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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-independence_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-independence_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-independence context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-independence_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partition_and_lingering_imperial_ties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partition_and_lingering_imperial_ties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Partition and lingering imperial ties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partition_and_lingering_imperial_ties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Delayed_citizenship_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delayed_citizenship_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Delayed citizenship legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delayed_citizenship_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflicting_definition_for_"Irish_national"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicting_definition_for_"Irish_national""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Conflicting definition for "Irish national"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicting_definition_for_"Irish_national"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_code_noncompliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_code_noncompliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Common code noncompliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_code_noncompliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changing_relationship_with_Britain_and_the_Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changing_relationship_with_Britain_and_the_Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Changing relationship with Britain and the Commonwealth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changing_relationship_with_Britain_and_the_Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_reforms_as_a_republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_reforms_as_a_republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Subsequent reforms as a republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_reforms_as_a_republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_integration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_integration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>European integration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_integration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citizenship_by_investment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citizenship_by_investment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Citizenship by investment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citizenship_by_investment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restrictions_to_birthright_citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restrictions_to_birthright_citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Restrictions to birthright citizenship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restrictions_to_birthright_citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acquisition_and_loss_of_citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquisition_and_loss_of_citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Acquisition and loss of citizenship</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Acquisition_and_loss_of_citizenship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Acquisition and loss of citizenship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Acquisition_and_loss_of_citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Entitlement_by_birth,_descent,_or_adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entitlement_by_birth,_descent,_or_adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Entitlement by birth, descent, or adoption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entitlement_by_birth,_descent,_or_adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naturalisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naturalisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Naturalisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naturalisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loss_and_resumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_and_resumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Loss and resumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_and_resumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Honorary citizenship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliamentary_debates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliamentary_debates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Parliamentary debates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliamentary_debates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> 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For the newspaper, see <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Citizen" title="The Irish Citizen"><i>The Irish Citizen</i></a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ededed">Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act, 1956</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland.svg/255px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland.svg/340px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="830" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed"><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><b><a href="/wiki/Long_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Long title">Long title</a></b></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">An Act to make provision for the acquisition and loss of Irish nationality and citizenship. </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citation</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revisedacts.lawreform.ie/eli/1956/act/26/revised/en/html">No. 26 of 1956</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Territorial extent</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Enacted</th><td class="infobox-data">11 July 1956 (with amendments from the Seanad)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955_–_From_the_Seanad"_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955_–_From_the_Seanad"-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Seanad Éireann</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Enacted</th><td class="infobox-data">5 July 1956<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Report_and_Final_Stages_–_Seanad"_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Report_and_Final_Stages_–_Seanad"-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commenced</th><td class="infobox-data">17 July 1956</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Administered by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Ireland)" title="Department of Justice (Ireland)">Department of Justice</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Legislative history</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">First chamber: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill (proposed law)">Bill</a> title</th><td class="infobox-data">Irish Nationality and Citizenship Bill, 1955</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Everett_(politician)" title="James Everett (politician)">James Everett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Justice_(Ireland)" title="Minister for Justice (Ireland)">Minister for Justice</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_First_Stage"_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_First_Stage"-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Reading_(legislature)#First_reading" title="Reading (legislature)">First reading</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13 July 1955<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_First_Stage"_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_First_Stage"-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Reading_(legislature)#Second_reading" title="Reading (legislature)">Second reading</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29 February 1956<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Second_Stage_–_Dáil"_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Second_Stage_–_Dáil"-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Reading_(legislature)#Third_reading" title="Reading (legislature)">Third reading</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10 April 1956<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Report_and_Final_Stages_–_Dáil"_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Report_and_Final_Stages_–_Dáil"-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Second chamber: <a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Seanad Éireann</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bill title</th><td class="infobox-data">Irish Nationality and Citizenship Bill, 1955</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Second reading</th><td class="infobox-data">16 May 1956<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Second_Stage_–_Seanad"_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Second_Stage_–_Seanad"-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Third reading</th><td class="infobox-data">5 July 1956<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Report_and_Final_Stages_–_Seanad"_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Report_and_Final_Stages_–_Seanad"-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repeals</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1935/act/13/enacted/en/print.html">Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act, 1935</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color:#FFFFCC;"><b>Status:</b> Amended</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The primary law governing <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</a> of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> is the Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act, 1956, which <a href="/wiki/Coming_into_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming into force">came into force</a> on 17 July 1956. Ireland is a <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member state of the European Union</a> (EU), and all Irish nationals are <a href="/wiki/EU_citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="EU citizens">EU citizens</a>. They are entitled to <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Rights_Directive" title="Citizens' Rights Directive">free movement rights</a> in EU and <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> (EFTA) countries, and may vote in <a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">elections to the European Parliament</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish citizens">Irish citizens</a> also have the right to live, work, and enter and exit the United Kingdom freely, and are the only EU citizens permitted to do this due to the <a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">common travel area</a> between the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>. </p><p>All persons born in the Republic before 1 January 2005 are automatically citizens by birth regardless of the nationalities of their parents. Individuals born in the country since that date receive Irish <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a> at birth if at least one of their parents is an Irish citizen or entitled to be one, a British citizen, a resident with no time limit of stay in either the Republic or <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, or a resident who has been <a href="/wiki/Domicile_(law)" title="Domicile (law)">domiciled</a> on the island of Ireland for at least three of the preceding four years. Persons born in Northern Ireland are usually entitled to – but not automatically granted – Irish citizenship, largely under the same terms. Foreign nationals may become Irish citizens by <a href="/wiki/Naturalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalisation">naturalisation</a> after meeting a minimum residence requirement, usually five years. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">president of Ireland</a> may also grant <a href="/wiki/Honorary_citizenship" title="Honorary citizenship">honorary citizenship</a>, which entails the same rights and duties as normal citizenship, although this is rare. </p><p>Ireland as a whole was previously <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">part of the United Kingdom</a> and Irish people were <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subjects</a>. After most of Ireland's independence as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> in 1922 and departure from the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> in 1949, Irish citizens no longer hold British nationality. However, they continue to have favoured status in the United Kingdom and are largely exempt from British immigration law, eligible to vote in <a href="/wiki/UK_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="UK elections">UK elections</a>, and able to stand for public office there. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationality_law&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The distinction between the meaning of the terms <i><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</a></i> is not always clear in the English language and differs by country. Generally, nationality refers to a person's legal belonging to a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> and is the common term used in international treaties when addressing members of a country, while citizenship usually means the set of rights and duties a person has in that nation. This distinction is clearly defined in non-English speaking countries but not in the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKondo20012–3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKondo20012–3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the modern Irish context, there is little distinction between the two terms and they are used interchangeably.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillaumond20164_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillaumond20164-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationality_law&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law_and_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland">British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-independence_context">Pre-independence context</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationality_law&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-independence context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subject</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">History of Ireland (1801–1923)</a></div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland</a> in the late 12th century, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> has been politically and militarily involved on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeach201940_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeach201940-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English control was tenuous until the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a> in the 16th century, during which the entire island was assimilated into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018214–215_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018214–215-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After passage of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a>, Ireland was merged with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly1987236_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly1987236-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">British nationality law</a> applied in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandoll20122_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandoll20122-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any person born in Ireland, as a constituent part of the United Kingdom, or anywhere else within <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">Crown</a> dominions was a natural-born British subject.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaratani200341–42_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratani200341–42-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural-born subjects were considered to owe perpetual <a href="/wiki/Allegiance" title="Allegiance">allegiance</a> to the sovereign,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackstone1765_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackstone1765-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and could not voluntarily renounce British subject status until this was first permitted in 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistorical_background_information_on_nationality8–9_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistorical_background_information_on_nationality8–9-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British nationality law during this time was uncodified and did not have a standard set of regulations,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGosewinkel200813_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGosewinkel200813-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> relying instead on past <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">precedent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaratani200341_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratani200341-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the mid-19th century, it was unclear whether rules for <a href="/wiki/Naturalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalisation">naturalisation</a> in the United Kingdom were applicable elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. Colonies had wide discretion in developing their own procedures and requirements for naturalisation up to that point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaratani200355–56_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratani200355–56-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1847, the <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a> formalised a clear distinction between subjects who naturalised in the UK and those who did so in other territories. Individuals who naturalised in the UK were deemed to have received the status by imperial naturalisation, which was valid throughout the Empire. Those naturalising in colonies were said to have gone through local naturalisation and were given subject status valid only within the relevant territory;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistorical_background_information_on_nationality8_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistorical_background_information_on_nationality8-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a subject who locally naturalised in <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Canada</a> was a British subject there, but not in the UK or <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. When travelling outside of the Empire, British subjects who were locally naturalised in a colony were still entitled to imperial protection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaratani200356_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratani200356-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British Parliament brought regulations for British subject status into codified statute law for the first time with passage of the <a href="/wiki/British_Nationality_and_Status_of_Aliens_Act_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914">British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914</a>. British subject status was standardised as a common nationality across the Empire. <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominions</a> that adopted Part II of this Act as part of local legislation were authorised to grant subject status to aliens by imperial naturalisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2001527–528_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2001527–528-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistorical_background_information_on_nationality10_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistorical_background_information_on_nationality10-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partition_and_lingering_imperial_ties">Partition and lingering imperial ties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationality_law&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Partition and lingering imperial ties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Healy_passport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The image shows the text of the request page of the depicted passport in Irish, English, and French. The English text reads: "We, Timothy Healy, Esquire, one of His Majesty's Counsel, Governor General of the Irish Free State, Request and require in the Name of His Britannic Majesty, all those whom it may concern to allow the bearer to pass freely without let or hindrance, and to afford her every assistance and protection of which she may stand in need."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Healy_passport.jpg/170px-Healy_passport.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Healy_passport.jpg/255px-Healy_passport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Healy_passport.jpg/340px-Healy_passport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="868" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Passport#Request_page" title="Passport">Request page</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Irish_passport" title="Irish passport">Irish Free State passport</a> issued in 1927</figcaption></figure> <p>Resistance to the Union and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">desire for local self-governance</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a>. Following the war, the island of Ireland was <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">partitioned into two parts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> in 1922, while <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> remains part of the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd1998515–516_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd1998515–516-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Constitution of the Irish Free State">Constitution of the Irish Free State</a> came into force on 6 December 1922, any individual domiciled in Ireland automatically became an Irish citizen if they were born in Ireland, born to at least one parent who was born in Ireland, or living in Ireland for at least seven years prior to independence. Any person who already held citizenship of another country could choose not to accept Irish citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001377–378_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001377–378-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a>, Northern Ireland was included in the Irish Free State on independence, but had the right to opt out of the new state within one month of its establishment. This option was exercised on 7 December 1922. The 24-hour period in which Northern Ireland was officially part of the Irish Free State meant that every person ordinarily resident in Northern Ireland on 6 December who fulfilled the citizenship provisions in the Constitution had automatically become an Irish citizen on that date.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001391_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001391-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At its inception, the Irish Free State gained independence as a Dominion within the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowry2008205_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowry2008205-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imperial legislation at the time dictated that although individual Dominions could define a citizenship for their own citizens, that citizenship would only be effective within the local Dominion's borders. A Canadian, New Zealand, or Irish citizen who travelled outside of their own country would have been regarded as a British subject. This was reinforced by Article 3 of the 1922 Constitution, which stated that Irish citizenship could be exercised "within the limits of the jurisdiction of the Irish Free State".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001378–379_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001378–379-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the British government's perspective, any person born in Ireland remained bound by allegiance to the monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeuston195081_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeuston195081-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Free State authorities were first preparing to issue <a href="/wiki/Irish_passport" title="Irish passport">Irish passports</a> in 1923, the British government insisted on the inclusion of some type of wording that described the holders of these passports as "British subjects". The two sides could not reach agreement on this issue and when the Irish government began issuing passports in 1924, British authorities refused to accept these documents. British consular staff were instructed to confiscate any Irish passports that did not include the term "British subject" and replace them with British passports. This situation continued until 1930, when Irish passports were amended to describe its holders as "one of His Majesty's subjects of the Irish Free State".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001380–381_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001380–381-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these disagreements, the two governments agreed not to establish border controls between their jurisdictions and all Irish citizens and British subjects continued to have the ability to move freely within the <a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2001859–860_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2001859–860-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Delayed_citizenship_legislation">Delayed citizenship legislation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationality_law&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Delayed citizenship legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the Constitution provided a definition for who acquired citizenship at the time of independence, it contained no detail on how to acquire it after 1922. This created a number of anomalous situations, including the inability for citizenship to be granted to foreigners resident in Ireland and foreign spouses of Irish citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001382–383_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001382–383-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, the other Dominions had exercised increasing levels of autonomy in managing their own affairs and each by then had developed a distinct national identity. Britain formally recognised this at the <a href="/wiki/1926_Imperial_Conference" title="1926 Imperial Conference">1926 Imperial Conference</a>, jointly issuing the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration</a> with all the Dominion heads of government, which stated that the United Kingdom and Dominions were autonomous and equal to each other within the British <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. Full legislative independence was granted to the Dominions with passage of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaratani200386–88_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratani200386–88-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Legislation clarifying Irish citizenship acquisition was delayed due to the government's desire to negotiate an exception in British subject status with the rest of the Commonwealth. Ultimately, no compromise on the issue was reached but Ireland did not pass its own nationality legislation until after passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931. The Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act enacted by the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a> in 1935 provided a full framework detailing requirements for obtaining citizenship. Under the 1935 Act, any individual born in the Irish Free State on or after 6 December 1922, or overseas to an Irish father who himself was born in the state, was a natural-born citizen. Children born abroad to an Irish father who himself was not born within the Free State were required to have had their birth registered within two years. Northern Ireland was treated as outside of the Free State for the purposes of this Act.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001382–386,_391_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001382–386,_391-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Any person born in Ireland before 6 December 1922 who did not automatically acquire citizenship under the Constitution due to their residence abroad on that date could acquire citizenship by becoming domiciled in the Free State, along with their children. Irish-born individuals continuing to live overseas became eligible to acquire Irish citizenship by registration, provided that they had not voluntarily naturalised as citizens of another country. Foreign nationals who resided in the Free State for at least five years could apply for naturalisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001386–387_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001386–387-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish citizens older than age 21 who acquired foreign citizenship automatically lost Irish citizenship, and any Irish child who was registered in the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Births_Register" title="Foreign Births Register">Foreign Births Register</a> was required after reaching age 21 to make a declaration of their intention to retain Irish citizenship and stating that they had renounced all other nationalities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001397_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001397-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conflicting_definition_for_"Irish_national""><span id="Conflicting_definition_for_.22Irish_national.22"></span>Conflicting definition for "Irish national"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationality_law&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conflicting definition for "Irish national""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the period before passage of the 1935 Act, the government enacted several pieces of legislation that restricted certain types of economic activity to "Irish nationals". Under the Control of Manufactures Act 1932, Irish companies were required to be majority-owned by Irish nationals. Because legislation was not yet enacted that defined who was a national, this Act provided a separate definition: an Irish "national" was someone born within the borders of the Free State or had been domiciled there for at least five years before 1932. This definition continued to be used even after the 1935 Act was enacted. Significant portions of the Northern Irish population became treated as foreigners in commerce as a consequence of these provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001392–393_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001392–393-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This statutory definition differed based on the type of business that a particular Act was regulating. For agriculture and banking, a person born overseas must have been resident in the Free State for at least five years before 1933 to qualify as an Irish national. However, when determining the amount of <a href="/wiki/Stamp_duty" title="Stamp duty">stamp duty</a> to be levied on property transactions, an Irish national was someone who had lived in the state for three years before 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"What_is_an_'Irish_National'?",_''Irish_Jurist''38_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"What_is_an_'Irish_National'?",_''Irish_Jurist''38-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These separate definitions for "Irish national" were repealed after legislative reform in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001392_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001392-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Common_code_noncompliance">Common code noncompliance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationality_law&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Common code noncompliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Standard regulations in Commonwealth countries at the time strictly complied with the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Coverture" title="Coverture">coverture</a>, where a woman's consent to marry a foreigner was also assumed to be intent to <a href="/wiki/Denaturalization" title="Denaturalization">denaturalise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2001526_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2001526-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women's rights groups throughout the Empire pressured the imperial government to amend nationality regulations that tied a married woman's status to that of her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2001522_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2001522-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the British government could no longer enforce legislative supremacy over the Dominions after 1931 and wanted to maintain a strong constitutional link to them through the common nationality code, it was unwilling to make major changes without unanimous agreement among the Dominions on this issue, which it did not have.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2001546–549_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2001546–549-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1935 Irish legislation stated that marriage between an Irish citizen and foreign spouse did not affect the national status of either spouse, eroding imperial legal uniformity in this regard. New Zealand and Australia also amended their laws in 1935 and 1936 to allow women denaturalised by marriage to retain their rights as British subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2001552_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2001552-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, the 1935 Act further deviated from the common code by creating an Irish nationality distinct from British nationality and explicitly repeals all related British-enacted legislation. Despite this separation, British subjects from the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries remained defined as non-foreign in Irish law and those resident in Ireland continued to be treated almost identically to Irish citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001386_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001386-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish citizens have not been considered British subjects under Irish law since passage of this Act.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeuston195085_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeuston195085-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, the British government continued to treat virtually all Irish citizens as British subjects, except for those who had acquired Irish citizenship by naturalisation, since the Free State had not incorporated Part II of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 into its legislation. The Irish government rejected adopting this provision to avoid the appearance that the Free State was acknowledging in any way that Britain could legislate for Ireland and due to overwhelmingly negative public opinion of the post-independence populace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001382,_387_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001382,_387-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although residents of Northern Ireland were disadvantaged in acquiring citizenship and conducting commerce under Irish law, the territory remained defined as an integral part of the state in the revised 1937 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution of Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001392_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001392-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changing_relationship_with_Britain_and_the_Commonwealth">Changing relationship with Britain and the Commonwealth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationality_law&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Changing relationship with Britain and the Commonwealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diverging developments in Dominion legislation, as well as growing assertions of local national identity separate from that of Britain and the Empire, culminated with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Citizenship_Act,_1946" title="Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946">creation of a substantive Canadian citizenship in 1946</a>, breaking the system of a common imperial nationality. Combined with the approaching independence of <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> in 1947, comprehensive reform to British nationality law was necessary at this point to address ideas that were incompatible with the previous system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaratani2003114–115,_122–126_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratani2003114–115,_122–126-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Nationality_Act_1948" title="British Nationality Act 1948">British Nationality Act 1948</a> abolished the common code and each Commonwealth country would enact legislation to create its own nationality. British subject was redefined to mean any citizen of a Commonwealth country. <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_citizen" title="Commonwealth citizen">Commonwealth citizen</a> is defined in the Act to have the same meaning. British subject/Commonwealth citizen status co-existed with the citizenships of each Commonwealth country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001388_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001388-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This change in naming indicated that allegiance to the Crown was no longer required to possess British subject status and that the common status would be maintained by voluntary agreement among the Commonwealth members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaratani2003116–118_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratani2003116–118-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ireland formally <a href="/wiki/The_Republic_of_Ireland_Act_1948" title="The Republic of Ireland Act 1948">declared itself a republic</a> and removed the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British monarch's</a> remaining official functions in the Irish state in 1948. Despite India's continued membership as a republic within the Commonwealth following the <a href="/wiki/London_Declaration" title="London Declaration">London Declaration</a>, Ireland ceased to be a member after passage of the <a href="/wiki/Ireland_Act_1949" title="Ireland Act 1949">Ireland Act 1949</a> in the British Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMansergh1952277–278,_280_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMansergh1952277–278,_280-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish citizens have since no longer been defined as British subjects in British law, although they continue to be treated as non-foreign in the United Kingdom and retain the same rights and privileges exercised by Commonwealth citizens;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMansergh1952282_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMansergh1952282-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001388_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001388-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish citizens remain eligible to vote and stand for Parliament in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2001861_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2001861-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commonwealth citizens initially continued to hold free movement rights in both the UK and Ireland after 1949. British authorities systemically discouraged non-white immigration into the UK, but strong economic conditions in Britain following the Second World War attracted an unprecedented wave of colonial migration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen199990,_94–95_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen199990,_94–95-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the British Parliament imposed immigration controls on any Commonwealth citizens originating from outside the <a href="/wiki/British_Islands" title="British Islands">British Islands</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Immigrants_Act_1962" title="Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962">Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans1972508_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans1972508-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ireland mirrored this restriction and limited free movement only to people born on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> or Ireland. However, individuals born in the UK since 1983 are only British citizens if at least one parent is already a British citizen. The Irish regulation created a legal anomaly where persons born in Britain without British citizenship nevertheless held an unrestricted right to settle in Ireland; this inconsistency was removed in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2001862_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2001862-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_reforms_as_a_republic">Subsequent reforms as a republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationality_law&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Subsequent reforms as a republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1956 Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act, which replaced the earlier 1935 Act, expanded the available pathways to citizenship and allowed more situations to retain it. Restrictions on holding multiple nationalities were repealed and any Irish citizen who acquired another nationality no longer automatically lost their Irish citizenship. Individuals could instead voluntarily choose to renounce their Irish citizenship and any person born in Northern Ireland who did not otherwise acquire Irish citizenship by descent could claim citizenship by making a formal declaration. Foreign wives of male Irish citizens could register as citizens with no further requirements<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandoll20124–5_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandoll20124–5-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and citizenship became transferable by descent through mothers as well as fathers. Although children born overseas to foreign-born Irish citizens were still required to be registered in the Foreign Births Register to claim citizenship, registration was no longer subject to a time limit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001401_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001401-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Registered individuals were deemed to have been Irish citizens backdated to their date of birth, allowing their children born at any time to acquire citizenship as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001406_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001406-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foreign husbands of Irish citizens became eligible for citizenship by marriage with an amendment in 1986, but a three-year waiting period was introduced for applicants of either sex before eligible individuals could apply and couples were required to be living together in the same residence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandoll20125_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandoll20125-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Registration in the Foreign Births Register no longer makes citizenship effective from an applicant's date of birth but from the date of registration instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001406_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001406-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1986 amendment provided for a six-month transition period ending on 31 December 1986 when registration continued to be backdated, triggering a rush among affected individuals to register before the new rules took effect. The sudden large volume of applications became impossible to process before the end of the year, resulting in some individuals losing their entitlement to citizenship from birth. A further amendment in 1994 allowed those who had applied during the transition period but did not have their applications processed in time to re-register under the 1956 Act.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandoll2006299–300_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandoll2006299–300-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2004, spouses of Irish citizens no longer have a facilitated path to acquiring citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandoll20127_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandoll20127-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_integration">European integration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationality_law&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: European integration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_Union_citizenship" title="European Union citizenship">European Union citizenship</a></div> <p>In 1973, Ireland joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> (EC), a set of organisations that later developed into the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugent201727–28_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugent201727–28-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish citizens have since been able to work in other EC/EU countries under the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement_for_workers_in_the_European_Union" title="Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union">freedom of movement for workers</a> established by the 1957 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiskind1992899,_906_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiskind1992899,_906-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and participated in their first <a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_Ireland" title="1979 European Parliament election in Ireland">European Parliament elections in 1979</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the creation of <a href="/wiki/European_Union_citizenship" title="European Union citizenship">European Union citizenship</a> by the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a>, free movement rights were extended to all nationals of <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU member states</a> regardless of their employment status.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiener1997529,_544_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiener1997529,_544-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scope of these rights was further expanded with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> in 1994 to include any national of an EFTA member state except for <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobler2020482–483_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobler2020482–483-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which concluded a separate free movement agreement with the EU that came into force in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVahlGrolimund200612_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVahlGrolimund200612-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 referendum</a> in favour of leaving the EU, Irish citizenship applications from Britain (excluding Northern Ireland) increased substantially. While only 54 people from Britain naturalised as Irish citizens in 2015 before the referendum, this number had grown to 1,156 by 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the UK's <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">withdrawal from the EU</a> on 31 January 2020 and contrary to other EU nationals, Irish citizens continue to have free movement in the UK and <a href="/wiki/Crown_dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown dependencies">Crown dependencies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Citizenship_by_investment">Citizenship by investment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationality_law&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citizenship by investment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Immigrant_investor_programs" title="Immigrant investor programs">Immigrant investor programs</a></div> <p>In 1988, a <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_by_investment" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship by investment">citizenship by investment</a> pathway was created ostensibly to attract foreign investment into the country as a way to help lower the high unemployment rate. A foreigner could acquire Irish citizenship through this programme after investing IR£1 million in a business with the goal of creating or maintaining 10 jobs for at least five years. Investors were required to maintain an Irish address or live in the country for at least 60 days before receiving an Irish passport.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiola200652_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiola200652-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the 1956 Act, the <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Justice_(Ireland)" title="Minister for Justice (Ireland)">Minister for Justice</a> has absolute discretionary power to waive any citizenship requirements for applicants who are of "Irish association". This term was not defined in legislation, which allowed the minister to use this pathway to grant any foreigner Irish citizenship. The citizenship by investment programme was operated under this authority and was not publicly advertised. The secrecy with which this initiative was operated under later became criticised as an attempt to obscure a way for the government to sell passports. About 100 people were able to acquire Irish citizenship through this pathway before its end in 1998. A significant number of applicants who acquired Irish passports in this way never lived or even entered the country and their commitments to boosting Irish employment were not fulfilled. A person of Irish association became defined in legislation in 2004 as someone "related by blood, affinity or adoption to a person who is an Irish citizen".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiola200650,_52–53_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiola200650,_52–53-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restrictions_to_birthright_citizenship">Restrictions to birthright citizenship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationality_law&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Restrictions to birthright citizenship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Negotiations for the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland peace process</a> resulted in the 1998 <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under these accords, Northern Irish residents were acknowledged as having the right to hold either or both British and Irish citizenships regardless of whether the UK or Ireland hold sovereignty over Northern Ireland, and any person born on the island of Ireland had a right to hold Irish citizenship. These changes became constitutional entitlements when the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland</a> was adopted in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandoll20126_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandoll20126-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Ireland had long granted <a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">birthright citizenship</a> to any person born on the island prior to this amendment as a part of statute law, increasing levels of immigration into the country soon affected the degree to which that entitlement would be given.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandoll20121_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandoll20121-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ireland" title="Supreme Court of Ireland">Supreme Court</a> case <i>Fajujonu v Minister for Justice</i>, it was ruled that noncitizen parents of Irish-born children were entitled to remain in Ireland through their children's rights of residence. The application of this ruling was extremely permissive in the immediate subsequent period; any non-Irish parent of a child born in Ireland was permitted to remain. The scope of this entitlement was reduced in a 2003 Supreme Court ruling, which determined that the Minister for Justice could examine the circumstances by which a noncitizen parent was claiming a right to remain and held discretionary power to deport any such persons found to be acting contrary to national interest. For Irish-born children with one Irish citizen parent, the noncitizen parent continued to be granted a right to remain without any such qualifications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandoll20128–9_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandoll20128–9-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the scope of noncitizen parental residence rights in the EU was expanded in the 2004 <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> case <i><a href="/wiki/Chen_v_Home_Secretary" title="Chen v Home Secretary">Chen v Home Secretary</a></i> in which Man Lavette Chen, a Chinese woman who had travelled to Northern Ireland to give birth to her Irish citizen daughter then subsequently relocated to <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> with the intention of permanently living in the UK, was ruled to have a right of residence in the EU as the primary caregiver of an EU citizen exercising free movement rights in another member state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2019358–361_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2019358–361-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the perceived "abuse" of citizenship, the Irish government proposed a constitutional amendment limiting birthright citizenship only to people with a sufficient existing connection to Ireland. The Irish and British governments issued a joint statement clarifying that the intent of the Good Friday Agreement was not to grant citizenship to persons unconnected to the country and that the proposed changes would not violate the existing agreement on Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandoll20129_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandoll20129-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following a 2004 referendum, the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland</a> was enacted that made the entitlement to birthright citizenship for people without Irish parents dependent on legislation rather than the Constitution. That entitlement was then revoked by the Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act 2004. Children born in Ireland beginning in 2005 are only granted citizenship by birth if at least one parent is an Irish citizen or entitled to be one, a British citizen, a resident with no time limit of stay in either the Republic or Northern Ireland, or a resident who has been domiciled on the island of Ireland for at least three of the preceding four years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandoll20129–12_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandoll20129–12-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After these changes were implemented, noncitizen parents of Irish children born before 2005 became eligible for a two-year renewable residence grant under the Irish Born Child Scheme. About 17,000 people obtained Irish residency through this programme during its application period in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoakley20124_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoakley20124-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullallyDe_LondrasO'DonovanThornton2006317_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullallyDe_LondrasO'DonovanThornton2006317-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acquisition_and_loss_of_citizenship">Acquisition and loss of citizenship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationality_law&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Acquisition and loss of citizenship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entitlement_by_birth,_descent,_or_adoption"><span id="Entitlement_by_birth.2C_descent.2C_or_adoption"></span>Entitlement by birth, descent, or adoption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationality_law&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Entitlement by birth, descent, or adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All persons born in the Republic of Ireland before 1 January 2005 automatically received citizenship at birth regardless of the nationalities of their parents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandoll20123–4,_6,_10_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandoll20123–4,_6,_10-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals born since that date anywhere on the <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">island of Ireland</a> receive Irish citizenship at birth if they are not entitled to any other country's citizenship. Otherwise, they are entitled to but not automatically granted citizenship if at least one parent is an Irish citizen or holds an entitlement to Irish citizenship, a British citizen, a resident with no time limit of stay in either the Republic or Northern Ireland, or a resident who has been domiciled on the island of Ireland for at least three of the preceding four years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandoll201211–12_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandoll201211–12-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any person entitled to Irish citizenship who performs an act that only an Irish citizen has a right to do, such as applying for an Irish passport or registering to vote in national elections, automatically becomes a citizen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandoll20127_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandoll20127-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Individuals born in Northern Ireland from 6 December 1922 to 1 December 1999 who did not have an Irish citizen parent were entitled to become Irish citizens by declaration. Any person born in that territory from 2 December 1999 to 31 December 2004 is entitled to Irish citizenship regardless of the statuses of their parents;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandoll20124,_6_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandoll20124,_6-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this includes children born in Ireland between these dates to foreign government officials with <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity" title="Diplomatic immunity">diplomatic immunity</a>, who are eligible to claim citizenship by special declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-citizensinfo_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citizensinfo-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Children born overseas are Irish citizens by descent if either parent or any grandparent was born in Ireland and is either an Irish citizen or entitled to be one, although those born to an Irish parent who was also born overseas are only entitled to Irish citizenship if their birth is registered in the Foreign Birth Register or the parent was resident abroad while in public service. Irish citizenship can be continually transmitted through each generation born abroad provided that each subsequent generational birth is registered in the Foreign Births Register.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandoll201210_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandoll201210-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 1.47 million Irish citizens live outside of the Republic, although this number does not include those resident in Northern Ireland or Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adopted children are automatically granted Irish citizenship if the adoption is completed in Ireland; parents adopting children overseas must register an adoption with Irish authorities for the process to take effect in Irish law and are required to apply for immigration clearance before any adopted children may enter the country as citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-citizensinfo_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citizensinfo-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abandoned children found in Ireland with unclear parentage are considered to have been born on the island to at least one Irish parent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandoll201210–11_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandoll201210–11-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naturalisation">Naturalisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationality_law&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Naturalisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citizenship_Ceremony_10_(12997833234).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Citizenship_Ceremony_10_%2812997833234%29.jpg/220px-Citizenship_Ceremony_10_%2812997833234%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Citizenship_Ceremony_10_%2812997833234%29.jpg/330px-Citizenship_Ceremony_10_%2812997833234%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Citizenship_Ceremony_10_%2812997833234%29.jpg/440px-Citizenship_Ceremony_10_%2812997833234%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4906" data-file-height="3219" /></a><figcaption>Minister for Justice <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shatter" title="Alan Shatter">Alan Shatter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterford" title="Waterford">Waterford</a> mayor <a href="/wiki/John_Cummins_(Irish_politician)" title="John Cummins (Irish politician)">John Cummins</a>, and former High Court judge <a href="/wiki/Bryan_MacMahon_(judge)" title="Bryan MacMahon (judge)">Bryan MacMahon</a> with a new citizen at a 2014 citizenship ceremony</figcaption></figure> <p>Foreigners over the age of 18 as well as minors born in Ireland may naturalise as Irish citizens after residing in the country for at least five of the previous nine years, with one year of continuous residence immediately preceding an application. For applicants married to or in civil partnership with Irish citizens, the residence requirement is reduced to three of the last five years. Candidates must satisfy a good character requirement and intend to remain domiciled in Ireland after naturalising. Individuals under investigation by local police are routinely denied naturalisation. Successful applicants are required to take an <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_citizenship" title="Oath of citizenship">oath of citizenship</a> at a public citizenship ceremony. The Minister for Justice has discretionary power to waive any or all citizenship requirements for applicants of Irish descent or association, minor children of naturalised citizens, individuals in public service stationed overseas, or recognised refugees and stateless persons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandoll201212–13_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandoll201212–13-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loss_and_resumption">Loss and resumption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationality_law&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Loss and resumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irish citizenship can be relinquished by making a declaration of renunciation, provided that the declarant ordinarily resides overseas and already possesses or is in the process of obtaining another nationality. Renunciations cannot be made during wartime unless exceptionally approved by the Minister for Justice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandoll201214_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandoll201214-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former citizens who were born on the island of Ireland may subsequently apply to reacquire citizenship. Previously naturalised individuals or those who had acquired citizenship by descent do not have a direct path to citizenship restoration and must complete the naturalisation process to regain Irish citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Citizenship may be involuntarily removed from naturalised persons who fraudulently acquired the status,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandoll201214_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandoll201214-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> willfully perform an <a href="/wiki/Overt_act" title="Overt act">overt act</a> that constitutes a breach of loyalty to the state, or holds citizenship of a country at war with the Republic. Naturalised persons, other than those of Irish descent or employed in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland">civil service</a>, who reside outside of the Republic for a continuous period of seven years without annually registering their intention to retain Irish citizenship may be stripped of their citizenship. Individuals who obtained citizenship through their marriage or civil partnership to an Irish citizen before 2005 and who reside outside of the island of Ireland may also have their status removed. This provision for citizenship loss is not enforced in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandoll201215_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandoll201215-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honorary_citizenship">Honorary citizenship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationality_law&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Honorary citizenship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Honorary"></span> On <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional_law)" title="Advice (constitutional law)">advice</a> from the government, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">president of Ireland</a> has authority to grant honorary Irish citizenship to any person deemed to have rendered an extraordinary service to the nation. Despite being labelled "honorary", this type of citizenship is a substantive status and gives its holders all the rights and privileges that other Irish citizens have. Honorary Irish citizenship has only been awarded to 11 people:<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Chester_Beatty" title="Alfred Chester Beatty">Alfred Chester Beatty</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiede_Herrema" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiede Herrema">Tiede Herrema</a> and his wife Elizabeth (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a> and his wife Mildred (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Alfred_Beit,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Alfred Beit, 2nd Baronet">Alfred Beit</a> and his wife Clementine (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Charlton" title="Jack Charlton">Jack Charlton</a> and his wife Pat (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean Kennedy Smith</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hill_(painter)" title="Derek Hill (painter)">Derek Hill</a> (1999)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Lemass" title="Seán Lemass">Seán Lemass</a> intended to award United States president <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> honorary citizenship during his state visit to Ireland in 1963, but this was declined due to restrictions in U.S. law that made it difficult for the head of state to accept a foreign honour.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Irish government was prepared to enact special legislation to grant a purely honorary title to President Kennedy rather than the substantial status, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Legal_Counsel" title="Office of Legal Counsel">Office of Legal Counsel</a> determined that his acceptance of a personal honour of any kind without the express approval of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> would have been in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Emoluments_Clause" title="Foreign Emoluments Clause">Foreign Emoluments Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForrester2013278–284_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForrester2013278–284-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationality_law&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Ireland" title="Visa policy of Ireland">Visa policy of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Irish_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Irish citizens">Visa requirements for Irish citizens</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationality_law&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationality_law&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955_–_From_the_Seanad"-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955_–_From_the_Seanad"_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955_–_From_the_Seanad"">"Irish Nationality and Citizenship Bill, 1955 – From the Seanad"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Report_and_Final_Stages_–_Seanad"-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Report_and_Final_Stages_–_Seanad"_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Report_and_Final_Stages_–_Seanad"_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Report_and_Final_Stages_–_Seanad"">"Irish Nationality and Citizenship Bill, 1955: Report and Final Stages – Seanad"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/Pages/immigration_protection_citizenship">"Immigration, International Protection and Citizenship Services"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Ireland)" title="Department of Justice (Ireland)">Department of Justice</a>. 27 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314052323/https://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/Pages/immigration_protection_citizenship">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigration%2C+International+Protection+and+Citizenship+Services&rft.pub=Department+of+Justice&rft.date=2021-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.ie%2Fen%2FJELR%2FPages%2Fimmigration_protection_citizenship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_First_Stage"-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_First_Stage"_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_First_Stage"_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_First_Stage"">"Irish Nationality and Citizenship Bill, 1955: First Stage"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Second_Stage_–_Dáil"-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Second_Stage_–_Dáil"_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Second_Stage_–_Dáil"">"Irish Nationality and Citizenship Bill, 1955: Second Stage – Dáil"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Report_and_Final_Stages_–_Dáil"-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Report_and_Final_Stages_–_Dáil"_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Report_and_Final_Stages_–_Dáil"">"Irish Nationality and Citizenship Bill, 1955: Report and Final Stages – Dáil"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Second_Stage_–_Seanad"-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Second_Stage_–_Seanad"_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Second_Stage_–_Seanad"">"Irish Nationality and Citizenship Bill, 1955: Second Stage – Seanad"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKondo20012–3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKondo20012–3_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKondo2001">Kondo 2001</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillaumond20164-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillaumond20164_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuillaumond2016">Guillaumond 2016</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeach201940-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeach201940_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVeach2019">Veach 2019</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018214–215-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018214–215_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoyle2018">Doyle 2018</a>, pp. 214–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly1987236-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly1987236_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly1987">Kelly 1987</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandoll20122-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandoll20122_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHandoll2012">Handoll 2012</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratani200341–42-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaratani200341–42_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaratani2003">Karatani 2003</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackstone1765-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackstone1765_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackstone1765">Blackstone 1765</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistorical_background_information_on_nationality8–9-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistorical_background_information_on_nationality8–9_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistorical_background_information_on_nationality">Historical background information on nationality</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGosewinkel200813-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGosewinkel200813_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGosewinkel2008">Gosewinkel 2008</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratani200341-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaratani200341_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaratani2003">Karatani 2003</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratani200355–56-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaratani200355–56_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaratani2003">Karatani 2003</a>, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistorical_background_information_on_nationality8-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistorical_background_information_on_nationality8_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistorical_background_information_on_nationality">Historical background information on nationality</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratani200356-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaratani200356_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaratani2003">Karatani 2003</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2001527–528-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2001527–528_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldwin2001">Baldwin 2001</a>, pp. 527–528.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistorical_background_information_on_nationality10-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistorical_background_information_on_nationality10_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistorical_background_information_on_nationality">Historical background information on nationality</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd1998515–516-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd1998515–516_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLloyd1998">Lloyd 1998</a>, pp. 515–516.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001377–378-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001377–378_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaly2001">Daly 2001</a>, pp. 377–378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001391-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001391_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaly2001">Daly 2001</a>, p. 391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowry2008205-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowry2008205_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowry2008">Lowry 2008</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001378–379-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001378–379_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaly2001">Daly 2001</a>, pp. 378–379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeuston195081-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeuston195081_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeuston1950">Heuston 1950</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001380–381-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001380–381_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaly2001">Daly 2001</a>, pp. 380–381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2001859–860-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2001859–860_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyan2001">Ryan 2001</a>, pp. 859–860.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001382–383-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001382–383_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaly2001">Daly 2001</a>, pp. 382–383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratani200386–88-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaratani200386–88_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaratani2003">Karatani 2003</a>, pp. 86–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001382–386,_391-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001382–386,_391_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaly2001">Daly 2001</a>, pp. 382–386, 391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001386–387-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001386–387_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaly2001">Daly 2001</a>, pp. 386–387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001397-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001397_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaly2001">Daly 2001</a>, p. 397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001392–393-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001392–393_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaly2001">Daly 2001</a>, pp. 392–393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"What_is_an_'Irish_National'?",_''Irish_Jurist''38-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"What_is_an_'Irish_National'?",_''Irish_Jurist''38_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"What_is_an_'Irish_National'?",_Irish_Jurist">"What is an 'Irish National'?", <i>Irish Jurist</i></a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaly2001392-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001392_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaly2001392_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaly2001">Daly 2001</a>, p. 392.</span> </li> <li 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Irish+Emigration+Patterns+and+Citizens+Abroad&rft.pub=Department+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=2017-06-20&rft.au=Irish+Abroad+Unit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfa.ie%2Fmedia%2Fdfa%2Falldfawebsitemedia%2Fnewspress%2Fpublications%2Fministersbrief-june2017%2F1--Global-Irish-in-Numbers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandoll201210–11-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandoll201210–11_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHandoll2012">Handoll 2012</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandoll201212–13-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandoll201212–13_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHandoll2012">Handoll 2012</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandoll201214-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandoll201214_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandoll201214_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHandoll2012">Handoll 2012</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishimmigration.ie/how-to-become-a-citizen/renounce-or-reacquire-irish-citizenship/">"Renounce or reacquire Irish Citizenship"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Ireland)" title="Department of Justice (Ireland)">Department of Justice</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602072500/https://www.irishimmigration.ie/how-to-become-a-citizen/renounce-or-reacquire-irish-citizenship/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Renounce+or+reacquire+Irish+Citizenship&rft.pub=Department+of+Justice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishimmigration.ie%2Fhow-to-become-a-citizen%2Frenounce-or-reacquire-irish-citizenship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandoll201215-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandoll201215_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHandoll2012">Handoll 2012</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_McDowell_(politician)" title="Michael McDowell (politician)">Michael McDowell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Justice_(Ireland)" title="Minister for Justice (Ireland)">Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform</a>, <a href="#CITEREF"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill_2004:_Report_Stage_(Resumed)"">"Irish Nationality and Citizenship Bill 2004: Report Stage (Resumed)"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheehy2006" class="citation news cs1">Sheehy, Clodagh (29 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/jfk-had-to-turn-down-citizenship-offer-from-government-26352995.html">"JFK had to turn down citizenship offer from government"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Irish Independent</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220329082219/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/jfk-had-to-turn-down-citizenship-offer-from-government-26352995.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=JFK+had+to+turn+down+citizenship+offer+from+government&rft.date=2006-12-29&rft.aulast=Sheehy&rft.aufirst=Clodagh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Firish-news%2Fjfk-had-to-turn-down-citizenship-offer-from-government-26352995.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForrester2013278–284-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForrester2013278–284_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForrester2013">Forrester 2013</a>, pp. 278–284.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_sources">General sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationality_law&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: General sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Publications">Publications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationality_law&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin2001" class="citation journal cs1">Baldwin, M. Page (October 2001). "Subject to Empire: Married Women and the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_British_Studies" title="Journal of British Studies">Journal of British Studies</a></i>. <b>40</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 522–556. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F386266">10.1086/386266</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3070746">3070746</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18161209">18161209</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5762190">5762190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=Subject+to+Empire%3A+Married+Women+and+the+British+Nationality+and+Status+of+Aliens+Act&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=522-556&rft.date=2001-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18161209&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5762190%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3070746%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F386266&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=M.+Page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackstone1765" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">Blackstone, William</a> (1765). "Of the People, Whether Aliens, Denizens, or Natives". <a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Laws_of_England" title="Commentaries on the Laws of England"><i>Commentaries on the Laws of England</i></a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/747740286">747740286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+the+People%2C+Whether+Aliens%2C+Denizens%2C+or+Natives&rft.btitle=Commentaries+on+the+Laws+of+England&rft.date=1765&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F747740286&rft.aulast=Blackstone&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoakley2012" class="citation report cs1">Coakley, Liam (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newcommunities.ie/assets/files/pdf/ibc_o5_report_27_march_2012.pdf">The Irish Born Child Administrative Scheme for Immigrant Residency 2005 (IBC/05)</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). New Communities Partnership. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221021000505/https://www.newcommunities.ie/assets/files/pdf/ibc_o5_report_27_march_2012.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Born+Child+Administrative+Scheme+for+Immigrant+Residency+2005+%28IBC%2F05%29&rft.pub=New+Communities+Partnership&rft.date=2012-02&rft.aulast=Coakley&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcommunities.ie%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2Fibc_o5_report_27_march_2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly2001" class="citation journal cs1">Daly, Mary E. (2001). "Irish Nationality and Citizenship since 1922". <i>Irish Historical Studies</i>. <b>32</b> (127). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 377–407. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021121400015078">10.1017/S0021121400015078</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30007221">30007221</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159806730">159806730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Irish+Nationality+and+Citizenship+since+1922&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=127&rft.pages=377-407&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159806730%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30007221%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021121400015078&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Mary+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2018" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Mark, ed. (2018). <i>The British Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/ABC-Clio" title="ABC-Clio">ABC-Clio</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4197-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4197-2"><bdi>978-1-4408-4197-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Empire%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-4197-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1972" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, J. M. (1972). "Immigration Act 1971". <i>The Modern Law Review</i>. <b>35</b> (5). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>: 508–524. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2230.1972.tb02363.x">10.1111/j.1468-2230.1972.tb02363.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1094478">1094478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Immigration+Act+1971&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=508-524&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2230.1972.tb02363.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1094478%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForrester2013" class="citation report cs1">Forrester, Nathan A., ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/media/519631/dl?inline">Supplemental Opinions of the Office of Legal Counsel</a> (Report). Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230126155156/https://www.justice.gov/media/519631/dl?inline">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Supplemental+Opinions+of+the+Office+of+Legal+Counsel&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Justice&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fmedia%2F519631%2Fdl%3Finline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosewinkel2008" class="citation report cs1">Gosewinkel, Dieter (15 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2008/408302/IPOL-AFCO_NT(2008)408302_EN.pdf">Nation and Citizenship from the Late Nineteenth Century Onwards: A Comparative European Perspective</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190527073905/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2008/408302/IPOL-AFCO_NT(2008)408302_EN.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Ireland: The Republic Outside the Commonwealth". <i><a href="/wiki/International_Affairs_(journal)" title="International Affairs (journal)">International Affairs</a></i>. <b>28</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 277–291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2607413">10.2307/2607413</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2607413">2607413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Ireland%3A+The+Republic+Outside+the+Commonwealth&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=277-291&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2607413&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2607413%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mansergh&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullallyDe_LondrasO'DonovanThornton2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mullally, Siobhán; De Londras, Fiona; O'Donovan, Darren; Thornton, Liam (2006). Allain, Jean; Mullally, Siobhán (eds.). "Human Rights—2006". <i>The Irish Yearbook of International Law</i>. <b>1</b>. Hart Publishing: 313–330. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781472564269.ch-012">10.5040/9781472564269.ch-012</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10197%2F4569">10197/4569</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8411-3702-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8411-3702-5"><bdi>978-1-8411-3702-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154297990">154297990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Yearbook+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Human+Rights%E2%80%942006&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=313-330&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10197%2F4569&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154297990%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5040%2F9781472564269.ch-012&rft.isbn=978-1-8411-3702-5&rft.aulast=Mullally&rft.aufirst=Siobh%C3%A1n&rft.au=De+Londras%2C+Fiona&rft.au=O%27Donovan%2C+Darren&rft.au=Thornton%2C+Liam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNugent2017" class="citation book cs1">Nugent, Neill (2017). <i>The Government and Politics of the European Union</i> (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-45409-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-45409-6"><bdi>978-1-137-45409-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Government+and+Politics+of+the+European+Union&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-137-45409-6&rft.aulast=Nugent&rft.aufirst=Neill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiola2006" class="citation journal cs1">Piola, Catherine (2006). "The Reform of Irish Citizenship". <i>Nordic Irish Studies</i>. <b>5</b>. <a href="/wiki/Dalarna_University_College" title="Dalarna University College">Dalarna University College</a>: 41–58. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30001542">30001542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nordic+Irish+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Reform+of+Irish+Citizenship&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=41-58&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30001542%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Piola&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ryan, Bernard (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kar.kent.ac.uk/234/1/Common_Travel_area.pdf">"The Common Travel Area between Britain and Ireland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Modern Law Review</i>. <b>64</b> (6). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>: 855–874. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2230.00356">10.1111/1468-2230.00356</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1097196">1097196</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320023537/https://kar.kent.ac.uk/234/1/Common_Travel_area.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Common+Travel+Area+between+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=855-874&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-2230.00356&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1097196%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkar.kent.ac.uk%2F234%2F1%2FCommon_Travel_area.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiskind1992" class="citation journal cs1">Siskind, Gregory (1992). "Freedom of Movement for Lawyers in the New Europe". <i>The International Lawyer</i>. <b>26</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a>: 899–931. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40707010">40707010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Lawyer&rft.atitle=Freedom+of+Movement+for+Lawyers+in+the+New+Europe&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=899-931&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40707010%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Siskind&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobler2020" class="citation book cs1">Tobler, Christa (2020). "Free Movement of Persons in the EU v. in the EEA: of Effect-Related Homogeneity and a Reversed Polydor Principle". In Cambien, Nathan; Kochenov, Dimitry; Muir, Elise (eds.). <i>European Citizenship under Stress: Social Justice, Brexit and Other Challenges</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. pp. 482–507. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42245-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42245-2"><bdi>978-90-04-42245-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctv2gjwnvm.25">10.1163/j.ctv2gjwnvm.25</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Free+Movement+of+Persons+in+the+EU+v.+in+the+EEA%3A+of+Effect-Related+Homogeneity+and+a+Reversed+Polydor+Principle&rft.btitle=European+Citizenship+under+Stress%3A+Social+Justice%2C+Brexit+and+Other+Challenges&rft.pages=482-507&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1163%2Fj.ctv2gjwnvm.25%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-90-04-42245-2&rft.aulast=Tobler&rft.aufirst=Christa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVahlGrolimund2006" class="citation book cs1">Vahl, Marius; Grolimund, Nina (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceps.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/1304.pdf"><i>Integration Without Membership: Switzerland's Bilateral Agreements with the European Union</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_European_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for European Policy Studies">Centre for European Policy Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-9079-616-2" title="Special:BookSources/92-9079-616-2"><bdi>92-9079-616-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220518191100/https://www.ceps.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/1304.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integration+Without+Membership%3A+Switzerland%27s+Bilateral+Agreements+with+the+European+Union&rft.pub=Centre+for+European+Policy+Studies&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=92-9079-616-2&rft.aulast=Vahl&rft.aufirst=Marius&rft.au=Grolimund%2C+Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceps.eu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F02%2F1304.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeach2019" class="citation journal cs1">Veach, Colin (2019). "Ireland in the Angevin Empire". <i>History Ireland</i>. <b>27</b> (3). Wordwell Books: 40–43. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26853051">26853051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Ireland&rft.atitle=Ireland+in+the+Angevin+Empire&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=40-43&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26853051%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Veach&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"What_is_an_'Irish_National'?",_Irish_Jurist" class="citation journal cs1">"What is an 'Irish National'?". <i>Irish Jurist</i>. <b>18</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/University_College_Dublin" title="University College Dublin">University College Dublin</a>: 36–38. 1952. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44506434">44506434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Jurist&rft.atitle=What+is+an+%27Irish+National%27%3F&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=36-38&rft.date=1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44506434%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiener1997" class="citation journal cs1">Wiener, Antje (August 1997). "Making Sense of the New Geography of Citizenship: Fragmented Citizenship in the European Union". <i>Theory and Society</i>. <b>26</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>: 529–560. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1006809913519">10.1023/A:1006809913519</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/657860">657860</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189868416">189868416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theory+and+Society&rft.atitle=Making+Sense+of+the+New+Geography+of+Citizenship%3A+Fragmented+Citizenship+in+the+European+Union&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=529-560&rft.date=1997-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189868416%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F657860%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1006809913519&rft.aulast=Wiener&rft.aufirst=Antje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parliamentary_debates">Parliamentary debates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_nationality_law&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Parliamentary debates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_First_Stage"" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1955-07-13/8/">"Irish Nationality and Citizenship Bill, 1955: First Stage"</a>. <i>Dáil Éireann debates</i>. Ireland: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a>. 13 July 1955<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Irish+Nationality+and+Citizenship+Bill%2C+1955%3A+First+Stage&rft.btitle=D%C3%A1il+%C3%89ireann+debates&rft.place=Ireland&rft.pub=D%C3%A1il+%C3%89ireann&rft.date=1955-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oireachtas.ie%2Fen%2Fdebates%2Fdebate%2Fdail%2F1955-07-13%2F8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103111705/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1955-07-13/8/">Archived</a> 3 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Second_Stage_–_Dáil"" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1956-02-29/45/">"Irish Nationality and Citizenship Bill, 1955: Second Stage"</a>. <i>Dáil Éireann debates</i>. Ireland: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a>. 29 February 1956<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Irish+Nationality+and+Citizenship+Bill%2C+1955%3A+Second+Stage&rft.btitle=D%C3%A1il+%C3%89ireann+debates&rft.place=Ireland&rft.pub=D%C3%A1il+%C3%89ireann&rft.date=1956-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oireachtas.ie%2Fen%2Fdebates%2Fdebate%2Fdail%2F1956-02-29%2F45%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220203210623/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1956-02-29/45/">Archived</a> 3 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Second_Stage_–_Seanad"" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/seanad/1956-05-16/10/">"Irish Nationality and Citizenship Bill, 1955: Second Stage"</a>. <i>Seanad Éireann debates</i>. Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Seanad Éireann</a>. 16 May 1956<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Irish+Nationality+and+Citizenship+Bill%2C+1955%3A+Second+Stage&rft.btitle=Seanad+%C3%89ireann+debates&rft.place=Ireland&rft.pub=Seanad+%C3%89ireann&rft.date=1956-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oireachtas.ie%2Fen%2Fdebates%2Fdebate%2Fseanad%2F1956-05-16%2F10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180515055820/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/seanad/1956-05-16/10/">Archived</a> 15 May 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Report_and_Final_Stages_–_Dáil"" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1956-04-10/22/">"Irish Nationality and Citizenship Bill, 1955: Report and Final Stages"</a>. <i>Dáil Éireann debates</i>. Ireland: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a>. 10 April 1956<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Irish+Nationality+and+Citizenship+Bill%2C+1955%3A+Report+and+Final+Stages&rft.btitle=D%C3%A1il+%C3%89ireann+debates&rft.place=Ireland&rft.pub=D%C3%A1il+%C3%89ireann&rft.date=1956-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oireachtas.ie%2Fen%2Fdebates%2Fdebate%2Fdail%2F1956-04-10%2F22%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103100309/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1956-04-10/22/">Archived</a> 3 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955:_Report_and_Final_Stages_–_Seanad"" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/seanad/1956-07-05/7/">"Irish Nationality and Citizenship Bill, 1955: Report and Final Stages"</a>. <i>Seanad Éireann debates</i>. Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Seanad Éireann</a>. 5 July 1956<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Irish+Nationality+and+Citizenship+Bill%2C+1955%3A+Report+and+Final+Stages&rft.btitle=Seanad+%C3%89ireann+debates&rft.place=Ireland&rft.pub=Seanad+%C3%89ireann&rft.date=1956-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oireachtas.ie%2Fen%2Fdebates%2Fdebate%2Fseanad%2F1956-07-05%2F7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128154758/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/seanad/1956-07-05/7/">Archived</a> 28 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill,_1955_–_From_the_Seanad"" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1956-07-11/18/">"Irish Nationality and Citizenship Bill, 1955 – From the Seanad"</a>. <i>Dáil Éireann debates</i>. Ireland: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a>. 11 July 1956<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Irish+Nationality+and+Citizenship+Bill%2C+1955+%E2%80%93+From+the+Seanad&rft.btitle=D%C3%A1il+%C3%89ireann+debates&rft.place=Ireland&rft.pub=D%C3%A1il+%C3%89ireann&rft.date=1956-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oireachtas.ie%2Fen%2Fdebates%2Fdebate%2Fdail%2F1956-07-11%2F18%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103085845/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1956-07-11/18/">Archived</a> 3 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Irish_Nationality_and_Citizenship_Bill_2004:_Report_Stage_(Resumed)"" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2004-11-30/31/">"Irish Nationality and Citizenship Bill 2004: Report Stage (Resumed)"</a>. <i>Dáil Éireann debates</i>. Ireland: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a>. 30 November 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Irish+Nationality+and+Citizenship+Bill+2004%3A+Report+Stage+%28Resumed%29&rft.btitle=D%C3%A1il+%C3%89ireann+debates&rft.place=Ireland&rft.pub=D%C3%A1il+%C3%89ireann&rft.date=2004-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oireachtas.ie%2Fen%2Fdebates%2Fdebate%2Fdail%2F2004-11-30%2F31%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+nationality+law" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210714193441/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2004-11-30/31/">Archived</a> 14 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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aria-labelledby="Nationality_laws" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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laws"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nationality_laws" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law" title="Nationality law">Nationality laws</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationality_law" title="Algerian nationality law">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_nationality_law" title="Angolan nationality law">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_nationality_law" title="Beninese nationality law">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswanan_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Botswanan nationality law">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinabe_nationality_law" title="Burkinabe nationality law">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_nationality_law" title="Burundian nationality law">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_nationality_law" title="Cameroonian nationality law">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_nationality_law" title="Cape Verdean nationality law">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_nationality_law" title="Central African nationality law">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_nationality_law" title="Chadian nationality law">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comorian_nationality_law" title="Comorian nationality law">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Congolese nationality law">Congo Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_nationality_law" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo nationality law">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_nationality_law" title="Djiboutian nationality law">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationality_law" title="Egyptian nationality law">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_nationality_law" title="Equatoguinean nationality law">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_nationality_law" title="Eritrean nationality law">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emaswati_nationality_law" title="Emaswati nationality law">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_nationality_law" title="Ethiopian nationality law">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_nationality_law" title="Gabonese nationality law">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_nationality_law" title="Gambian nationality law">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_nationality_law" title="Ghanaian nationality law">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_nationality_law" title="Guinean nationality law">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissau-Guinean_nationality_law" title="Bissau-Guinean nationality law">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_nationality_law" title="Ivorian nationality law">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_nationality_law" title="Kenyan nationality law">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basotho_nationality_law" title="Basotho nationality law">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_nationality_law" title="Liberian nationality law">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationality_law" title="Libyan nationality law">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_nationality_law" title="Malagasy nationality law">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_nationality_law" title="Malawian nationality law">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_nationality_law" title="Malian nationality law">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_nationality_law" title="Mauritanian nationality law">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_nationality_law" title="Mauritian nationality law">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_nationality_law" title="Moroccan nationality law">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_nationality_law" title="Mozambican nationality law">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_nationality_law" title="Namibian nationality law">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerien_nationality_law" title="Nigerien nationality law">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_nationality_law" title="Nigerian nationality law">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_nationality_law" title="Rwandan nationality law">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9an_nationality_law" title="São Toméan nationality law">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_nationality_law" title="Senegalese nationality law">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_nationality_law" title="Seychellois nationality law">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_nationality_law" title="Sierra Leonean nationality law">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_nationality_law" title="Somali nationality law">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_citizenship_and_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="Somaliland citizenship and nationality">Somaliland</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_nationality_law" title="South African nationality law">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_nationality_law" title="South Sudanese nationality law">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nationality_law" title="Sudanese nationality law">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_nationality_law" title="Tanzanian nationality law">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_nationality_law" title="Togolese nationality law">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationality_law" title="Tunisian nationality law">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_nationality_law" title="Ugandan nationality law">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_citizenship_and_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi citizenship and nationality">Western Sahara</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_nationality_law" title="Zambian nationality law">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_nationality_law" title="Zimbabwean nationality law">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudian_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiguan and Barbudian nationality law">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_nationality_law" title="Bahamian nationality law">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_nationality_law" title="Barbadian nationality law">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_nationality_law" title="Belizean nationality law">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law" title="Canadian nationality law">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_nationality_law" title="Costa Rican nationality law">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_nationality_law" title="Cuban nationality law">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_nationality_law" title="Dominican nationality law">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_nationality_law" title="Dominican Republic nationality law">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_nationality_law" title="Salvadoran nationality law">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_nationality_law" title="Danish nationality law">Greenland <small>(Kingdom of Denmark)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_nationality_law" title="Grenadian nationality law">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_nationality_law" title="Guatemalan nationality law">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haitian_nationality_and_citizenship" title="History of Haitian nationality and citizenship">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_nationality_law" title="Honduran nationality law">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_nationality_law" title="Jamaican nationality law">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_nationality_law" title="Mexican nationality law">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_nationality_law" title="Nicaraguan nationality law">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_nationality_law" title="Panamanian nationality law">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittitian_and_Nevisian_nationality_law" title="Kittitian and Nevisian nationality law">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_nationality_law" title="Saint Lucian nationality law">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincentian_nationality_law" title="Vincentian nationality law">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_nationality_law" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian nationality law">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_citizenship_and_nationality" title="Puerto Rican citizenship and nationality">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islander_citizenship_and_nationality" title="United States Virgin Islander citizenship and nationality">US Virgin Islands</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_nationality_law" title="Argentine nationality law">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_nationality_law" title="Bolivian nationality law">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_nationality_law" title="Brazilian nationality law">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_nationality_law" title="Chilean nationality law">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_nationality_law" title="Colombian nationality law">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_nationality_law" title="Ecuadorian nationality law">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_nationality_law" title="Guyanese nationality law">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_nationality_law" title="Paraguayan nationality law">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_nationality_law" title="Peruvian nationality law">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_nationality_law" title="Surinamese nationality law">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_nationality_law" title="Uruguayan nationality law">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_nationality_law" title="Venezuelan nationality law">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_nationality_law" title="Afghan nationality law">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_nationality_law" title="Bahraini nationality law">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationality_law" title="Bangladeshi nationality law">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_nationality_law" title="Bhutanese nationality law">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_nationality_law" title="Bruneian nationality law">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_nationality_law" title="Cambodian nationality law">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationality_law" title="Chinese nationality law">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_nationality_law" title="East Timorese nationality law">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_nationality_law" title="Indonesian nationality law">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationality_law" title="Iranian nationality law">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationality_law" title="Iraqi nationality law">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_citizenship_law" title="Israeli citizenship law">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationality_law" title="Japanese nationality law">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationality_law" title="Jordanian nationality law">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstani_nationality_law" title="Kazakhstani nationality law">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyzstani_nationality_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyrgyzstani nationality law (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_nationality_law" title="Kuwaiti nationality law">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_nationality_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laotian nationality law (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationality_law" title="Lebanese nationality law">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_nationality_law" title="Malaysian nationality law">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nationality_law" title="Mongolian nationality law">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_nationality_law" title="Myanmar nationality law">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_nationality_law" title="Nepali nationality law">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_nationality_law" title="North Korean nationality law">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_nationality_law" title="Omani nationality law">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationality_law" title="Pakistani nationality law">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_nationality" title="History of Palestinian nationality">Palestine</a><sup><small></small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_nationality_law" title="Philippine nationality law">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_nationality_law" title="Qatari nationality law">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_nationality_law" title="Saudi Arabian nationality law">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_nationality_law" title="Singaporean nationality law">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_nationality_law" title="South Korean nationality law">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_nationality_law" title="Sri Lankan nationality law">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationality_law" title="Syrian nationality law">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistani_nationality_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tajikistani nationality law (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationality_law" title="Taiwanese nationality law">Taiwan</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_nationality_law" title="Thai nationality law">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationality_law" title="Turkish nationality law">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen nationality law">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_nationality_law" title="Emirati nationality law">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbek_nationality_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uzbek nationality law (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_passport" title="Vietnamese passport">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemeni_nationality_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yemeni nationality law (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">European Union</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationality_law" title="Austrian nationality law">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_nationality_law" title="Belgian nationality law">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_nationality_law" title="Bulgarian nationality law">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationality_law" title="Croatian nationality law">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_nationality_law" title="Cypriot nationality law">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nationality_law" title="Czech nationality law">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_nationality_law" title="Danish nationality law">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_nationality_law" title="Estonian nationality law">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nationality_law" title="Finnish nationality law">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationality_law" title="French nationality law">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationality_law" title="German nationality law">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationality_law" title="Greek nationality law">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationality_law" title="Hungarian nationality law">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_nationality_law" title="Icelandic nationality law">Iceland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_nationality_law" title="Latvian nationality law">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_nationality_law" title="Liechtensteiner nationality law">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_nationality_law" title="Lithuanian nationality law">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_nationality_law" title="Luxembourg nationality law">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_nationality_law" title="Maltese nationality law">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_nationality_law" title="Dutch nationality law">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_nationality_law" title="Norwegian nationality law">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationality_law" title="Polish nationality law">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nationality_law" title="Portuguese nationality law">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationality_law" title="Romanian nationality law">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_nationality_law" title="Slovak nationality law">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationality_law" title="Slovenian nationality law">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationality_law" title="Spanish nationality law">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_nationality_law" title="Swedish nationality law">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_nationality_law" title="Swiss nationality law">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Rest of Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationality_law" title="Albanian nationality law">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationality_law" title="Armenian nationality law">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorran_nationality_law" title="Andorran nationality law">Andorra</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_nationality_law" title="Azerbaijani nationality law">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian citizenship">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_nationality_law" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina nationality law">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_nationality_law" title="Georgian nationality law">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan nationality law">Kosovo</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_nationality_law" title="Moldovan nationality law">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_nationality_law" title="Monégasque nationality law">Monaco</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationality_law" title="Montenegrin nationality law">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_of_North_Macedonia" title="Nationality law of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus_citizenship" title="Northern Cyprus citizenship">Northern Cyprus</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_citizenship_law" title="Russian citizenship law">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino_nationality_law" title="San Marino nationality law">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationality_law" title="Serbian nationality law">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationality_law" title="Turkish nationality law">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationality_law" title="Ukrainian nationality law">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_nationality_law" title="Micronesian nationality law">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_nationality_law" title="Fijian nationality law">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_nationality_law" title="Nauruan nationality law">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Kiribati_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="I-Kiribati nationality law">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_nationality_law" title="Marshallese nationality law">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nationality_law" title="New Zealand nationality law">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_nationality_law" title="Palauan nationality law">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_nationality_law" title="Papua New Guinean nationality law">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_nationality_law" title="Samoan nationality law">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_nationality_law" title="Solomon Islands nationality law">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_nationality_law" title="Tongan nationality law">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_nationality_law" title="Tuvaluan nationality law">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Samoan_citizenship_and_nationality" title="American Samoan citizenship and nationality">American Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_citizenship_and_nationality" title="Northern Mariana citizenship and nationality">Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guamanian_citizenship_and_nationality" title="Guamanian citizenship and nationality">Guam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni-Vanuatu_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ni-Vanuatu nationality law">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">International<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_citizen" title="Commonwealth citizen">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_citizenship" title="European Union citizenship">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_Mercosur" title="Citizenship of the Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Passport_Union" title="Nordic Passport Union">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARICOM_Single_Market_and_Economy" title="CARICOM Single Market and Economy">Caribbean Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union#Migration" title="African Union">African Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By procedure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_citizenship" title="Loss of citizenship">Loss of citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denaturalization" title="Denaturalization">Denaturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renunciation_of_citizenship" title="Renunciation of citizenship">Renunciation of citizenship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">Naturalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_aboard_aircraft_and_ships" title="Birth aboard aircraft and ships">Birth aboard aircraft and ships</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ius_sanguinis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ius sanguinis">Ius sanguinis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ius_soli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ius soli">Ius soli</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">Repatriation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By result</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">Multiple citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">Passport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_passport" title="Internal passport">Internal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_residency" title="Permanent residency">Permanent residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">Second-class citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Statelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Travel visa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_nationality_law" title="Soviet nationality law">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a>.</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Open border with <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>.</li> <li><sup>3</sup> Partially recognized.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nationality_law" title="Category:Nationality law"><b>Category</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Honorary_citizenship_around_the_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Honorary_citizenship" title="Template:Honorary citizenship"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Honorary_citizenship" title="Template talk:Honorary citizenship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Honorary_citizenship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Honorary citizenship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Honorary_citizenship_around_the_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Honorary_citizenship" title="Honorary citizenship">Honorary citizenship</a> around the world</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Afghanistan" title="List of honorary citizens of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_Canadian_citizenship" title="Honorary Canadian citizenship">Canada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Honorary_citizenship">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_citizenship_law#Honorary_citizenship" title="Israeli citizenship law">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Nepal" title="List of honorary citizens of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_San_Marino" title="List of honorary citizens of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_Citizen_of_Singapore" title="Honorary Citizen of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_Citizen_of_South_Korea" title="Honorary Citizen of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations_and_medals_of_the_State_of_Palestine#Honorary_Palestinian_Citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders, decorations and medals of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_citizenship_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary citizenship of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities and<br /> regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Abuja" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honorary citizens of Abuja">Abuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Baltimore" title="List of honorary citizens of Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Bathurst" title="List of honorary citizens of Bathurst">Bathurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Beijing" title="List of honorary citizens of Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Belgrade" title="List of honorary citizens of Belgrade">Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Berlin" title="List of honorary citizens of Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Birgu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honorary citizens of Birgu">Birgu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Bratislava" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honorary citizens of Bratislava">Bratislava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_the_City_of_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honorary citizens of the City of Brussels">Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Bucharest" title="List of honorary citizens of Bucharest">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honorary citizens of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Chechnya" title="List of honorary citizens of Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Chernihiv" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honorary citizens of Chernihiv">Chernihiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Copenhagen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honorary citizens of Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Gdansk" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honorary citizens of Gdansk">Gdansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Gyumri" title="List of honorary citizens of Gyumri">Gyumri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Hamburg" title="List of honorary citizens of Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honorary citizens of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Kampala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honorary citizens of Kampala">Kampala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Freemen_of_the_City_of_Manchester" title="List of Freemen of the City of Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Meg%C3%A8ve" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honorary citizens of Megève">Megève</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honorary citizens of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Montalcino" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honorary citizens of Montalcino">Montalcino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Moscow" title="List of honorary citizens of Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Munich" title="List of honorary citizens of Munich">Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honorary citizens of Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Nice" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honorary citizens of Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Ni%C5%A1" title="List of honorary citizens of Niš">Niš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Novi_Sad" title="List of honorary citizens of Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Palermo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honorary citizens of Palermo">Palermo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Paris" title="List of honorary citizens of Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Rapallo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honorary citizens of Rapallo">Rapallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="List of honorary citizens of Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Roquebrune-Cap-Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honorary citizens of Roquebrune-Cap-Martin">Roquebrune-Cap-Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Sarajevo" title="List of honorary citizens of Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Schleswig-Holstein" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honorary citizens of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Seoul" title="List of honorary citizens of Seoul">Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Skopje" title="List of honorary citizens of Skopje">Skopje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Sofia" title="List of honorary citizens of Sofia">Sofia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Split" title="List of honorary citizens of Split">Split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Tbilisi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honorary citizens of Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Tel_Aviv" title="List of honorary citizens of Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Valletta" title="List of honorary citizens of Valletta">Valletta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Vienna" title="List of honorary citizens of Vienna">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Vilnius" title="List of honorary citizens of Vilnius">Vilnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Warsaw" title="List of honorary citizens of Warsaw">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Zagreb" title="List of honorary citizens of Zagreb">Zagreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Zrenjanin" title="List of honorary citizens of Zrenjanin">Zrenjanin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_Citizen_of_Europe" title="Honorary Citizen of Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_granted_honorary_French_citizenship_during_the_French_Revolution" title="List of people granted honorary French citizenship during the French Revolution">Revolutionary France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Honorary_citizenship" title="Category:Honorary citizenship">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Honorary_citizenship" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Honorary citizenship">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_citizenship" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_citizenship" title="Template:Commonwealth citizenship"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_citizenship" title="Template talk:Commonwealth citizenship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_citizenship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth citizenship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_citizenship" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_citizen" title="Commonwealth citizen">Commonwealth citizenship</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_citizen" title="Commonwealth citizen">Commonwealth citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_diaspora" title="Commonwealth diaspora">Commonwealth diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law" title="Nationality law">Nationality laws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudian_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiguan and Barbudian nationality law">Antigua & Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_nationality_law" title="Bahamian nationality law">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationality_law" title="Bangladeshi nationality law">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_nationality_law" title="Barbadian nationality law">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_nationality_law" title="Belizean nationality law">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswanan_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Botswanan nationality law">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_nationality_law" title="Bruneian nationality law">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_nationality_law" title="Cameroonian nationality law">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law" title="Canadian nationality law">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_nationality_law" title="Cypriot nationality law">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_nationality_law" title="Dominican nationality law">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emaswati_nationality_law" title="Emaswati nationality law">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_nationality_law" title="Fijian nationality law">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_nationality_law" title="Gabonese nationality law">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_nationality_law" title="Gambian nationality law">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_nationality_law" title="Ghanaian nationality law">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_nationality_law" title="Grenadian nationality law">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_nationality_law" title="Guyanese nationality law">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_nationality_law" title="Jamaican nationality law">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_nationality_law" title="Kenyan nationality law">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Kiribati_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="I-Kiribati nationality law">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basotho_nationality_law" title="Basotho nationality law">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_nationality_law" title="Malawian nationality law">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_nationality_law" title="Malaysian nationality law">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_nationality_law" title="Maldivian nationality law">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_nationality_law" title="Maltese nationality law">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_nationality_law" title="Mauritian nationality law">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_nationality_law" title="Mozambican nationality law">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_nationality_law" title="Namibian nationality law">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_nationality_law" title="Nauruan nationality law">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nationality_law" title="New Zealand nationality law">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_nationality_law" title="Nigerian nationality law">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationality_law" title="Pakistani nationality law">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_nationality_law" title="Papua New Guinean nationality law">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_nationality_law" title="Rwandan nationality law">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittitian_and_Nevisian_nationality_law" title="Kittitian and Nevisian nationality law">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_nationality_law" title="Saint Lucian nationality law">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincentian_nationality_law" title="Vincentian nationality law">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_nationality_law" title="Samoan nationality law">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_nationality_law" title="Seychellois nationality law">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_nationality_law" title="Sierra Leonean nationality law">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_nationality_law" title="Singaporean nationality law">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_nationality_law" title="Solomon Islands nationality law">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_nationality_law" title="South African nationality law">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_nationality_law" title="Sri Lankan nationality law">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_nationality_law" title="Tanzanian nationality law">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_nationality_law" title="Togolese nationality law">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_nationality_law" title="Tongan nationality law">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_nationality_law" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian nationality law">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_nationality_law" title="Tuvaluan nationality law">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_nationality_law" title="Ugandan nationality law">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni-Vanuatu_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ni-Vanuatu nationality law">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_nationality_law" title="Zambian nationality law">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_nationality_law" title="Zimbabwean nationality law">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Rights, issues, and visas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belonger_status" title="Belonger status">Belonger status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law_and_Hong_Kong" title="British nationality law and Hong Kong">British nationality law and Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law_and_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland">British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories_citizen" title="British Overseas Territories citizen">British Overseas Territories citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_citizen" title="Commonwealth citizen">Commonwealth citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_leave_to_remain" title="Indefinite leave to remain">Indefinite leave to remain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_permanent_resident" title="Australian permanent resident">Permanent resident (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_resident_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent resident (Canada)">Permanent resident (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Ancestry_Entry_Clearance" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Ancestry Entry Clearance">UK Ancestry Entry Clearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_abode_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of abode (United Kingdom)">UK right of abode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windrush_scandal" title="Windrush scandal">Windrush scandal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Acts of Parliament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Nationality_Act_1981" title="British Nationality Act 1981">British Nationality Act 1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Nationality_(Falkland_Islands)_Act_1983" title="British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983">British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories_Act_2002" title="British Overseas Territories Act 2002">British Overseas Territories Act 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Citizenship_Act_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Citizenship Act 1946">Canadian Citizenship Act 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland_Act_1949" title="Ireland Act 1949">Ireland Act 1949</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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