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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table des matières" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sisu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 19 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88" title="سيسو – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيسو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisu" title="Sisu – samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sisu" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisu_(udtryk)" title="Sisu (udtryk) – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sisu (udtryk)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisu" title="Sisu – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sisu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisu" title="Sisu – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sisu" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisu_(koncepto)" title="Sisu (koncepto) – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sisu (koncepto)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisu" title="Sisu – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sisu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisu" title="Sisu – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sisu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisu" title="Sisu – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sisu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisu" title="Sisu – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sisu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisu" title="Sisu – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sisu" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisu" title="Sisu – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sisu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%88%98_(%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94)" title="시수 (문화) – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시수 (문화)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisu_(begrip)" title="Sisu (begrip) – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sisu (begrip)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisu" title="Sisu – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sisu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83" title="Сису – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сису" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisu_(begrepp)" title="Sisu (begrepp) – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sisu (begrepp)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%81%D1%83_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F)" title="Сісу (поняття) – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сісу (поняття)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%98%87" title="西蘇 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西蘇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4310647#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sisu" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Sisu" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">français</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Affichages"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sisu"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisu&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisu&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisu&action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sisu"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisu&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisu&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisu&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Sisu" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Sisu" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisu&oldid=205268732" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisu&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=Sisu&id=205268732&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSisu"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSisu"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Sisu"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sisu&action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisu&printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sisu_(name)" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4310647" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour l’article homonyme, voir <a href="/wiki/Sisu_:_de_l%27or_et_du_sang" title="Sisu : de l'or et du sang">Sisu : de l'or et du sang</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-modere"><figure class="mw-halign-right noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:%C3%80_sourcer" title="Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus."><img alt="Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus.</figcaption></figure><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/60px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/120px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citez_vos_sources" title="Wikipédia:Citez vos sources">ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources</a></strong> <small>(<time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-04" data-sort-value="2016-04">avril 2016</time>).</small> </p> <div class="nomobile"> <p>Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les <b>références utiles à sa <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:V%C3%A9rifiabilit%C3%A9" title="Wikipédia:Vérifiabilité">vérifiabilité</a></b> et en les liant à la section « <a href="/wiki/Aide:Ins%C3%A9rer_une_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence" title="Aide:Insérer une référence">Notes et références</a> ». </p> <b>En pratique :</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citez_vos_sources#Qualité_des_sources" title="Wikipédia:Citez vos sources">Quelles sources sont attendues ?</a> <a href="/wiki/Aide:Ins%C3%A9rer_une_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_(%C3%89diteur_visuel)" title="Aide:Insérer une référence (Éditeur visuel)">Comment ajouter mes sources ?</a></div> </div></div> <p>Le terme <i><b>sisu</b></i> est un mot <a href="/wiki/Finnois" title="Finnois">finnois</a> sans équivalent exact en <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Français">français</a>, d’un sens proche de « courage », « ténacité », « persévérance » ou « détermination », qui est un véritable état d'esprit en Finlande<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kobasa82_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kobasa82-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Une périphrase en forme de mot d'ordre est parfois employée pour affirmer son caractère extrême : <i>En anna periksi</i>, « je ne rendrai pas les ruines » (tant que je serai vivant). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Étymologie"><span id=".C3.89tymologie"></span>Étymologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisu&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Étymologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisu&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Étymologie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le mot « <i>sisu</i> » a pour racine <i>sis-</i> que l'on retrouve dans <i>sisä-</i>, « intérieur » et <i>sisus</i> « entrailles », « tripes ». Il renvoie à la notion archaïque et commune à bien des civilisations que le courage se situe dans le ventre, dont témoignent notamment les expressions « en avoir dans le ventre » en <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Français">français</a>, ou « he's got guts » en <a href="/wiki/Anglais" title="Anglais">anglais</a>. Le verbe <i><a href="/wiki/Ganbaru" title="Ganbaru">ganbaru</a></i> en <a href="/wiki/Japonais" title="Japonais">japonais</a> a un sens similaire au terme <i>sisu</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisu&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisu&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Histoire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La notion de <i>sisu</i> sera élevée au rang de mythe national par la propagande lors de la <a href="/wiki/Guerre_d%27Hiver" title="Guerre d'Hiver">guerre d'Hiver</a> en 1939, au point que, à l'issue de la <a href="/wiki/Seconde_Guerre_mondiale" title="Seconde Guerre mondiale">Seconde Guerre mondiale</a>, il était courant de déclarer plaisamment que la Finlande (<a href="/wiki/Finlande" title="Finlande"><b>S</b>uomi</a>) était le pays des trois <b>S</b> : <b>S</b>isu, <a href="/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna"><b>S</b>auna</a> et <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius"><b>S</b>ibelius</a>. </p><p>La résistance civile du <a href="/wiki/Grand-duch%C3%A9_de_Finlande" title="Grand-duché de Finlande">grand-duché de Finlande</a> à la <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">russification</a> à la même époque représente l'aspect collectif du <i>sisu</i>. Une résistance obstinée de toutes les couches de la société (du clergé à la presse) préserva les Finlandais, non seulement de l'assimilation forcée, mais aussi de la déportation et de la répression féroce dont avaient été victimes des populations de pays annexés par les tsars, comme la <a href="/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne">Pologne</a>. Ce même aspect collectif du <i>sisu</i> se retrouve lors de la <a href="/wiki/Guerre_civile_finlandaise" title="Guerre civile finlandaise">guerre civile finlandaise</a>, puis lors des deux guerres<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contre l'<a href="/wiki/URSS" class="mw-redirect" title="URSS">URSS</a> pendant la <a href="/wiki/Seconde_Guerre_mondiale" title="Seconde Guerre mondiale">Seconde Guerre mondiale</a>, et enfin pendant la <a href="/wiki/Guerre_froide" title="Guerre froide">Guerre froide</a>, lorsque la Finlande a dû faire face aux conditions écrasantes du <a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Paris_(1947)" title="Traité de Paris (1947)">traité de Paris</a>, et à la <a href="/wiki/Finlandisation" title="Finlandisation">finlandisation</a> imposée par son puissant voisin soviétique. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Littérature"><span id="Litt.C3.A9rature"></span>Littérature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisu&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Littérature" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisu&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Littérature"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>C'est le cœur de l'âme finlandaise, l'acharnement patient qui permet aux <a href="/wiki/Finlande" title="Finlande">Finlandais</a> d'affronter toutes les situations et de mener à bien leurs objectifs. La littérature finnoise décrit souvent cet état d'esprit sans forcément le nommer. On peut citer les premières pages de <i>Ici, sous l'étoile polaire</i> de <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4in%C3%B6_Linna" title="Väinö Linna">Väinö Linna</a> où l'on voit un métayer, à la fin du <a href="/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, étudier et réaliser l'assèchement d'un <a href="/wiki/Marais" title="Marais">marais</a>, minutieusement et sans jamais renoncer devant les difficultés. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pentti_Haanp%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Pentti Haanpää">Pentti Haanpää</a>, dans son roman <i>Guerre dans le désert blanc</i>, en donne sa propre définition, et son traducteur, <a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lien_Sauvageot" title="Aurélien Sauvageot">Aurélien Sauvageot</a>, propose le mot de « cran », qui s'emploie notamment en <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Français">français</a> dans l'expression « avoir du cran » : </p> <blockquote> <p>« ... Mais l'adage finit par prévaloir selon lequel le Finnois ne croit pas tant qu'il n'a pas essayé. Le Finnois s'est battu auparavant. Il a tout éprouvé, tout subi et il a été un contre dix et contre trente, et il a été vaincu dans la bataille, et il a eu parfois aussi de petites victoires dont il n'a rapporté chez lui, comme c'est le cas à la guerre, que des blessures, des bleus et de la ténacité, et du cran, le cran finnois. Plus d'une fois l'ennemi a déferlé sur le pays, et le Finnois a fait encore de son mieux, mais jamais il n'a été écrasé jusqu'à être complètement éteint. Il a longtemps habité sur son promontoire boisé et il y habite toujours. … » </p> </blockquote><p style="margin:-0.7em 0 0.3em 6em">— Extrait de <i>Guerre dans le désert blanc</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pentti_Haanp%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Pentti Haanpää">Pentti Haanpää</a></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisu&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisu&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9silience_(psychologie)" title="Résilience (psychologie)">Résilience (psychologie)</a></li> <li><b>Sisu</b> est un nom repris par diverses marques de produits commerciaux finlandais, notamment: <ul><li>Un fabricant finlandais de véhicules utilitaires dont la gamme va de la camionnette légère au tracteur routier pour convois exceptionnels. Une division est spécialisée dans les véhicules militaires lourds à traction intégrale.</li> <li>Une friandise très populaire en Finlande à base de <a href="/wiki/Xylitol" title="Xylitol">xylitol</a>, qui se présente sous forme de pastilles.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Sisu</b> est aussi l'acronyme du <i>Service d'Intervention Psychosociale Urgente</i> une section de la <a href="/wiki/Mouvement_international_de_la_Croix-Rouge_et_du_Croissant-Rouge" title="Mouvement international de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge">Croix-Rouge</a> de Belgique qui vient en aide aux personnes non blessés physiquement et touchées par l'impact psychologique d'une catastrophe ou d'un accident. Fondé en 1995, le Sisu intervient en Belgique et à l'étranger selon les demandes et les moyens disponibles. À l'origine l'acronyme Sisu était une abréviation parfaite du nom <i>Service d'Intervention Sociale Urgente.</i> La proximité sémantique entre le concept finlandais et le volet résilience de l'activité de cette organisation est une simple et heureuse coïncidence.</li> <li>Le verbe <i><a href="/wiki/Ganbaru" title="Ganbaru">ganbaru</a></i> en <a href="/wiki/Japonais" title="Japonais">japonais</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sisu_:_de_l%27or_et_du_sang" title="Sisu : de l'or et du sang">Sisu : de l'or et du sang</a></i>, un film réalisé par <a href="/wiki/Jalmari_Helander" title="Jalmari Helander">Jalmari Helander</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisu&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisu&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Masten2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ann_S._Masten2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Ann S. <span class="nom_auteur">Masten</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Ordinary Magic: Lessons from Research on Resilience in Human Development</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Education Canada</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 49, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 3,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009" data-sort-value="2009">été 2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">28–32</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0013-1253">0013-1253</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cea-ace.ca/sites/default/files/EdCan-2009-v49-n3-Masten.pdf">lire en ligne</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ordinary+Magic%3A+Lessons+from+Research+on+Resilience+in+Human+Development&rft.jtitle=Education+Canada&rft.issue=3&rft.aulast=Masten&rft.aufirst=Ann+S.&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=28%E2%80%9332&rft.issn=0013-1253&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cea-ace.ca%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FEdCan-2009-v49-n3-Masten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASisu"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="LutharCicchettiBecker2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Suniya_S._LutharDante_CicchettiBronwyn_Becker2000"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Suniya S. <span class="nom_auteur">Luthar</span>, Dante <span class="nom_auteur">Cicchetti</span> et Bronwyn <span class="nom_auteur">Becker</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The Construct of Resilience: A Critical Evaluation and Guidelines for Future Work</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Child Development</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 71, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 3,‎ may–june 2000, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">543–562</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0009-3920">0009-3920</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10953923">10953923</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1885202">1885202</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00164">10.1111/1467-8624.00164</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Construct+of+Resilience%3A+A+Critical+Evaluation+and+Guidelines+for+Future+Work&rft.jtitle=Child+Development&rft.issue=3&rft.aulast=Luthar&rft.aufirst=Suniya+S.&rft.au=Cicchetti%2C+Dante&rft.au=Becker%2C+Bronwyn&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=543%E2%80%93562&rft.issn=0009-3920&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-8624.00164&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10953923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASisu"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kobasa82-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kobasa82_3-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kobasa1982"><span class="ouvrage" id="Suzanne_C._Kobasa1982"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Suzanne C. <span class="nom_auteur">Kobasa</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Commitment and Coping in Stress Resistance Among Lawyers</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 42, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 4,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1982-04" data-sort-value="1982-04">avril 1982</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">707–717</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0022-3514">0022-3514</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.42.4.707">10.1037/0022-3514.42.4.707</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Commitment+and+Coping+in+Stress+Resistance+Among+Lawyers&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.issue=4&rft.aulast=Kobasa&rft.aufirst=Suzanne+C.&rft.date=1982-04&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=707%E2%80%93717&rft.issn=0022-3514&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.42.4.707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASisu"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Maddi1999"><span class="ouvrage" id="Salvatore_R._Maddi1999"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Salvatore R. <span class="nom_auteur">Maddi</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The Personality Construct of Hardiness: I. Effects on Experiencing, Coping, and Strain</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 51, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 2,‎ <time>1999</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">83–94</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1065-9293">1065-9293</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1061-4087.51.2.83">10.1037/1061-4087.51.2.83</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Personality+Construct+of+Hardiness%3A+I.+Effects+on+Experiencing%2C+Coping%2C+and+Strain&rft.jtitle=Consulting+Psychology+Journal%3A+Practice+and+Research&rft.issue=2&rft.aulast=Maddi&rft.aufirst=Salvatore+R.&rft.date=1999&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=83%E2%80%9394&rft.issn=1065-9293&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F1061-4087.51.2.83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASisu"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">La <a href="/wiki/Guerre_d%27Hiver" title="Guerre d'Hiver">guerre d'Hiver</a> et la <a href="/wiki/Guerre_de_continuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerre de continuation">guerre de continuation</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Finlande" title="Portail de la Finlande"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/36px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/54px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/72px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Finlande" title="Portail:Finlande">Portail de la Finlande</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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