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imunoglobulini - Hrvatska enciklopedija
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nazivaju se i <a href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/protutijela ">protutijela</a>; nositelji su imunosti organizma na strane makromolekularne strukture, <span style="color: #000000"><i><a href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/antigeni ">antigene</a>.</i></span> Ljudski organizam može proizvesti više od 100 milijuna međusobno različitih imunoglobulina. Sposobnost organizma da proizvede tako velik broj različitih imunoglobulina uvjetovana je time što njihove strukture nisu unaprijed kodirane cjelovitim genima (→ <span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-variant: small-caps"><a href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/genski-kod ">genetički kôd</a></span></span>), već nastaju <span style="color: #000000"><i><a href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/rekombinacija ">rekombinacijom</a></i></span> genskih fragmenata tijekom diferencijacije limfocita, stanica koje proizvode imunoglobuline. Najvažniji su, najbolje proučeni i u krvnoj plazmi najzastupljeniji imunoglobulini G (IgG), relativne molekularne mase oko 150 000. Građeni su od dvaju »lakih« (ϰ ili α) i dvaju »teških« polipeptidnih lanaca (γ), međusobno povezanih disulfidnim mostovima (→ <span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-variant: small-caps"><a href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/bjelancevine ">bjelančevine</a>;</span></span> <span style="color: #000000"><span style="font-variant: small-caps"><a href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/cistin ">cistin</a></span></span>). Ostale klase imunoglobulina (IgA, IgM, IgD i IgE) razlikuju se od IgG po tipu teškoga lanca. Molekule imunoglobulina imaju prostornu strukturu nalik slovu Y. Duž svakoga kraka slova Y proteže se po jedan laki lanac, dok se teški lanci, koji također počinju u krakovima, nastavljaju do baze slova Y. Na vršcima krakova redoslijed aminokiselina obaju lanaca varira od protutijela do protutijela. Upravo ti varijabilni i hipervarijabilni dijelovi teških i lakih lanaca zajednički grade mjesto specifičnoga raspoznavanja antigena i tako daju imunoglobulinima njihovu specifičnost. Kemijsku strukturu imunoglobulina otkrili su <a href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/edelman-gerald-maurice ">G. M. Edelman</a> i <a href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/martin-archer-john-porter ">R. R. Porter</a>, koji su za to otkriće 1972. dobili Nobelovu nagradu za fiziologiju ili medicinu.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container citiranje"> Citiranje: <p> imunoglobulini. <i>Hrvatska enciklopedija</i>, <i>mrežno izdanje.</i> Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, 2013. – 2025. 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