_acid" title="3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid">3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_protocatechuate" title="Ethyl protocatechuate">Ethyl protocatechuate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentisic_acid" title="Gentisic acid">Gentisic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogentisic_acid" title="Homogentisic acid">Homogentisic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsellinic_acid" title="Orsellinic acid">Orsellinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocatechuic_acid" title="Protocatechuic acid">Protocatechuic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trihydroxybenzoic_acid" title="Trihydroxybenzoic acid">Trihydroxybenzoic acids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergenin" title="Bergenin">Bergenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chebulic_acid" title="Chebulic acid">Chebulic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_gallate" title="Ethyl gallate">Ethyl gallate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudesmic_acid" title="Eudesmic acid">Eudesmic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_acid" title="Gallic acid">Gallic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannic_acid" title="Tannic acid">Tannic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbergenin" title="Norbergenin">Norbergenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phloroglucinol_carboxylic_acid" title="Phloroglucinol carboxylic acid">Phloroglucinol carboxylic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syringic_acid" title="Syringic acid">Syringic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theogallin" title="Theogallin">Theogallin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other phenolic acids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanillin" title="Vanillin">Vanillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellagic_acid" title="Ellagic acid">Ellagic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycinnamic_acid" title="Hydroxycinnamic acid">Hydroxycinnamic acids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid">α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeic_acid" title="Caffeic acid">Caffeic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicoric_acid" title="Chicoric acid">Chicoric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamic_acid" title="Cinnamic acid">Cinnamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorogenic_acid" title="Chlorogenic acid">Chlorogenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diferulic_acids" title="Diferulic acids">Diferulic acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coumaric_acid" title="Coumaric acid">Coumaric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coumarin" title="Coumarin">Coumarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferulic_acid" title="Ferulic acid">Ferulic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinapinic_acid" title="Sinapinic acid">Sinapinic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aromatic_amino_acid" title="Aromatic amino acid">Aromatic amino acids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">tryptophan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">histidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroxine" title="Thyroxine">thyroxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-hydroxytryptophan" class="mw-redirect" title="5-hydroxytryptophan">5-hydroxytryptophan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">L-DOPA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phenylethanoid" title="Phenylethanoid">Phenylethanoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosol" title="Tyrosol">Tyrosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxytyrosol" title="Hydroxytyrosol">Hydroxytyrosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleocanthal" title="Oleocanthal">Oleocanthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleuropein" title="Oleuropein">Oleuropein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerol" title="Gingerol">Gingerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkylresorcinol" title="Alkylresorcinol">Alkylresorcinols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Misc</i>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">Phenolic compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlorotannin" title="Phlorotannin">Phlorotannins</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glucosinolate" title="Glucosinolate">Glucosinolates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Precursor to <a href="/wiki/Isothiocyanate" title="Isothiocyanate">isothiocyanates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinigrin" title="Sinigrin">Sinigrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluconasturtiin" title="Gluconasturtiin">Gluconasturtiin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucoraphanin" title="Glucoraphanin">Glucoraphanin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Aglycone derivatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isothiocyanate" title="Isothiocyanate">Isothiocyanates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulforaphane" title="Sulforaphane">Sulforaphane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyl_isothiocyanate" title="Allyl isothiocyanate">Allyl isothiocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenethyl_Isothiocyanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenethyl Isothiocyanate">Phenethyl Isothiocyanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrile" title="Nitrile">Nitriles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanate" title="Thiocyanate">Thiocyanates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organosulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Organosulfide">Organosulfides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">Sulfides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysulfide" title="Polysulfide">Polysulfides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diallyl_disulfide" title="Diallyl disulfide">Diallyl disulfide</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indole" title="Indole">Indoles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indole-3-carbinol" title="Indole-3-carbinol">Indole-3-carbinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,3%27-Diindolylmethane" title="3,3'-Diindolylmethane">3,3'-Diindolylmethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">Allicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliin" title="Alliin">Alliin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyl_isothiocyanate" title="Allyl isothiocyanate">Allyl isothiocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperine" title="Piperine">Piperine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn-propanethial-S-oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Syn-propanethial-S-oxide">Syn-propanethial-S-oxide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Betalain" title="Betalain">Betalains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betacyanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Betacyanin">Betacyanins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betanin" title="Betanin">Betanin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betaxanthin" class="mw-redirect" title="Betaxanthin">Betaxanthins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indicaxanthin" title="Indicaxanthin">Indicaxanthin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgaxanthin" title="Vulgaxanthin">Vulgaxanthin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophylls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyllin" title="Chlorophyllin">Chlorophyllin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_acid" title="Organic acid">Organic acids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Saturated cyclic acids <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phytic_acid" title="Phytic acid">Phytic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinic_acid" title="Quinic acid">Quinic acid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxalic_acid" title="Oxalic acid">Oxalic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartaric_acid" title="Tartaric acid">Tartaric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacardic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Anacardic acid">Anacardic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malic_acid" title="Malic acid">Malic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caftaric_acid" title="Caftaric acid">Caftaric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coutaric_acid" title="Coutaric acid">Coutaric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertaric_acid" title="Fertaric acid">Fertaric acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Monosaccharides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexose" title="Hexose">Hexoses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentose" title="Pentose">Pentoses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">Polysaccharides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta-glucan" title="Beta-glucan">Beta-glucan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentinan" title="Lentinan">Lentinan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fructan" title="Fructan">Fructan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inulin" title="Inulin">Inulins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">Pectin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Misc</i>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_phytochemicals_in_food" title="List of phytochemicals in food">List of phytochemicals and foods in which they are prominent</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_carbohydrates184" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carbohydrates" title="Template:Carbohydrates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carbohydrates" title="Template talk:Carbohydrates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carbohydrates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carbohydrates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_carbohydrates184" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldose" title="Aldose">Aldose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketose" title="Ketose">Ketose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furanose" title="Furanose">Furanose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyranose" title="Pyranose">Pyranose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomer" title="Anomer">Anomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclohexane_conformation" title="Cyclohexane conformation">Cyclohexane conformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimer" title="Epimer">Epimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutarotation" title="Mutarotation">Mutarotation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Monosaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diose" title="Diose">Dioses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldodiose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triose" title="Triose">Trioses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldotriose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde" title="Glyceraldehyde">Glyceraldehyde</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketotriose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrose" title="Tetrose">Tetroses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldotetroses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythrose" title="Erythrose">Erythrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threose" title="Threose">Threose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketotetrose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythrulose" title="Erythrulose">Erythrulose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentose" title="Pentose">Pentoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldopentoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabinose" title="Arabinose">Arabinose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyxose" title="Lyxose">Lyxose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">Ribose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">Xylose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketopentoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribulose" title="Ribulose">Ribulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylulose" title="Xylulose">Xylulose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxy_sugar" title="Deoxy sugar">Deoxy sugars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribose" title="Deoxyribose">Deoxyribose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hexose" title="Hexose">Hexoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldohexose" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldohexose">Aldohexoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allose" title="Allose">Allose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altrose" title="Altrose">Altrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulose" title="Gulose">Gulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idose" title="Idose">Idose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannose" title="Mannose">Mannose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talose" title="Talose">Talose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketohexose" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketohexose">Ketohexoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psicose" title="Psicose">Psicose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbose" title="Sorbose">Sorbose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagatose" title="Tagatose">Tagatose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deoxy sugars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fucose" title="Fucose">Fucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuculose" title="Fuculose">Fuculose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamnose" title="Rhamnose">Rhamnose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heptose" title="Heptose">Heptoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ketoheptoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mannoheptulose" title="Mannoheptulose">Mannoheptulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedoheptulose" title="Sedoheptulose">Sedoheptulose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Above 7</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octose" title="Octose">Octoses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonose" title="Nonose">Nonoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuraminic_acid" title="Neuraminic acid">Neuraminic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">Disaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellobiose" title="Cellobiose">Cellobiose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltose" title="Isomaltose">Isomaltose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltulose" title="Isomaltulose">Isomaltulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">Lactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactulose" title="Lactulose">Lactulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">Maltose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trehalose" title="Trehalose">Trehalose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanose" title="Turanose">Turanose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trisaccharide" title="Trisaccharide">Trisaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltotriose" title="Maltotriose">Maltotriose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melezitose" title="Melezitose">Melezitose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffinose" title="Raffinose">Raffinose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrasaccharide" title="Tetrasaccharide">Tetrasaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stachyose" title="Stachyose">Stachyose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br /> <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acarbose" title="Acarbose">Acarbose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fructooligosaccharide" title="Fructooligosaccharide">Fructooligosaccharide</a> (FOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactooligosaccharide" title="Galactooligosaccharide">Galactooligosaccharide</a> (GOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltooligosaccharide" title="Isomaltooligosaccharide">Isomaltooligosaccharide</a> (IMO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltodextrin" title="Maltodextrin">Maltodextrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">Polysaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta-glucan" title="Beta-glucan">Beta-glucan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oat_beta-glucan" title="Oat beta-glucan">Oat beta-glucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentinan" title="Lentinan">Lentinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophyllan" title="Schizophyllan">Sizofiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zymosan" title="Zymosan">Zymosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitosan" title="Chitosan">Chitosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrin" title="Dextrin">Dextrin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dextran" title="Dextran">Dextran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fructan" title="Fructan">Fructan</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inulin" title="Inulin">Inulin</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glucan" title="Glucan">Glucan</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">Glycogen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levan_polysaccharide" title="Levan polysaccharide">Levan beta 2→6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannans" title="Mannans">Mannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">Pectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amylopectin" title="Amylopectin">Amylopectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amylose" title="Amylose">Amylose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthan_gum" title="Xanthan gum">Xanthan gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Carbohydrates" title="Category:Carbohydrates">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dietary_supplements155" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dietary_supplement" title="Template:Dietary supplement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dietary_supplement" title="Template talk:Dietary supplement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dietary_supplement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dietary supplement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dietary_supplements155" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">Dietary supplements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_supplement" title="Bodybuilding supplement">Bodybuilding supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_bar" title="Energy bar">Energy bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">Fatty acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_(nutrition)" title="Prebiotic (nutrition)">Prebiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probiotic" title="Probiotic">Probiotics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium" title="Bifidobacterium">Bifidobacterium</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_supplement" title="Protein supplement">Protein supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">chemical elements<br /> ("minerals")</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Retinol (Vitamin A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<sub>1</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<sub>2</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<sub>3</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<sub>5</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Pyridoxine (B<sub>6</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">Biotin (B<sub>7</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folic acid (B<sub>9</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanocobalamin" title="Cyanocobalamin">Cyanocobalamin (B<sub>12</sub>)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Tocopherol (Vitamin E)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_supplement" title="Calcium supplement">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other common <br />ingredients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_alpha-ketoglutarate" title="Arginine alpha-ketoglutarate">AAKG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Hydroxy_beta-methylbutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid">β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnitine" title="Carnitine">Carnitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate" title="Chondroitin sulfate">Chondroitin sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_gluconate" title="Copper gluconate">Copper gluconate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">Creatine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dietary fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinacea#Medicinal_effects" title="Echinacea">Echinacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">Ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucosamine" title="Glucosamine">Glucosamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">Glutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_extract" title="Grape seed extract">Grape seed extract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarana" title="Guarana">Guarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_supplement" title="Iron supplement">Iron supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonicera_japonica" title="Lonicera japonica">Japanese honeysuckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_oil" title="Krill oil">Krill oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">Linseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoic_acid" title="Lipoic acid">Lipoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silybum_marianum#Health_benefits" title="Silybum marianum">Milk thistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_(supplement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melatonin (supplement)">Melatonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_yeast_rice" title="Red yeast rice">Red yeast rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saw_palmetto_extract" title="Saw palmetto extract">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirulina_(dietary_supplement)" title="Spirulina (dietary supplement)">Spirulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum#Medicinal_uses" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurine" title="Taurine">Taurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatgrass" title="Wheatgrass">Wheatgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goji" title="Goji">Wolfberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_gluconate" title="Zinc gluconate">Zinc gluconate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Alimentarius" title="Codex Alimentarius">Codex Alimentarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyte" title="Enzyte">Enzyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadacol" title="Hadacol">Hadacol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutraceutical" title="Nutraceutical">Nutraceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multivitamin" title="Multivitamin">Multivitamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_nutrition_and_healthy_diets870" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diets" title="Template:Diets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diets" title="Template talk:Diets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_nutrition_and_healthy_diets870" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Human nutrition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">healthy diets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Main articles</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">Dieting</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dietitian" title="Dietitian">Dietitian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hunger_(motivational_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunger (motivational state)">Hunger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leptin" title="Leptin">Leptin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">Staple food</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">Dieting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">Omnivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_diet" title="Atlantic diet"> Atlantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_diet" title="Low-carbon diet">Low carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_health_diet" title="Planetary health diet">Planetary health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">veganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">Fruitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat analogue">Meat analogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_substitute" title="Milk substitute">Milk substitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_veganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw veganism">Raw vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-vegetarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-vegetarianism">Semi-vegetarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Ovo-lacto vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">Supplement diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_supplement" title="Bodybuilding supplement">Bodybuilding supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal_replacement" title="Meal replacement">Meal replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_food" title="Therapeutic food">Therapeutic food</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-solid diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_diet" title="Liquid diet">Liquid diets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-low-calorie_diet" title="Very-low-calorie diet">Very-low-calorie diet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific <br />restrictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calorie_restriction" title="Calorie restriction">Calorie restriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_diet" title="Cardiac diet">Cardiac diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetic diet">Diabetic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elimination_diet" title="Elimination diet">Elimination diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_restriction_diet" title="Fluid restriction diet">Fluid restriction diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-free_diet" title="Gluten-free diet">Gluten-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-free,_casein-free_diet" title="Gluten-free, casein-free diet">Gluten-free and casein-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_fasting" title="Intermittent fasting">Intermittent fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_sodium_diet" title="Low sodium diet">Low-sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-FODMAP_diet" title="Low-FODMAP diet">Low-FODMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbohydrate_diet" title="Low-carbohydrate diet">Low-carbohydrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-fat_diet" title="Low-fat diet">Low-fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-fiber/low-residue_diet" title="Low-fiber/low-residue diet">Low-fiber/low-residue diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-protein_diet" title="Low-protein diet">Low-protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotrophic_diet" title="Monotrophic diet">Monotrophic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothing_by_mouth" title="Nothing by mouth">NPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_diet" title="Renal diet">Renal diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_diet" title="Soft diet">Soft diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_carbohydrate_diet" title="Specific carbohydrate diet">Specific carbohydrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_ball_diet" title="Cotton ball diet">Cotton ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pica_(disorder)" title="Pica (disorder)">Pica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DASH_diet" title="DASH diet">DASH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIND_diet" title="MIND diet">MIND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_fasting" title="Intermittent fasting">Time Restricted Eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_diet" title="Liquid diet">Liquid diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninja_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninja diet">Ninja diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_foodism" title="Raw foodism">Raw foodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_nutrition_in_the_United_States" title="History of military nutrition in the United States">U.S. military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Diet" title="The Cambridge Diet">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobiotic_diet" title="Macrobiotic diet">Macrobiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Cleanse" title="Master Cleanse">Master Cleanse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_food" title="Junk food">Junk food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfood" title="Superfood">Superfood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_4-Hour_Body" title="The 4-Hour Body">Slow-Carb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_diets" title="List of diets">List of diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diet_food" title="Diet food">Diet food</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Nutrition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arginine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asparagine" title="Asparagine">Asparagine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">Cysteine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glutamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">Glutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">Histidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">Isoleucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">Leucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">Lysine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenocysteine" title="Selenocysteine">Selenocysteine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">Threonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">Valine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Vitamin B<sub>1</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Vitamin B<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Vitamin B<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Vitamin B<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">Vitamin B<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Vitamin B<sub>9</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B<sub>12</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_in_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper in health">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_in_biology" title="Iodine in biology">Iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_in_biology" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Nutritional <br />advice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5_A_Day" title="5 A Day">5 A Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_Council_of_California" title="Dairy Council of California">Dairy Council of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_pyramid_(nutrition)" title="Food pyramid (nutrition)">Food pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruits_%26_Veggies_%E2%80%93_More_Matters" title="Fruits & Veggies – More Matters">Fruits & Veggies – More Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_eating_pyramid" title="Healthy eating pyramid">Healthy eating pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Diet_Pyramid" title="Latin American Diet Pyramid">Latin American Diet Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_paradox" title="French paradox">French paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Diet_Pyramid" title="Mediterranean Diet Pyramid">Mediterranean Diet Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyPlate" title="MyPlate">MyPlate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyPyramid" title="MyPyramid">MyPyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Diet_Pyramid" title="Vegetarian Diet Pyramid">Vegetarian Diet Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_Watchers_(diet)" title="Weight Watchers (diet)">Weight Watchers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;;font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Diets" title="Category:Diets">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Diet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Diet">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category:Diets" class="extiw" title="b:Category:Diets">Cookbook</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal,</a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Contents/Categories/Health_and_fitness" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Contents/Categories/Health and fitness">Health and fitness portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plant-based_diets225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant-based_diets" title="Template:Plant-based diets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plant-based_diets" title="Template talk:Plant-based diets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plant-based_diets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plant-based diets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plant-based_diets225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climatarian_diet" title="Climatarian diet">Climatarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">Flexitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto_vegetarianism" title="Lacto vegetarianism">Lacto vegetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Lacto-ovo vegetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_diet" title="Low-carbon diet">Low-carbon diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovo_vegetarianism" title="Ovo vegetarianism">Ovo vegetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_health_diet" title="Planetary health diet">Planetary health diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portfolio_diet" title="Portfolio diet">Portfolio diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Vegan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">Fruitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_veganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw veganism">Raw vegan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics, dietitians,<br />and physicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neal_D._Barnard" title="Neal D. Barnard">Neal D. Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danielle_Belardo" title="Danielle Belardo">Danielle Belardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Bulsiewicz" title="Will Bulsiewicz">Will Bulsiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Colin_Campbell" title="T. Colin Campbell">T. Colin Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_J._Craig" title="Winston J. Craig">Winston J. Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Davis" title="Brenda Davis">Brenda Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garth_Davis_(surgeon)" title="Garth Davis (surgeon)">Garth Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Desmond" title="Alan Desmond">Alan Desmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Diehl" title="Hans Diehl">Hans Diehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidon_Eshel" title="Gidon Eshel">Gidon Eshel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_Esselstyn" title="Caldwell Esselstyn">Caldwell Esselstyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_E._Fraser" title="Gary E. Fraser">Gary E. Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Fuhrman" title="Joel Fuhrman">Joel Fuhrman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristi_Funk" title="Kristi Funk">Kristi Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_D._Gardner" title="Christopher D. Gardner">Christopher D. Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Gerson" title="Max Gerson">Max Gerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Greger" title="Michael Greger">Michael Greger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julieanna_Hever" title="Julieanna Hever">Julieanna Hever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Hill_(nutritionist)" title="Simon Hill (nutritionist)">Simon Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_F._Jacobson" title="Michael F. Jacobson">Michael F. Jacobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Jenkins" title="David J. Jenkins">David J. Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Kahn" title="Joel Kahn">Joel Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shireen_Kassam" title="Shireen Kassam">Shireen Kassam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Katz" title="David L. Katz">David L. Katz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Klaper" title="Michael Klaper">Michael Klaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhiannon_Lambert" title="Rhiannon Lambert">Rhiannon Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_M._Levin" title="Susan M. Levin">Susan M. Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valter_Longo" title="Valter Longo">Valter Longo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaniappan_Manickam" title="Palaniappan Manickam">Palaniappan Manickam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._McDougall" title="John A. McDougall">John A. McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracye_McQuirter" title="Tracye McQuirter">Tracye McQuirter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Messina" title="Virginia Messina">Virginia Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemma_Newman" title="Gemma Newman">Gemma Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidi_Ngwaba" title="Chidi Ngwaba">Chidi Ngwaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Norris_(activist)" title="Jack Norris (activist)">Jack Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Ornish" title="Dean Ornish">Dean Ornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ostfeld" title="Robert Ostfeld">Robert Ostfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Plant" title="Jane Plant">Jane Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Pritikin" title="Nathan Pritikin">Nathan Pritikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megan_Rossi" title="Megan Rossi">Megan Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Shintani" title="Terry Shintani">Terry Shintani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheil_Shukla" title="Sheil Shukla">Sheil Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Spector" title="Tim Spector">Tim Spector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Syn" title="Mia Syn">Mia Syn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Wareham" title="Ellsworth Wareham">Ellsworth Wareham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_A._Williams" title="Kim A. Williams">Kim A. Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocates and<br />cookbook authors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Adams" title="Eric Adams">Eric Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Anderson" title="Pamela Anderson">Pamela Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nava_Atlas" title="Nava Atlas">Nava Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Bass" title="Clarence Bass">Clarence Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Bittman" title="Mark Bittman">Mark Bittman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_Jackson_Blatner" title="Dawn Jackson Blatner">Dawn Jackson Blatner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleigh_Bodrug" title="Carleigh Bodrug">Carleigh Bodrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bowman" title="Alfredo Bowman">Alfredo Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Brazier" title="Brendan Brazier">Brendan Brazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Buettner" title="Dan Buettner">Dan Buettner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzy_Amis_Cameron" title="Suzy Amis Cameron">Suzy Amis Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Che" title="Hannah Che">Hannah Che</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Cross_(filmmaker)" title="Joe Cross (filmmaker)">Joe Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosanna_Davison" title="Rosanna Davison">Rosanna Davison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Downey_Jr." title="Robert Downey Jr.">Robert Downey Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Dymek" title="Marta Dymek">Marta Dymek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_Esselstyn" title="Rip Esselstyn">Rip Esselstyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Freston" title="Kathy Freston">Kathy Freston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richa_Hingle" title="Richa Hingle">Richa Hingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Humm" title="Daniel Humm">Daniel Humm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kenney" title="Matthew Kenney">Matthew Kenney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_La_Manna" title="Max La Manna">Max La Manna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mackey_(businessman)" title="John Mackey (businessman)">John Mackey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McCartney" title="Mary McCartney">Mary McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetty_Lui_McKinnon" title="Hetty Lui McKinnon">Hetty Lui McKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Mills" title="Ella Mills">Ella Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Lee_Molinaro" title="Joanne Lee Molinaro">Joanne Lee Molinaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_Morgan" title="Charity Morgan">Charity Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_H._Murdock" title="David H. Murdock">David H. Murdock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Okamoto" title="Toni Okamoto">Toni Okamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darin_Olien" title="Darin Olien">Darin Olien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Pilot" title="Steve Pilot">Steve Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Robbins" title="Ocean Robbins">Ocean Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Sarno" title="Derek Sarno">Derek Sarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Seinfeld" title="Jessica Seinfeld">Jessica Seinfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Stone" title="Gene Stone">Gene Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Sunderani" title="Hannah Sunderani">Hannah Sunderani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Szekely" title="Deborah Szekely">Deborah Szekely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeeca_Uy" title="Jeeca Uy">Jeeca Uy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisha_Vora" title="Nisha Vora">Nisha Vora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Yonan" title="Joe Yonan">Joe Yonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Young" title="Robert O. Young">Robert O. Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PlantPure_Nation" title="PlantPure Nation">PlantPure Nation</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_the_Health" title="What the Health">What the Health</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Game_Changers" title="The Game Changers">The Game Changers</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books,<br />studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventist_Health_Studies" title="Adventist Health Studies">Adventist Health Studies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_China_Study" title="The China Study">The China Study</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_Not_to_Die:_Discover_the_Foods_Scientifically_Proven_to_Prevent_and_Reverse_Disease" title="How Not to Die: Discover the Foods Scientifically Proven to Prevent and Reverse Disease">How Not to Die: Discover the Foods Scientifically Proven to Prevent and Reverse Disease</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Longevity_Diet" title="The Longevity Diet">The Longevity Diet</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-Based_Health_Professionals_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant-Based Health Professionals UK">Plant-Based Health Professionals UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-Based_Universities" title="Plant-Based Universities">Plant-Based Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_Committee_for_Responsible_Medicine" title="Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine">Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritikin_Longevity_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritikin Longevity Center">Pritikin Longevity Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dietary fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fermented_foods" title="List of fermented foods">Fermented foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gut_microbiota" title="Gut microbiota">Gut microbiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_microbiome" title="Human microbiome">Gut microbiome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_action_plan" title="Plant-based action plan">Plant-based action plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nutrition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_nutrition" title="Vegan nutrition">Vegan nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_nutrition" title="Vegetarian nutrition">Vegetarian nutrition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">Beans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_fruits" title="List of culinary fruits">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="List of culinary herbs and spices">Herbs and spices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">Legumes/Pulses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_nuts" title="List of culinary nuts">Nuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_edible_seeds" title="List of edible seeds">Seeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">Tempeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetables" title="List of vegetables">Vegetables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">Whole grains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drink</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cacao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_milk" title="Plant milk">Plant milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_and_plant-based_media" title="List of vegan and plant-based media">List of vegan and plant-based media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Plant-based_diets" title="Category:Plant-based diets">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox946" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215210#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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