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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Licensing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Licensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Licensing_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licensing_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Licensing requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Licensing_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reciprocal_licensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reciprocal_licensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Reciprocal licensing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reciprocal_licensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newcomers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newcomers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Newcomers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newcomers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Call_signs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Call_signs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Call signs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Call_signs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privileges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privileges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Privileges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privileges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Band_plans_and_frequency_allocations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Band_plans_and_frequency_allocations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Band plans and frequency allocations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Band_plans_and_frequency_allocations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modes_of_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modes_of_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modes of communication</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modes_of_communication-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modes of communication subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modes_of_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Voice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Image</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text_and_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text_and_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Text and data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text_and_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Text-modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text-modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Text-modes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text-modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digimodes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digimodes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Digimodes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digimodes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modes_by_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modes_by_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Modes by activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modes_by_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Amateur radio</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateurradio" title="Amateurradio – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Amateurradio" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="اللاسلكي للهواة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللاسلكي للهواة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioafici%C3%B3n" title="Radioafición – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Radioafición" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99v%C9%99skar_radiorabit%C9%99" title="Həvəskar radiorabitə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Həvəskar radiorabitə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="শৌখিন বেতার যোগাযোগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শৌখিন বেতার যোগাযোগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Аматарская радыёсувязь – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аматарская радыёсувязь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Радиолюбителство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Радиолюбителство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioafici%C3%B3" title="Radioafició – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Radioafició" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioamat%C3%A9rstv%C3%AD" title="Radioamatérství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Radioamatérství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88" title="هواية د راديو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="هواية د راديو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateurfunkdienst" title="Amateurfunkdienst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amateurfunkdienst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amat%C3%B6%C3%B6rraadio" title="Amatöörraadio – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Amatöörraadio" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ραδιοερασιτεχνισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ραδιοερασιτεχνισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioafici%C3%B3n" title="Radioafición – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Radioafición" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amatora_radio" title="Amatora radio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amatora radio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrati_amateur" title="Irrati amateur – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irrati amateur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="رادیوی آماتور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رادیوی آماتور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioamateurisme" title="Radioamateurisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Radioamateurisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A7%88%EC%B6%94%EC%96%B4_%EB%AC%B4%EC%84%A0" title="아마추어 무선 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아마추어 무선" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioamaterizam" title="Radioamaterizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Radioamaterizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amatora_radio" title="Amatora radio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Amatora radio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_amatir" title="Radio amatir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Radio amatir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioamatorismo" title="Radioamatorismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Radioamatorismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiantismo" title="Radiantismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Radiantismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95" title="חובבות רדיו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חובבות רדיו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D3%99%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%81%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Радиоәуесқойлық байланыс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Радиоәуесқойлық байланыс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioamatierisms" title="Radioamatierisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Radioamatierisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amat%C5%91r_r%C3%A1di%C3%B3" title="Amatőr rádió – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amatőr rádió" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Радиоаматерство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Радиоаматерство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B" title="ഹാം റേഡിയോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹാം റേഡിയോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_amatur" title="Radio amatur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Radio amatur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Сонирхогчийн радио холбоо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сонирхогчийн радио холбоо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioamateurisme" title="Radioamateurisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Radioamateurisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9E%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A" title="アマチュア無線 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アマチュア無線" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amat%C3%B8rradio" title="Amatørradio – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amatørradio" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amat%C3%B8rradio" title="Amatørradio – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Amatørradio" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3tkofalarstwo" title="Krótkofalarstwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krótkofalarstwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioamadorismo" title="Radioamadorismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Radioamadorismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioamatorism" title="Radioamatorism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Radioamatorism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Любительская радиосвязь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Любительская радиосвязь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateurfunktjoonst" title="Amateurfunktjoonst – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Amateurfunktjoonst" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Amateur radio" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dioamat%C3%A9rstvo" title="Rádioamatérstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rádioamatérstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioamaterstvo" title="Radioamaterstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Radioamaterstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Радио-аматеризам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Радио-аматеризам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-amaterizam" title="Radio-amaterizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Radio-amaterizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioharrastus" title="Radioharrastus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Radioharrastus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amat%C3%B6rradio" title="Amatörradio – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amatörradio" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="அமெச்சூர் வானொலி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அமெச்சூர் வானொலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B" title="హామ్ రేడియో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హామ్ రేడియో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="วิทยุสมัครเล่น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิทยุสมัครเล่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B_(_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B)" title="ಹ್ಯಾಮ್ ರೇಡಿಯೋ ( ಅಮೆಚೂರ್ ರೇಡಿಯೋ) – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಹ್ಯಾಮ್ ರೇಡಿಯೋ ( ಅಮೆಚೂರ್ ರೇಡಿಯೋ)" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amat%C3%B6r_telsizcilik" title="Amatör telsizcilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amatör telsizcilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Аматорський радіозв'язок – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аматорський радіозв'язок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1t_thanh_nghi%E1%BB%87p_d%C6%B0" title="Phát thanh nghiệp dư – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phát thanh nghiệp dư" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9A%E4%BD%99%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5" title="业余无线电 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Use of radio frequency spectra for non-commercial purposes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ham radio" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ham_radio_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ham radio (disambiguation)">Ham radio (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amateurfunkstation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Amateurfunkstation.jpg/220px-Amateurfunkstation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Amateurfunkstation.jpg/330px-Amateurfunkstation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Amateurfunkstation.jpg/440px-Amateurfunkstation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>An example of an amateur radio station with four transceivers, amplifiers, and a computer for logging and for digital modes. On the wall are examples of various amateur radio awards, certificates, and reception report cards (QSL cards) from foreign amateur stations.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Amateur radio</b>, also known as <b>ham radio</b>, is the use of the <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">spectrum</a> for purposes of <a href="/wiki/Non-commercial" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-commercial">non-commercial</a> exchange of messages, <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> experimentation, self-training, private recreation, <a href="/wiki/Radiosport" title="Radiosport">radiosport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contesting" title="Contesting">contesting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emergency" title="Emergency">emergency communications</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "amateur" is used to specify "a duly authorized person interested in radioelectric practice with a purely personal aim and without <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pecuniary" class="extiw" title="wikt:pecuniary">pecuniary</a> interest"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (either direct monetary or other similar reward); and to differentiate it from <a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">commercial broadcasting</a>, public safety (such as police and fire), or professional <a href="/wiki/Two-way_radio" title="Two-way radio">two-way radio</a> services (such as maritime, aviation, taxis, etc.). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kr%C3%B3tkofalowiec_polski,_SP1QE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Kr%C3%B3tkofalowiec_polski%2C_SP1QE.jpg/220px-Kr%C3%B3tkofalowiec_polski%2C_SP1QE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Kr%C3%B3tkofalowiec_polski%2C_SP1QE.jpg/330px-Kr%C3%B3tkofalowiec_polski%2C_SP1QE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Kr%C3%B3tkofalowiec_polski%2C_SP1QE.jpg/440px-Kr%C3%B3tkofalowiec_polski%2C_SP1QE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2303" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> amateur radio station SP1QE, featuring 1930s <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> transmitter and receiver.</figcaption></figure> <p>The amateur radio service (<i>amateur service</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Amateur-satellite_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateur-satellite service">amateur-satellite service</a></i>) is established by the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU) through the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Regulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Regulations">Radio Regulations</a>. National governments regulate technical and operational characteristics of transmissions and issue individual station licenses with a unique identifying <a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">call sign</a>, which must be used in all transmissions. <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_operator" title="Amateur radio operator">Amateur operators</a> must hold an <a href="#Licensing">amateur radio license</a> which is obtained by passing a government test demonstrating adequate technical radio knowledge and legal knowledge of the host government's radio regulations. </p><p>Radio amateurs are limited to a specific set of frequency bands, the amateur radio bands, allocated throughout the <a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">radio spectrum</a>, but within these bands are allowed to transmit on any <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> using a variety of voice, text, image, and data communications modes. This enables communication across a city, region, country, continent, the world, or even into space. In many countries, amateur radio operators may also send, receive, or relay radio communications between <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transceiver" title="Transceiver">transceivers</a> connected to secure <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">virtual private networks</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. </p><p>Amateur radio is officially represented and coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/International_Amateur_Radio_Union" title="International Amateur Radio Union">International Amateur Radio Union</a> (IARU), which is organized in three regions and has as its members the national amateur radio societies which exist in most countries. According to an estimate made in 2011 by the <a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a> (the <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">American</a> national amateur radio society), two million people throughout the world are regularly involved with amateur radio.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 830,000 <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_station" title="Amateur radio station">amateur radio stations</a> are located in IARU Region 2 (the Americas) followed by IARU Region 3 (South and East Asia and the Pacific Ocean) with about 750,000 stations. A significantly smaller number, about 400,000, are located in IARU Region 1 (Europe, Middle East, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a>, Africa). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur_radio&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_amateur_radio" title="History of amateur radio">History of amateur radio</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mw0rkbshack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mw0rkbshack.jpg/220px-Mw0rkbshack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mw0rkbshack.jpg/330px-Mw0rkbshack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mw0rkbshack.jpg/440px-Mw0rkbshack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>An amateur radio station in Wales. Multiple transceivers are employed for different bands and modes. Computers are used for control, data modes, SDR, RTTY and logging.</figcaption></figure> <p>The origins of amateur radio can be traced to the late 19th century, but amateur radio as practised today began in the early 20th century. The <i>First Annual Official Wireless Blue Book of the Wireless Association of America</i>, produced in 1909, contains a list of amateur radio stations.<sup id="cite_ref-bluebook1909_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bluebook1909-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This radio <a href="/wiki/Callbook" class="mw-redirect" title="Callbook">callbook</a> lists <a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless telegraph">wireless telegraph</a> stations in Canada and the United States, including 89 amateur radio stations. As with radio in general, amateur radio was associated with various amateur experimenters and hobbyists. Amateur radio enthusiasts have significantly contributed to <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, industry, and <a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">social services</a>. Research by amateur operators has founded new industries,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> built economies,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> empowered nations,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and saved lives in times of emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARRL-whatis_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARRL-whatis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ham radio can also be used in the classroom to teach English, map skills, geography, math, science, and computer skills.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ham_radio">Ham radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur_radio&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ham radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_ham_radio" title="Etymology of ham radio">Etymology of <i>ham radio</i></a></div> <p>The term "ham" was first a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> term used in professional wired telegraphy during the 19th century, to mock operators with poor <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a>-sending skills ("<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ham-fisted" class="extiw" title="wikt:ham-fisted">ham-fisted</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This term continued to be used after the invention of radio and the proliferation of amateur experimentation with wireless telegraphy; among land- and sea-based professional radio operators, "ham" amateurs were considered a nuisance. The use of "ham" meaning "amateurish or unskilled" survives today sparsely in other disciplines (e.g. "ham actor"). </p><p>The amateur radio community subsequently began to reclaim the word as a label of pride,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the mid-20th century it had lost its pejorative meaning. Although not an acronym or initialism, it is often written as "HAM" in capital letters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activity_and_practice">Activity and practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur_radio&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Activity and practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sp5hnk_oh0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sp5hnk_oh0.jpg/220px-Sp5hnk_oh0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sp5hnk_oh0.jpg/330px-Sp5hnk_oh0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sp5hnk_oh0.jpg/440px-Sp5hnk_oh0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1201" /></a><figcaption>A young Polish woman with radio antennas in <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ham_radio_antenna_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ham_radio_antenna_tower.jpg/220px-Ham_radio_antenna_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ham_radio_antenna_tower.jpg/330px-Ham_radio_antenna_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ham_radio_antenna_tower.jpg/440px-Ham_radio_antenna_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Ham radio <a href="/wiki/Antenna_farm" title="Antenna farm">antenna farm</a> in the backyard</figcaption></figure> <p>The many facets of amateur radio attract practitioners with a wide range of interests. Many amateurs begin with a fascination with radio communication and then combine other personal interests to make pursuit of the hobby rewarding. Some of the focal areas amateurs pursue include <a href="/wiki/Contesting" title="Contesting">radio contesting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">radio propagation</a> study, <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_emergency_communications" title="Amateur radio emergency communications">public service communication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_homebrew" title="Amateur radio homebrew">technical experimentation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Packet_radio" title="Packet radio">computer networking</a>. </p><p>Hobbyist radio enthusiasts employ a <a href="/wiki/List_of_amateur_radio_modes" title="List of amateur radio modes">variety of transmission methods for interaction</a>. The primary modes for vocal communications are <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">frequency modulation</a> (FM) and <a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation" title="Single-sideband modulation">single sideband</a> (SSB). FM is recognized for its superior audio quality, whereas SSB is more efficient for long-range communication under limited <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Radiotelegraphy</a> using <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a>, also known as "CW" from "<a href="/wiki/Continuous_wave" title="Continuous wave">continuous wave</a>", is the wireless extension of landline (wired) <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraphy</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a> and dates to the earliest days of radio. Although computer-based (digital) modes and methods have largely replaced CW for commercial and military applications, many amateur radio operators still enjoy using the CW mode—particularly on the <a href="/wiki/Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">shortwave</a> bands and for experimental work, such as <a href="/wiki/Earth%E2%80%93Moon%E2%80%93Earth_communication" title="Earth–Moon–Earth communication">Earth–Moon–Earth communication</a>, because of its inherent <a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">signal-to-noise ratio</a> advantages. Morse, using internationally agreed message encodings such as the <a href="/wiki/Q_code" title="Q code">Q code</a>, enables communication between amateurs who speak different languages. It is also popular with <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_homebrew" title="Amateur radio homebrew">homebrewers</a> and in particular with "QRP" or very-low-power enthusiasts, as CW-only transmitters are simpler to construct, and the human ear-brain signal processing system can pull weak CW signals out of the noise where voice signals would be totally inaudible. A similar "legacy" mode popular with home constructors is <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">amplitude modulation</a> (AM), pursued by many <a href="/wiki/Vintage_amateur_radio" title="Vintage amateur radio">vintage amateur radio</a> enthusiasts and aficionados of <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> technology. </p><p>Demonstrating a proficiency in Morse code was for many years a requirement to obtain an amateur license to transmit on frequencies below 30 MHz. Following changes in international regulations in 2003, countries are no longer required to demand proficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-fcc06-178a1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcc06-178a1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>, for example, phased out this requirement for all license classes on 23 February 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-e7-729_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e7-729-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-morsedropped1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morsedropped1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern personal computers have encouraged the use of <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a> modes such as <a href="/wiki/Radioteletype" title="Radioteletype">radioteletype</a> (RTTY) which previously required cumbersome mechanical equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-Missouri_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Missouri-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hams led the development of <a href="/wiki/Packet_radio" title="Packet radio">packet radio</a> in the 1970s, which has employed protocols such as <a href="/wiki/AX.25" title="AX.25">AX.25</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a>. Specialized digital modes such as <a href="/wiki/PSK31" title="PSK31">PSK31</a> allow real-time, low-power communications on the shortwave bands but have been losing favor in place of newer digital modes such as <a href="/wiki/FT8" title="FT8">FT8</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Radio_over_IP" title="Radio over IP">Radio over IP</a>, or RoIP, is similar to <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">Voice over IP</a> (VoIP), but augments two-way radio communications rather than telephone calls. <a href="/wiki/EchoLink" title="EchoLink">EchoLink</a> using VoIP technology has enabled amateurs to communicate through local Internet-connected repeaters and radio nodes,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Internet_Radio_Linking_Project" title="Internet Radio Linking Project">IRLP</a> has allowed the linking of repeaters to provide greater coverage area. </p><p>Automatic link establishment (ALE) has enabled continuous amateur radio networks to operate on the <a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">high frequency</a> bands with global coverage. Other modes, such as FSK441 using software such as <a href="/wiki/WSJT_(Amateur_radio_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="WSJT (Amateur radio software)">WSJT</a>, are used for weak signal modes including <a href="/wiki/Meteor_burst_communications" title="Meteor burst communications">meteor scatter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth%E2%80%93Moon%E2%80%93Earth_communication" title="Earth–Moon–Earth communication">moonbounce</a> communications.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fast scan <a href="/wiki/Amateur_television" title="Amateur television">amateur television</a> has gained popularity as hobbyists adapt inexpensive consumer video electronics like camcorders and video cards in <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">PCs</a>. Because of the wide <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> and stable signals required, amateur television is typically found in the <a href="/wiki/70-centimeter_band" title="70-centimeter band">70 cm</a> (420–450 MHz) wavelength range, though there is also limited use on <a href="/wiki/33-centimeter_band" title="33-centimeter band">33 cm</a> (902–928 MHz), <a href="/wiki/23-centimeter_band" title="23-centimeter band">23 cm</a> (1240–1300 MHz) and shorter. These requirements also effectively limit the signal range to between 20 and 60 miles (30–100 km). </p><p>Linked <a href="/wiki/Repeater" title="Repeater">repeater</a> systems, however, can allow transmissions of <a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a> and higher frequencies across hundreds of miles.<sup id="cite_ref-fsat_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fsat-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Repeaters are usually located on heights of land or on tall structures, and allow operators to communicate over hundreds of miles using hand-held or mobile <a href="/wiki/Transceiver" title="Transceiver">transceivers</a>. Repeaters can also be linked together by using other <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_frequency_allocations" title="Amateur radio frequency allocations">amateur radio bands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">landline</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Radio_Linking_Project" title="Internet Radio Linking Project">Internet</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-24_Doug_Wheelock_uses_ham_radio_system_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/ISS-24_Doug_Wheelock_uses_ham_radio_system_1.jpg/220px-ISS-24_Doug_Wheelock_uses_ham_radio_system_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/ISS-24_Doug_Wheelock_uses_ham_radio_system_1.jpg/330px-ISS-24_Doug_Wheelock_uses_ham_radio_system_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/ISS-24_Doug_Wheelock_uses_ham_radio_system_1.jpg/440px-ISS-24_Doug_Wheelock_uses_ham_radio_system_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>NASA astronaut Col. <a href="/wiki/Doug_Wheelock" class="mw-redirect" title="Doug Wheelock">Doug Wheelock</a>, KF5BOC, <a href="/wiki/Expedition_24" title="Expedition 24">Expedition 24</a> flight engineer, operates the NA1SS ham radio station in the <a href="/wiki/Zvezda_Service_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Zvezda Service Module">Zvezda Service Module</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Kenwood_Corporation" title="Kenwood Corporation">Kenwood</a> TM-D700E transceiver.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_satellite" title="Amateur radio satellite">Amateur radio satellites</a> can be accessed, some using a hand-held transceiver (<a href="/wiki/Walkie-talkie" title="Walkie-talkie">HT</a>), even, at times, using the factory "rubber duck" antenna.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hams also use the <a href="/wiki/EME_(communications)" class="mw-redirect" title="EME (communications)">moon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">aurora borealis</a>, and the ionized trails of <a href="/wiki/Meteor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteor">meteors</a> as reflectors of radio waves.<sup id="cite_ref-WJST_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WJST-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hams can also contact the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS) because many <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a> are licensed as amateur radio operators.<sup id="cite_ref-ARISS_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARISS-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-astrohams_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astrohams-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amateur radio operators use their <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_station" title="Amateur radio station">amateur radio station</a> to make contacts with individual hams as well as participate in round-table discussion groups or "rag chew sessions" on the air. Some join in regularly scheduled on-air meetings with other amateur radio operators, called "<a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_net" title="Amateur radio net">nets</a>" (as in "networks"), which are moderated by a station referred to as "Net Control".<sup id="cite_ref-netcontrol_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-netcontrol-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nets can allow operators to learn procedures for emergencies, be an informal round table, or cover specific interests shared by a group.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amateur radio operators, using battery- or generator-powered equipment, often provide essential communications services when regular channels are unavailable due to natural disaster or other disruptive events .<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many amateur radio operators participate in radio contests, during which an individual or team of operators typically seek to contact and exchange information with as many other amateur radio stations as possible in a given period of time. In addition to contests, a number of <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_operating_award" title="Amateur radio operating award">amateur radio operating award</a> schemes exist, sometimes suffixed with "on the Air", such as <a href="/wiki/Summits_on_the_Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Summits on the Air">Summits on the Air</a>, Islands on the Air, <a href="/wiki/Worked_All_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Worked All States">Worked All States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamboree_on_the_Air" title="Jamboree on the Air">Jamboree on the Air</a>. </p><p>Amateur radio operators may also act as <a href="/wiki/Citizen_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen scientist">citizen scientists</a> for propagation research and <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_science" title="Atmospheric science">atmospheric science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licensing">Licensing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur_radio&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Licensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montreal-tower-top.thumb2-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Montreal-tower-top.thumb2-crop.jpg/220px-Montreal-tower-top.thumb2-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Montreal-tower-top.thumb2-crop.jpg/330px-Montreal-tower-top.thumb2-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Montreal-tower-top.thumb2-crop.jpg/440px-Montreal-tower-top.thumb2-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>The top of a tower supporting a <a href="/wiki/Yagi%E2%80%93Uda_antenna" title="Yagi–Uda antenna">Yagi–Uda antenna</a> and several wire antennas, along with a Canadian flag</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICOM_IC-P7_dscn2510a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ICOM_IC-P7_dscn2510a.jpg/220px-ICOM_IC-P7_dscn2510a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/ICOM_IC-P7_dscn2510a.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>A handheld VHF/UHF transceiver</figcaption></figure> <p>Radio transmission permits are closely controlled by nations' governments because radio waves propagate beyond national boundaries, and therefore radio is of international concern.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the requirements for and privileges granted to a licensee vary from country to country, but generally follow the international regulations and standards established by the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-ituars_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ituars-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/World_Administrative_Radio_Conference" title="World Administrative Radio Conference">World Radio Conferences</a>. </p><p>All countries that license citizens to use amateur radio require operators to display knowledge and understanding of key concepts, usually by passing an exam.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The licenses grant hams the privilege to operate in larger segments of the <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> spectrum, with a wider variety of communication techniques, and with higher power levels relative to unlicensed personal radio services (such as <a href="/wiki/Citizens_band_radio" title="Citizens band radio">CB radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_Radio_Service" title="Family Radio Service">FRS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PMR446" title="PMR446">PMR446</a>), which require type-approved equipment restricted in mode, range, and power.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amateur licensing is a routine civil administrative matter in many countries. Amateurs therein must pass an examination to demonstrate technical knowledge, operating competence, and awareness of legal and regulatory requirements, in order to avoid interfering with other amateurs and other radio services.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of exams are often available, each progressively more challenging and granting more privileges: greater frequency availability, higher power output, permitted experimentation, and, in some countries, distinctive call signs.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some countries, such as the United Kingdom and Australia, have begun requiring a practical assessment in addition to the written exams in order to obtain a beginner's license, which they call a Foundation License.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most countries, an operator will be assigned a <a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">call sign</a> with their license.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some countries, a separate "station license" is required for any station used by an amateur radio operator. Amateur radio licenses may also be granted to organizations or clubs. In some countries, hams were allowed to operate only club stations.<sup id="cite_ref-CQ现代通信_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CQ现代通信-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An amateur radio license is valid only in the country where it is issued or in another country that has a reciprocal licensing agreement with the issuing country.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some countries, an amateur radio license is necessary in order to purchase or possess amateur radio equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_licensing_in_the_United_States" title="Amateur radio licensing in the United States">Amateur radio licensing in the United States</a> exemplifies the way in which some countries<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2022)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> award different levels of amateur radio licenses based on technical knowledge: three sequential levels of licensing exams (Technician Class, General Class, and Amateur Extra Class) are currently offered, which allow operators who pass them access to larger portions of the Amateur Radio spectrum and more desirable (shorter) call signs. An exam, authorized by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), is required for all levels of the Amateur Radio license. These exams are administered by Volunteer Examiners, accredited by the FCC-recognized Volunteer Examiner Coordinator (VEC) system. The Technician Class and General Class exams consist of 35 multiple-choice questions, drawn randomly from a pool of at least 350. To pass, 26 of the 35 questions must be answered correctly.<sup id="cite_ref-FCC_Amateur_Exam_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCC_Amateur_Exam-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Extra Class exam has 50 multiple choice questions (drawn randomly from a pool of at least 500), 37 of which must be answered correctly.<sup id="cite_ref-FCC_Amateur_Exam_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCC_Amateur_Exam-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tests cover regulations, customs, and technical knowledge, such as FCC provisions, operating practices, advanced electronics theory, radio equipment design, and safety. Morse Code is no longer tested in the U.S. Once the exam is passed, the FCC issues an Amateur Radio license which is valid for ten years. Studying for the exam is made easier because the entire question pools for all license classes are posted in advance. The question pools are updated every four years by the National Conference of VECs.<sup id="cite_ref-FCC_Amateur_Exam_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCC_Amateur_Exam-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Licensing_requirements">Licensing requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur_radio&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Licensing requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prospective amateur radio operators are examined on understanding of the key concepts of electronics, radio equipment, antennas, <a href="/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">radio propagation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">RF</a> safety, and the radio regulations of the government granting the license.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These examinations are sets of questions typically posed in either a short answer or multiple-choice format. Examinations can be administered by <a href="/wiki/Bureaucrat" title="Bureaucrat">bureaucrats</a>, non-paid certified examiners, or previously licensed amateur radio operators.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ease with which an individual can acquire an amateur radio license varies from country to country. In some countries, examinations may be offered only once or twice a year in the national capital and can be inordinately bureaucratic (for example in India) or challenging because some amateurs must undergo difficult security approval (as in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>). Currently, only <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> do not issue amateur radio licenses to their citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some developing countries, especially those in Africa, Asia, and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, require the payment of annual license fees that can be prohibitively expensive for most of their citizens. A few small countries may not have a national licensing process and may instead require prospective amateur radio operators to take the licensing examinations of a foreign country. In countries with the largest numbers of amateur radio licensees, such as Japan, the United States, Thailand, Canada, and most of the countries in Europe, there are frequent license examinations opportunities in major cities. </p><p>Granting a separate license to a club or organization generally requires that an individual with a current and valid amateur radio license who is in good standing with the telecommunications authority assumes responsibility for any operations conducted under the club license or club call sign.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few countries may issue special licenses to novices or beginners that do not assign the individual a call sign but instead require the newly licensed individual to operate from stations licensed to a club or organization for a period of time before a higher class of license can be acquired.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reciprocal_licensing">Reciprocal licensing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur_radio&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reciprocal licensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_international_operation" title="Amateur radio international operation">Amateur radio international operation</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amateur_Radio_International_Agreements.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Amateur_Radio_International_Agreements.png/300px-Amateur_Radio_International_Agreements.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Amateur_Radio_International_Agreements.png/450px-Amateur_Radio_International_Agreements.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Amateur_Radio_International_Agreements.png/600px-Amateur_Radio_International_Agreements.png 2x" data-file-width="4501" data-file-height="2284" /></a><figcaption>Reciprocal agreements by country: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c4000a; color:white;"> </span> CEPT Member Nations</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f2f204; color:black;"> </span> IARP Member Nations</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange; color:black;"> </span> Members of CEPT and IARP</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00ff00; color:black;"> </span> USA and Canada Treaty, CEPT and IARP</div></figcaption></figure> <p>A reciprocal licensing agreement between two countries allows bearers of an amateur radio license in one country under certain conditions to legally operate an amateur radio station in the other country without having to obtain an amateur radio license from the country being visited, or the bearer of a valid license in one country can receive a separate license and a call sign in another country, both of which have a mutually-agreed reciprocal licensing approvals. Reciprocal licensing requirements vary from country to country. Some countries have bilateral or multilateral reciprocal operating agreements allowing hams to operate within their borders with a single set of requirements. Some countries lack reciprocal licensing systems. Others use international bodies such as the Organization of American States to facilitate licensing reciprocity.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When traveling abroad, visiting amateur operators must follow the rules of the country in which they wish to operate. Some countries have reciprocal <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_international_operation" title="Amateur radio international operation">international operating</a> agreements allowing hams from other countries to operate within their borders with just their home country license. Other host countries require that the visiting ham apply for a formal permit, or even a new host country-issued license, in advance. </p><p>The reciprocal recognition of licenses frequently not only depends on the involved licensing authorities, but also on the nationality of the bearer. As an example, in the US, foreign licenses are recognized only if the bearer does not have US citizenship and holds no US license (which may differ in terms of operating privileges and restrictions). Conversely, a US citizen may operate under reciprocal agreements in Canada, but not a non-US citizen holding a US license. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newcomers">Newcomers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur_radio&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Newcomers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many people start their involvement in amateur radio on social media or by finding a local club. Clubs often provide information about licensing, local operating practices, and technical advice. Newcomers also often study independently by purchasing books or other materials, sometimes with the help of a mentor, teacher, or friend. In North America, established amateurs who help newcomers are often referred to as "Elmers", as coined by Rodney Newkirk, W9BRD,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within the ham community.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, many countries have national amateur radio societies which encourage newcomers and work with government communications regulation authorities for the benefit of all radio amateurs. The oldest of these societies is the <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Institute_of_Australia" title="Wireless Institute of Australia">Wireless Institute of Australia</a>, formed in 1910; other notable societies are the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Society_of_Great_Britain" title="Radio Society of Great Britain">Radio Society of Great Britain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Amateurs_of_Canada" title="Radio Amateurs of Canada">Radio Amateurs of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_NGOs_Network_for_Radio_and_Communication" title="Bangladesh NGOs Network for Radio and Communication">Bangladesh NGOs Network for Radio and Communication</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Association_of_Radio_Transmitters" title="New Zealand Association of Radio Transmitters">New Zealand Association of Radio Transmitters</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_African_Radio_League" title="South African Radio League">South African Radio League</a>. (<i>See <a href="/wiki/Category:Amateur_radio_organizations" title="Category:Amateur radio organizations">Category:Amateur radio organizations</a></i>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Call_signs">Call signs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur_radio&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Call signs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_call_signs" title="Amateur radio call signs">Amateur radio call signs</a></div> <p>An amateur radio operator uses a <b>call sign</b> on the air to legally identify the operator or station.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some countries, the call sign assigned to the station must always be used, whereas in other countries, the call sign of either the operator or the station may be used.<sup id="cite_ref-amateurlicences_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amateurlicences-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In certain jurisdictions, an operator may also select a "vanity" call sign although these must also conform to the issuing government's allocation and structure used for Amateur Radio call signs.<sup id="cite_ref-vanity_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanity-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some jurisdictions require a fee to obtain such a vanity call sign; in others, such as the UK, a fee is not required and the vanity call sign may be selected when the license is applied for. The FCC in the U.S. discontinued its fee for vanity call sign applications in September 2015, but replaced it as $35 in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Call sign structure as prescribed by the ITU consists of three parts which break down as follows, using the call sign <b>ZS1NAT</b> as an example: </p> <ul><li><b>ZS</b> – Shows the country from which the call sign originates and may also indicate the license class. (This call sign is licensed in South Africa.)</li> <li><b>1</b> – Gives the subdivision of the country or territory indicated in the first part (this one refers to the Western Cape).</li> <li><b>NAT</b> – The final part is unique to the holder of the license, identifying that station specifically.</li></ul> <p>Many countries do not follow the ITU convention for the numeral. In the United Kingdom the original calls G0xxx, G2xxx, G3xxx, G4xxx, were Full (A) License holders along with the last M0xxx full call signs issued by the <a href="/wiki/City_%26_Guilds" class="mw-redirect" title="City & Guilds">City & Guilds</a> examination authority in December 2003. Additional Full Licenses were originally granted to (B) Licenses with G1xxx, G6xxx, G7xxx, G8xxx and 1991 onward with M1xxx call signs. The newer three-level Intermediate License holders are assigned 2E0xxx and 2E1xxx, and the basic Foundation License holders are granted call signs M3xxx, M6xxx or M7xxx.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instead of using numbers, in the UK the second letter after the initial 'G' or 'M' identifies the station's location; for example, a call sign G7OOE becomes GM7OOE and M0RDM becomes MM0RDM when that license holder is operating a station in Scotland. Prefix "GM" & "MM" are Scotland, "GW" & "MW" are Wales, "GI" & "MI" are Northern Ireland, "GD" & "MD" are the Isle of Man, "GJ" & "MJ" are Jersey and "GU" & "MU" are Guernsey. Intermediate licence call signs are slightly different. They begin 2#0 and 2#1 where the # is replaced with the country letters as above. For example "2M0" and "2M1" are Scotland, "2W0" and "2W1" are Wales and so on. The exception however is for England. The letter "E" <i>is</i> used, but <i><b>only</b></i> in intermediate-level call signs. For example "2E0" & "2E1" are used whereas the call signs beginning G or M for foundation and full licenses never use the "E".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, for non-vanity licenses, the numeral indicates the geographical district the holder resided in when the license was first issued. Prior to 1978, US hams were required to obtain a new call sign if they moved out of their geographic district. </p><p>In Canada, call signs start with VA, VE, VY, VO, and CY. Call signs starting with 'V' end with a number after to indicate the political region; prefix CY indicates geographic islands. Prefix VA1 or VE1 is <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, VA2 / VE2 is <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, VA3 / VE3 is <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, VA4 / VE4 is <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, VA5 / VE5 is <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, VA6 / VE6 is <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, VA7 / VE7 is <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, VE8 is the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, VE9 is <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, VY0 is <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, VY1 is <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>, VY2 is <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>, VO1 is <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, and VO2 is <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a>. CY is for amateurs operating from <a href="/wiki/Sable_Island" title="Sable Island">Sable Island</a> (CY0) or <a href="/wiki/St._Paul_Island_(Nova_Scotia)" title="St. Paul Island (Nova Scotia)">St. Paul Island</a> (CY9). Special permission is required to access either of these: from <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a> for Sable and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Coast_Guard" title="Canadian Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a> for St. Paul. The last two or three letters of the call signs are typically the operator's choice (upon completing the licensing test, the ham writes three most-preferred options). Two-letter call sign suffixes require a ham to have already been licensed for 5 years. Call signs in Canada can be requested with a fee. </p><p>Also, for smaller geopolitical entities, the numeral may be part of the country identification. For example, VP2xxx is in the British West Indies, which is subdivided into VP2Exx Anguilla, VP2Mxx Montserrat, and VP2Vxx British Virgin Islands. VP5xxx is in the Turks and Caicos Islands, VP6xxx is on Pitcairn Island, VP8xxx is in the Falklands, and VP9xxx is in Bermuda. </p><p>Online <a href="/wiki/Callbook" class="mw-redirect" title="Callbook">callbooks</a> or call sign databases can be browsed or searched to find out who holds a specific call sign.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of an online callbook is <a href="/wiki/QRZ.com" title="QRZ.com">QRZ.com</a>. Non-exhaustive lists of famous people who hold or have held amateur radio call signs have also been compiled and published.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many jurisdictions (but not in the UK & Europe) may issue specialty <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">vehicle registration plates</a> to licensed amateur radio operators.<sup id="cite_ref-ARRL-plates_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARRL-plates-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fees for application and renewal are usually less than the standard rate for specialty plates.<sup id="cite_ref-ARRL-plates_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARRL-plates-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privileges">Privileges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur_radio&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Privileges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most administrations, unlike other RF spectrum users, radio amateurs may build or modify transmitting equipment for their own use within the amateur spectrum without the need to obtain government certification of the equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Licensed amateurs can also use any frequency in their bands (rather than being allocated fixed frequencies or channels) and can operate medium-to-high-powered equipment on a wide range of frequencies<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so long as they meet certain technical parameters including occupied bandwidth, power, and prevention of <a href="/wiki/Spurious_emission" title="Spurious emission">spurious emission</a>. </p><p>Radio amateurs have access to frequency allocations throughout the RF spectrum, usually allowing choice of an effective frequency for communications across a local, regional, or worldwide path. The shortwave bands, or <a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a>, are suitable for worldwide communication, and the <a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a> bands normally provide local or regional communication, while the <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> bands have enough space, or <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a>, for amateur television transmissions and high-speed <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_amateur_radio_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/International_amateur_radio_symbol.svg/170px-International_amateur_radio_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/International_amateur_radio_symbol.svg/255px-International_amateur_radio_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/International_amateur_radio_symbol.svg/340px-International_amateur_radio_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The international symbol for amateur radio, is included in the logos of many <a href="/wiki/International_Amateur_Radio_Union" title="International Amateur Radio Union">IARU</a> member societies. The diamond holds a <a href="/wiki/Circuit_diagram" title="Circuit diagram">circuit diagram</a> featuring components common to every radio: an antenna, <a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">inductor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ground_(electricity)" title="Ground (electricity)">ground</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In most countries, an amateur radio license grants permission to the license holder to own, modify, and operate equipment that is not certified by a governmental regulatory agency. This encourages amateur radio operators to experiment with home-constructed or modified equipment. The use of such equipment must still satisfy national and international standards on <a href="/wiki/Spurious_emission" title="Spurious emission">spurious emissions</a>. </p><p>Amateur radio operators are encouraged both by regulations and tradition of respectful use of the spectrum to use as little power as possible to accomplish the communication.<sup id="cite_ref-FCC_section_97.313_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCC_section_97.313-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is to minimise interference or <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_compatibility" title="Electromagnetic compatibility">EMC</a> to any other device. Although allowable <a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">power</a> levels are moderate by commercial standards, they are sufficient to enable global communication. Lower license classes usually have lower power limits; for example, the lowest license class in the UK (Foundation licence) has a limit of 10 W. </p><p>Power limits vary from country to country and between license classes within a country. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Peak_envelope_power" title="Peak envelope power">peak envelope power</a> limits for the highest available license classes in a few selected countries are: 2.25 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">kW</a> in Canada;<sup id="cite_ref-Industry_Canada_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Industry_Canada-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1.5 kW in the United States; 1.0 kW in Belgium, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, Switzerland, South Africa and New Zealand; 750 W in Germany; 500 W in Italy; 400 W in Australia, India, and the United Kingdom; and 150 W in <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>. </p><p>Output power limits may also depend on the mode of transmission. In Australia, for example, 400 W may be used for <a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation" title="Single-sideband modulation">SSB</a> transmissions, but FM and other modes are limited to 120 W. </p><p>The point at which power output is measured may also affect transmissions. The United Kingdom measures at the point the antenna is connected to the signal feed cable, which means the radio system may transmit more than 400 W to overcome signal loss in the cable; conversely, Germany measures power at the output of the final amplification stage, which results in a loss in radiated power with longer cable feeds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Certain countries permit amateur radio licence holders to hold a Notice of Variation that allows higher power to be used than normally allowed for certain specific purposes. E.g. in the UK some amateur radio licence holders are allowed to transmit using (33 dBw) 2.0 kW for experiments entailing using the moon as a passive radio reflector (known as <a href="/wiki/Earth%E2%80%93Moon%E2%80%93Earth_communication" title="Earth–Moon–Earth communication">Earth–Moon–Earth communication</a>) (EME). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Band_plans_and_frequency_allocations">Band plans and frequency allocations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur_radio&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Band plans and frequency allocations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_frequency_allocations" title="Amateur radio frequency allocations">Amateur radio frequency allocations</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU) governs the allocation of communications frequencies worldwide, with participation by each nation's communications regulation authority. National communications regulators have some liberty to restrict access to these <a href="/wiki/Bandplan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandplan">bandplan</a> frequencies or to award additional allocations as long as radio services in other countries do not suffer interference. In some countries, specific <a href="/wiki/Types_of_radio_emissions" title="Types of radio emissions">emission types</a> are restricted to certain parts of the radio spectrum, and in most other countries, <a href="/wiki/International_Amateur_Radio_Union" title="International Amateur Radio Union">International Amateur Radio Union</a> (IARU) member societies adopt voluntary plans to ensure the most effective use of spectrum. </p><p>In a few cases, a national telecommunication agency may also allow hams to use frequencies outside of the internationally allocated amateur radio bands. In <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, hams are allowed to use a repeater which is located on 148.800 MHz. This repeater is used and maintained by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Emergency_Management_Agency_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Emergency Management Agency (Trinidad and Tobago) (page does not exist)">National Emergency Management Agency</a> (NEMA), but may be used by radio amateurs in times of emergency or during normal times to test their capability and conduct emergency drills. This repeater can also be used by non-ham NEMA staff and <a href="/wiki/Radio_Emergency_Associated_Communication_Teams" title="Radio Emergency Associated Communication Teams">REACT</a> members. In Australia and New Zealand, ham operators are authorized to use one of the UHF TV channels. In the U.S., amateur radio operators providing essential communication needs in connection with the immediate safety of human life and immediate protection of property when normal communication systems are not available may use any frequency including those of other radio services such as police and fire and in cases of disaster in Alaska may use the statewide emergency frequency of 5.1675 MHz with restrictions upon emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-FCC_section_97.401_and_97.403_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCC_section_97.401_and_97.403-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, amateurs in the United States may apply to be registered with the <a href="/wiki/Military_Auxiliary_Radio_System" title="Military Auxiliary Radio System">Military Auxiliary Radio System</a> (MARS). Once approved and trained, these amateurs also operate on US government military frequencies to provide contingency communications and morale message traffic support to the military services. </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:AmateurRadioBands" title="Template:AmateurRadioBands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:AmateurRadioBands" title="Template talk:AmateurRadioBands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AmateurRadioBands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:AmateurRadioBands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_amateur_radio_frequency_allocations&#91;v&#93;" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_frequency_allocations" title="Amateur radio frequency allocations">International amateur radio frequency allocations</a><sup>[<b>v</b>]</sup></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table class="wikitable wraplinks" style="margin:1px auto; width:99.9%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: lightskyblue">Range </th> <th style="background: lightskyblue">Band </th> <th style="background: lightskyblue"><a href="/wiki/ITU_Region" title="ITU Region">ITU Region 1</a> </th> <th style="background: lightskyblue"><a href="/wiki/ITU_Region" title="ITU Region">ITU Region 2</a> </th> <th style="background: lightskyblue"><a href="/wiki/ITU_Region" title="ITU Region">ITU Region 3</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">LF</a> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/2200-meter_band" title="2200-meter band">2200 m</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">135.7–137.8 kHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">MF</a> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/630-meter_band" title="630-meter band">630 m</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">472–479 kHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/160-meter_band" title="160-meter band">160 m</a></b> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">1.810–1.850 MHz</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="nowrap">1.800–2.000 MHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="9"><a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/80-meter_band" title="80-meter band">80 / 75 m</a></b> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">3.500–3.800 MHz</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">3.500–4.000 MHz</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">3.500–3.900 MHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/60-meter_band" title="60-meter band">60 m</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">5.3515–5.3665 MHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/40-meter_band" title="40-meter band">40 m</a></b> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">7.000–7.200 MHz</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">7.000–7.300 MHz</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">7.000–7.200 MHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/30-meter_band" class="mw-redirect" title="30-meter band">30 m</a></b><sup>[<b>w</b>]</sup> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">10.100–10.150 MHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/20-meter_band" title="20-meter band">20 m</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">14.000–14.350 MHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/17-meter_band" class="mw-redirect" title="17-meter band">17 m</a></b><sup>[<b>w</b>]</sup> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">18.068–18.168 MHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/15-meter_band" title="15-meter band">15 m</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">21.000–21.450 MHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/WARC_bands" title="WARC bands">12 m</a></b><sup>[<b>w</b>]</sup> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">24.890–24.990 MHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/10-meter_band" title="10-meter band">10 m</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">28.000–29.700 MHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a> </th> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/8-meter_band" title="8-meter band">8 m</a></b></i><sup>[<b>x</b>]</sup> </td> <td><i><span class="nowrap">40.000–40.700 MHz</span></i> </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/6-meter_band" title="6-meter band">6 m</a></b> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">50.000–52.000 MHz</span><br /><span class="nowrap">(50.000–54.000 MHz)</span><sup>[<b>y</b>]</sup> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="nowrap">50.000–54.000 MHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/5-meter_band" title="5-meter band">5 m</a></b></i><sup>[<b>x</b>]</sup> </td> <td><i><span class="nowrap">58.000–60.100 MHz</span></i> </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/4-meter_band" class="mw-redirect" title="4-meter band">4 m</a></b></i><sup>[<b>x</b>]</sup> </td> <td><i><span class="nowrap">70.000–70.500 MHz</span></i> </td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/2-meter_band" title="2-meter band">2 m</a></b> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">144.000–146.000 MHz</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="nowrap">144.000–148.000 MHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1.25-meter_band" title="1.25-meter band">1.25 m</a></b> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span class="nowrap">220.000–225.000 MHz</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/70-centimeter_band" title="70-centimeter band">70 cm</a></b> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">430.000–440.000 MHz</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="nowrap">430.000–440.000 MHz</span><br /><span class="nowrap">(420.000–450.000 MHz)</span><sup>[<b>y</b>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/33-centimeter_band" title="33-centimeter band">33 cm</a></b> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span class="nowrap">902.000–928.000 MHz</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/23-centimeter_band" title="23-centimeter band">23 cm</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">1.240–1.300 GHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/13-centimeter_band" title="13-centimeter band">13 cm</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">2.300–2.450 GHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Super_high_frequency" title="Super high frequency">SHF</a> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/9-centimeter_band" title="9-centimeter band">9 cm</a></b> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">3.400–3.475 GHz</span><sup>[<b>y</b>]</sup> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="nowrap">3.300–3.500 GHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/5-centimeter_band" title="5-centimeter band">5 cm</a></b> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">5.650–5.850 GHz</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">5.650–5.925 GHz</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">5.650–5.850 GHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/3-centimeter_band" title="3-centimeter band">3 cm</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">10.000–10.500 GHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1.2-centimeter_band" title="1.2-centimeter band">1.2 cm</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">24.000–24.250 GHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">EHF</a> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/6-millimeter_band" title="6-millimeter band">6 mm</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">47.000–47.200 GHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/4-millimeter_band" title="4-millimeter band">4 mm</a></b><sup>[<b>y</b>]</sup> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><i>75.500 GHz</i><sup>[<b>x</b>]</sup> – 81.500 GHz</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="nowrap">76.000–81.500 GHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/2.5-millimeter_band" title="2.5-millimeter band">2.5 mm</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">122.250–123.000 GHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/2-millimeter_band" title="2-millimeter band">2 mm</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">134.000–141.000 GHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1-millimeter_band" title="1-millimeter band">1 mm</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="nowrap">241.000–250.000 GHz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tremendously_high_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Tremendously high frequency">THF</a> </th> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/Submillimeter_amateur_radio" title="Submillimeter amateur radio">Sub-mm</a></b></i> </td> <td colspan="3"><i>Some administrations have authorized spectrum for amateur use in this region;<br />others have declined to regulate frequencies above 300 GHz.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:left;background: lightskyblue"> <p>[<b>v</b>] All allocations are subject to variation by country. For simplicity, only common allocations found internationally are listed. See a band's article for specifics.<br /> [<b>w</b>] HF allocation created at the 1979 <a href="/wiki/World_Administrative_Radio_Conference" title="World Administrative Radio Conference">World Administrative Radio Conference</a>. These are commonly called the "<a href="/wiki/WARC_band" class="mw-redirect" title="WARC band">WARC bands</a>".<br /> [<b>x</b>] This is not mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">ITU</a>'s <i>Table of Frequency Allocations</i>, but many individual administrations have commonly adopted this allocation under <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://life.itu.int/radioclub/rr/frr.htm">"Article 4.4"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+4.4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flife.itu.int%2Fradioclub%2Frr%2Ffrr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span><br /> [<b>y</b>] This includes a currently active <i>footnote allocation</i> mentioned in the ITU's <i>Table of Frequency Allocations</i>. These allocations may only apply to a group of countries. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;background: skyblue">See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Radio_spectrum" title="Template:Radio spectrum">Radio spectrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Template:Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Template:Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modes_of_communication">Modes of communication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur_radio&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modes of communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_amateur_radio_modes" title="List of amateur radio modes">List of amateur radio modes</a></div> <p>Amateurs use a variety of voice, text, image, and data communication modes the over radio. Generally new modes can be tested in the amateur radio service, although national regulations may require disclosure of a new mode to permit radio licensing authorities to monitor the transmissions. <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">Encryption</a>, for example, is not generally permitted in the Amateur Radio service except for the special purpose of satellite vehicle control uplinks. The following is a partial list of the modes of communication used, where the mode includes both <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a> types and operating protocols. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voice">Voice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur_radio&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Voice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">Amplitude modulation</a> (AM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-sideband_suppressed-carrier_transmission" title="Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission">Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier</a> (DSB-SC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_sideband" title="Independent sideband">Independent Sideband</a> (ISB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation" title="Single-sideband modulation">Single Sideband</a> (SSB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation_equivalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Amplitude modulation equivalent">Amplitude Modulation Equivalent</a> (AME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">Frequency modulation</a> (FM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_modulation" title="Phase modulation">Phase modulation</a> (PM)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image">Image</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur_radio&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Image"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_television" title="Amateur television">Amateur Television</a> (ATV), also known as <i>Fast Scan television</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow-scan_television" title="Slow-scan television">Slow-Scan Television</a> (SSTV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiofax" title="Radiofax">Radiofax</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text_and_data">Text and data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur_radio&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Text and data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In former times, most amateur digital modes were transmitted by inserting audio into the microphone input of a radio and using an analog scheme, such as <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">amplitude modulation</a> (AM), <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">frequency modulation</a> (FM), or <a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation" title="Single-sideband modulation">single-sideband modulation</a> (SSB). Beginning in 2017, increased use of several digital modes, particularly <a href="/wiki/FT8" title="FT8">FT8</a>, became popular within the amateur radio community.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Text-modes">Text-modes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur_radio&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Text-modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_wave" title="Continuous wave">Continuous Wave</a> (CW), usually used for <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_link_establishment" title="Automatic link establishment">Automatic Link Establishment</a> (ALE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMTOR" title="AMTOR">AMateur Teleprinting Over Radio</a> (AMTOR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PACTOR" title="PACTOR">PACTOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioteletype" title="Radioteletype">Radioteletype</a> (RTTY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellschreiber" title="Hellschreiber">Hellschreiber</a>, also referred to as either <i>Feld-Hell</i>, or <i>Hell</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Digimodes">Digimodes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur_radio&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Digimodes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D-STAR" title="D-STAR">D-STAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_mobile_radio" title="Digital mobile radio">Digital mobile radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaesu_(brand)" title="Yaesu (brand)">Fusion</a> (Yaesu own mode)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GTOR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GTOR (page does not exist)">GTOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_multi-tone_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrete multi-tone modulation">Discrete multi-tone modulation</a> modes such as <a href="/wiki/MT63" title="MT63">Multi Tone 63</a> (MT63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_frequency-shift_keying" title="Multiple frequency-shift keying">Multiple Frequency-Shift Keying</a> (MFSK) modes such as <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WSJT_(amateur_radio_software)" title="WSJT (amateur radio software)">FSK441, JT6M, JT65, JT9</a>, <a href="/wiki/FT8" title="FT8">FT8</a>, <a href="/wiki/WSJT_(amateur_radio_software)" title="WSJT (amateur radio software)">FT4</a></li> <li>JS8Call</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSPR_(amateur_radio_software)" title="WSPR (amateur radio software)">WSPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivia_MFSK" title="Olivia MFSK">Olivia MFSK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_radio" title="Packet radio">Packet radio</a> (<a href="/wiki/AX.25" title="AX.25">AX.25</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_Packet_Reporting_System" title="Automatic Packet Reporting System">Automatic Packet Reporting System</a> (APRS)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-shift_keying" title="Phase-shift keying">Phase-Shift Keying</a> <ul><li>31-<a href="/wiki/Baud" title="Baud">baud</a> <a href="/wiki/BPSK" class="mw-redirect" title="BPSK">binary phase shift keying</a>: <a href="/wiki/PSK31" title="PSK31">PSK31</a></li> <li>31-<a href="/wiki/Baud" title="Baud">baud</a> <a href="/wiki/QPSK" class="mw-redirect" title="QPSK">quadrature phase shift keying</a>: <a href="/wiki/PSK31" title="PSK31">QPSK31</a></li> <li>63-<a href="/wiki/Baud" title="Baud">baud</a> <a href="/wiki/BPSK" class="mw-redirect" title="BPSK">binary phase shift keying</a>: <a href="/wiki/PSK63" title="PSK63">PSK63</a></li> <li>63-<a href="/wiki/Baud" title="Baud">baud</a> <a href="/wiki/QPSK" class="mw-redirect" title="QPSK">quadrature phase shift keying</a>: <a href="/wiki/PSK63" title="PSK63">QPSK63</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CLOVER&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CLOVER (page does not exist)">CLOVER</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modes_by_activity">Modes by activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur_radio&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Modes by activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following "modes" use no one specific modulation scheme but rather are classified by the activity of the communication. </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AllStarLink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AllStarLink (page does not exist)">AllStarLink</a> (AllStar / ASL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%E2%80%93Moon%E2%80%93Earth_communication" title="Earth–Moon–Earth communication">Earth-Moon-Earth</a> (EME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EchoLink" title="EchoLink">EchoLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Radio_Linking_Project" title="Internet Radio Linking Project">Internet Radio Linking Project</a> (IRLP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/QRP_operation" title="QRP operation">Low Transmitter Power</a> (QRP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_satellite" title="Amateur radio satellite">Satellite</a> (OSCAR – Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur_radio&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Radio_icon.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="22" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Radio" title="Portal:Radio">Radio portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-meter_band" title="2-meter band">2-meter band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70-centimeter_band" title="70-centimeter band">70-centimeter band</a> (aka 440 MHz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMPRNet" title="AMPRNet">AMPRNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DX_Century_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="DX Century Club">DX Century Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamfest" title="Hamfest">Hamfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Amateur_Radio_Union" title="International Amateur Radio Union">International Amateur Radio Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotron" title="Isotron">Isotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amateur_radio_magazines" title="List of amateur radio magazines">List of amateur radio magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amateur_radio_organizations" title="List of amateur radio organizations">List of amateur radio organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amateur_radio_software" title="List of amateur radio software">List of amateur radio software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_mobile_amateur_radio" title="Maritime mobile amateur radio">Maritime mobile amateur radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_Electromagnetics_Code" title="Numerical Electromagnetics Code">NEC-2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antenna_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna modeling">antenna modeling</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parks_On_The_Air" title="Parks On The Air">Parks On The Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio#Piracy_in_amateur_and_two-way_radio" title="Pirate radio">Piracy in amateur and two-way radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">Prosigns for Morse code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summits_On_The_Air" title="Summits On The Air">Summits On The Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worked_All_Continents" class="mw-redirect" title="Worked All Continents">Worked All Continents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worked_All_Zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Worked All Zones">Worked All Zones</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur_radio&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilver2021" class="citation book cs1">Silver, H. Ward (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1245417767"><i>Ham Radio For Dummies</i></a> (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-69576-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-69576-9"><bdi>978-1-119-69576-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1245417767">1245417767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ham+Radio+For+Dummies&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1245417767&rft.isbn=978-1-119-69576-9&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=H.+Ward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1245417767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728130153/https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/oth/02/02/S02020000204501PDFE.pdf">"General Regulations Annexed to the International Radiotelegraph Convention"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Radiotelegraph Convention of Washington, 1927</i>. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. 1928. pp. 29–172. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/oth/02/02/S02020000204501PDFE.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Radiotelegraph+Convention+of+Washington%2C+1927&rft.atitle=General+Regulations+Annexed+to+the+International+Radiotelegraph+Convention&rft.pages=29-172&rft.date=1928&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fdms_pub%2Fitu-s%2Foth%2F02%2F02%2FS02020000204501PDFE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumner2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Sumner, David (August 2011). "How Many Hams?". <i>QST</i>. American Radio Relay League. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=QST&rft.atitle=How+Many+Hams%3F&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2011-08&rft.aulast=Sumner&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bluebook1909-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bluebook1909_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGernsback1909" class="citation book cs1">Gernsback, H (May 1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~uparc/documents/First%20Annual%20Official%20Wireless%20Blue%20Book%20-%201909.pdf"><i>First Annual Official Wireless Blue Book of the Wireless Association of America</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Modern Electrics Publication. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706002250/http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~uparc/documents/First%20Annual%20Official%20Wireless%20Blue%20Book%20-%201909.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Honolulu, Hawaii. pp. 58–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FFREQ.1996.559819">10.1109/FREQ.1996.559819</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7803-3309-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7803-3309-8"><bdi>0-7803-3309-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130113003917/http://www.bliley.net/XTAL/Industry-Hams.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Kilby Credits Amateur Radio for His Start in Electronics"</a>. Nobelprize.org. 20 June 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105132023/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2000/kilby-autobio.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inventor+of+IC+%27chip%27%2C+Nobel+Prize+Winner+Jack+S.+Kilby+Credits+Amateur+Radio+for+His+Start+in+Electronics&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft.date=2005-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F2000%2Fkilby-autobio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092904/http://www.cimap.vt.edu/files/internet/Impression/ICT.pdf">"<i>Role of Amateur Radio in Development Communication of Bangladesh.</i> Information & Communication Technology for Development. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ofcom.org.uk&rft.atitle=Amateur+Radio+%28Intermediate%29+License+%28A%29+or+%28B%29+Terms%2C+Provisions+and+Limitations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofcom.org.uk%2Fstatic%2Farchive%2Fra%2Fpublication%2Fra_info%2Fbr68i%2Fbr68i.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanity-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vanity_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wireless.fcc.gov/services/index.htm?job=cft&id=amateur&page=cft_get_call_sign">"Obtaining Vanity Call Sign"</a>. <i>FCC.gov</i>. Common Filing Task. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070827155210/http://wireless.fcc.gov/services/index.htm?job=cft&id=amateur&page=cft_get_call_sign">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FCC.gov&rft.atitle=Obtaining+Vanity+Call+Sign&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwireless.fcc.gov%2Fservices%2Findex.htm%3Fjob%3Dcft%26id%3Damateur%26page%3Dcft_get_call_sign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrl.org/vanity-call-sign-fees">"Vanity Call Sign Fees"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929092348/http://www.arrl.org/vanity-call-sign-fees">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vanity+Call+Sign+Fees&rft.pub=American+Radio+Relay+League&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arrl.org%2Fvanity-call-sign-fees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/call-signs/uk-amateur-radio-callsigns.php">"UK Amateur Radio Call Signs (callsigns)"</a>. <i>Electronics Notes</i>. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161017144010/https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/ham_radio/call-signs/uk-amateur-radio-callsigns.php">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electronics+Notes&rft.atitle=UK+Amateur+Radio+Call+Signs+%28callsigns%29&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electronics-notes.com%2Farticles%2Fham_radio%2Fcall-signs%2Fuk-amateur-radio-callsigns.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">More information is available from the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040627080852/http://www.ofcom.gov.uk/">"UK Radio & Media Licensing Authority"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofcom.gov.uk/">the original</a> on 27 June 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Radio+%26+Media+Licensing+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofcom.gov.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span> (<i>Ofcom</i>) website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wireless2.fcc.gov/UlsApp/UlsSearch/searchLicense.jsp">"License Search"</a>. <i>FCC Universal Licensing System</i>. U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100822154313/http://wireless2.fcc.gov/UlsApp/UlsSearch/searchLicense.jsp">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FCC+Universal+Licensing+System&rft.atitle=License+Search&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwireless2.fcc.gov%2FUlsApp%2FUlsSearch%2FsearchLicense.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bedworthlionsclub.co.uk/abtamfam.htm">"Famous Radio Amateurs 'Hams' & Call Signs"</a>. Bedworth Lions Club. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100831041650/http://www.bedworthlionsclub.co.uk/abtamfam.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Famous+Radio+Amateurs+%27Hams%27+%26+Call+Signs&rft.pub=Bedworth+Lions+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bedworthlionsclub.co.uk%2Fabtamfam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARRL-plates-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ARRL-plates_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARRL-plates_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070804045533/http://www.arrl.org/FandES/field/regulations/local/plates.html">"Amateur Radio License Plate Fees"</a>. <i>ARRL Web</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrl.org/FandES/field/regulations/local/plates.html">the original</a> on 4 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARRL+Web&rft.atitle=Amateur+Radio+License+Plate+Fees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arrl.org%2FFandES%2Ffield%2Fregulations%2Flocal%2Fplates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207083448/http://plates.hfradio.net/plate1.html">"Ham Radio call sign License Plates"</a>. Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plates.hfradio.net/plate1.html">the original</a> on 7 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ham+Radio+call+sign+License+Plates&rft.place=Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplates.hfradio.net%2Fplate1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081019175012/http://www.icbc.com/registration/reg_spec_lic_plates_ham.asp">"ICBC – HAM radio plates"</a>. <i>icbc.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icbc.com/registration/reg_spec_lic_plates_ham.asp">the original</a> on 19 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=icbc.com&rft.atitle=ICBC+%E2%80%93+HAM+radio+plates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icbc.com%2Fregistration%2Freg_spec_lic_plates_ham.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927015141/http://www.ofta.gov.hk/en/rae/rae0101E_F.pdf">"Annex F: Equipment for Amateur Station"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hong Kong: Office of the Telecommunications Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofta.gov.hk/en/rae/rae0101E_F.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2010</span>. <q>Radio amateurs are free to choose any radio equipment designed for the amateur service. Radio amateurs may also design and build their own equipment provided that the requirements and limitations specified in the Amateur Station Licence and Schedules thereto are complied with.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annex+F%3A+Equipment+for+Amateur+Station&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Telecommunications+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofta.gov.hk%2Fen%2Frae%2Frae0101E_F.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/wireless/bureau-divisions/mobility-division/amateur-radio-service">"Amateur Radio Service"</a>. Federal Communications Commission. Wireless Telecommunications. 6 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191013071120/https://www.fcc.gov/wireless/bureau-divisions/mobility-division/amateur-radio-service">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2019</span>. <q>They design, construct, modify, and repair their stations. The FCC equipment authorization program does not generally apply to amateur station transmitters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amateur+Radio+Service&rft.pub=Federal+Communications+Commission&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Fwireless%2Fbureau-divisions%2Fmobility-division%2Famateur-radio-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080718193714/http://vkfaq.ampr.org/faq2lic.html">"Australian Radio Amateur FAQ"</a>. <i>AMPR.org</i>. 24 June 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vkfaq.ampr.org/faq2lic.html">the original</a> on 18 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AMPR.org&rft.atitle=Australian+Radio+Amateur+FAQ&rft.date=2006-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvkfaq.ampr.org%2Ffaq2lic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FCC_section_97.313-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FCC_section_97.313_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=70e18d6b72cd3a4f55df3caa78a671c1&mc=true&node=se47.5.97_1313&rgn=div8">"§97.313—Transmitter power standards"</a>. <i>Code of Federal Regulations: Title 47, Part 97 — Amateur Radio Service</i>. Government Printing Office. 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C2%A797.313%E2%80%94Transmitter+power+standards&rft.btitle=Code+of+Federal+Regulations%3A+Title+47%2C+Part+97+%E2%80%94+Amateur+Radio+Service&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecfr.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftext-idx%3FSID%3D70e18d6b72cd3a4f55df3caa78a671c1%26mc%3Dtrue%26node%3Dse47.5.97_1313%26rgn%3Ddiv8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Industry_Canada-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Industry_Canada_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/sf01226.html">"RBR-4 – Standards for the Operation of Radio Stations in the Amateur Radio Service, s. 10.2"</a>. <i>Industry Canada</i>. Government of Canada. September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130113020113/http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/sf01226.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Industry+Canada&rft.atitle=RBR-4+%E2%80%93+Standards+for+the+Operation+of+Radio+Stations+in+the+Amateur+Radio+Service%2C+s.+10.2&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ic.gc.ca%2Feic%2Fsite%2Fsmt-gst.nsf%2Feng%2Fsf01226.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FCC_section_97.401_and_97.403-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FCC_section_97.401_and_97.403_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=70e18d6b72cd3a4f55df3caa78a671c1&mc=true&node=sp47.5.97.e&rgn=div6">"Subpart E—Providing Emergency Communications"</a>. <i>Code of Federal Regulations: Title 47, Part 97 — Amateur Radio Service</i>. Government Printing Office. 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Subpart+E%E2%80%94Providing+Emergency+Communications&rft.btitle=Code+of+Federal+Regulations%3A+Title+47%2C+Part+97+%E2%80%94+Amateur+Radio+Service&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecfr.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftext-idx%3FSID%3D70e18d6b72cd3a4f55df3caa78a671c1%26mc%3Dtrue%26node%3Dsp47.5.97.e%26rgn%3Ddiv6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrl.org/news/mode-usage-evaluation-2017-was-the-year-when-digital-modes-changed-forever">"Mode Usage Evaluation: 2017 was "the Year When Digital Modes Changed Forever"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.arrl.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.arrl.org&rft.atitle=Mode+Usage+Evaluation%3A+2017+was+%22the+Year+When+Digital+Modes+Changed+Forever%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arrl.org%2Fnews%2Fmode-usage-evaluation-2017-was-the-year-when-digital-modes-changed-forever&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>General references</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dd><b>Australia</b> <dl><dd><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertrandWait2005" class="citation book cs1">Bertrand, Ron; Wait, Phil (2005). <i>Your Entry Into Amateur Radio: The Foundation License Manual</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Institute_of_Australia" title="Wireless Institute of Australia">Wireless Institute of Australia</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9758342-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9758342-0-7"><bdi>0-9758342-0-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Your+Entry+Into+Amateur+Radio%3A+The+Foundation+License+Manual&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Wireless+Institute+of+Australia&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-9758342-0-7&rft.aulast=Bertrand&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft.au=Wait%2C+Phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><b>Canada</b> <dl><dd><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleveland-IliffeSmith1995" class="citation book cs1">Cleveland-Iliffe, John; Smith, Geoffrey Read (1995). <i>The Canadian Amateur Study Guide for the Basic Qualification</i> (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Radio_Amateurs_of_Canada" title="Radio Amateurs of Canada">Radio Amateurs of Canada</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-895400-08-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-895400-08-2"><bdi>1-895400-08-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Amateur+Study+Guide+for+the+Basic+Qualification&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Radio+Amateurs+of+Canada&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-895400-08-2&rft.aulast=Cleveland-Iliffe&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Smith%2C+Geoffrey+Read&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><b>India</b> <dl><dd><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaji2013" class="citation web cs1">Shaji, P. B. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamradio.in/amateur_radio/">"Introduction to Amateur Radio"</a>. <i>HamRadioIndia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HamRadioIndia&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Amateur+Radio&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Shaji&rft.aufirst=P.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hamradio.in%2Famateur_radio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><b>United Kingdom</b> <dl><dd><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetts2004" class="citation book cs1">Betts, Alan (2004). <i>Foundation License Now!</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Radio_Society_of_Great_Britain" title="Radio Society of Great Britain">Radio Society of Great Britain</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872309-80-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-872309-80-1"><bdi>1-872309-80-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundation+License+Now%21&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Radio+Society+of+Great+Britain&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-872309-80-1&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><b>United States</b> <dl><dd><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfgang2003" class="citation book cs1">Wolfgang, Larry D., ed. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nowyouretalkinga0005unse"><i>Now You're Talking! All You Need For Your First Amateur Radio License</i></a></span> (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87259-881-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87259-881-0"><bdi>0-87259-881-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Now+You%27re+Talking%21+All+You+Need+For+Your+First+Amateur+Radio+License&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=American+Radio+Relay+League&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-87259-881-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnowyouretalkinga0005unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHennessee2003" class="citation book cs1">Hennessee, John, ed. (2003). <i>The ARRL FCC Rule Book</i> (13th ed.). <a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87259-900-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87259-900-0"><bdi>0-87259-900-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ARRL+FCC+Rule+Book&rft.edition=13th&rft.pub=American+Radio+Relay+League&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-87259-900-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilver2004" class="citation book cs1">Silver, H. Ward (2004). <i>Ham Radio for Dummies</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7645-5987-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7645-5987-7"><bdi>0-7645-5987-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ham+Radio+for+Dummies&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7645-5987-7&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=H.+Ward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur_radio&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergquist2001" class="citation book cs1">Bergquist, Carl J. (May 2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780790612386"><i>Ham Radio Operator's Guide</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Prompt Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7906-1238-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7906-1238-0"><bdi>0-7906-1238-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ham+Radio+Operator%27s+Guide&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Prompt+Publications&rft.date=2001-05&rft.isbn=0-7906-1238-0&rft.aulast=Bergquist&rft.aufirst=Carl+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780790612386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuck,_K4IA2018" class="citation book cs1">Buck, K4IA, Craig E. (May 2018). <i>Pass Your Technician Class Amateur Radio Test - The Easy Way</i> (2nd ed.). USA: EasyWayHamBooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1985125643" title="Special:BookSources/978-1985125643"><bdi>978-1985125643</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pass+Your+Technician+Class+Amateur+Radio+Test+-+The+Easy+Way&rft.place=USA&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=EasyWayHamBooks&rft.date=2018-05&rft.isbn=978-1985125643&rft.aulast=Buck%2C+K4IA&rft.aufirst=Craig+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennisonFielding2009" class="citation book cs1">Dennison, Mike; Fielding, John, eds. (2009). <i>Radio Communication Handbook</i> (10th ed.). Bedford, England: <a href="/wiki/Radio_Society_of_Great_Britain" title="Radio Society of Great Britain">Radio Society of Great Britain</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905086-54-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905086-54-2"><bdi>978-1-905086-54-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radio+Communication+Handbook&rft.place=Bedford%2C+England&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Radio+Society+of+Great+Britain&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-905086-54-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaring2007" class="citation book cs1">Haring, Kristen (2007). <i>Ham Radio's Technical Culture</i>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-08355-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-08355-3"><bdi>978-0-262-08355-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ham+Radio%27s+Technical+Culture&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-262-08355-3&rft.aulast=Haring&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole2001" class="citation book cs1">Poole, Ian D. (October 2001). <i>HF Amateur Radio</i>. Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, England: <a href="/wiki/Radio_Society_of_Great_Britain" title="Radio Society of Great Britain">Radio Society of Great Britain</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872309-75-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-872309-75-5"><bdi>1-872309-75-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HF+Amateur+Radio&rft.place=Potters+Bar%2C+Hertfordshire%2C+England&rft.pub=Radio+Society+of+Great+Britain&rft.date=2001-10&rft.isbn=1-872309-75-5&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Ian+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohdeWhitaker2001" class="citation book cs1">Rohde, Ulrich L.; Whitaker, Jerry C. (2001). <i>Communications Receivers: DSP, Software Radios, and Design</i> (3rd ed.). New York City: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-136121-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-136121-9"><bdi>0-07-136121-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communications+Receivers%3A+DSP%2C+Software+Radios%2C+and+Design&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-07-136121-9&rft.aulast=Rohde&rft.aufirst=Ulrich+L.&rft.au=Whitaker%2C+Jerry+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The ARRL Handbook for Radio Communications 2010</i> (87th ed.). Newington, CT: <a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a>. November 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87259-144-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87259-144-8"><bdi>978-0-87259-144-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ARRL+Handbook+for+Radio+Communications+2010&rft.place=Newington%2C+CT&rft.edition=87th&rft.pub=American+Radio+Relay+League&rft.date=2009-11&rft.isbn=978-0-87259-144-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmateur+radio" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur_radio&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amateur_radio" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Amateur radio">Amateur radio</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Amateur_radio" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Amateur radio">Amateur radio</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Amateur_Radio_Manual" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Amateur Radio Manual">Amateur Radio Manual</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Amateur_radio" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amateur_radio_topics" title="Template:Amateur radio topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amateur_radio_topics" title="Template talk:Amateur radio topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amateur_radio_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amateur radio topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Amateur_radio" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amateur radio</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_direction_finding" title="Amateur radio direction finding">ARDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_emergency_communications" title="Amateur radio emergency communications">Emergency communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contesting" title="Contesting">Contesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DXing" title="DXing">DX communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_telegraphy" title="High-speed telegraphy">High-speed telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_homebrew" title="Amateur radio homebrew">Homebrewing</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:International_amateur_radio_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/International_amateur_radio_symbol.svg/80px-International_amateur_radio_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/International_amateur_radio_symbol.svg/120px-International_amateur_radio_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/International_amateur_radio_symbol.svg/160px-International_amateur_radio_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_amateur_radio" title="History of amateur radio">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_operator" title="Amateur radio operator">Amateur radio operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_operating_award" title="Amateur radio operating award">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DX-pedition" title="DX-pedition">DX-pedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamfest" title="Hamfest">Hamfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_international_operation" title="Amateur radio international operation">International operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QSL_card" title="QSL card">QSL card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_code" title="Q code">Q code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiosport" title="Radiosport">Radiosport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_amateur_radio" title="Vintage amateur radio">Vintage amateur radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Amateur_Radio_Union" title="International Amateur Radio Union">International Amateur Radio Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_frequency_allocations" title="Amateur radio frequency allocations">Frequency allocations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU_prefix_(amateur_stations)" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU prefix (amateur stations)">ITU prefixes for amateur radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_mobile_amateur_radio" title="Maritime mobile amateur radio">Maritime mobile</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Licensing">Licensing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modes of communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Voice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sideband" title="Sideband">DSB-SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_sideband" title="Independent sideband">ISB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation" title="Single-sideband modulation">SSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation_equivalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Amplitude modulation equivalent">AME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_modulation" title="Phase modulation">PM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_television" title="Amateur television">ATV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow-scan_television" title="Slow-scan television">SSTV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data/Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_wave" title="Continuous wave">CW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_link_establishment" title="Automatic link establishment">ALE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMTOR" title="AMTOR">AMTOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-STAR" title="D-STAR">D-STAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAPNET" title="DAPNET">DAPNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EchoLink" title="EchoLink">EchoLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FT8" title="FT8">FT8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellschreiber" title="Hellschreiber">Hellschreiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_multi-tone_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrete multi-tone modulation">DMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_frequency-shift_keying" title="Multiple frequency-shift keying">MFSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_radio" title="Packet radio">Packet radio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automatic_Packet_Reporting_System" title="Automatic Packet Reporting System">APRS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PACTOR" title="PACTOR">PACTOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-shift_keying" title="Phase-shift keying">PSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioteletype" title="Radioteletype">RTTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">Spread spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaesu%27s_System_Fusion_II_-_Digital_Voice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaesu's System Fusion II - Digital Voice (page does not exist)">C4FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-coverage_Internet_Repeater_Enhancement_System" title="Wide-coverage Internet Repeater Enhancement System">WIRES-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_mobile_radio" title="Digital mobile radio">DMR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_station" title="Amateur radio station">Amateur radio station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amateur_radio_software" title="List of amateur radio software">Amateur radio software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Radio_Linking_Project" title="Internet Radio Linking Project">IRLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QRP_operation" title="QRP operation">QRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software-defined_radio" title="Software-defined radio">SDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_satellite" title="Amateur radio satellite">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-way_radio" title="Two-way radio">Two-way radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amateur_radio_transceivers" title="List of amateur radio transceivers">Transceivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">Shortwave radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_code" title="Q code">Q code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_in_India" title="Amateur radio in India">Amateur radio in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Two-way_radio" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Two-way_radio" title="Template:Two-way radio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Two-way_radio" title="Template talk:Two-way radio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Two-way_radio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Two-way radio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Two-way_radio" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Two-way_radio" title="Two-way radio">Two-way radio</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amateur and hobbyist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amateur radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_repeater" title="Amateur radio repeater">Amateur radio repeater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_band_radio" title="Citizens band radio">Citizens band radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Radio_Service" title="Family Radio Service">Family Radio Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Radio_Service" title="Public Radio Service">Public Radio Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Mobile_Radio_Service" title="General Mobile Radio Service">General Mobile Radio Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDR_444" title="KDR 444">KDR 444</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPD433" title="LPD433">LPD433</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_station#Mobile_stations" title="Amateur radio station">Mobile rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Use_Radio_Service" title="Multi-Use Radio Service">Multi-Use Radio Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMR446" title="PMR446">PMR446</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UHF_CB" title="UHF CB">UHF CB (Australia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aviation <br /> (aeronautical mobile)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_emergency_frequency" title="Aircraft emergency frequency">Aircraft emergency frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airband" title="Airband">Airband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_traffic_advisory_frequency" title="Common traffic advisory frequency">Common traffic advisory frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_frequency_airport" title="Mandatory frequency airport">Mandatory frequency airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MULTICOM" title="MULTICOM">MULTICOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_frequency_approach" title="Single frequency approach">Single Frequency Approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNICOM" title="UNICOM">UNICOM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land-based commercial <br /> and government mobile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_station" title="Base station">Base station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_band" title="Business band">Business band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_radio" title="Mobile radio">Mobile radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_mobile_radio" title="Professional mobile radio">Professional mobile radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_repeater" title="Radio repeater">Radio repeater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialized_Mobile_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialized Mobile Radio">Specialized Mobile Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunked_radio_system" title="Trunked radio system">Trunked radio system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkie-talkie" title="Walkie-talkie">Walkie-talkie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marine (shipboard)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2182_kHz" title="2182 kHz">2182 kHz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_kHz" title="500 kHz">500 kHz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_radio_station" title="Coast radio station">Coast radio station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_VHF_radio" title="Marine VHF radio">Marine VHF radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_mobile_amateur_radio" title="Maritime mobile amateur radio">Maritime mobile amateur radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Selective_calling" title="Selective calling">Signaling / <br /> Selective calling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_Tone-Coded_Squelch_System" title="Continuous Tone-Coded Squelch System">CTCSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-STAR" title="D-STAR">D-STAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-tone_multi-frequency_signaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling">Dual-tone multi-frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDC-1200" title="MDC-1200">MDC-1200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push-to-talk" title="Push-to-talk">Push-to-talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_calling#Quik-Call_I" title="Selective calling">Quik-Call I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_calling#Two-tone_sequential" title="Selective calling">Quik-Call II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selcall" title="Selcall">Selcall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELCAL" title="SELCAL">SELCAL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">System elements <br /> and principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">Antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_Packet_Reporting_System" title="Automatic Packet Reporting System">APRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_vehicle_location" title="Automatic vehicle location">Automatic vehicle location</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">Call sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_dispatch" title="Computer-aided dispatch">CAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_loop#Two-way_radio_use" title="Current loop">DC remote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispatch_(logistics)" title="Dispatch (logistics)">Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression" title="Dynamic range compression">Dynamic range compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fade_margin" title="Fade margin">Fade margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_budget" title="Link budget">Link budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_fading" title="Rayleigh fading">Rayleigh fading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_remote" title="Tone remote">Tone remote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephony_procedure" title="Radiotelephony procedure">Radiotelephony procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_combining" title="Diversity combining">Voting (diversity combining)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Morse_code" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Morse_code" title="Template:Morse code"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Morse_code" title="Template talk:Morse code"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Morse_code" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Morse code"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Morse_code" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">International Morse code</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Transmission methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On%E2%80%93off_keying" title="On–off keying">On–off keying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_wave" title="Continuous wave">Continuous wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulated_continuous_wave" title="Modulated continuous wave">Modulated continuous wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph" title="Heliograph">Heliograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_lamp" title="Signal lamp">Signal lamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Notable signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SOS" title="SOS">SOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CQD" title="CQD">CQD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_mnemonics" title="Morse code mnemonics">Morse code mnemonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">Prosigns for Morse code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_abbreviations" title="Morse code abbreviations">Morse code abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_code" title="Q code">Q code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_code" title="Z code">Z code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Other writing systems<br />in Morse code</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Morse_code" title="American Morse code">American Morse code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets#Greek" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets#Cyrillic" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Cyrillic script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Morse_code" title="Russian Morse code">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets#Hebrew" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Hebrew script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets#Arabic" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Arabic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabun_code" title="Wabun code">Wabun code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_telegraph_code" title="Chinese telegraph code">Chinese telegraph code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Amateur_radio_digital_modes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:lightsteelblue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digital_modes" title="Template:Digital modes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digital_modes" title="Template talk:Digital modes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digital_modes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digital modes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Amateur_radio_digital_modes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amateur radio</a> digital modes</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/Frequency-shift_keying" title="Frequency-shift keying">Frequency-shift keying (FSK)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radioteletype" title="Radioteletype">RTTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMTOR" title="AMTOR">AMTOR</a> / <a href="/wiki/SITOR" title="SITOR">SITOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PACTOR" title="PACTOR">PACTOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLOVER2000" title="CLOVER2000">CLOVER2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_radio" title="Packet radio">Packet radio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bell_103_modem" title="Bell 103 modem">Bell 103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_202_modem" title="Bell 202 modem">Bell 202</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M17_(amateur_radio)" title="M17 (amateur radio)">M17</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/International_amateur_radio_symbol.svg/50px-International_amateur_radio_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/International_amateur_radio_symbol.svg/75px-International_amateur_radio_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/International_amateur_radio_symbol.svg/100px-International_amateur_radio_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/Multiple_frequency-shift_keying" title="Multiple frequency-shift keying">Multiple frequency-shift keying (MFSK)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olivia_MFSK" title="Olivia MFSK">Olivia MFSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contestia" class="mw-redirect" title="Contestia">Contestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSJT_(amateur_radio_software)#JT65" title="WSJT (amateur radio software)">JT65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSJT_(amateur_radio_software)#FSK441" title="WSJT (amateur radio software)">FSK441</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSJT_(amateur_radio_software)#JT6M" title="WSJT (amateur radio software)">JT6M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSPR_(amateur_radio_software)" title="WSPR (amateur radio software)">WSPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FT8" title="FT8">FT8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/Phase-shift_keying" title="Phase-shift keying">Phase-shift keying (PSK)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PSK31" title="PSK31">PSK31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSK63" title="PSK63">PSK63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q15X25" title="Q15X25">Q15X25</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/COFDM" class="mw-redirect" title="COFDM">COFDM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MT63" title="MT63">MT63</a> (based on PSK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;">Non-traditional digital modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellschreiber" title="Hellschreiber">Hellschreiber (Feld-Hell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-off_keying" class="mw-redirect" title="On-off keying">On-off keying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_wave" title="Continuous wave">Continuous wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulated_continuous_wave" title="Modulated continuous wave">Modulated continuous wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse modulation">Pulse modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum" title="Frequency-hopping spread spectrum">Frequency-hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_sequence_spread_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct sequence spread spectrum">Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMPRNet" title="AMPRNet">AMPRNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAPNET" title="DAPNET">DAPNET</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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