CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref--excluded vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-not-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Portal:Books - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref--excluded vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-not-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat": "dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"94680748-d754-4717-9ee9-96fbd014995a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"Portal","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":100,"wgPageName":"Portal:Books","wgTitle":"Books","wgCurRevisionId":1226534573,"wgRevisionId":1226534573,"wgArticleId":4661812,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with Latin IPA","Portals with triaged subpages from April 2020","All portals with triaged subpages","Portals with no named maintainer","Pages using sidebar with the child parameter","Automated article-slideshow portals with 51–100 articles in article list","Random portal component with 11–15 available image subpages","Automated article-slideshow portals with 201–500 articles in article list","Random portal component with 11–15 available subpages","All portals", "Arts portals","Books portal","WikiProject Books","Literature portals","Books","Literature"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Portal:Books","wgRelevantArticleId":4661812,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":4000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty": false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q10880143","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.categoryTree.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.page.media","mediawiki.page.gallery.slideshow", "ext.categoryTree","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.categoryTree.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Portal:Books - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Books"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Books&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Books"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-100 ns-subject mw-editable page-Portal_Books rootpage-Portal_Books skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Portal%3ABooks" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Portal%3ABooks" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Portal%3ABooks" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Portal%3ABooks" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Portal</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Books</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8" title="بوابة:كتب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوابة:كتب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0:%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%87" title="প্রবেশদ্বার:বই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রবেশদ্বার:বই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="درگاه:کتاب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درگاه:کتاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E6%9B%B8%E7%89%A9" title="Portal:書物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Portal:書物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA:%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A" title="ද්වාරය:පොත් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ද්වාරය:පොත්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%95:%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%A8" title="دەروازە:کتێب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەروازە:کتێب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Портал:Книги – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Портал:Книги" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E6%9B%B8%E7%B1%8D" title="Portal:書籍 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Portal:書籍" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10880143#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-portal" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Books" title="View the subject page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Portal</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal_talk:Books" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Books"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Books&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Books&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Books"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Books&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Books&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portal:Books" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Portal:Books" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Books&oldid=1226534573" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Books&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPortal%3ABooks"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPortal%3ABooks"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Portal%3ABooks&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Books&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Books" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10880143" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikimedia portal</div> <div class="portal-maintenance-status" style="display:none;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darkgreen_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Darkgreen_flag_waving.svg/30px-Darkgreen_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Darkgreen_flag_waving.svg/45px-Darkgreen_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Darkgreen_flag_waving.svg/60px-Darkgreen_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><span style="font-size:108%;"><b>Portal maintenance status:</b></span> <small>(April 2020)</small> <ul><li>This portal's <a href="/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Books/" title="Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Books/">subpages</a> <b>have been checked</b> by an editor, and are needed.</li></ul> <span style="font-size:90%;">Please <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CAREFUL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CAREFUL">take care</a> when editing, especially if using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ASSISTED" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ASSISTED">automated editing software</a>. Learn how to <a href="/wiki/Template:Portal_maintenance_status#How_to_update_the_maintenance_information_for_a_portal" title="Template:Portal maintenance status">update the maintenance information here</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r888483065">.mw-parser-output .portal-column-left{float:left;width:50%}.mw-parser-output .portal-column-right{float:right;width:49%}.mw-parser-output .portal-column-left-wide{float:left;width:60%}.mw-parser-output .portal-column-right-narrow{float:right;width:39%}.mw-parser-output .portal-column-left-extra-wide{float:left;width:70%}.mw-parser-output .portal-column-right-extra-narrow{float:right;width:29%}@media only screen and (max-width:800px){.mw-parser-output .portal-column-left,.mw-parser-output .portal-column-right,.mw-parser-output .portal-column-left-wide,.mw-parser-output .portal-column-right-narrow,.mw-parser-output .portal-column-left-extra-wide,.mw-parser-output .portal-column-right-extra-narrow{float:inherit;width:inherit}}</style><p><span class="anchor" id="portals-browsebar"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style></p><div class="hlist noprint" style="text-align: center"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal topics</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Human_activities" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Activities</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Culture_and_the_arts" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Geography_and_places" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Geography</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Health_and_fitness" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Health</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#History_and_events" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">History</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Mathematics_and_logic" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Mathematics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Natural_and_physical_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Nature</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#People_and_self" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">People</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Philosophy_and_thinking" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Philosophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Religion_and_belief_systems" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Religion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Society_and_social_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Society</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Technology_and_applied_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Technology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/All_portals" title="Special:RandomInCategory/All portals">Random portal</a></dd></dl> </div> <div style="padding:10px; background:#f0dc82; border:2px solid #fcc200;"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#600517;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FCC200;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#600517;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ABooks%2FIntro&action=edit"><span style="color:#600517">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="The_Books_Portal" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#600517;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><big>The Books Portal</big></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polygraphiae.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Johannes Trithemius'Polygraphiae (1518)"><img alt="Johannes Trithemius'Polygraphiae (1518)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Polygraphiae.jpg/200px-Polygraphiae.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Polygraphiae.jpg/300px-Polygraphiae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Polygraphiae.jpg/400px-Polygraphiae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Trithemius" title="Johannes Trithemius">Johannes Trithemius</a>'<i>Polygraphiae</i> (1518)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="P:BOOKS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:BOOKS&redirect=no">P:BOOKS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/175px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/263px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/350px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">Oral literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksong" class="mw-redirect" title="Folksong">folksong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">heroic epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Oration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">Performance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoken_word" title="Spoken word">spoken word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saying" title="Saying">Saying</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Major written forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closet_drama" title="Closet drama">closet drama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">narrative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_nonsense" title="Literary nonsense">Nonsense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonsense_verse" title="Nonsense verse">verse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">Electronic</a></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Long prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a>/<a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">romance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Short prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelette_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelette (literature)">Novelette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drabble" title="Drabble">Drabble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_story" title="Sketch story">Sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Prose genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic_novel" title="Encyclopedic novel">Encyclopedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_fiction" title="Military fiction">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Realist literature">Realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anecdote" title="Anecdote">Anecdote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_writing" title="Life writing">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasive_writing" title="Persuasive writing">Persuasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">Travelogue</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Poetry genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_poetry" title="Children's poetry">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_drama_and_dramatic_verse" title="Verse drama and dramatic verse">Dramatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_novel" title="Verse novel">Verse novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_poetry" title="National poetry">National</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">Lyric</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">Ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">Elegy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">Epigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">Haiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerick_(poetry)" title="Limerick (poetry)">Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">Ode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">Qasida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">Sonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanelle" title="Villanelle">Villanelle</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epic_poems" title="List of epic poems">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_groups_and_movements" title="List of poetry groups and movements">Groups and movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poets" title="List of poets">Poets</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Dramatic genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">Play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)" title="History (theatrical genre)">historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Modernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">Postmodern</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Lists and outlines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_literature" title="Outline of literature">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_literary_terms" title="Glossary of literary terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_books" title="Lists of books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_writers" title="Lists of writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_movements" title="List of literary movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_cycles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of literary cycles">Cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_awards" title="List of literary awards">Literary awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_awards" title="List of poetry awards">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story_collection" title="Short story collection">Short story collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">Lost literary work</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lacuna_(manuscripts)" title="Lacuna (manuscripts)">Lacuna</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_magazine" title="Literary magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_(language)" title="Composition (language)">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_feud" title="Literary feud">Feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">Estate</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="display:block; margin-top:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top:0.15em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/16px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/24px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Literature" title="Template:Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Literature" title="Template talk:Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>A <b><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">book</a></b> is a medium for recording <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a> or images. Modern books are typically in <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a> format, composed of many <a href="/wiki/Page_(paper)" title="Page (paper)">pages</a> that are <a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">bound</a> together and protected by a <a href="/wiki/Book_cover" title="Book cover">cover</a>; they were preceded by several earlier formats, including the <a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scroll</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">tablet</a>. The book <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">publishing</a> process is the series of steps involved in their creation and dissemination. <p>As a conceptual object, a <i>book</i> refers to a written work of substantial length, which may be distributed either physically or digitally as an electronic book (<a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">ebook</a>). These works can be broadly <a href="/wiki/Library_classification" title="Library classification">classified</a> into <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> (containing invented content, often narratives) and <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">non-fiction</a> (containing content intended as factual truth). A physical book may not contain such a work: for example, it may contain only drawings, engravings, photographs, puzzles, or removable content like <a href="/wiki/Paper_doll" title="Paper doll">paper dolls</a>. It may also be left empty for personal use, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Bookkeeping" title="Bookkeeping">account books</a>, appointment books, <a href="/wiki/Autograph_book" title="Autograph book">autograph books</a>, <a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">notebooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diary" title="Diary">diaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sketchbook" title="Sketchbook">sketchbooks</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bookselling" title="Bookselling">Books are sold</a> at both regular stores and specialized bookstores, as well as online for delivery, and can be borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">libraries</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">reception</a> of books has led to a number of social consequences, including <a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">censorship</a>. </p><p>The modern book industry has seen several major changes due to new technologies, including ebooks and <a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobooks</a> (recordings of books being read aloud). Awareness of the needs of <a href="/wiki/Print_disability" title="Print disability">print-disabled</a> people has led to a rise in <a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">formats designed for greater accessibility</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">braille</a> printing and <a href="/wiki/Large-print" title="Large-print">large-print</a> editions. <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> estimated in 2010 that approximately 130 million total unique books had been published. (<b><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Full article...</a></b>) </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div style="text-align:center; margin:0.25em auto 0.75em"><span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Books&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><b>Refresh with new selections below (purge)</b></span></a></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996214246">.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container{clear:both;width:100%;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{float:left;width:50%;min-width:360px;padding:0 0.5em;box-sizing:border-box;flex:1;display:flex;flex-direction:column}@media screen and (max-width:393px){.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{min-width:0}}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column:first-child{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column:last-child{padding-right:0}@media screen and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{padding:0;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column>div{flex:1 0 auto}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column>div.flex-columns-noflex{flex:0}</style><div class="flex-columns-container"><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#600517;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FCC200;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#600517;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ABooks%2FRecognized_content&action=edit"><span style="color:#600517">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Featured_articles_-_load_new_batch" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#600517;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Featured articles - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Books&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>load new batch</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cscr-featured.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/23px-Cscr-featured.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/35px-Cscr-featured.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/46px-Cscr-featured.png 2x" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="158" /></a></span>  <i><small><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FA">Featured articles</a> are displayed here, which represent some of the best content on English Wikipedia.</small></i></div> <hr /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r987512734">.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div>div>span:nth-child(2){display:none}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div:nth-child(2){display:none}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div:nth-child(1){padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li:nth-child(n/**/+2){display:none}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container .gallery .gallerybox,.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container .gallery .gallerybox div{width:100%!important;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li:not(.gallerycarousel)>div>div:nth-child(1){display:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1021884966">.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container>.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>.gallerycarousel>div>div>div>span:nth-child(2){display:none}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container .randomSlideshow-sr-only{display:block;width:1px;height:1px;text-indent:-999px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label{display:inline-block!important;padding:0.2em 0.3em}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child input{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child input{transform:scale(1.4)}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label:last-child{display:none!important}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{display:block;margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox li,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox div,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox p{padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow:first-child{position:relative;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%);display:inline-block;text-align:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{order:99999;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label{flex:0 0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox>div,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox>div>div{width:inherit!important;max-width:100%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container .nomobile+ul label{display:none!important}</style><div class="randomSlideshow-container excerptSlideshow-container" style="max-width:100%; margin:-4em auto;"><div class="nomobile"></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-slideshow switcher-container"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 1 First edition The Autobiography of Malcolm X is an autobiography written by American minister Malcolm X, who collaborated with American journalist Alex Haley. It was released posthumously on October 29, 1965, nine months after his assassination. Haley coauthored the autobiography based on a series of in-depth interviews he conducted between 1963 and 1965. The Autobiography is a spiritual conversion narrative that outlines Malcolm X's philosophy of black pride, black nationalism, and pan-Africanism. After the leader was killed, Haley wrote the book's epilogue. He described their collaborative process and the events at the end of Malcolm X's life. While Malcolm X and scholars contemporary to the book's publication regarded Haley as the book's ghostwriter, modern scholars tend to regard him as an essential collaborator who intentionally muted his authorial voice to create the effect of Malcolm X speaking directly to readers. Haley influenced some of Malcolm X's literary choices. For example, Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam during the period when he was working on the book with Haley. Rather than rewriting earlier chapters as a polemic against the Nation which Malcolm X had rejected, Haley persuaded him to favor a style of "suspense and drama". According to Manning Marable, "Haley was particularly worried about what he viewed as Malcolm X's anti-Semitism" and he rewrote material to eliminate it. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 1 First edition The Autobiography of Malcolm X is an autobiography written by American minister Malcolm X, who collaborated with American journalist Alex Haley. It was released posthumously on October 29, 1965, nine months after his assassination. Haley coauthored the autobiography based on a series of in-depth interviews he conducted between 1963 and 1965. The Autobiography is a spiritual conversion narrative that outlines Malcolm X's philosophy of black pride, black nationalism, and pan-Africanism. After the leader was killed, Haley wrote the book's epilogue. He described their collaborative process and the events at the end of Malcolm X's life. While Malcolm X and scholars contemporary to the book's publication regarded Haley as the book's ghostwriter, modern scholars tend to regard him as an essential collaborator who intentionally muted his authorial voice to create the effect of Malcolm X speaking directly to readers. Haley influenced some of Malcolm X's literary choices. For example, Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam during the period when he was working on the book with Haley. Rather than rewriting earlier chapters as a polemic against the Nation which Malcolm X had rejected, Haley persuaded him to favor a style of "suspense and drama". According to Manning Marable, "Haley was particularly worried about what he viewed as Malcolm X's anti-Semitism" and he rewrote material to eliminate it. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 1</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Autobiography_of_Malcolm_X_(1st_ed_dust_jacket_cover).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Autobiography_of_Malcolm_X_%281st_ed_dust_jacket_cover%29.jpg/220px-The_Autobiography_of_Malcolm_X_%281st_ed_dust_jacket_cover%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Autobiography_of_Malcolm_X_%281st_ed_dust_jacket_cover%29.jpg/330px-The_Autobiography_of_Malcolm_X_%281st_ed_dust_jacket_cover%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Autobiography_of_Malcolm_X_%281st_ed_dust_jacket_cover%29.jpg/440px-The_Autobiography_of_Malcolm_X_%281st_ed_dust_jacket_cover%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">First edition</div></div></div></div><br /><i><b><a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Malcolm_X" title="The Autobiography of Malcolm X">The Autobiography of Malcolm X</a></b></i> is an <a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a> written by American minister <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a>, who collaborated with American journalist <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a>. It was released posthumously on October 29, 1965, nine months after his <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Malcolm_X" title="Assassination of Malcolm X">assassination</a>. Haley <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_writing" title="Collaborative writing">coauthored</a> the autobiography based on a series of in-depth interviews he conducted between 1963 and 1965. The <i>Autobiography</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">spiritual conversion narrative</a> that outlines Malcolm X's philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Black_pride" title="Black pride">black pride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">black nationalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">pan-Africanism</a>. After the leader was killed, Haley wrote the book's epilogue. He described their collaborative process and the events at the end of Malcolm X's life.<br /><br />While Malcolm X and scholars contemporary to the book's publication regarded Haley as the book's <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">ghostwriter</a>, modern scholars tend to regard him as an essential collaborator who intentionally muted his authorial voice to create the effect of Malcolm X speaking directly to readers. Haley influenced some of Malcolm X's literary choices. For example, Malcolm X left the <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> during the period when he was working on the book with Haley. Rather than rewriting earlier chapters as a <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemic</a> against the Nation which Malcolm X had rejected, Haley persuaded him to favor a style of "suspense and drama". According to <a href="/wiki/Manning_Marable" title="Manning Marable">Manning Marable</a>, "Haley was particularly worried about what he viewed as Malcolm X's <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a>" and he rewrote material to eliminate it. (<b><a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Malcolm_X" title="The Autobiography of Malcolm X">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 2 Title page from the first edition of Locke's Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693) Some Thoughts Concerning Education is a 1693 treatise on the education of gentlemen written by the English philosopher John Locke. For over a century, it was the most important philosophical work on education in England. It was translated into almost all of the major written European languages during the eighteenth century, and nearly every European writer on education after Locke, including Jean-Jacques Rousseau, acknowledged its influence. In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690), Locke outlined a new theory of mind, contending that the mind is originally a tabula rasa or "blank slate"; that is, it did not contain any innate ideas at birth. Some Thoughts Concerning Education explains how to educate that mind using three distinct methods: the development of a healthy body; the formation of a virtuous character; and the choice of an appropriate academic curriculum. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 2 Title page from the first edition of Locke's Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693) Some Thoughts Concerning Education is a 1693 treatise on the education of gentlemen written by the English philosopher John Locke. For over a century, it was the most important philosophical work on education in England. It was translated into almost all of the major written European languages during the eighteenth century, and nearly every European writer on education after Locke, including Jean-Jacques Rousseau, acknowledged its influence. In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690), Locke outlined a new theory of mind, contending that the mind is originally a tabula rasa or "blank slate"; that is, it did not contain any innate ideas at birth. Some Thoughts Concerning Education explains how to educate that mind using three distinct methods: the development of a healthy body; the formation of a virtuous character; and the choice of an appropriate academic curriculum. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 2</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LockeEducation1693.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Page reads "Some Thoughts Concerning Education. London, Printed for A. and J. Churchill, at the Black Swan in Pater-noster-row, 1693."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/LockeEducation1693.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="414" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Title page from the first edition of <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke's</a> <i>Some Thoughts Concerning Education</i> (1693)</figcaption></figure><br /><br /><i><b><a href="/wiki/Some_Thoughts_Concerning_Education" title="Some Thoughts Concerning Education">Some Thoughts Concerning Education</a></b></i> is a 1693 <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatise</a> on the education of gentlemen written by the English philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>. For over a century, it was the most important philosophical work on <a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">education in England</a>. It was translated into almost all of the major written European languages during the eighteenth century, and nearly every European writer on education after Locke, including <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, acknowledged its influence.<br /><br />In his <i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understanding" title="An Essay Concerning Human Understanding">Essay Concerning Human Understanding</a></i> (1690), Locke outlined a new <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">theory of mind</a>, contending that the mind is originally a <i><a href="/wiki/Tabula_rasa" title="Tabula rasa">tabula rasa</a></i> or "blank slate"; that is, it did not contain any <a href="/wiki/Innate_idea" class="mw-redirect" title="Innate idea">innate ideas</a> at birth. <i>Some Thoughts Concerning Education</i> explains how to educate that mind using three distinct methods: the development of a healthy body; the formation of a virtuous character; and the choice of an appropriate academic curriculum. (<b><a href="/wiki/Some_Thoughts_Concerning_Education" title="Some Thoughts Concerning Education">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 3 Title page from the first edition of Letters (1796) Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark (1796) is a personal travel narrative by the eighteenth-century British feminist writer Mary Wollstonecraft. The twenty-five letters cover a wide range of topics, from sociological reflections on Scandinavia and its peoples to philosophical questions regarding identity. Published by Wollstonecraft's career-long publisher, Joseph Johnson, it was the last work issued during her lifetime. Wollstonecraft undertook her tour of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark in order to retrieve a stolen treasure ship for her lover, Gilbert Imlay. Believing that the journey would restore their strained relationship, she eagerly set off. However, over the course of the three months she spent in Scandinavia, she realized that Imlay had no intention of renewing the relationship. The letters, which constitute the text, drawn from her journal and from missives she sent to Imlay, reflect her anger and melancholy over his repeated betrayals. Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark is therefore both a travel narrative and an autobiographical memoir. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 3 Title page from the first edition of Letters (1796) Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark (1796) is a personal travel narrative by the eighteenth-century British feminist writer Mary Wollstonecraft. The twenty-five letters cover a wide range of topics, from sociological reflections on Scandinavia and its peoples to philosophical questions regarding identity. Published by Wollstonecraft's career-long publisher, Joseph Johnson, it was the last work issued during her lifetime. Wollstonecraft undertook her tour of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark in order to retrieve a stolen treasure ship for her lover, Gilbert Imlay. Believing that the journey would restore their strained relationship, she eagerly set off. However, over the course of the three months she spent in Scandinavia, she realized that Imlay had no intention of renewing the relationship. The letters, which constitute the text, drawn from her journal and from missives she sent to Imlay, reflect her anger and melancholy over his repeated betrayals. Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark is therefore both a travel narrative and an autobiographical memoir. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 3</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WollstonecraftSweden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Page reads "Letters Written During a Short Residence in Swiden, Norway, and Denmark. By Mary Wollstonecraft. London: Printed for J. Johnson, St. Paul's Church-Yard. 1796."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/WollstonecraftSweden.jpg/220px-WollstonecraftSweden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/WollstonecraftSweden.jpg/330px-WollstonecraftSweden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/WollstonecraftSweden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>Title page from the first edition of <i>Letters</i> (1796)</figcaption></figure><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Letters_Written_in_Sweden,_Norway,_and_Denmark" title="Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark"><i>Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark</i></a></b> (<a href="/wiki/1796_in_literature" title="1796 in literature">1796</a>) is a personal <a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">travel narrative</a> by the eighteenth-century British <a href="/wiki/18th-century_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="18th-century feminism">feminist</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a>. The twenty-five letters cover a wide range of topics, from sociological reflections on <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> and its peoples to philosophical questions regarding identity. Published by Wollstonecraft's career-long publisher, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Johnson_(publisher)" title="Joseph Johnson (publisher)">Joseph Johnson</a>, it was the last work issued during her lifetime.<br /><br />Wollstonecraft undertook her tour of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark in order to retrieve a stolen treasure ship for her lover, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Imlay" title="Gilbert Imlay">Gilbert Imlay</a>. Believing that the journey would restore their strained relationship, she eagerly set off. However, over the course of the three months she spent in Scandinavia, she realized that Imlay had no intention of renewing the relationship. The letters, which constitute the text, drawn from her journal and from missives she sent to Imlay, reflect her anger and melancholy over his repeated betrayals. <i>Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark</i> is therefore both a travel narrative and an autobiographical <a href="/wiki/Memoir" title="Memoir">memoir</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Letters_Written_in_Sweden,_Norway,_and_Denmark" title="Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 4 The hardcover version Mom & Me & Mom (2013) is the seventh and final book in author Maya Angelou's series of autobiographies. The book was published shortly before Mother's Day and Angelou's 85th birthday. It focuses, for the first time in her books, on Angelou's relationship with her mother, Vivian Baxter. The book explains Baxter's behavior, especially Baxter's abandonment of Angelou and Angelou's older brother when they were young children, and fills in "what are possibly the final blanks in Angelou's eventful life". The book also chronicles Angelou's reunion and reconciliation with Baxter. Mom & Me & Mom is an overview of Angelou's life and revisits many of the same anecdotes she relates in her previous books. The first section, entitled "Mom & Me", centers on Angelou's early years, before the age of 17, and her transition from resentment and distrust of her mother to acceptance, support, and love towards her. After Baxter helps her through the birth of her son, Angelou goes from calling Baxter "Lady" to "Mom". In the book's second section, entitled "Me & Mom", Angelou chronicles the unconditional love, support, and assistance they gave to each other, as Baxter helps her through single motherhood, a failed marriage, and career ups and downs. As she had begun to do in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, and continued throughout her series, Angelou upheld the long traditions of African-American autobiography. At the same time she made a deliberate attempt to challenge the usual structure of the autobiography by critiquing, changing, and expanding the genre. She had become recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for Blacks and women. Angelou was, as scholar Joanne Braxton has stated, "without a doubt, ... America's most visible black woman autobiographer". She had also become "a major autobiographical voice of the time". (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 4 The hardcover version Mom & Me & Mom (2013) is the seventh and final book in author Maya Angelou's series of autobiographies. The book was published shortly before Mother's Day and Angelou's 85th birthday. It focuses, for the first time in her books, on Angelou's relationship with her mother, Vivian Baxter. The book explains Baxter's behavior, especially Baxter's abandonment of Angelou and Angelou's older brother when they were young children, and fills in "what are possibly the final blanks in Angelou's eventful life". The book also chronicles Angelou's reunion and reconciliation with Baxter. Mom & Me & Mom is an overview of Angelou's life and revisits many of the same anecdotes she relates in her previous books. The first section, entitled "Mom & Me", centers on Angelou's early years, before the age of 17, and her transition from resentment and distrust of her mother to acceptance, support, and love towards her. After Baxter helps her through the birth of her son, Angelou goes from calling Baxter "Lady" to "Mom". In the book's second section, entitled "Me & Mom", Angelou chronicles the unconditional love, support, and assistance they gave to each other, as Baxter helps her through single motherhood, a failed marriage, and career ups and downs. As she had begun to do in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, and continued throughout her series, Angelou upheld the long traditions of African-American autobiography. At the same time she made a deliberate attempt to challenge the usual structure of the autobiography by critiquing, changing, and expanding the genre. She had become recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for Blacks and women. Angelou was, as scholar Joanne Braxton has stated, "without a doubt, ... America's most visible black woman autobiographer". She had also become "a major autobiographical voice of the time". (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 4</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mom_%26_Me_%26_Mom_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mom_%26_Me_%26_Mom_cover.jpg/220px-Mom_%26_Me_%26_Mom_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Mom_%26_Me_%26_Mom_cover.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">The hardcover version</div></div></div></div><br /><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mom_%26_Me_%26_Mom" title="Mom & Me & Mom">Mom & Me & Mom</a></b></i> (2013) is the seventh and final book in author <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a>'s series of <a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiographies</a>. The book was published shortly before <a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_(United_States)" title="Mother's Day (United States)">Mother's Day</a> and Angelou's 85th birthday. It focuses, for the first time in her books, on Angelou's relationship with her mother, Vivian Baxter. The book explains Baxter's behavior, especially Baxter's abandonment of Angelou and Angelou's older brother when they were young children, and fills in "what are possibly the final blanks in Angelou's eventful life". The book also chronicles Angelou's reunion and reconciliation with Baxter.<br /><br /><i>Mom & Me & Mom</i> is an overview of Angelou's life and revisits many of the same anecdotes she relates in her previous books. The first section, entitled "Mom & Me", centers on Angelou's early years, before the age of 17, and her transition from resentment and distrust of her mother to acceptance, support, and love towards her. After Baxter helps her through the birth of her son, Angelou goes from calling Baxter "Lady" to "Mom". In the book's second section, entitled "Me & Mom", Angelou chronicles the unconditional love, support, and assistance they gave to each other, as Baxter helps her through single motherhood, a failed marriage, and career ups and downs. As she had begun to do in <i><a href="/wiki/I_Know_Why_the_Caged_Bird_Sings" title="I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings">I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings</a></i>, and continued throughout her series, Angelou upheld the long traditions of African-American autobiography. At the same time she made a deliberate attempt to challenge the usual structure of the autobiography by critiquing, changing, and expanding the genre. She had become recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for Blacks and women. Angelou was, as scholar <a href="/wiki/Joanne_Braxton" title="Joanne Braxton">Joanne Braxton</a> has stated, "without a doubt, ... America's most visible black woman autobiographer". She had also become "a major autobiographical voice of the time". (<b><a href="/wiki/Mom_%26_Me_%26_Mom" title="Mom & Me & Mom">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 5 Frontispiece and title page of 1773 edition Harris's List of Covent Garden Ladies, published from 1760 to 1794, was an annual directory of prostitutes then working in Georgian London. A small pocketbook, it was printed and published in Covent Garden, and sold for two shillings and sixpence. A contemporary report of 1791 estimates its circulation at about 8,000 copies annually. Each edition contains entries describing the physical appearance and sexual specialities of about 120–190 prostitutes who worked in and around Covent Garden. Through their erotic prose, the list's entries review some of these women in lurid detail. While most compliment their subjects, some are critical of bad habits, and a few women are even treated as pariahs, perhaps having fallen out of favour with the list's authors, who are never revealed. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 5 Frontispiece and title page of 1773 edition Harris's List of Covent Garden Ladies, published from 1760 to 1794, was an annual directory of prostitutes then working in Georgian London. A small pocketbook, it was printed and published in Covent Garden, and sold for two shillings and sixpence. A contemporary report of 1791 estimates its circulation at about 8,000 copies annually. Each edition contains entries describing the physical appearance and sexual specialities of about 120–190 prostitutes who worked in and around Covent Garden. Through their erotic prose, the list's entries review some of these women in lurid detail. While most compliment their subjects, some are critical of bad habits, and a few women are even treated as pariahs, perhaps having fallen out of favour with the list's authors, who are never revealed. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 5</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harris_covent_garden_ladies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Harris_covent_garden_ladies.jpg/350px-Harris_covent_garden_ladies.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Harris_covent_garden_ladies.jpg/525px-Harris_covent_garden_ladies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Harris_covent_garden_ladies.jpg/700px-Harris_covent_garden_ladies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1773" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Book_frontispiece" title="Book frontispiece">Frontispiece</a> and title page of 1773 edition</figcaption></figure><br /><i><b><a href="/wiki/Harris%27s_List_of_Covent_Garden_Ladies" title="Harris's List of Covent Garden Ladies">Harris's List of Covent Garden Ladies</a></b></i>, published from 1760 to 1794, was an annual directory of <a href="/wiki/Prostitutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitutes">prostitutes</a> then working in <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian</a> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. A small pocketbook, it was printed and published in <a href="/wiki/Covent_Garden" title="Covent Garden">Covent Garden</a>, and sold for two <a href="/wiki/Shilling_(British_coin)" title="Shilling (British coin)">shillings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sixpence_(British_coin)" title="Sixpence (British coin)">sixpence</a>. A contemporary report of 1791 estimates its circulation at about 8,000 copies annually.<br /><br />Each edition contains entries describing the physical appearance and sexual specialities of about <span class="nowrap">120–190</span> prostitutes who worked in and around Covent Garden. Through their erotic prose, the list's entries review some of these women in lurid detail. While most compliment their subjects, some are critical of bad habits, and a few women are even treated as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pariah" class="extiw" title="wikt:pariah">pariahs</a>, perhaps having fallen out of favour with the list's authors, who are never revealed. (<b><a href="/wiki/Harris%27s_List_of_Covent_Garden_Ladies" title="Harris's List of Covent Garden Ladies">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 6 Race Against Time: Searching for Hope in AIDS-Ravaged Africa is a non-fiction book written by Stephen Lewis for the Massey Lectures. Lewis wrote it in early to mid-2005 and House of Anansi Press released it as a corresponding lecture series began in October 2005. Each of the book's chapters were delivered as a different lecture in a different Canadian city, beginning in Vancouver on October 18 and ending in Toronto on October 28. The speeches were aired on CBC Radio One between November 7 and 11. The author and orator, Stephen Lewis, was at that time the United Nations Special Envoy for HIV/AIDS in Africa and former Canadian ambassador to the United Nations. Although he wrote the book and lectures in his role as a concerned Canadian citizen, his criticism of the United Nations (UN), international organizations, and other diplomats, including naming specific people, was called undiplomatic and led several reviewers to speculate whether he would be removed from his UN position. In the book and the lectures, Lewis argues that significant changes are required to meet the Millennium Development Goals in Africa by their 2015 deadline. Lewis explains the historical context of Africa since the 1980s, citing a succession of disastrous economic policies by international financial institutions that contributed to, rather than reduced, poverty. He connects the structural adjustment loans, with conditions of limited public spending on health and education infrastructure, to the uncontrolled spread of AIDS and subsequent food shortages as the disease infected much of the working-age population. Lewis also addresses such issues as discrimination against women and primary education for children. To help alleviate problems, he ends with potential solutions which mainly require increased funding by G8 countries to levels beyond what they promise. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 6 Race Against Time: Searching for Hope in AIDS-Ravaged Africa is a non-fiction book written by Stephen Lewis for the Massey Lectures. Lewis wrote it in early to mid-2005 and House of Anansi Press released it as a corresponding lecture series began in October 2005. Each of the book's chapters were delivered as a different lecture in a different Canadian city, beginning in Vancouver on October 18 and ending in Toronto on October 28. The speeches were aired on CBC Radio One between November 7 and 11. The author and orator, Stephen Lewis, was at that time the United Nations Special Envoy for HIV/AIDS in Africa and former Canadian ambassador to the United Nations. Although he wrote the book and lectures in his role as a concerned Canadian citizen, his criticism of the United Nations (UN), international organizations, and other diplomats, including naming specific people, was called undiplomatic and led several reviewers to speculate whether he would be removed from his UN position. In the book and the lectures, Lewis argues that significant changes are required to meet the Millennium Development Goals in Africa by their 2015 deadline. Lewis explains the historical context of Africa since the 1980s, citing a succession of disastrous economic policies by international financial institutions that contributed to, rather than reduced, poverty. He connects the structural adjustment loans, with conditions of limited public spending on health and education infrastructure, to the uncontrolled spread of AIDS and subsequent food shortages as the disease infected much of the working-age population. Lewis also addresses such issues as discrimination against women and primary education for children. To help alleviate problems, he ends with potential solutions which mainly require increased funding by G8 countries to levels beyond what they promise. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 6</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Race_Against_Time_(Lewis_book)" title="Race Against Time (Lewis book)"><i>Race Against Time: Searching for Hope in AIDS-Ravaged Africa</i></a></b> is a non-fiction book written by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lewis" title="Stephen Lewis">Stephen Lewis</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Massey_Lectures" title="Massey Lectures">Massey Lectures</a>. Lewis wrote it in early to mid-2005 and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Anansi_Press" title="House of Anansi Press">House of Anansi Press</a> released it as a corresponding lecture series began in October 2005. Each of the book's chapters were delivered as a different lecture in a different Canadian city, beginning in Vancouver on October 18 and ending in Toronto on October 28. The speeches were aired on <a href="/wiki/CBC_Radio_One" title="CBC Radio One">CBC Radio One</a> between November 7 and 11. The author and orator, Stephen Lewis, was at that time the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Envoy_for_HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="United Nations Special Envoy for HIV/AIDS in Africa">United Nations Special Envoy for HIV/AIDS in Africa</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Canadian_ambassadors_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian ambassadors to the United Nations">Canadian ambassador to the United Nations</a>. Although he wrote the book and lectures in his role as a concerned Canadian citizen, his criticism of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN), international organizations, and other diplomats, including naming specific people, was called undiplomatic and led several reviewers to speculate whether he would be removed from his UN position.<br /><br />In the book and the lectures, Lewis argues that significant changes are required to meet the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a> in Africa by their 2015 deadline. Lewis explains the historical context of Africa since the 1980s, citing a succession of disastrous economic policies by <a href="/wiki/International_financial_institutions" title="International financial institutions">international financial institutions</a> that contributed to, rather than reduced, poverty. He connects the <a href="/wiki/Structural_adjustment_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural adjustment loan">structural adjustment loans</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Conditionality" title="Conditionality">conditions</a> of limited public spending on health and education infrastructure, to the uncontrolled <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">spread of AIDS</a> and subsequent food shortages as the disease infected much of the working-age population. Lewis also addresses such issues as discrimination against women and primary education for children. To help alleviate problems, he ends with potential solutions which mainly require increased funding by <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">G8</a> countries to levels beyond what they promise. (<b><a href="/wiki/Race_Against_Time:_Searching_for_Hope_in_AIDS-Ravaged_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Race Against Time: Searching for Hope in AIDS-Ravaged Africa">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 7 Title page of volume 1 A History of the Birds of Europe, Including all the Species Inhabiting the Western Palearctic Region is a nine-volume ornithological book published in parts between 1871 and 1896. It was mainly written by Henry Eeles Dresser, although Richard Bowdler Sharpe co-authored the earlier volumes. It describes all the bird species reliably recorded in the wild in Europe and adjacent geographical areas with similar fauna, giving their worldwide distribution, variations in appearance and migratory movements. The pioneering ornithological work of John Ray and Francis Willughby in the seventeenth century had introduced an effective classification system based on anatomical features, and a dichotomous key to help readers identify birds. This was followed by other English-language ornithologies, notably John Gould's five-volume Birds of Europe published between 1832 and 1837. Sharpe, then librarian of the Zoological Society of London, had worked closely with Gould and wanted to expand on his work by including all species reliably recorded in Europe, North Africa, parts of the Middle East and the Atlantic archipelagos of Madeira, the Canary Islands and the Azores. He lacked the resources to undertake this task on his own, so he proposed to Dresser that they work together on this encyclopaedia, using Dresser's extensive collection of birds and their eggs and network of contacts. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 7 Title page of volume 1 A History of the Birds of Europe, Including all the Species Inhabiting the Western Palearctic Region is a nine-volume ornithological book published in parts between 1871 and 1896. It was mainly written by Henry Eeles Dresser, although Richard Bowdler Sharpe co-authored the earlier volumes. It describes all the bird species reliably recorded in the wild in Europe and adjacent geographical areas with similar fauna, giving their worldwide distribution, variations in appearance and migratory movements. The pioneering ornithological work of John Ray and Francis Willughby in the seventeenth century had introduced an effective classification system based on anatomical features, and a dichotomous key to help readers identify birds. This was followed by other English-language ornithologies, notably John Gould's five-volume Birds of Europe published between 1832 and 1837. Sharpe, then librarian of the Zoological Society of London, had worked closely with Gould and wanted to expand on his work by including all species reliably recorded in Europe, North Africa, parts of the Middle East and the Atlantic archipelagos of Madeira, the Canary Islands and the Azores. He lacked the resources to undertake this task on his own, so he proposed to Dresser that they work together on this encyclopaedia, using Dresser's extensive collection of birds and their eggs and network of contacts. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 7</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:History_of_the_Birds_of_Europe_title_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/History_of_the_Birds_of_Europe_title_page.jpg/220px-History_of_the_Birds_of_Europe_title_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/History_of_the_Birds_of_Europe_title_page.jpg/330px-History_of_the_Birds_of_Europe_title_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/History_of_the_Birds_of_Europe_title_page.jpg/440px-History_of_the_Birds_of_Europe_title_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Title page of volume 1</div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Birds_of_Europe" title="A History of the Birds of Europe"><i>A History of the Birds of Europe, Including all the Species Inhabiting the Western Palearctic Region</i></a></b> is a nine-volume <a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">ornithological</a> book published in parts between 1871 and 1896. It was mainly written by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Eeles_Dresser" title="Henry Eeles Dresser">Henry Eeles Dresser</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bowdler_Sharpe" title="Richard Bowdler Sharpe">Richard Bowdler Sharpe</a> co-authored the earlier volumes. It describes all the bird species reliably recorded in the wild in Europe and adjacent geographical areas with similar <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>, giving their worldwide distribution, <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_variation" title="Anatomical variation">variations in appearance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migratory movements</a>.<br /><br />The pioneering ornithological work of <a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Willughby" title="Francis Willughby">Francis Willughby</a> in the seventeenth century had introduced an effective <a href="/wiki/Biological_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological classification">classification</a> system based on <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomical</a> features, and a <a href="/wiki/Single-access_key" title="Single-access key">dichotomous key</a> to help readers identify birds. This was followed by other English-language ornithologies, notably <a href="/wiki/John_Gould" title="John Gould">John Gould</a>'s five-volume <i>Birds of Europe</i> published between 1832 and 1837. Sharpe, then librarian of the <a href="/wiki/Zoological_Society_of_London" title="Zoological Society of London">Zoological Society of London</a>, had worked closely with Gould and wanted to expand on his work by including all species reliably recorded in Europe, North Africa, parts of the Middle East and the Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelagos</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>. He lacked the resources to undertake this task on his own, so he proposed to Dresser that they work together on this encyclopaedia, using Dresser's extensive collection of birds and their eggs and network of contacts. (<b><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Birds_of_Europe" title="A History of the Birds of Europe">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 8 First page of the first edition of Thoughts (1787) Thoughts on the education of daughters: with reflections on female conduct, in the more important duties of life is the first published work of the British feminist Mary Wollstonecraft. Published in 1787 by her friend Joseph Johnson, Thoughts is a conduct book that offers advice on female education to the emerging British middle class. Although dominated by considerations of morality and etiquette, the text also contains basic child-rearing instructions, such as how to care for an infant. An early version of the modern self-help book, the 18th-century British conduct book drew on many literary traditions, such as advice manuals and religious narratives. There was an explosion in the number of conduct books published during the second half of the 18th century, and Wollstonecraft took advantage of this burgeoning market when she published Thoughts. However, the book was only moderately successful: it was favourably reviewed, but only by one journal and it was reprinted only once. Although it was excerpted in popular contemporary magazines, it was not republished until the rise of feminist literary criticism in the 1970s. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 8 First page of the first edition of Thoughts (1787) Thoughts on the education of daughters: with reflections on female conduct, in the more important duties of life is the first published work of the British feminist Mary Wollstonecraft. Published in 1787 by her friend Joseph Johnson, Thoughts is a conduct book that offers advice on female education to the emerging British middle class. Although dominated by considerations of morality and etiquette, the text also contains basic child-rearing instructions, such as how to care for an infant. An early version of the modern self-help book, the 18th-century British conduct book drew on many literary traditions, such as advice manuals and religious narratives. There was an explosion in the number of conduct books published during the second half of the 18th century, and Wollstonecraft took advantage of this burgeoning market when she published Thoughts. However, the book was only moderately successful: it was favourably reviewed, but only by one journal and it was reprinted only once. Although it was excerpted in popular contemporary magazines, it was not republished until the rise of feminist literary criticism in the 1970s. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 8</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WollstonecraftEducation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Page reads ""THOUGHTS ON THE EDUCATION OF DAUGHTERS. THE NURSERY. As I conceive it to be the duty of every rational creature to attend to its offspring, I am sorry to observe, that reason and duty together have not so powerful an influence over human"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/WollstonecraftEducation.png/220px-WollstonecraftEducation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="432" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/WollstonecraftEducation.png 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>First page of the first edition of <i>Thoughts</i> (1787)</figcaption></figure><br /><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Thoughts_on_the_Education_of_Daughters" title="Thoughts on the Education of Daughters"><i>Thoughts on the education of daughters: with reflections on female conduct, in the more important duties of life</i></a></b> is the first published work of the British <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a>. Published in <a href="/wiki/1787_in_literature" title="1787 in literature">1787</a> by her friend <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Johnson_(publisher)" title="Joseph Johnson (publisher)">Joseph Johnson</a>, <i>Thoughts</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Conduct_book" title="Conduct book">conduct book</a> that offers advice on <a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">female education</a> to the emerging British <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a>. Although dominated by considerations of morality and etiquette, the text also contains basic child-rearing instructions, such as how to care for an infant.<br /><br />An early version of the modern <a href="/wiki/Self-help_book" title="Self-help book">self-help book</a>, the 18th-century British conduct book drew on many literary traditions, such as advice manuals and religious narratives. There was an explosion in the number of conduct books published during the second half of the 18th century, and Wollstonecraft took advantage of this burgeoning market when she published <i>Thoughts</i>. However, the book was only moderately successful: it was favourably reviewed, but only by one journal and it was reprinted only once. Although it was excerpted in popular contemporary magazines, it was not republished until the rise of <a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">feminist literary criticism</a> in the 1970s. (<b><a href="/wiki/Thoughts_on_the_Education_of_Daughters" title="Thoughts on the Education of Daughters">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 9 Lemurs of Madagascar is a 2010 reference work and field guide for the lemurs of Madagascar, giving descriptions and biogeographic data for the known species. The primary contributor is Russell Mittermeier, president of Conservation International, and the cover art and illustrations are drawn by Stephen D. Nash. Currently in its third edition, the book provides details about all known lemur species, general information about lemurs and their history, and tips for identifying species. Four related pocket field guides have also been released, containing color illustrations of each species, miniature range maps, and species checklists. The first edition was reviewed favorably in the International Journal of Primatology, Conservation Biology, and Lemur News. Reviewers, including Alison Jolly, praised the book for its depth of coverage, illustrations, and discussion of topics including conservation, evolution, and the recently extinct subfossil lemurs. Each agreed that the book was an excellent resource for a wide audience, including ecotourists and lemur researchers. A lengthy review of the second edition was published in the American Journal of Primatology, where it received similar favorable comments. The third edition was reviewed favorably in Lemur News; the reviewer praised the expanded content of the book but was concerned that the edition was not as portable as its predecessors. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 9 Lemurs of Madagascar is a 2010 reference work and field guide for the lemurs of Madagascar, giving descriptions and biogeographic data for the known species. The primary contributor is Russell Mittermeier, president of Conservation International, and the cover art and illustrations are drawn by Stephen D. Nash. Currently in its third edition, the book provides details about all known lemur species, general information about lemurs and their history, and tips for identifying species. Four related pocket field guides have also been released, containing color illustrations of each species, miniature range maps, and species checklists. The first edition was reviewed favorably in the International Journal of Primatology, Conservation Biology, and Lemur News. Reviewers, including Alison Jolly, praised the book for its depth of coverage, illustrations, and discussion of topics including conservation, evolution, and the recently extinct subfossil lemurs. Each agreed that the book was an excellent resource for a wide audience, including ecotourists and lemur researchers. A lengthy review of the second edition was published in the American Journal of Primatology, where it received similar favorable comments. The third edition was reviewed favorably in Lemur News; the reviewer praised the expanded content of the book but was concerned that the edition was not as portable as its predecessors. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 9</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Lemurs_of_Madagascar_(book)" title="Lemurs of Madagascar (book)"><i>Lemurs of Madagascar</i></a></b> is a 2010 <a href="/wiki/Reference_work" title="Reference work">reference work</a> and <a href="/wiki/Field_guide" title="Field guide">field guide</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Lemur" title="Lemur">lemurs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, giving descriptions and biogeographic data for the known species. The primary contributor is <a href="/wiki/Russell_Mittermeier" title="Russell Mittermeier">Russell Mittermeier</a>, president of <a href="/wiki/Conservation_International" title="Conservation International">Conservation International</a>, and the cover art and illustrations are drawn by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Nash_(illustrator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen D. Nash (illustrator)">Stephen D. Nash</a>. Currently in its third edition, the book provides details about all known <a href="/wiki/List_of_lemuroids" title="List of lemuroids">lemur species</a>, general information about lemurs and their history, and tips for identifying species. Four related pocket field guides have also been released, containing color illustrations of each species, miniature range maps, and species checklists.<br /><br />The first edition was reviewed favorably in the <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Primatology" title="International Journal of Primatology">International Journal of Primatology</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Conservation_Biology_(journal)" title="Conservation Biology (journal)">Conservation Biology</a></i>, and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemur_News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lemur News (page does not exist)">Lemur News</a></i>. Reviewers, including <a href="/wiki/Alison_Jolly" title="Alison Jolly">Alison Jolly</a>, praised the book for its depth of coverage, illustrations, and discussion of topics including conservation, evolution, and the recently extinct <a href="/wiki/Subfossil_lemur" title="Subfossil lemur">subfossil lemurs</a>. Each agreed that the book was an excellent resource for a wide audience, including <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourists</a> and lemur researchers. A lengthy review of the second edition was published in the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Primatology" title="American Journal of Primatology">American Journal of Primatology</a></i>, where it received similar favorable comments. The third edition was reviewed favorably in <i>Lemur News</i>; the reviewer praised the expanded content of the book but was concerned that the edition was not as portable as its predecessors. (<b><a href="/wiki/Lemurs_of_Madagascar_(book)" title="Lemurs of Madagascar (book)">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 10 Trinity College, Cambridge MS O.2.1 The Liber Eliensis is a 12th-century English chronicle and history, written in Latin. Composed in three books, it was written at Ely Abbey on the island of Ely in the fenlands of eastern Cambridgeshire. Ely Abbey became the cathedral of a newly formed bishopric in 1109. Traditionally the author of the anonymous work has been given as Richard or Thomas, two monks at Ely, one of whom, Richard, has been identified with an official of the monastery, but some historians hold that neither Richard nor Thomas was the author. The Liber covers the period from the founding of the abbey in 673 until the middle of the 12th century, building on earlier historical works. It incorporates documents and stories of saints' lives. The work typifies a type of local history produced during the latter part of the 12th century. Similar books were written at other English monasteries. The longest of the contemporary local histories, the Liber chronicles the devastation that the Anarchy caused during the reign of King Stephen. It also documents the career of Nigel, the Bishop of Ely from 1133 to 1169, and his disputes with King Stephen. Other themes include the miracles worked by the monastery's patron saint, Æthelthryth, and gifts of land to Ely. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 10 Trinity College, Cambridge MS O.2.1 The Liber Eliensis is a 12th-century English chronicle and history, written in Latin. Composed in three books, it was written at Ely Abbey on the island of Ely in the fenlands of eastern Cambridgeshire. Ely Abbey became the cathedral of a newly formed bishopric in 1109. Traditionally the author of the anonymous work has been given as Richard or Thomas, two monks at Ely, one of whom, Richard, has been identified with an official of the monastery, but some historians hold that neither Richard nor Thomas was the author. The Liber covers the period from the founding of the abbey in 673 until the middle of the 12th century, building on earlier historical works. It incorporates documents and stories of saints' lives. The work typifies a type of local history produced during the latter part of the 12th century. Similar books were written at other English monasteries. The longest of the contemporary local histories, the Liber chronicles the devastation that the Anarchy caused during the reign of King Stephen. It also documents the career of Nigel, the Bishop of Ely from 1133 to 1169, and his disputes with King Stephen. Other themes include the miracles worked by the monastery's patron saint, Æthelthryth, and gifts of land to Ely. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 10</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Liber_Eliensis.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Liber_Eliensis.PNG/220px-Liber_Eliensis.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Liber_Eliensis.PNG/330px-Liber_Eliensis.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Liber_Eliensis.PNG/440px-Liber_Eliensis.PNG 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center"><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a> MS O.2.1</div></div></div></div><br />The <i><b><a href="/wiki/Liber_Eliensis" title="Liber Eliensis">Liber Eliensis</a></b></i> is a 12th-century English chronicle and history, written in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Latin</a>. Composed in three books, it was written at <a href="/wiki/Ely_Abbey" title="Ely Abbey">Ely Abbey</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely</a> in the <a href="/wiki/The_Fens" title="The Fens">fenlands</a> of eastern <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a>. Ely Abbey became the <a href="/wiki/Ely_Cathedral" title="Ely Cathedral">cathedral</a> of a newly formed <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Ely" title="Diocese of Ely">bishopric</a> in 1109. Traditionally the author of the anonymous work has been given as Richard or Thomas, two monks at Ely, one of whom, Richard, has been identified with an official of the monastery, but some historians hold that neither Richard nor Thomas was the author.<br /><br />The <i>Liber</i> covers the period from the founding of the abbey in 673 until the middle of the 12th century, building on earlier historical works. It incorporates documents and stories of <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">saints' lives</a>. The work typifies a type of local history produced during the latter part of the 12th century. Similar books were written at other English monasteries. The longest of the contemporary local histories, the <i>Liber</i> chronicles the devastation that <a href="/wiki/The_Anarchy" title="The Anarchy">the Anarchy</a> caused during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a>. It also documents the career of <a href="/wiki/Nigel_of_Ely" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigel of Ely">Nigel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Ely" title="Bishop of Ely">Bishop of Ely</a> from 1133 to 1169, and his disputes with King Stephen. Other themes include the miracles worked by the monastery's patron saint, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a>, and gifts of land to Ely. (<b><a href="/wiki/Liber_Eliensis" title="Liber Eliensis">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 11 Beginning of the text The St Cuthbert Gospel, also known as the Stonyhurst Gospel or the St Cuthbert Gospel of St John, is an early 8th-century pocket gospel book, written in Latin. Its finely decorated leather binding is the earliest known Western bookbinding to survive, and both the 94 vellum folios and the binding are in outstanding condition for a book of this age. With a page size of only 138 by 92 millimetres (5.4 in × 3.6 in), the St Cuthbert Gospel is one of the smallest surviving Anglo-Saxon manuscripts. The essentially undecorated text is the Gospel of John in Latin, written in a script that has been regarded as a model of elegant simplicity. The book takes its name from Saint Cuthbert of Lindisfarne, North East England, in whose tomb it was placed, probably a few years after his death in 687. Although it was long regarded as Cuthbert's personal copy of the Gospel, to which there are early references, and so a relic of the saint, the book is now thought to date from shortly after Cuthbert's death. It was probably a gift from Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey, where it was written, intended to be placed in St Cuthbert's coffin in the few decades after this was placed behind the altar at Lindisfarne in 698. It presumably remained in the coffin through its long travels after 875, forced by Viking invasions, ending at Durham Cathedral. The book was found inside the coffin and removed in 1104 when the burial was once again moved within the cathedral. It was kept there with other relics, and important visitors were able to wear the book in a leather bag around their necks. It is thought that after the Dissolution of the Monasteries in England by Henry VIII between 1536 and 1541, the book passed to collectors. It was eventually given to Stonyhurst College, the Jesuit school in Lancashire. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 11 Beginning of the text The St Cuthbert Gospel, also known as the Stonyhurst Gospel or the St Cuthbert Gospel of St John, is an early 8th-century pocket gospel book, written in Latin. Its finely decorated leather binding is the earliest known Western bookbinding to survive, and both the 94 vellum folios and the binding are in outstanding condition for a book of this age. With a page size of only 138 by 92 millimetres (5.4 in × 3.6 in), the St Cuthbert Gospel is one of the smallest surviving Anglo-Saxon manuscripts. The essentially undecorated text is the Gospel of John in Latin, written in a script that has been regarded as a model of elegant simplicity. The book takes its name from Saint Cuthbert of Lindisfarne, North East England, in whose tomb it was placed, probably a few years after his death in 687. Although it was long regarded as Cuthbert's personal copy of the Gospel, to which there are early references, and so a relic of the saint, the book is now thought to date from shortly after Cuthbert's death. It was probably a gift from Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey, where it was written, intended to be placed in St Cuthbert's coffin in the few decades after this was placed behind the altar at Lindisfarne in 698. It presumably remained in the coffin through its long travels after 875, forced by Viking invasions, ending at Durham Cathedral. The book was found inside the coffin and removed in 1104 when the burial was once again moved within the cathedral. It was kept there with other relics, and important visitors were able to wear the book in a leather bag around their necks. It is thought that after the Dissolution of the Monasteries in England by Henry VIII between 1536 and 1541, the book passed to collectors. It was eventually given to Stonyhurst College, the Jesuit school in Lancashire. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 11</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Cuthbert_Gospel_-_f.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/St_Cuthbert_Gospel_-_f.1.jpg/260px-St_Cuthbert_Gospel_-_f.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="389" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/St_Cuthbert_Gospel_-_f.1.jpg/390px-St_Cuthbert_Gospel_-_f.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/St_Cuthbert_Gospel_-_f.1.jpg/520px-St_Cuthbert_Gospel_-_f.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="1480" /></a><figcaption>Beginning of the text</figcaption></figure><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/St_Cuthbert_Gospel" title="St Cuthbert Gospel">St Cuthbert Gospel</a></b>, also known as the <b>Stonyhurst Gospel</b> or the <b>St Cuthbert Gospel of St John</b>, is an early 8th-century pocket <a href="/wiki/Gospel_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel book">gospel book</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. Its finely decorated leather binding is the earliest known Western <a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">bookbinding</a> to survive, and both the 94 <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a> <a href="/wiki/Recto_and_verso" title="Recto and verso">folios</a> and the binding are in outstanding condition for a book of this age. With a page size of only 138 by 92 millimetres (5.4 in × 3.6 in), the St Cuthbert Gospel is one of the smallest surviving Anglo-Saxon manuscripts. The essentially undecorated text is the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> in Latin, written in a script that has been regarded as a model of elegant simplicity.<br /><br />The book takes its name from <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_of_Lindisfarne" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuthbert of Lindisfarne">Saint Cuthbert</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East England</a>, in whose tomb it was placed, probably a few years after his death in 687. Although it was long regarded as Cuthbert's personal copy of the Gospel, to which there are early references, and so a <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relic</a> of the saint, the book is now thought to date from shortly after Cuthbert's death. It was probably a gift from <a href="/wiki/Monkwearmouth%E2%80%93Jarrow_Abbey" title="Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey">Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey</a>, where it was written, intended to be placed in <a href="/wiki/St_Cuthbert%27s_coffin" title="St Cuthbert's coffin">St Cuthbert's coffin</a> in the few decades after this was placed behind the altar at Lindisfarne in 698. It presumably remained in the coffin through its long travels after 875, forced by Viking invasions, ending at <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a>. The book was found inside the coffin and removed in 1104 when the burial was once again moved within the cathedral. It was kept there with other relics, and important visitors were able to wear the book in a leather bag around their necks. It is thought that after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a> in England by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> between 1536 and 1541, the book passed to collectors. It was eventually given to <a href="/wiki/Stonyhurst_College" title="Stonyhurst College">Stonyhurst College</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> school in <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/St_Cuthbert_Gospel" title="St Cuthbert Gospel">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 12 The Heart of a Woman (1981) is an autobiography by American writer Maya Angelou. The book is the fourth installment in Angelou's series of seven autobiographies. The Heart of a Woman recounts events in Angelou's life between 1957 and 1962 and follows her travels to California, New York City, Cairo, and Ghana as she raises her teenage son, becomes a published author, becomes active in the civil rights movement, and becomes romantically involved with a South African anti-apartheid fighter. One of the most important themes of The Heart of a Woman is motherhood, as Angelou continues to raise her son. The book ends with her son leaving for college and Angelou looking forward to newfound independence and freedom. Like Angelou's previous volumes, the book has been described as autobiographical fiction, though most critics, as well as Angelou, have characterized it as autobiography. Although most critics consider Angelou's first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings more favorably, The Heart of a Woman has received positive reviews. It was chosen as an Oprah's Book Club selection in 1997. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 12 The Heart of a Woman (1981) is an autobiography by American writer Maya Angelou. The book is the fourth installment in Angelou's series of seven autobiographies. The Heart of a Woman recounts events in Angelou's life between 1957 and 1962 and follows her travels to California, New York City, Cairo, and Ghana as she raises her teenage son, becomes a published author, becomes active in the civil rights movement, and becomes romantically involved with a South African anti-apartheid fighter. One of the most important themes of The Heart of a Woman is motherhood, as Angelou continues to raise her son. The book ends with her son leaving for college and Angelou looking forward to newfound independence and freedom. Like Angelou's previous volumes, the book has been described as autobiographical fiction, though most critics, as well as Angelou, have characterized it as autobiography. Although most critics consider Angelou's first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings more favorably, The Heart of a Woman has received positive reviews. It was chosen as an Oprah's Book Club selection in 1997. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 12</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/The_Heart_of_a_Woman" title="The Heart of a Woman">The Heart of a Woman</a></b></i> (1981) is an <a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a> by American writer <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a>. The book is the fourth installment in Angelou's series of seven autobiographies. <i>The Heart of a Woman</i> recounts events in Angelou's life between 1957 and 1962 and follows her travels to <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> as she raises her teenage son, becomes a published author, becomes active in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, and becomes romantically involved with a South African <a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">anti-apartheid</a> fighter. One of the most important themes of <i>The Heart of a Woman</i> is motherhood, as Angelou continues to raise her son. The book ends with her son leaving for college and Angelou looking forward to newfound independence and freedom.<br /><br />Like Angelou's previous volumes, the book has been described as <a href="/wiki/Biography_in_literature" title="Biography in literature">autobiographical fiction</a>, though most critics, as well as Angelou, have characterized it as autobiography. Although most critics consider Angelou's first autobiography <i><a href="/wiki/I_Know_Why_the_Caged_Bird_Sings" title="I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings">I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings</a></i> more favorably, <i>The Heart of a Woman</i> has received positive reviews. It was chosen as an <a href="/wiki/Oprah%27s_Book_Club" title="Oprah's Book Club">Oprah's Book Club</a> selection in 1997. (<b><a href="/wiki/The_Heart_of_a_Woman" title="The Heart of a Woman">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 13 Cover of 1945 Princeton edition The Smyth Report (officially Atomic Energy for Military Purposes) is the common name of an administrative history written by American physicist Henry DeWolf Smyth about the Manhattan Project, the Allied effort to develop atomic bombs during World War II. The subtitle of the report is A General Account of the Development of Methods of Using Atomic Energy for Military Purposes. It was released to the public on August 12, 1945, just days after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9. Smyth was commissioned to write the report by Major General Leslie R. Groves, Jr., the director of the Manhattan Project. The Smyth Report was the first official account of the development of the atomic bombs and the basic physical processes behind them. It also served as an indication as to what information was declassified; anything in the Smyth Report could be discussed openly. For this reason, the Smyth Report focused heavily on information, such as basic nuclear physics, which was either already widely known in the scientific community or easily deducible by a competent scientist, and omitted details about chemistry, metallurgy, and ordnance. This would ultimately give a false impression that the Manhattan Project was all about physics. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 13 Cover of 1945 Princeton edition The Smyth Report (officially Atomic Energy for Military Purposes) is the common name of an administrative history written by American physicist Henry DeWolf Smyth about the Manhattan Project, the Allied effort to develop atomic bombs during World War II. The subtitle of the report is A General Account of the Development of Methods of Using Atomic Energy for Military Purposes. It was released to the public on August 12, 1945, just days after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9. Smyth was commissioned to write the report by Major General Leslie R. Groves, Jr., the director of the Manhattan Project. The Smyth Report was the first official account of the development of the atomic bombs and the basic physical processes behind them. It also served as an indication as to what information was declassified; anything in the Smyth Report could be discussed openly. For this reason, the Smyth Report focused heavily on information, such as basic nuclear physics, which was either already widely known in the scientific community or easily deducible by a competent scientist, and omitted details about chemistry, metallurgy, and ordnance. This would ultimately give a false impression that the Manhattan Project was all about physics. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 13</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Smyth_Report.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Smyth_Report.jpg/220px-Smyth_Report.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Smyth_Report.jpg/330px-Smyth_Report.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Smyth_Report.jpg/440px-Smyth_Report.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="1545" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Cover of 1945 Princeton edition</div></div></div></div><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Smyth_Report" title="Smyth Report">Smyth Report</a></b> (officially <i><b>Atomic Energy for Military Purposes</b></i>) is the common name of an administrative history written by American <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_DeWolf_Smyth" title="Henry DeWolf Smyth">Henry DeWolf Smyth</a> about the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> effort to develop <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bombs</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The subtitle of the report is <i><b>A General Account of the Development of Methods of Using Atomic Energy for Military Purposes</b></i>. It was released to the public on August 12, 1945, just days after the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> on August 6 and 9.<br /><br />Smyth was commissioned to write the report by <a href="/wiki/Major_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Leslie_R._Groves,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie R. Groves, Jr.">Leslie R. Groves, Jr.</a>, the director of the Manhattan Project. The Smyth Report was the first official account of the development of the atomic bombs and the basic physical processes behind them. It also served as an indication as to what information was <a href="/wiki/Declassification" title="Declassification">declassified</a>; anything in the Smyth Report could be discussed openly. For this reason, the Smyth Report focused heavily on information, such as basic <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a>, which was either already widely known in the scientific community or easily deducible by a competent scientist, and omitted details about <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">ordnance</a>. This would ultimately give a false impression that the Manhattan Project was all about physics. (<b><a href="/wiki/Smyth_Report" title="Smyth Report">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 14 The World Without Us is a 2007 non-fiction book about what would happen to the natural and built environment if humans suddenly disappeared, written by American journalist Alan Weisman and published by St. Martin's Thomas Dunne Books. It is a book-length expansion of Weisman's own February 2005 Discover article "Earth Without People". Written largely as a thought experiment, it outlines, for example, how cities and houses would deteriorate, how long man-made artifacts would last, and how remaining lifeforms would evolve. Weisman concludes that residential neighborhoods would become forests within 500 years, and that radioactive waste, bronze statues, plastics and Mount Rushmore would be among the longest-lasting evidence of human presence on Earth. The author of four previous books and numerous articles for magazines, Weisman had traveled to interview academics, scientists and other authorities. He used quotations from these interviews to explain the effects of the natural environment and to substantiate predictions. The book has been translated and published in many countries. It was successful in the U.S., reaching #6 on the New York Times Best Seller list and #1 on the San Francisco Chronicle Best-Sellers list in September 2007. It ranked #1 on Time and Entertainment Weekly's top 10 non-fiction books of 2007. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 14 The World Without Us is a 2007 non-fiction book about what would happen to the natural and built environment if humans suddenly disappeared, written by American journalist Alan Weisman and published by St. Martin's Thomas Dunne Books. It is a book-length expansion of Weisman's own February 2005 Discover article "Earth Without People". Written largely as a thought experiment, it outlines, for example, how cities and houses would deteriorate, how long man-made artifacts would last, and how remaining lifeforms would evolve. Weisman concludes that residential neighborhoods would become forests within 500 years, and that radioactive waste, bronze statues, plastics and Mount Rushmore would be among the longest-lasting evidence of human presence on Earth. The author of four previous books and numerous articles for magazines, Weisman had traveled to interview academics, scientists and other authorities. He used quotations from these interviews to explain the effects of the natural environment and to substantiate predictions. The book has been translated and published in many countries. It was successful in the U.S., reaching #6 on the New York Times Best Seller list and #1 on the San Francisco Chronicle Best-Sellers list in September 2007. It ranked #1 on Time and Entertainment Weekly's top 10 non-fiction books of 2007. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 14</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/The_World_Without_Us" title="The World Without Us">The World Without Us</a></b></i> is a 2007 <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">non-fiction</a> book about what would happen to the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Built_environment" title="Built environment">built environment</a> if humans suddenly disappeared, written by American journalist <a href="/wiki/Alan_Weisman" title="Alan Weisman">Alan Weisman</a> and published by <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Thomas_Dunne_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Martin's Thomas Dunne Books">St. Martin's Thomas Dunne Books</a>. It is a book-length expansion of Weisman's own February 2005 <i><a href="/wiki/Discover_(magazine)" title="Discover (magazine)">Discover</a></i> article "Earth Without People". Written largely as a <a href="/wiki/Thought_experiment" title="Thought experiment">thought experiment</a>, it outlines, for example, how cities and houses would deteriorate, how long man-made artifacts would last, and how remaining lifeforms would evolve. Weisman concludes that residential neighborhoods would become forests within 500 years, and that <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">radioactive waste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> statues, <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a> would be among the longest-lasting evidence of human presence on Earth.<br /><br />The author of four previous books and numerous articles for magazines, Weisman had traveled to interview academics, scientists and other authorities. He used quotations from these interviews to explain the effects of the natural environment and to substantiate predictions. The book has been translated and published in many countries. It was successful in the U.S., reaching #6 on the <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list" title="The New York Times Best Seller list"><i>New York Times</i> Best Seller list</a> and #1 on the <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a></i> Best-Sellers list in September 2007. It ranked #1 on <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <span class="nowrap">top 10 non-fiction books</span> of 2007. (<b><a href="/wiki/The_World_Without_Us" title="The World Without Us">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 15 Getting It: The Psychology of est is a non-fiction book by American clinical psychologist Sheridan Fenwick first published in 1976 which analyses Werner Erhard's Erhard Seminars Training or est. Fenwick based the book on her own experience of attending a four-day session of the est training, an intensive 60-hour personal-development course in the self-help genre. Large groups of up to 250 people took the est training at one time. In the first section of Fenwick's book, she recounts the est training process and the methods used during the course. Fenwick details the rules or "agreements" laid out by the trainers to the attendees, which include not talking to others or leaving the session to go to the bathroom unless during an announced break period. The second section is analytic: Fenwick analyzes the methods used by the est trainers, evaluates the course's potential effects, and discusses Erhard's background. Fenwick concludes that the program's long-term effects are unknown, the est training may not be appropriate for certain groups of people, and that a large proportion of participants report perceived positive effects. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 15 Getting It: The Psychology of est is a non-fiction book by American clinical psychologist Sheridan Fenwick first published in 1976 which analyses Werner Erhard's Erhard Seminars Training or est. Fenwick based the book on her own experience of attending a four-day session of the est training, an intensive 60-hour personal-development course in the self-help genre. Large groups of up to 250 people took the est training at one time. In the first section of Fenwick's book, she recounts the est training process and the methods used during the course. Fenwick details the rules or "agreements" laid out by the trainers to the attendees, which include not talking to others or leaving the session to go to the bathroom unless during an announced break period. The second section is analytic: Fenwick analyzes the methods used by the est trainers, evaluates the course's potential effects, and discusses Erhard's background. Fenwick concludes that the program's long-term effects are unknown, the est training may not be appropriate for certain groups of people, and that a large proportion of participants report perceived positive effects. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 15</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Getting_It:_The_Psychology_of_est" title="Getting It: The Psychology of est">Getting It: The Psychology of est</a></b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">non-fiction</a> book by American <a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical psychologist">clinical psychologist</a> Sheridan Fenwick first published in 1976 which analyses <a href="/wiki/Werner_Erhard" title="Werner Erhard">Werner Erhard</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Erhard_Seminars_Training" title="Erhard Seminars Training">Erhard Seminars Training</a> or <i>est</i>. Fenwick based the book on her own experience of attending a four-day session of the est training, an intensive 60-hour <a href="/wiki/Personal_development" title="Personal development">personal-development</a> course in the <a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">self-help</a> genre. Large groups of up to 250 people took the est training at one time.<br /><br />In the first section of Fenwick's book, she recounts the est training process and the methods used during the course. Fenwick details the rules or "agreements" laid out by the trainers to the attendees, which include not talking to others or leaving the session to go to the bathroom unless during an announced break period. The second section is analytic: Fenwick analyzes the methods used by the est trainers, evaluates the course's potential effects, and discusses Erhard's background. Fenwick concludes that the program's long-term effects are unknown, the est training may not be appropriate for certain groups of people, and that a large proportion of participants report perceived positive effects. (<b><a href="/wiki/Getting_It:_The_Psychology_of_est" title="Getting It: The Psychology of est">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> </ul></div> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Books/Recognized_content#Featured_articles" title="Portal:Books/Recognized content">More featured articles</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#600517;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FCC200;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#600517;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ABooks%2FSelected_picture%2F1&action=edit"><span style="color:#600517">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Selected_picture" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#600517;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected picture</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Folio 27r from the Lindisfarne Gospels contains the incipit from the Gospel of Matthew."><img alt="Folio 27r from the Lindisfarne Gospels contains the incipit from the Gospel of Matthew." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg/250px-LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg/375px-LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg/500px-LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="1797" /></a><figcaption>Folio 27r from the Lindisfarne Gospels contains the incipit from the Gospel of Matthew.</figcaption></figure> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <p><small>Credit: <a href="/wiki/Eadfrith_of_Lindisfarne" title="Eadfrith of Lindisfarne">Eadfrith of Lindisfarne</a></small> </p> </div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The <b><a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne_Gospels" title="Lindisfarne Gospels">Lindisfarne Gospels</a></b> is an <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> manuscript of the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">gospels</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a>. The manuscript was produced on <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> in the late 7th century or early 8th century.</div> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Books/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Books/Selected picture">More pictures</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#600517;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FCC200;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#600517;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="More_Did_you_know_(auto_generated)" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#600517;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span id="More_Did_you_know_.28auto_generated.29"></span>More Did you know <small>(auto generated)</small></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/47px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/71px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/94px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>... that ten years after publishing the book <i>Great South African Christians</i>, <b><a href="/wiki/Horton_Davies" title="Horton Davies">Horton Davies</a></b> gave a speech criticizing South African churches and synagogues for their role in apartheid?</li> <li>... that the authors of <i><b><a href="/wiki/The_Neanderthals_Rediscovered" title="The Neanderthals Rediscovered">The Neanderthals Rediscovered</a></b></i> learned that their book proposal had been accepted on the same day they took their twin sons home from hospital?</li> <li>... that despite two 16th-century books often being referred to as the <b><a href="/wiki/Edwardine_Ordinals" title="Edwardine Ordinals">Edwardine Ordinals</a></b>, the word "<b><a href="/wiki/Ordinal_(liturgy)" title="Ordinal (liturgy)">ordinal</a></b>" was not applied to them until the 17th century?</li> <li>... that physicist <a href="/wiki/Sabine_Hossenfelder" title="Sabine Hossenfelder">Sabine Hossenfelder</a>'s book <i><b><a href="/wiki/Existential_Physics" title="Existential Physics">Existential Physics</a></b></i> discusses whether <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">multiverse</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">meaning of life</a> are topics that science can answer?</li> <li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/The_Voices_of_Morebath" title="The Voices of Morebath">a 2001 book</a></b> shares the history of a small Tudor community through a 54-year-long "<b><a href="/wiki/Churchwardens%27_accounts" title="Churchwardens' accounts">running commentary</a></b>" by "<b><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Trychay" title="Christopher Trychay">a somewhat unamiable busybody</a></b>"?</li> <li>... that <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Wolf" title="Naomi Wolf">Naomi Wolf</a> are <i><b><a href="/wiki/Doppelganger_(Klein_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppelganger (Klein book)">Doppelgangers</a></b></i><span style="padding-left:0.15em;">?</span></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#600517;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FCC200;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#600517;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ABooks%2FBooks_topics&action=edit"><span style="color:#600517">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Books_topics" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#600517;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Books topics</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <dl><dd><i>For a topical guide of this subject, see <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_books" title="Outline of books">Outline of books</a></i></dd></dl> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><small>Select [►] to view subcategories</small></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliophilia">Bibliophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_collecting" title="Book collecting">Book collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_review" title="Book review">Book review</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pulitzer.org">Pulitzer Prize winners</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049300">.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox th,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox tr,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox td,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox-subgroup,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox tr+tr>.navbox-list,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox-even,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox-odd,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox span,.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes .navbox abbr{background-color:transparent!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:transparent!important;box-shadow:none!important}</style> <div class="PlainNavboxes"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books361" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books" title="Template:Books"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books" title="Template talk:Books"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books361" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Books</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_cover" title="Book cover">Covers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dust_jacket" title="Dust jacket">dust jackets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_illustration" title="Book illustration">Illustration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscripts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edition_(book)" title="Edition (book)">edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">incunabula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_book" title="Instant book">instant book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited-edition_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited-edition book">limited edition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">Publishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advance_copy" title="Advance copy">advance copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">hardcover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_size" title="Book size">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_(bibliography)" title="Volume (bibliography)">Volume (bibliography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_(publishing)" title="Collection (publishing)">Collection (publishing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_series" title="Book series">Book series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consumption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_award" title="Literary award">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestseller" title="Bestseller">Bestsellers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_books" title="List of best-selling books">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliomania" title="Bibliomania">Bibliomania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tsundoku" title="Tsundoku">tsundoku</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliophilia">Bibliophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotherapy" title="Bibliotherapy">Bibliotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookmark" title="Bookmark">Bookmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookselling" title="Bookselling">Bookselling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blurb" title="Blurb">blurbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_town" title="Book town">book towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bookselling" title="History of bookselling">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Used_book" title="Used book">used</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_discussion_club" title="Book discussion club">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_collecting" title="Book collecting">Collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_scanning" title="Book scanning">Digitizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookworm_(insect)" title="Bookworm (insect)">Bookworm (insect)</a></li> <li>Furniture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookcase" title="Bookcase">bookcases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookend" title="Bookend">bookends</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_culture" title="Print culture">Print culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_review" title="Book review">Reviews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Brazil" title="Books in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_France" title="Books in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Germany" title="Books in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Italy" title="Books in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was%C5%8Dbon" title="Wasōbon">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_Netherlands" title="Books in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_and_publishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Books and publishing in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Spain" title="Books in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Books in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_United_States" title="Books in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Genres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_book" title="Fictional book">fictional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_book" title="Miniature book">miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_book" title="Pop-up book">pop-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li>Formats <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">Ebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folio" title="Folio">Folio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_table_book" title="Coffee table book">Coffee table book</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_banned_books" title="Lists of banned books">Banned books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_book-burning_incidents" title="List of book-burning incidents">incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">Nazi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_curse" title="Book curse">Book curses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_packaging" title="Book packaging">Book packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_swapping" title="Book swapping">Book swapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_tour" title="Book tour">Book tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents_and_ephemera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera">Conservation and restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_ears" title="Dog ears">Dog ears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_books" title="Outline of books">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Philobiblon" title="The Philobiblon">The Philobiblon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Day" title="World Book Day">World Book Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Capital" title="World Book Capital">World Book Capital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_books" title="Outline of books">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Books" title="Category:Books">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#600517;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FCC200;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#600517;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ABooks%2FRelated_portals&action=edit"><span style="color:#600517">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Related_portals" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#600517;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Related portals</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-unbordered portal-bar-related" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><ul class="portal-bar-content portal-bar-content-related"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipe-tan_face.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/25px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/38px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/50px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="440" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anime_and_manga" title="Portal:Anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/27px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="27" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/41px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/54px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipetan-manga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/27px-Wikipetan-manga.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/41px-Wikipetan-manga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/54px-Wikipetan-manga.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="425" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Comics" title="Portal:Comics">Comics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/25px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/38px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/50px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/25px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/38px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/50px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/27px-Book_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="27" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/41px-Book_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/54px-Book_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="238" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Novels" title="Portal:Novels">Novels</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon-149393.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/24px-Dragon-149393.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/37px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/48px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="529" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/25px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/38px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/50px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Writing" title="Portal:Writing">Writing</a></li></ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#600517;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FCC200;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#600517;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Good_article_-_load_new_batch" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#600517;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_support_vote.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/38px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> Good article - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Books&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>load new batch</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="text-align: center;"><i><small>This is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:GA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:GA">Good article</a>, an article that meets a core set of high editorial standards.</small></i></div> <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r987512734"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021884966"><div class="randomSlideshow-container excerptSlideshow-container" style="max-width:100%; margin:-4em auto;"><div class="nomobile"></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-slideshow switcher-container"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 1 A scene from the Kunsthistorisches Museum’s Freydal Illuminated manuscript: Freydal jousts with Veit von Wolkenstein (fol.133} Freydal is an uncompleted illustrated prose narrative commissioned by the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I in the early 16th century. It was intended to be a romantic allegorical account of Maximilian's own participation in a series of jousting tournaments in the guise of the tale's eponymous hero, Freydal. In the story, Freydal takes part in the tournaments to prove that he is worthy to marry a princess, who is a fictionalised representation of Maximilian's late wife, Mary of Burgundy. The text was never completed, although a manuscript draft is held by the Austrian National Library. Over 200 high quality drawings were created to be used as planning sketches, 203 of which are held in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., with a small number of others preserved in the British Museum and the Vatican Library. Based on these drawings, 256 miniature paintings were created by court painters, and 255 are preserved in an illuminated manuscript, the Freydal tournament book held by the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. These miniatures vividly record the different types of jousts that were popular at the time as well as the court masquerades, or ‘mummeries’, that took place at the end of the day after each tournament. It is the most extensive visual record of late medieval tournaments and court masquerades that exists. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 1 A scene from the Kunsthistorisches Museum’s Freydal Illuminated manuscript: Freydal jousts with Veit von Wolkenstein (fol.133} Freydal is an uncompleted illustrated prose narrative commissioned by the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I in the early 16th century. It was intended to be a romantic allegorical account of Maximilian's own participation in a series of jousting tournaments in the guise of the tale's eponymous hero, Freydal. In the story, Freydal takes part in the tournaments to prove that he is worthy to marry a princess, who is a fictionalised representation of Maximilian's late wife, Mary of Burgundy. The text was never completed, although a manuscript draft is held by the Austrian National Library. Over 200 high quality drawings were created to be used as planning sketches, 203 of which are held in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., with a small number of others preserved in the British Museum and the Vatican Library. Based on these drawings, 256 miniature paintings were created by court painters, and 255 are preserved in an illuminated manuscript, the Freydal tournament book held by the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. These miniatures vividly record the different types of jousts that were popular at the time as well as the court masquerades, or ‘mummeries’, that took place at the end of the day after each tournament. It is the most extensive visual record of late medieval tournaments and court masquerades that exists. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 1</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freydal_fol133.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Freydal_fol133.jpg/220px-Freydal_fol133.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Freydal_fol133.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption>A scene from the <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a>’s <i>Freydal</i> Illuminated manuscript: Freydal jousts with Veit von Wolkenstein (fol.133}</figcaption></figure><br /><i><b><a href="/wiki/Freydal" title="Freydal">Freydal</a></b></i> is an uncompleted illustrated prose narrative commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I</a> in the early 16th century. It was intended to be a romantic allegorical account of Maximilian's own participation in a series of <a href="/wiki/Tournament_(medieval)" title="Tournament (medieval)">jousting tournaments</a> in the guise of the tale's eponymous hero, Freydal. In the story, Freydal takes part in the tournaments to prove that he is worthy to marry a princess, who is a fictionalised representation of Maximilian's late wife, <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary of Burgundy</a>.<br /><br />The text was never completed, although a manuscript draft is held by the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_National_Library" title="Austrian National Library">Austrian National Library</a>. Over 200 high quality drawings were created to be used as planning sketches, 203 of which are held in the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, with a small number of others preserved in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>. Based on these drawings, 256 <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniature paintings</a> were created by court painters, and 255 are preserved in an <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscript</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Freydal_tournament_book" title="Freydal tournament book"><i>Freydal</i> tournament book</a> held by the <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. These miniatures vividly record the different types of jousts that were popular at the time as well as the <a href="/wiki/Masquerade_ball" title="Masquerade ball">court masquerades</a>, or ‘mummeries’, that took place at the end of the day after each tournament. It is the most extensive visual record of late medieval tournaments and court masquerades that exists. (<b><a href="/wiki/Freydal" title="Freydal">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 2 The Official Razzie Movie Guide: Enjoying the Best of Hollywood's Worst is a 2005 book about the booby prize award show the Golden Raspberry Awards (Razzies), written by John J. B. Wilson, founder of the awards ceremony. The book was published in 2005 by Warner Books, the same year as the 25th Golden Raspberry Awards. The book includes an introduction by Rolling Stone film critic Peter Travers, a brief history of the Golden Raspberry Awards, and entries on films organized thematically which include plot summaries and reviews by Wilson. Wilson comments on and discusses his picks for the worst films of all time. It was on the Los Angeles Times best-seller list. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 2 The Official Razzie Movie Guide: Enjoying the Best of Hollywood's Worst is a 2005 book about the booby prize award show the Golden Raspberry Awards (Razzies), written by John J. B. Wilson, founder of the awards ceremony. The book was published in 2005 by Warner Books, the same year as the 25th Golden Raspberry Awards. The book includes an introduction by Rolling Stone film critic Peter Travers, a brief history of the Golden Raspberry Awards, and entries on films organized thematically which include plot summaries and reviews by Wilson. Wilson comments on and discusses his picks for the worst films of all time. It was on the Los Angeles Times best-seller list. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 2</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/The_Official_Razzie_Movie_Guide" title="The Official Razzie Movie Guide"><i>The Official Razzie Movie Guide: Enjoying the Best of Hollywood's Worst</i></a></b> is a 2005 book about the <a href="/wiki/Booby_prize" title="Booby prize">booby prize</a> award show the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Raspberry_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Raspberry Award">Golden Raspberry Awards</a> (Razzies), written by <a href="/wiki/John_J._B._Wilson" title="John J. B. Wilson">John J. B. Wilson</a>, founder of the awards ceremony. The book was published in 2005 by <a href="/wiki/Time_Warner_Book_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Warner Book Group">Warner Books</a>, the same year as the <a href="/wiki/25th_Golden_Raspberry_Awards" title="25th Golden Raspberry Awards">25th Golden Raspberry Awards</a>.<br /><br />The book includes an introduction by <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i> film critic <a href="/wiki/Peter_Travers" title="Peter Travers">Peter Travers</a>, a brief history of the Golden Raspberry Awards, and entries on films organized thematically which include plot summaries and reviews by Wilson. Wilson comments on and discusses his picks for the worst films of all time. It was on the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> best-seller list. (<b><a href="/wiki/The_Official_Razzie_Movie_Guide" title="The Official Razzie Movie Guide">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 3 A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush is a 1958 book by the English travel writer Eric Newby. It is an autobiographical account of his adventures in the Hindu Kush, around the Nuristan mountains of Afghanistan, ostensibly to make the first mountaineering ascent of Mir Samir. Critics have found it comic, intensely English, and understated. It has sold over 500,000 copies in paperback. The action in the book moves from Newby's life in the fashion business in London to Afghanistan. On the way Newby describes his very brief training in mountaineering in North Wales, a stop in Istanbul, and a nearly-disastrous drive across Turkey and Persia. They are driven out to the Panjshir Valley, where they begin their walk, with many small hardships described in a humorous narrative, supported by genuine history of Nuristan and brief descriptions of the rare moments of beauty along the way. Disagreements with Newby's Persian-speaking companion Hugh Carless, and odd phrases in an antique grammar book, are exploited to comic effect. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 3 A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush is a 1958 book by the English travel writer Eric Newby. It is an autobiographical account of his adventures in the Hindu Kush, around the Nuristan mountains of Afghanistan, ostensibly to make the first mountaineering ascent of Mir Samir. Critics have found it comic, intensely English, and understated. It has sold over 500,000 copies in paperback. The action in the book moves from Newby's life in the fashion business in London to Afghanistan. On the way Newby describes his very brief training in mountaineering in North Wales, a stop in Istanbul, and a nearly-disastrous drive across Turkey and Persia. They are driven out to the Panjshir Valley, where they begin their walk, with many small hardships described in a humorous narrative, supported by genuine history of Nuristan and brief descriptions of the rare moments of beauty along the way. Disagreements with Newby's Persian-speaking companion Hugh Carless, and odd phrases in an antique grammar book, are exploited to comic effect. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 3</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/A_Short_Walk_in_the_Hindu_Kush" title="A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush">A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush</a></b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/1958_in_literature" title="1958 in literature">1958 book</a> by the English <a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">travel</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Eric_Newby" title="Eric Newby">Eric Newby</a>. It is an autobiographical account of his adventures in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a>, around the <a href="/wiki/Nuristan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuristan">Nuristan</a> mountains of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, ostensibly to make the first <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineering</a> ascent of <a href="/wiki/Mir_Samir" title="Mir Samir">Mir Samir</a>. Critics have found it comic, intensely English, and understated. It has sold over 500,000 copies in paperback.<br /><br />The action in the book moves from Newby's life in the fashion business in London to Afghanistan. On the way Newby describes his very brief training in mountaineering in North Wales, a stop in Istanbul, and a nearly-disastrous drive across Turkey and Persia. They are driven out to the <a href="/wiki/Panjshir_Valley" title="Panjshir Valley">Panjshir Valley</a>, where they begin their walk, with many small hardships described in a humorous narrative, supported by genuine history of <a href="/wiki/Nuristan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuristan">Nuristan</a> and brief descriptions of the rare moments of beauty along the way. Disagreements with Newby's Persian-speaking companion <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Carless" title="Hugh Carless">Hugh Carless</a>, and odd phrases in an antique grammar book, are exploited to comic effect. (<b><a href="/wiki/A_Short_Walk_in_the_Hindu_Kush" title="A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 4 Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy (and a later edition published as Dezinformatsia: The Strategy of Soviet Disinformation) is a non-fiction book about disinformation and information warfare used by the KGB during the Soviet Union period, as part of their active measures tactics. The book was co-authored by Richard H. Shultz, professor of international politics at Tufts University, and Roy Godson, professor emeritus of government at Georgetown University. Shultz and Godson discuss Soviet disinformation tactics including injection of Communist propaganda through covert groups within the U.S.S.R. tasked with disrupting activities of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the U.S. The book explains disinformation methods including forgery as covert operation, agents of influence, and using social influence to turn targets into useful idiots. They focus on disinformation activities of Soviet intelligence from 1960 to 1980. Shultz and Godson discuss case studies as examples of Soviet disinformation, including a French journalist covertly financed by Russian agents in order to publish biased material against Western interests, and the front organization activities of the World Peace Council. They back up their analyses with two Soviet intelligence defectors. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 4 Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy (and a later edition published as Dezinformatsia: The Strategy of Soviet Disinformation) is a non-fiction book about disinformation and information warfare used by the KGB during the Soviet Union period, as part of their active measures tactics. The book was co-authored by Richard H. Shultz, professor of international politics at Tufts University, and Roy Godson, professor emeritus of government at Georgetown University. Shultz and Godson discuss Soviet disinformation tactics including injection of Communist propaganda through covert groups within the U.S.S.R. tasked with disrupting activities of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the U.S. The book explains disinformation methods including forgery as covert operation, agents of influence, and using social influence to turn targets into useful idiots. They focus on disinformation activities of Soviet intelligence from 1960 to 1980. Shultz and Godson discuss case studies as examples of Soviet disinformation, including a French journalist covertly financed by Russian agents in order to publish biased material against Western interests, and the front organization activities of the World Peace Council. They back up their analyses with two Soviet intelligence defectors. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 4</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Dezinformatsia_(book)" title="Dezinformatsia (book)"><i>Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy</i></a></b> (and a later edition published as <i><b>Dezinformatsia: The Strategy of Soviet Disinformation</b></i>) is a non-fiction book about <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">information warfare</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> period, as part of their <a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">active measures</a> tactics. The book was co-authored by <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Shultz" title="Richard H. Shultz">Richard H. Shultz</a>, professor of international politics at <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roy_Godson" title="Roy Godson">Roy Godson</a>, professor emeritus of government at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>.<br /><br />Shultz and Godson discuss Soviet disinformation tactics including injection of <a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">Communist propaganda</a> through covert groups within the <a href="/wiki/U.S.S.R." class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.S.R.">U.S.S.R.</a> tasked with disrupting activities of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> and the U.S. The book explains disinformation methods including <a href="/wiki/Forgery_as_covert_operation" title="Forgery as covert operation">forgery as covert operation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agents_of_influence" class="mw-redirect" title="Agents of influence">agents of influence</a>, and using <a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">social influence</a> to turn targets into <a href="/wiki/Useful_idiot" title="Useful idiot">useful idiots</a>. They focus on disinformation activities of Soviet intelligence from 1960 to 1980. Shultz and Godson discuss case studies as examples of Soviet disinformation, including a French journalist covertly financed by Russian agents in order to publish biased material against Western interests, and the <a href="/wiki/Front_organization" title="Front organization">front organization</a> activities of the <a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">World Peace Council</a>. They back up their analyses with two Soviet intelligence <a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">defectors</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Dezinformatsia_(book)" title="Dezinformatsia (book)">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 5 The English Roses is a children's picture book written by American entertainer Madonna, released on September 15, 2003, by Callaway Arts & Entertainment. Jeffrey Fulvimari illustrated the book with line drawings. A moral tale, it tells the story of four friends who are jealous of a girl called Binah. However, they come to know that Binah's life is not easy and decide to include her in their group. Translated into 42 languages, the book was released simultaneously in more than 100 countries worldwide, becoming the first to ever do so. Promotional activities included Madonna hosting a tea party at London's Kensington Roof Gardens, as well as appearances on television talk shows and at book signings. Commercially, The English Roses debuted atop The New York Times Children's Bestseller list and sold over a million copies worldwide. It received moderate reviews from book critics who did not find the story interesting and panned the characterizations and its moralistic tone. Fulvimari's illustrations also received a mixed response. Madonna went on to release merchandise associated with The English Roses and further sequels to the book. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 5 The English Roses is a children's picture book written by American entertainer Madonna, released on September 15, 2003, by Callaway Arts & Entertainment. Jeffrey Fulvimari illustrated the book with line drawings. A moral tale, it tells the story of four friends who are jealous of a girl called Binah. However, they come to know that Binah's life is not easy and decide to include her in their group. Translated into 42 languages, the book was released simultaneously in more than 100 countries worldwide, becoming the first to ever do so. Promotional activities included Madonna hosting a tea party at London's Kensington Roof Gardens, as well as appearances on television talk shows and at book signings. Commercially, The English Roses debuted atop The New York Times Children's Bestseller list and sold over a million copies worldwide. It received moderate reviews from book critics who did not find the story interesting and panned the characterizations and its moralistic tone. Fulvimari's illustrations also received a mixed response. Madonna went on to release merchandise associated with The English Roses and further sequels to the book. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 5</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/The_English_Roses" title="The English Roses">The English Roses</a></b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">children's</a> <a href="/wiki/Picture_book" title="Picture book">picture book</a> written by American entertainer <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a>, released on September 15, 2003, by <a href="/wiki/Callaway_Arts_%26_Entertainment" title="Callaway Arts & Entertainment">Callaway Arts & Entertainment</a>. Jeffrey Fulvimari illustrated the book with <a href="/wiki/Line_art" title="Line art">line drawings</a>. A moral tale, it tells the story of four friends who are jealous of a girl called Binah. However, they come to know that Binah's life is not easy and decide to include her in their group.<br /><br />Translated into <a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_works_by_number_of_translations" title="List of literary works by number of translations">42 languages</a>, the book was released simultaneously in more than 100 countries worldwide, becoming the first to ever do so. Promotional activities included Madonna hosting a tea party at London's <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Roof_Gardens" title="Kensington Roof Gardens">Kensington Roof Gardens</a>, as well as appearances on television talk shows and at book signings. Commercially, <i>The English Roses</i> debuted atop <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list" title="The New York Times Best Seller list"><i>The New York Times</i> Children's Bestseller list</a> and sold over a million copies worldwide. It received moderate reviews from <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">book critics</a> who did not find the story interesting and panned the characterizations and its moralistic tone. Fulvimari's illustrations also received a mixed response. Madonna went on to release merchandise associated with <i>The English Roses</i> and further sequels to the book. (<b><a href="/wiki/The_English_Roses" title="The English Roses">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 6 Yakov and the Seven Thieves is a picture book written by American entertainer Madonna. It was released on June 21, 2004, by Callaway Arts & Entertainment in over 110 countries and 38 different languages, including a Braille edition. The book contains a moral tale and was inspired by a 300-year-old story by rabbi Baal Shem Tov, that Madonna had heard from her Kabbalah teacher. The premise was set in a small, 18th century town in Eastern Europe, and the story talks about how everyone has the ability to open the gates of heaven, however unworthy one is deemed to be. The cover art and the images inside were painted by Russian illustrator Gennady Spirin who chose Baroque painting as inspiration for crafting the characters and the scenery. Like her previous endeavors, Madonna promoted the release by appearing on talk show and reading to children at a hospital in London. Critics gave mixed review of the book, with reviews being mostly negative about Madonna's writing but praised Spirin's illustrations. Three weeks after its release, Yakov and the Seven Thieves debuted at number seven on The New York Times Best Seller list in the category for Children's Picture books. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 6 Yakov and the Seven Thieves is a picture book written by American entertainer Madonna. It was released on June 21, 2004, by Callaway Arts & Entertainment in over 110 countries and 38 different languages, including a Braille edition. The book contains a moral tale and was inspired by a 300-year-old story by rabbi Baal Shem Tov, that Madonna had heard from her Kabbalah teacher. The premise was set in a small, 18th century town in Eastern Europe, and the story talks about how everyone has the ability to open the gates of heaven, however unworthy one is deemed to be. The cover art and the images inside were painted by Russian illustrator Gennady Spirin who chose Baroque painting as inspiration for crafting the characters and the scenery. Like her previous endeavors, Madonna promoted the release by appearing on talk show and reading to children at a hospital in London. Critics gave mixed review of the book, with reviews being mostly negative about Madonna's writing but praised Spirin's illustrations. Three weeks after its release, Yakov and the Seven Thieves debuted at number seven on The New York Times Best Seller list in the category for Children's Picture books. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 6</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yakov_and_the_Seven_Thieves" title="Yakov and the Seven Thieves">Yakov and the Seven Thieves</a></b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Picture_book" title="Picture book">picture book</a> written by American entertainer <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a>. It was released on June 21, 2004, by <a href="/wiki/Callaway_Arts_%26_Entertainment" title="Callaway Arts & Entertainment">Callaway Arts & Entertainment</a> in over 110 countries and 38 different languages, including a <a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a> edition. The book contains a <a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">moral</a> tale and was inspired by a 300-year-old story by rabbi <a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov">Baal Shem Tov</a>, that Madonna had heard from her <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> teacher. The premise was set in a small, 18th century town in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, and the story talks about how everyone has the ability to open the gates of heaven, however unworthy one is deemed to be.<br /><br />The cover art and the images inside were painted by Russian illustrator <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Spirin" title="Gennady Spirin">Gennady Spirin</a> who chose <a href="/wiki/Baroque_painting" title="Baroque painting">Baroque painting</a> as inspiration for crafting the characters and the scenery. Like her previous endeavors, Madonna promoted the release by appearing on talk show and reading to children at a hospital in London. Critics gave mixed review of the book, with reviews being mostly negative about Madonna's writing but praised Spirin's illustrations. Three weeks after its release, <i>Yakov and the Seven Thieves</i> debuted at number seven on <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list" title="The New York Times Best Seller list"><i>The New York Times</i> Best Seller list</a> in the category for Children's Picture books. (<b><a href="/wiki/Yakov_and_the_Seven_Thieves" title="Yakov and the Seven Thieves">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 7 Harvard Girl (full title Harvard Girl Liu Yiting: A Character Training Record; Chinese: 哈佛女孩刘亦婷：素质培养纪实; pinyin: Hāfó Nǚhái Liú Yìtíng: sùzhì péixùn jìshí) is a book written by Liu Weihua (刘卫华) and Zhang Xinwu (张欣武), which describes how they raised their daughter, Liu Yiting (刘亦婷), to be accepted to Harvard University. Published in 2000 in Chinese by the Writers Publishing House, the book details the rigorous lifestyle that Liu led and includes advice from Liu's parents on how to raise children to gain acceptance to top-tier universities; it has been described as a "manual" for child-rearing and early education. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 7 Harvard Girl (full title Harvard Girl Liu Yiting: A Character Training Record; Chinese: 哈佛女孩刘亦婷：素质培养纪实; pinyin: Hāfó Nǚhái Liú Yìtíng: sùzhì péixùn jìshí) is a book written by Liu Weihua (刘卫华) and Zhang Xinwu (张欣武), which describes how they raised their daughter, Liu Yiting (刘亦婷), to be accepted to Harvard University. Published in 2000 in Chinese by the Writers Publishing House, the book details the rigorous lifestyle that Liu led and includes advice from Liu's parents on how to raise children to gain acceptance to top-tier universities; it has been described as a "manual" for child-rearing and early education. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 7</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Girl" title="Harvard Girl">Harvard Girl</a></b></i> (full title <i>Harvard Girl Liu Yiting: A Character Training Record</i>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">哈佛女孩刘亦婷：素质培养纪实</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn"><i>Hāfó Nǚhái Liú Yìtíng: sùzhì péixùn jìshí</i></span></i>) is a book written by Liu Weihua (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">刘卫华</span></span>) and Zhang Xinwu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">张欣武</span></span>), which describes how they raised their daughter, <b>Liu Yiting</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">刘亦婷</span></span>), to be accepted to <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.<br /><br />Published in 2000 in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Writers_Publishing_House" title="Writers Publishing House">Writers Publishing House</a>, the book details the rigorous lifestyle that Liu led and includes advice from Liu's parents on how to raise children to gain acceptance to top-tier universities; it has been described as a "manual" for child-rearing and early education. (<b><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Girl" title="Harvard Girl">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 8 The Homosexual Matrix is a book by American psychologist Clarence Arthur Tripp, in which the author discusses the biological and sociological implications of homosexuality, and also attempts to explain heterosexuality and bisexuality. The book was first published in 1975 by McGraw-Hill Book Company; it was republished in a revised edition in 1987. Based on his review of the evidence, Tripp argues that people do not become homosexual due to factors such as hormone levels, fear of the opposite sex, or the influence of dominant and close-binding mothers, and that the amount of attention fathers give to their sons has no effect on the development of homosexuality. He criticizes Sigmund Freud and argues that psychoanalytic theories of the development of homosexuality are untenable and based on false assumptions. He maintains that sexual orientation is not innate and depends on learning, that early puberty and early masturbation are important factors in the development of male homosexuality, and that a majority of adults are heterosexual because their socialization has made them want to be heterosexual. He criticizes psychotherapeutic attempts to convert homosexuals to heterosexuality and argues in favor of social tolerance of homosexuality and non-conformist behavior in general. The book was controversial and received many negative reviews. It was criticized for Tripp's rambling style, sexism, views about the biological basis of male and female sexual behavior, focus on male homosexuality and neglect of lesbianism, and failure to discuss the gay liberation movement. The book drew a negative reaction from psychoanalysts, who criticized Tripp's dismissive treatment of psychoanalytic theories, accused him of being biased in favor of homosexuality, charged that he mistakenly claimed that gay men tend to have a larger than average penis size, and objected to his discussion of attempts to change homosexuality through psychotherapy. Tripp himself believed that The Homosexual Matrix had received a negative reaction from the gay media and from some gay people. Nevertheless, the book was influential and has received praise as an important work on homosexuality. Some commentators complimented Tripp's criticism of psychotherapy and supported his view that erotic feeling depends on resistances to its satisfaction. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 8 The Homosexual Matrix is a book by American psychologist Clarence Arthur Tripp, in which the author discusses the biological and sociological implications of homosexuality, and also attempts to explain heterosexuality and bisexuality. The book was first published in 1975 by McGraw-Hill Book Company; it was republished in a revised edition in 1987. Based on his review of the evidence, Tripp argues that people do not become homosexual due to factors such as hormone levels, fear of the opposite sex, or the influence of dominant and close-binding mothers, and that the amount of attention fathers give to their sons has no effect on the development of homosexuality. He criticizes Sigmund Freud and argues that psychoanalytic theories of the development of homosexuality are untenable and based on false assumptions. He maintains that sexual orientation is not innate and depends on learning, that early puberty and early masturbation are important factors in the development of male homosexuality, and that a majority of adults are heterosexual because their socialization has made them want to be heterosexual. He criticizes psychotherapeutic attempts to convert homosexuals to heterosexuality and argues in favor of social tolerance of homosexuality and non-conformist behavior in general. The book was controversial and received many negative reviews. It was criticized for Tripp's rambling style, sexism, views about the biological basis of male and female sexual behavior, focus on male homosexuality and neglect of lesbianism, and failure to discuss the gay liberation movement. The book drew a negative reaction from psychoanalysts, who criticized Tripp's dismissive treatment of psychoanalytic theories, accused him of being biased in favor of homosexuality, charged that he mistakenly claimed that gay men tend to have a larger than average penis size, and objected to his discussion of attempts to change homosexuality through psychotherapy. Tripp himself believed that The Homosexual Matrix had received a negative reaction from the gay media and from some gay people. Nevertheless, the book was influential and has received praise as an important work on homosexuality. Some commentators complimented Tripp's criticism of psychotherapy and supported his view that erotic feeling depends on resistances to its satisfaction. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 8</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/The_Homosexual_Matrix" title="The Homosexual Matrix">The Homosexual Matrix</a></b></i> is a book by American psychologist <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Arthur_Tripp" title="Clarence Arthur Tripp">Clarence Arthur Tripp</a>, in which the author discusses the biological and sociological implications of <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>, and also attempts to explain <a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">heterosexuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexuality</a>. The book was first published in 1975 by <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Book_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill Book Company">McGraw-Hill Book Company</a>; it was republished in a revised edition in 1987. Based on his review of the evidence, Tripp argues that people do not become homosexual due to factors such as <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormone</a> levels, fear of the opposite sex, or the influence of dominant and close-binding mothers, and that the amount of attention fathers give to their sons has no effect on the development of homosexuality. He criticizes <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> and argues that psychoanalytic theories of the development of homosexuality are untenable and based on false assumptions. He maintains that <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> is not innate and depends on learning, that early <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">masturbation</a> are important factors in the development of male homosexuality, and that a majority of adults are heterosexual because their socialization has made them want to be heterosexual. He criticizes psychotherapeutic attempts to <a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">convert homosexuals to heterosexuality</a> and argues in favor of social tolerance of homosexuality and non-conformist behavior in general.<br /><br />The book was controversial and received many negative reviews. It was criticized for Tripp's rambling style, <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a>, views about the biological basis of male and female sexual behavior, focus on male homosexuality and neglect of <a href="/wiki/Lesbianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbianism">lesbianism</a>, and failure to discuss the <a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">gay liberation</a> movement. The book drew a negative reaction from psychoanalysts, who criticized Tripp's dismissive treatment of psychoanalytic theories, accused him of being biased in favor of homosexuality, charged that he mistakenly claimed that gay men tend to have a larger than average <a href="/wiki/Human_penis_size" title="Human penis size">penis size</a>, and objected to his discussion of attempts to change homosexuality through psychotherapy. Tripp himself believed that <i>The Homosexual Matrix</i> had received a negative reaction from the <a href="/wiki/Gay_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay media">gay media</a> and from some gay people. Nevertheless, the book was influential and has received praise as an important work on homosexuality. Some commentators complimented Tripp's criticism of psychotherapy and supported his view that erotic feeling depends on resistances to its satisfaction. (<b><a href="/wiki/The_Homosexual_Matrix" title="The Homosexual Matrix">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 9 Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from est to Exile is a non-fiction book written by freelance journalist Steven Pressman and first published in 1993 by St. Martin's Press. The book gives an account of Werner Erhard's early life as Jack Rosenberg, his exploration of various forms of self-help techniques, and his foundation of Erhard Seminars Training "est" and later of Werner Erhard and Associates and of the est successor course, "The Forum". Pressman details the rapid financial success Erhard had with these companies, as well as controversies relating to litigation involving former participants in his courses. The work concludes by going over the impact of a March 3, 1991 60 Minutes broadcast on CBS where members of Erhard's family made allegations against him, and Erhard's decision to leave the United States. Representatives of Werner Erhard and of Landmark Worldwide, the successor company to The Forum, regarded the book as being "defamatory". (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 9 Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from est to Exile is a non-fiction book written by freelance journalist Steven Pressman and first published in 1993 by St. Martin's Press. The book gives an account of Werner Erhard's early life as Jack Rosenberg, his exploration of various forms of self-help techniques, and his foundation of Erhard Seminars Training "est" and later of Werner Erhard and Associates and of the est successor course, "The Forum". Pressman details the rapid financial success Erhard had with these companies, as well as controversies relating to litigation involving former participants in his courses. The work concludes by going over the impact of a March 3, 1991 60 Minutes broadcast on CBS where members of Erhard's family made allegations against him, and Erhard's decision to leave the United States. Representatives of Werner Erhard and of Landmark Worldwide, the successor company to The Forum, regarded the book as being "defamatory". (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 9</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Outrageous_Betrayal" title="Outrageous Betrayal"><i>Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from est to Exile</i></a></b> is a non-fiction book written by freelance <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pressman" title="Steven Pressman">Steven Pressman</a> and first published in 1993 by <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. The book gives an account of <a href="/wiki/Werner_Erhard" title="Werner Erhard">Werner Erhard</a>'s early life as Jack Rosenberg, his exploration of various forms of <a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">self-help</a> techniques, and his foundation of <a href="/wiki/Erhard_Seminars_Training" title="Erhard Seminars Training">Erhard Seminars Training</a> "est" and later of <a href="/wiki/Werner_Erhard_and_Associates" title="Werner Erhard and Associates">Werner Erhard and Associates</a> and of the est successor course, "The Forum". Pressman details the rapid financial success Erhard had with these companies, as well as controversies relating to litigation involving former participants in his courses. The work concludes by going over the impact of a March 3, 1991 <i><a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a></i> broadcast on <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> where members of Erhard's family made allegations against him, and Erhard's decision to leave the United States.<br /><br />Representatives of Werner Erhard and of <a href="/wiki/Landmark_Worldwide" title="Landmark Worldwide">Landmark Worldwide</a>, the successor company to The Forum, regarded the book as being "defamatory". (<b><a href="/wiki/Outrageous_Betrayal" title="Outrageous Betrayal">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 10 Hortensius (Latin: [hɔrˈtẽːsi.ʊs]) or On Philosophy is a lost dialogue written by Marcus Tullius Cicero in the year 45 BC. The dialogue—which is named after Cicero's friendly rival and associate, the speaker and politician Quintus Hortensius Hortalus—took the form of a protreptic. In the work, Cicero, Hortensius, Quintus Lutatius Catulus, and Lucius Licinius Lucullus discuss the best use of one's leisure time. At the conclusion of the work, Cicero argues that the pursuit of philosophy is the most important endeavor. While the dialogue was extremely popular in Classical Antiquity, the dialogue only survived into the sixth century AD before it was lost. Today, it is extant in the fragments preserved by the prose writer Martianus Capella, the grammarians Maurus Servius Honoratus and Nonius Marcellus, the early Christian author Lactantius, and the Church Father Augustine of Hippo (the latter of whom explicitly credits the Hortensius with encouraging him to study the tenets of philosophy). (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 10 Hortensius (Latin: [hɔrˈtẽːsi.ʊs]) or On Philosophy is a lost dialogue written by Marcus Tullius Cicero in the year 45 BC. The dialogue—which is named after Cicero's friendly rival and associate, the speaker and politician Quintus Hortensius Hortalus—took the form of a protreptic. In the work, Cicero, Hortensius, Quintus Lutatius Catulus, and Lucius Licinius Lucullus discuss the best use of one's leisure time. At the conclusion of the work, Cicero argues that the pursuit of philosophy is the most important endeavor. While the dialogue was extremely popular in Classical Antiquity, the dialogue only survived into the sixth century AD before it was lost. Today, it is extant in the fragments preserved by the prose writer Martianus Capella, the grammarians Maurus Servius Honoratus and Nonius Marcellus, the early Christian author Lactantius, and the Church Father Augustine of Hippo (the latter of whom explicitly credits the Hortensius with encouraging him to study the tenets of philosophy). (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 10</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Hortensius_(Cicero)" title="Hortensius (Cicero)"><i>Hortensius</i></a></b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Latin:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[hɔrˈtẽːsi.ʊs]</a></span>) or <i><b>On Philosophy</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">lost</a> dialogue written by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero">Marcus Tullius Cicero</a> in the year 45 BC. The dialogue—which is named after Cicero's friendly rival and associate, the speaker and politician <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Hortensius_Hortalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintus Hortensius Hortalus">Quintus Hortensius Hortalus</a>—took the form of a <a href="/wiki/Protrepsis_and_paraenesis" title="Protrepsis and paraenesis">protreptic</a>. In the work, Cicero, Hortensius, <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Lutatius_Catulus_Capitolinus" title="Quintus Lutatius Catulus Capitolinus">Quintus Lutatius Catulus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Licinius_Lucullus_(consul_74_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Licinius Lucullus (consul 74 BC)">Lucius Licinius Lucullus</a> discuss the best use of one's leisure time. At the conclusion of the work, Cicero argues that the pursuit of philosophy is the most important endeavor.<br /><br />While the dialogue was extremely popular in Classical Antiquity, the dialogue only survived into the sixth century AD before it was lost. Today, it is extant in the fragments preserved by the prose writer <a href="/wiki/Martianus_Capella" title="Martianus Capella">Martianus Capella</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">grammarians</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Maurus Servius Honoratus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christian</a> author <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Church_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Father">Church Father</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (the latter of whom explicitly credits the <i>Hortensius</i> with encouraging him to study the tenets of philosophy). (<b><a href="/wiki/Hortensius_(Cicero)" title="Hortensius (Cicero)">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 11 The Lion, the Fox & the Eagle: A Story of Generals and Justice in Rwanda and Yugoslavia is a non-fiction book by Canadian journalist Carol Off. The hardcover edition was published in November 2000 by Random House Canada. The writing was favourably received and the book was short-listed for the Shaughnessy Cohen Award for Political Writing. With numerous interviews and extensive research behind it, the book presents biographies of three Canadians in United Nations roles in the 1990s: Roméo Dallaire (the "lion"), Lewis MacKenzie (the "fox"), and Louise Arbour (the "eagle"). The book praises Dallaire's commitment to his peacekeeping mission, but is critical of MacKenzie, who is depicted as being ignorant of the Bosnian political situation. In response to Off's portrayal of him, MacKenzie said he would consider suing for libel, but never did. The book praises Arbour's efforts at building the legitimacy of International Criminal Tribunals and her efforts in indicting alleged war criminals from the massacres in Rwanda and Bosnia. Through these biographies, the book addresses themes of morality and UN effectiveness. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 11 The Lion, the Fox & the Eagle: A Story of Generals and Justice in Rwanda and Yugoslavia is a non-fiction book by Canadian journalist Carol Off. The hardcover edition was published in November 2000 by Random House Canada. The writing was favourably received and the book was short-listed for the Shaughnessy Cohen Award for Political Writing. With numerous interviews and extensive research behind it, the book presents biographies of three Canadians in United Nations roles in the 1990s: Roméo Dallaire (the "lion"), Lewis MacKenzie (the "fox"), and Louise Arbour (the "eagle"). The book praises Dallaire's commitment to his peacekeeping mission, but is critical of MacKenzie, who is depicted as being ignorant of the Bosnian political situation. In response to Off's portrayal of him, MacKenzie said he would consider suing for libel, but never did. The book praises Arbour's efforts at building the legitimacy of International Criminal Tribunals and her efforts in indicting alleged war criminals from the massacres in Rwanda and Bosnia. Through these biographies, the book addresses themes of morality and UN effectiveness. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 11</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/The_Lion,_the_Fox_%26_the_Eagle" title="The Lion, the Fox & the Eagle"><i>The Lion, the Fox & the Eagle: A Story of Generals and Justice in Rwanda and Yugoslavia</i></a></b> is a non-fiction book by Canadian journalist <a href="/wiki/Carol_Off" title="Carol Off">Carol Off</a>. The hardcover edition was published in November 2000 by <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House Canada</a>. The writing was favourably received and the book was short-listed for the <a href="/wiki/Shaughnessy_Cohen_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaughnessy Cohen Award">Shaughnessy Cohen Award for Political Writing</a>. With numerous interviews and extensive research behind it, the book presents biographies of three Canadians in <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> roles in the 1990s: <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_Dallaire" title="Roméo Dallaire">Roméo Dallaire</a> (the "lion"), <a href="/wiki/Lewis_MacKenzie" title="Lewis MacKenzie">Lewis MacKenzie</a> (the "fox"), and <a href="/wiki/Louise_Arbour" title="Louise Arbour">Louise Arbour</a> (the "eagle").<br /><br />The book praises Dallaire's commitment to his <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> mission, but is critical of MacKenzie, who is depicted as being ignorant of the Bosnian political situation. In response to Off's portrayal of him, MacKenzie said he would consider suing for libel, but never did. The book praises Arbour's efforts at building the legitimacy of International Criminal Tribunals and her efforts in indicting alleged war criminals from the <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacres</a> in Rwanda and Bosnia. Through these biographies, the book addresses themes of morality and UN effectiveness. (<b><a href="/wiki/The_Lion,_the_Fox_%26_the_Eagle" title="The Lion, the Fox & the Eagle">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 12 Codex Mutinensis graecus 122 is a 15th-century codex written in Greek, today stored in the Biblioteca Estense in Modena, Italy. The designation Mutinensis gr. 122 is modern and the codex itself bears the title Epitome of Histories (Greek: Ἐπιτομὴ Ἱστοριῶν) as the bulk of its content is made up of a copy of large parts of the 12th-century Byzantine historian Joannes Zonaras's Epitome of Histories. In addition to Zonaras's work (a chronicle of the history of the Roman Empire from its foundation to the end of the reign of the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos in the early 12th century), the codex also features an original introduction, content extending it to cover history up until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, as well as various shorter lists and accounts, for instance pertaining to court officials, church officials and imperial tombs. The codex was first created c. 1425 as a copy of Zonaras's work, and then expanded, with the new content added, by a second scribe working at some point after 1453. It is possible that the Fall of Constantinople was the event that motivated the second scribe to preserve and expand the work, as an effort to preserve the memory of the lost empire. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 12 Codex Mutinensis graecus 122 is a 15th-century codex written in Greek, today stored in the Biblioteca Estense in Modena, Italy. The designation Mutinensis gr. 122 is modern and the codex itself bears the title Epitome of Histories (Greek: Ἐπιτομὴ Ἱστοριῶν) as the bulk of its content is made up of a copy of large parts of the 12th-century Byzantine historian Joannes Zonaras's Epitome of Histories. In addition to Zonaras's work (a chronicle of the history of the Roman Empire from its foundation to the end of the reign of the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos in the early 12th century), the codex also features an original introduction, content extending it to cover history up until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, as well as various shorter lists and accounts, for instance pertaining to court officials, church officials and imperial tombs. The codex was first created c. 1425 as a copy of Zonaras's work, and then expanded, with the new content added, by a second scribe working at some point after 1453. It is possible that the Fall of Constantinople was the event that motivated the second scribe to preserve and expand the work, as an effort to preserve the memory of the lost empire. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 12</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zonaras_1_(Mutinensis_-_color).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Zonaras_1_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/220px-Zonaras_1_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Zonaras_1_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/330px-Zonaras_1_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Zonaras_1_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/440px-Zonaras_1_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1956" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Mutinensis_gr._122" title="Mutinensis gr. 122"><i>Codex Mutinensis graecus 122</i></a></b> is a 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Greek</a>, today stored in the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Estense" title="Biblioteca Estense">Biblioteca Estense</a> in <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a>, Italy. The designation <i>Mutinensis gr. 122</i> is modern and the codex itself bears the title <i><b>Epitome of Histories</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ἐπιτομὴ Ἱστοριῶν</span>) as the bulk of its content is made up of a copy of large parts of the 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Joannes Zonaras</a>'s <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Joannes_Zonaras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Joannes Zonaras (page does not exist)">Epitome of Histories</a></i>.<br /><br />In addition to Zonaras's work (a chronicle of the history of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> from its foundation to the end of the reign of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> in the early 12th century), the codex also features an original introduction, content extending it to cover history up until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453, as well as various shorter lists and accounts, for instance pertaining to court officials, church officials and imperial tombs. The codex was first created <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1425 as a copy of Zonaras's work, and then expanded, with the new content added, by a second scribe working at some point after 1453. It is possible that the Fall of Constantinople was the event that motivated the second scribe to preserve and expand the work, as an effort to preserve the memory of the lost empire. (<b><a href="/wiki/Mutinensis_gr._122" title="Mutinensis gr. 122">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 13 A More Perfect Union: Advancing New American Rights or simply A More Perfect Union is non-fiction political analysis written by United States Congressman Jesse Jackson Jr. in collaboration with Frank E.Watkins. Watkins is a political theorist, activist and was the press secretary to Jackson at the time. It was released in hardcover format on October 15, 2001, and in paperback format on April 25, 2008. The material for Jackson's book, his third, came from three trips he took in 1997–98 to American Civil War battlefields. Although Watkins is credited, the biographical content of the book is written as a first person narrative as if written solely by Jackson. The National Park Service has twenty-eight national Civil War historic sites. Jackson and White visited approximately twenty battlefields in August 1997, December 1997 and the spring of 1998. Jackson's wife, Sandi Jackson, participated in the third trip. The trips heightened a belief of Jackson's that race as it relates to African Americans has been the focal point of social and political existence in American history. Since Jackson is not the first to present such a realization, he presents a north–south schism lens through which to view the congressional politics of race. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 13 A More Perfect Union: Advancing New American Rights or simply A More Perfect Union is non-fiction political analysis written by United States Congressman Jesse Jackson Jr. in collaboration with Frank E.Watkins. Watkins is a political theorist, activist and was the press secretary to Jackson at the time. It was released in hardcover format on October 15, 2001, and in paperback format on April 25, 2008. The material for Jackson's book, his third, came from three trips he took in 1997–98 to American Civil War battlefields. Although Watkins is credited, the biographical content of the book is written as a first person narrative as if written solely by Jackson. The National Park Service has twenty-eight national Civil War historic sites. Jackson and White visited approximately twenty battlefields in August 1997, December 1997 and the spring of 1998. Jackson's wife, Sandi Jackson, participated in the third trip. The trips heightened a belief of Jackson's that race as it relates to African Americans has been the focal point of social and political existence in American history. Since Jackson is not the first to present such a realization, he presents a north–south schism lens through which to view the congressional politics of race. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 13</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union:_Advancing_New_American_Rights" title="A More Perfect Union: Advancing New American Rights">A More Perfect Union: Advancing New American Rights</a></b></i> or simply <i><b>A More Perfect Union</b></i> is non-fiction political analysis written by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressman" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congressman">United States Congressman</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson_Jr." title="Jesse Jackson Jr.">Jesse Jackson Jr.</a> in collaboration with Frank E.Watkins. Watkins is a political theorist, activist and was the <a href="/wiki/Press_secretary" title="Press secretary">press secretary</a> to Jackson at the time. It was released in <a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">hardcover</a> format on October 15, 2001, and in <a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a> format on April 25, 2008. The material for Jackson's book, his third, came from three trips he took in 1997–98 to <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">battlefields</a>. Although Watkins is credited, the biographical content of the book is written as a <a href="/wiki/First-person_narrative" title="First-person narrative">first person narrative</a> as if written solely by Jackson.<br /><br />The <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> has twenty-eight <a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">national Civil War historic sites</a>. Jackson and White visited approximately twenty battlefields in August 1997, December 1997 and the spring of 1998. Jackson's wife, <a href="/wiki/Sandi_Jackson" title="Sandi Jackson">Sandi Jackson</a>, participated in the third trip. The trips heightened a belief of Jackson's that <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">race</a> as it relates to <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African Americans</a> has been the focal point of social and political existence in <a href="/wiki/American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="American history">American history</a>. Since Jackson is not the first to present such a realization, he presents a north–south schism lens through which to view the congressional politics of race. (<b><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union:_Advancing_New_American_Rights" title="A More Perfect Union: Advancing New American Rights">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 14 Title page from The Botanic Garden (1791) The Botanic Garden (1791) is a set of two poems, The Economy of Vegetation and The Loves of the Plants, by the British poet and naturalist Erasmus Darwin. The Economy of Vegetation celebrates technological innovation and scientific discovery and offers theories concerning contemporary scientific questions, such as the history of the cosmos. The more popular Loves of the Plants promotes, revises and illustrates Linnaeus's classification scheme for plants. The intent of The Botanic Garden, one of the first popular science books, is to pique readers' interest in science while educating them at the same time. By embracing Linnaeus's sexualized language, which anthropomorphizes plants, Darwin intended to make botany interesting and relevant to the readers of his time. Darwin emphasizes the connections between humanity and plants, arguing that they are all part of the same natural world and that sexual reproduction is at the heart of evolution (ideas that his grandson, Charles Darwin, would later turn into a full-fledged theory of evolution). This evolutionary theme continues in The Economy of Vegetation, which contends that scientific progress is part of evolution and urges its readers to celebrate inventors and scientific discoveries in a language usually reserved for heroes or artistic geniuses. Darwin's attempt to popularize science and to convey the wonders of scientific discovery and technological innovation through poetry helped initiate a tradition of popular science writing that continues to the present day. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 14 Title page from The Botanic Garden (1791) The Botanic Garden (1791) is a set of two poems, The Economy of Vegetation and The Loves of the Plants, by the British poet and naturalist Erasmus Darwin. The Economy of Vegetation celebrates technological innovation and scientific discovery and offers theories concerning contemporary scientific questions, such as the history of the cosmos. The more popular Loves of the Plants promotes, revises and illustrates Linnaeus's classification scheme for plants. The intent of The Botanic Garden, one of the first popular science books, is to pique readers' interest in science while educating them at the same time. By embracing Linnaeus's sexualized language, which anthropomorphizes plants, Darwin intended to make botany interesting and relevant to the readers of his time. Darwin emphasizes the connections between humanity and plants, arguing that they are all part of the same natural world and that sexual reproduction is at the heart of evolution (ideas that his grandson, Charles Darwin, would later turn into a full-fledged theory of evolution). This evolutionary theme continues in The Economy of Vegetation, which contends that scientific progress is part of evolution and urges its readers to celebrate inventors and scientific discoveries in a language usually reserved for heroes or artistic geniuses. Darwin's attempt to popularize science and to convey the wonders of scientific discovery and technological innovation through poetry helped initiate a tradition of popular science writing that continues to the present day. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 14</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DarwinBotanicGardenTitle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/DarwinBotanicGardenTitle.jpg/220px-DarwinBotanicGardenTitle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/DarwinBotanicGardenTitle.jpg/330px-DarwinBotanicGardenTitle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/DarwinBotanicGardenTitle.jpg/440px-DarwinBotanicGardenTitle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>Title page from <i>The Botanic Garden</i> (1791)</figcaption></figure><br /><br /><i><b><a href="/wiki/The_Botanic_Garden" title="The Botanic Garden">The Botanic Garden</a></b></i> (1791) is a set of two poems, <i>The Economy of Vegetation</i> and <i>The Loves of the Plants</i>, by the British poet and <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin" title="Erasmus Darwin">Erasmus Darwin</a>. <i>The Economy of Vegetation</i> celebrates technological innovation and scientific discovery and offers theories concerning contemporary scientific questions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of cosmology">history of the cosmos</a>. The more popular <i>Loves of the Plants</i> promotes, revises and illustrates <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus's</a> <a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">classification scheme</a> for plants.<br /><br />The intent of <i>The Botanic Garden</i>, one of the first popular science books, is to pique readers' interest in science while educating them at the same time. By embracing Linnaeus's sexualized language, which <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anthropomorphizes" class="extiw" title="wikt:anthropomorphizes">anthropomorphizes</a> plants, Darwin intended to make <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> interesting and relevant to the readers of his time. Darwin emphasizes the connections between humanity and plants, arguing that they are all part of the same natural world and that sexual reproduction is at the heart of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> (ideas that his grandson, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, would later turn into a full-fledged theory of evolution). This evolutionary theme continues in <i>The Economy of Vegetation</i>, which contends that scientific progress is part of evolution and urges its readers to celebrate inventors and scientific discoveries in a language usually reserved for heroes or artistic geniuses. Darwin's attempt to popularize science and to convey the wonders of scientific discovery and technological innovation through poetry helped initiate a tradition of popular science writing that continues to the present day. (<b><a href="/wiki/The_Botanic_Garden" title="The Botanic Garden">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 15 Washington: A Life is a biography of George Washington, the first president of the United States, written by American historian and biographer Ron Chernow and published in 2010. The book is a "one-volume, cradle-to-grave narrative" that attempts to provide a fresh portrait of Washington as "real, credible, and charismatic in the same way he was perceived by his contemporaries". Chernow, a former business journalist, was inspired to write the book while researching another biography on Washington's long-time aide Alexander Hamilton. Washington: A Life took six years to complete and makes extensive use of archival evidence. The book was released to wide acclaim from critics, several of whom called it the best biography of Washington ever written. In 2011, the book won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography, as well as the New-York Historical Society's American History Book Prize. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 15 Washington: A Life is a biography of George Washington, the first president of the United States, written by American historian and biographer Ron Chernow and published in 2010. The book is a "one-volume, cradle-to-grave narrative" that attempts to provide a fresh portrait of Washington as "real, credible, and charismatic in the same way he was perceived by his contemporaries". Chernow, a former business journalist, was inspired to write the book while researching another biography on Washington's long-time aide Alexander Hamilton. Washington: A Life took six years to complete and makes extensive use of archival evidence. The book was released to wide acclaim from critics, several of whom called it the best biography of Washington ever written. In 2011, the book won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography, as well as the New-York Historical Society's American History Book Prize. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 15</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Washington:_A_Life" title="Washington: A Life">Washington: A Life</a></b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">biography</a> of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the United States">first</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, written by American historian and biographer <a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Ron Chernow</a> and published in 2010. The book is a "one-volume, cradle-to-grave narrative" that attempts to provide a fresh portrait of Washington as "real, credible, and charismatic in the same way he was perceived by his contemporaries".<br /><br />Chernow, a former business journalist, was inspired to write the book while researching <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_(book)" title="Alexander Hamilton (book)">another biography</a> on Washington's long-time aide <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>. <i>Washington: A Life</i> took six years to complete and makes extensive use of archival evidence. The book was released to wide acclaim from critics, several of whom called it the best biography of Washington ever written. In 2011, the book won the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Biography_or_Autobiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography">Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/New-York_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New-York Historical Society">New-York Historical Society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_History_Book_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="American History Book Prize">American History Book Prize</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Washington:_A_Life" title="Washington: A Life">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> </ul></div> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Books/Recognized_content#Good_articles" title="Portal:Books/Recognized content">More good articles</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#600517;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FCC200;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#600517;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ABooks%2FSelected_quote%2F4&action=edit"><span style="color:#600517">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Selected_quote" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#600517;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected quote</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <p><br /> </p> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">A book is a garden you can carry in your pocket. </td> <td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%; font-size: smaller; line-height:normal; text-align: right;"><cite>— <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Arabian_proverb" class="extiw" title="q:Arabian proverb">Arabian proverb</a></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Books/Selected_quote" title="Portal:Books/Selected quote">More quotes</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#600517;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FCC200;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#600517;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ABooks%2FDYK%2F2&action=edit"><span style="color:#600517">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Did_you_know" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#600517;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Did you know</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voynich.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Voynich.png/100px-Voynich.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Voynich.png/150px-Voynich.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Voynich.png/200px-Voynich.png 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>...that the <a href="/wiki/Voynich_manuscript" title="Voynich manuscript">Voynich manuscript</a> is written in an unknown script?<i>(Pictured)</i></li> <li>...that the <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Smith_Papyrus" title="Edwin Smith Papyrus">Edwin Smith Papyrus</a> is the world's earliest known example of <a href="/wiki/Medical_literature" title="Medical literature">medical literature</a>?</li> <li>...that in the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Futurama:_Bender%27s_Big_Score" title="Futurama: Bender's Big Score">Futurama: Bender's Big Score</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Bender_(Futurama)" title="Bender (Futurama)">Bender</a> returns to the past and steals the <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Gutenberg Bible</a>?</li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Books/DYK" title="Portal:Books/DYK">More Did you know facts</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#600517;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FCC200;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#600517;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="General_images" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#600517;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">General images</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="text-align: center;"><small><b>The following are images from various book-related articles on Wikipedia.</b></small></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021884966"><div class="randomSlideshow-container" style="max-width:100%; margin:-4em auto;"><div class="nomobile"></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-slideshow switcher-container"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anonymous_-_Leaf_from_a_Jain_Manuscript,_Kalpa-sutra,_Text_(recto),_Leaf_from_a_Jain_Manuscript,_Kalpa-sutra,_Birth_of_Mahavira,_folio_40_(verso)_-_1976.27_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tiff" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 1Page from a Jain manuscript depicting the birth of Mahavira, c. 1400 (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 1Page from a Jain manuscript depicting the birth of Mahavira, c. 1400 (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anonymous_-_Leaf_from_a_Jain_Manuscript%2C_Kalpa-sutra%2C_Text_%28recto%29%2C_Leaf_from_a_Jain_Manuscript%2C_Kalpa-sutra%2C_Birth_of_Mahavira%2C_folio_40_%28verso%29_-_1976.27_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tiff/lossy-page1-120px-thumbnail.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anonymous_-_Leaf_from_a_Jain_Manuscript%2C_Kalpa-sutra%2C_Text_%28recto%29%2C_Leaf_from_a_Jain_Manuscript%2C_Kalpa-sutra%2C_Birth_of_Mahavira%2C_folio_40_%28verso%29_-_1976.27_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tiff/lossy-page1-180px-thumbnail.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anonymous_-_Leaf_from_a_Jain_Manuscript%2C_Kalpa-sutra%2C_Text_%28recto%29%2C_Leaf_from_a_Jain_Manuscript%2C_Kalpa-sutra%2C_Birth_of_Mahavira%2C_folio_40_%28verso%29_-_1976.27_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tiff/lossy-page1-240px-thumbnail.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="2836" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 1</span></span>Page from a Jain manuscript depicting the birth of <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>, c. 1400 (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucheinband.15.Jh.r.Inkunabel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 2A 15th-century Incunable. Notice the blind-tooled cover, corner bosses, and clasps. (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 2A 15th-century Incunable. Notice the blind-tooled cover, corner bosses, and clasps. (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bucheinband.15.Jh.r.Inkunabel.jpg/87px-Bucheinband.15.Jh.r.Inkunabel.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bucheinband.15.Jh.r.Inkunabel.jpg/131px-Bucheinband.15.Jh.r.Inkunabel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bucheinband.15.Jh.r.Inkunabel.jpg/175px-Bucheinband.15.Jh.r.Inkunabel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="2708" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 2</span></span>A 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">Incunable</a>. Notice the blind-tooled cover, corner bosses, and clasps. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unknown,_North_Africa_or_Southern_Spain,_9th_or_10th_Century_-_Blue_Qur%27an_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 3Page from the Blue Quran manuscript, ca. 9th or 10th century CE (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 3Page from the Blue Quran manuscript, ca. 9th or 10th century CE (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Unknown%2C_North_Africa_or_Southern_Spain%2C_9th_or_10th_Century_-_Blue_Qur%27an_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/120px-Unknown%2C_North_Africa_or_Southern_Spain%2C_9th_or_10th_Century_-_Blue_Qur%27an_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Unknown%2C_North_Africa_or_Southern_Spain%2C_9th_or_10th_Century_-_Blue_Qur%27an_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/180px-Unknown%2C_North_Africa_or_Southern_Spain%2C_9th_or_10th_Century_-_Blue_Qur%27an_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Unknown%2C_North_Africa_or_Southern_Spain%2C_9th_or_10th_Century_-_Blue_Qur%27an_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/240px-Unknown%2C_North_Africa_or_Southern_Spain%2C_9th_or_10th_Century_-_Blue_Qur%27an_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4993" data-file-height="3329" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 3</span></span>Page from the <i>Blue Quran</i> manuscript, ca. 9th or 10th century CE (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 4A Chinese bamboo book (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 4A Chinese bamboo book (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg/104px-Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg/155px-Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg/207px-Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1866" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 4</span></span>A Chinese bamboo book (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dickens_Great_Expectations_in_Half_Leather_Binding.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 5Hardbound book with half leather binding (spine and corners) and marbled boards (from Bookbinding)"><img alt="Image 5Hardbound book with half leather binding (spine and corners) and marbled boards (from Bookbinding)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dickens_Great_Expectations_in_Half_Leather_Binding.jpg/120px-Dickens_Great_Expectations_in_Half_Leather_Binding.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dickens_Great_Expectations_in_Half_Leather_Binding.jpg/180px-Dickens_Great_Expectations_in_Half_Leather_Binding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dickens_Great_Expectations_in_Half_Leather_Binding.jpg/240px-Dickens_Great_Expectations_in_Half_Leather_Binding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 5</span></span>Hardbound book with half leather binding (spine and corners) and marbled boards (from <b><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bookspine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 6The spine of the book is an important aspect in book design, especially in the cover design. When the books are stacked up or stored in a shelf, the details on the spine is the only visible surface that contains the information about the book. In a book store, it is often the details on the spine that attract the attention first. (from Book design)"><img alt="Image 6The spine of the book is an important aspect in book design, especially in the cover design. When the books are stacked up or stored in a shelf, the details on the spine is the only visible surface that contains the information about the book. In a book store, it is often the details on the spine that attract the attention first. (from Book design)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bookspine.jpg/120px-Bookspine.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bookspine.jpg/180px-Bookspine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bookspine.jpg/240px-Bookspine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="724" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 6</span></span>The <a href="/wiki/Spine_(bookbinding)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spine (bookbinding)">spine</a> of the book is an important aspect in book design, especially in the cover design. When the books are stacked up or stored in a shelf, the details on the spine is the only visible surface that contains the information about the book. In a book store, it is often the details on the spine that attract the attention first. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Book design</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liber_Landavensis_binding.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 7Decorative binding with figurehead of the 12th century manuscript Liber Landavensis (from Bookbinding)"><img alt="Image 7Decorative binding with figurehead of the 12th century manuscript Liber Landavensis (from Bookbinding)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Liber_Landavensis_binding.png/120px-Liber_Landavensis_binding.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Liber_Landavensis_binding.png/180px-Liber_Landavensis_binding.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Liber_Landavensis_binding.png/240px-Liber_Landavensis_binding.png 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="707" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 7</span></span>Decorative binding with figurehead of the 12th century manuscript <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Liber_Landavensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Landavensis">Liber Landavensis</a></i></span> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Output_of_Manuscripts_500%E2%80%931500.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 8European output of manuscripts 500–1500 (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 8European output of manuscripts 500–1500 (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/European_Output_of_Manuscripts_500%E2%80%931500.png/120px-European_Output_of_Manuscripts_500%E2%80%931500.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/European_Output_of_Manuscripts_500%E2%80%931500.png/180px-European_Output_of_Manuscripts_500%E2%80%931500.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/European_Output_of_Manuscripts_500%E2%80%931500.png/240px-European_Output_of_Manuscripts_500%E2%80%931500.png 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="953" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 8</span></span>European output of manuscripts 500–1500 (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tavernier_Jean_Mielot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 9An author portrait of Jean Miélot writing his compilation of the Miracles of Our Lady, one of his many popular works. (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 9An author portrait of Jean Miélot writing his compilation of the Miracles of Our Lady, one of his many popular works. (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tavernier_Jean_Mielot.jpg/120px-Tavernier_Jean_Mielot.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tavernier_Jean_Mielot.jpg/180px-Tavernier_Jean_Mielot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tavernier_Jean_Mielot.jpg/240px-Tavernier_Jean_Mielot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1259" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 9</span></span>An author portrait of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Mi%C3%A9lot" title="Jean Miélot">Jean Miélot</a> writing his compilation of the <i>Miracles of Our Lady</i>, one of his many popular works. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilnolihi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 10Cloth book cover with attached paper panel, mimicking half leather binding (from Bookbinding)"><img alt="Image 10Cloth book cover with attached paper panel, mimicking half leather binding (from Bookbinding)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ilnolihi.jpg/97px-Ilnolihi.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ilnolihi.jpg/146px-Ilnolihi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ilnolihi.jpg/195px-Ilnolihi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 10</span></span>Cloth book cover with attached paper panel, mimicking half leather binding (from <b><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Side_book_flat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 11Traditionally sewn book opened flat (from Bookbinding)"><img alt="Image 11Traditionally sewn book opened flat (from Bookbinding)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Side_book_flat.jpg/120px-Side_book_flat.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Side_book_flat.jpg/180px-Side_book_flat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Side_book_flat.jpg/240px-Side_book_flat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="169" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 11</span></span>Traditionally sewn book opened flat (from <b><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Output_of_Printed_Books_ca._1450%E2%80%931800.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 12European output of printed books c. 1450–1800 (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 12European output of printed books c. 1450–1800 (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/European_Output_of_Printed_Books_ca._1450%E2%80%931800.png/120px-European_Output_of_Printed_Books_ca._1450%E2%80%931800.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/European_Output_of_Printed_Books_ca._1450%E2%80%931800.png/180px-European_Output_of_Printed_Books_ca._1450%E2%80%931800.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/European_Output_of_Printed_Books_ca._1450%E2%80%931800.png/240px-European_Output_of_Printed_Books_ca._1450%E2%80%931800.png 2x" data-file-width="1121" data-file-height="953" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 12</span></span>European output of printed books c. 1450–1800 (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sammelband_CHF_edge_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 13Sammelband of three alchemical treatises, bound in Strasbourg by Samuel Emmel c. 1568, showing metal clasps and leather covering of boards (from Bookbinding)"><img alt="Image 13Sammelband of three alchemical treatises, bound in Strasbourg by Samuel Emmel c. 1568, showing metal clasps and leather covering of boards (from Bookbinding)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sammelband_CHF_edge_view.jpg/120px-Sammelband_CHF_edge_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sammelband_CHF_edge_view.jpg/180px-Sammelband_CHF_edge_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sammelband_CHF_edge_view.jpg/240px-Sammelband_CHF_edge_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 13</span></span>Sammelband of three alchemical treatises, bound in Strasbourg by Samuel Emmel <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1568</span>, showing metal clasps and leather covering of boards (from <b><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quran_rzabasi1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 149th-century Qur'an in Reza Abbasi Museum (from Bookbinding)"><img alt="Image 149th-century Qur'an in Reza Abbasi Museum (from Bookbinding)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Quran_rzabasi1.JPG/120px-Quran_rzabasi1.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Quran_rzabasi1.JPG/180px-Quran_rzabasi1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Quran_rzabasi1.JPG/240px-Quran_rzabasi1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2898" data-file-height="2394" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 14</span></span>9th-century Qur'an in <a href="/wiki/Reza_Abbasi_Museum" title="Reza Abbasi Museum">Reza Abbasi Museum</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 15Jikji, Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters, the earliest known book printed with movable metal type, 1377. Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris. (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 15Jikji, Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters, the earliest known book printed with movable metal type, 1377. Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris. (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg/120px-Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg/180px-Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg/240px-Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 15</span></span><i>Jikji</i>, <i>Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters</i>, the earliest known book printed with movable metal type, 1377. <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale de France">Bibliothèque Nationale de France</a>, Paris. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bookbinders_type_holder_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 16Bookbinder's type holder (from Bookbinding)"><img alt="Image 16Bookbinder's type holder (from Bookbinding)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bookbinders_type_holder_%281%29.jpg/120px-Bookbinders_type_holder_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bookbinders_type_holder_%281%29.jpg/180px-Bookbinders_type_holder_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bookbinders_type_holder_%281%29.jpg/240px-Bookbinders_type_holder_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3248" data-file-height="2040" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 16</span></span>Bookbinder's type holder (from <b><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Design_for_a_metalwork_book_cover,_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 17Design by Hans Holbein the Younger for a metalwork book cover (or treasure binding) (from Book design)"><img alt="Image 17Design by Hans Holbein the Younger for a metalwork book cover (or treasure binding) (from Book design)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Design_for_a_metalwork_book_cover%2C_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg/92px-Design_for_a_metalwork_book_cover%2C_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Design_for_a_metalwork_book_cover%2C_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg/139px-Design_for_a_metalwork_book_cover%2C_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Design_for_a_metalwork_book_cover%2C_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg/185px-Design_for_a_metalwork_book_cover%2C_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="898" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 17</span></span>Design by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a> for a metalwork book cover (or <a href="/wiki/Treasure_binding" title="Treasure binding">treasure binding</a>) (from <b><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Book design</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_of_the_Dead_of_Hunefer_sheet_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 18The Book of the Dead of Hunefer, c. 1275 BCE, ink and pigments on papyrus, in the British Museum (London) (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 18The Book of the Dead of Hunefer, c. 1275 BCE, ink and pigments on papyrus, in the British Museum (London) (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Book_of_the_Dead_of_Hunefer_sheet_3.jpg/120px-Book_of_the_Dead_of_Hunefer_sheet_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Book_of_the_Dead_of_Hunefer_sheet_3.jpg/180px-Book_of_the_Dead_of_Hunefer_sheet_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Book_of_the_Dead_of_Hunefer_sheet_3.jpg/240px-Book_of_the_Dead_of_Hunefer_sheet_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2212" data-file-height="1011" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 18</span></span>The <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Hunefer" title="Hunefer">Hunefer</a>, c. 1275 BCE, ink and pigments on papyrus, in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> (London) (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stitching_with_dark_sashes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 19Hardbound book spine stitching (from Bookbinding)"><img alt="Image 19Hardbound book spine stitching (from Bookbinding)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Stitching_with_dark_sashes.jpg/120px-Stitching_with_dark_sashes.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Stitching_with_dark_sashes.jpg/180px-Stitching_with_dark_sashes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Stitching_with_dark_sashes.jpg/240px-Stitching_with_dark_sashes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="176" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 19</span></span>Hardbound book spine stitching (from <b><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copyright_BY_McLoughlin_Bros._1993_New_York,_Hunting_and_Trapping_Stories;_a_Book_for_Boys.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 20A twentieth-century copyright imprint from McLoughlin Bros that features three rams and the copyright year, 1903 (from History of books)"><img alt="A copyright imprint from McLoughlin Bros" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Copyright_BY_McLoughlin_Bros._1993_New_York%2C_Hunting_and_Trapping_Stories%3B_a_Book_for_Boys.png/120px-Copyright_BY_McLoughlin_Bros._1993_New_York%2C_Hunting_and_Trapping_Stories%3B_a_Book_for_Boys.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Copyright_BY_McLoughlin_Bros._1993_New_York%2C_Hunting_and_Trapping_Stories%3B_a_Book_for_Boys.png/180px-Copyright_BY_McLoughlin_Bros._1993_New_York%2C_Hunting_and_Trapping_Stories%3B_a_Book_for_Boys.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Copyright_BY_McLoughlin_Bros._1993_New_York%2C_Hunting_and_Trapping_Stories%3B_a_Book_for_Boys.png/240px-Copyright_BY_McLoughlin_Bros._1993_New_York%2C_Hunting_and_Trapping_Stories%3B_a_Book_for_Boys.png 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="428" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 20</span></span>A twentieth-century copyright imprint from McLoughlin Bros that features three rams and the copyright year, 1903 (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_des_Codex_Amiatus_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 21Early medieval bookcase containing about ten codices depicted in the Codex Amiatinus (c. 700) (from Bookbinding)"><img alt="Image 21Early medieval bookcase containing about ten codices depicted in the Codex Amiatinus (c. 700) (from Bookbinding)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Meister_des_Codex_Amiatus_001.jpg/83px-Meister_des_Codex_Amiatus_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Meister_des_Codex_Amiatus_001.jpg/125px-Meister_des_Codex_Amiatus_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Meister_des_Codex_Amiatus_001.jpg/167px-Meister_des_Codex_Amiatus_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2266" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 21</span></span>Early medieval <a href="/wiki/Bookcase" title="Bookcase">bookcase</a> containing about ten codices depicted in the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Codex_Amiatinus" title="Codex Amiatinus">Codex Amiatinus</a></i></span> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700</span>) (from <b><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herkulaneischer_Meister_002b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 22Woman holding wax tablets in the form of the codex. Wall painting from Pompeii, before 79 CE. (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 22Woman holding wax tablets in the form of the codex. Wall painting from Pompeii, before 79 CE. (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Herkulaneischer_Meister_002b.jpg/112px-Herkulaneischer_Meister_002b.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Herkulaneischer_Meister_002b.jpg/167px-Herkulaneischer_Meister_002b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Herkulaneischer_Meister_002b.jpg/223px-Herkulaneischer_Meister_002b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="503" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 22</span></span>Woman holding wax tablets in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a>. Wall painting from <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, before 79 CE. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_Conservators,_Mitchell_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 23Book conservators at the State Library of New South Wales, 1943 (from Bookbinding)"><img alt="Image 23Book conservators at the State Library of New South Wales, 1943 (from Bookbinding)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Book_Conservators%2C_Mitchell_Building.jpg/120px-Book_Conservators%2C_Mitchell_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Book_Conservators%2C_Mitchell_Building.jpg/180px-Book_Conservators%2C_Mitchell_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Book_Conservators%2C_Mitchell_Building.jpg/240px-Book_Conservators%2C_Mitchell_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1586" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 23</span></span>Book conservators at the State Library of New South Wales, 1943 (from <b><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_bookseller_1824_V1-FL14863983.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 24Chinese Bookseller, illustration, c. 1824 (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 24Chinese Bookseller, illustration, c. 1824 (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chinese_bookseller_1824_V1-FL14863983.jpg/94px-Chinese_bookseller_1824_V1-FL14863983.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chinese_bookseller_1824_V1-FL14863983.jpg/140px-Chinese_bookseller_1824_V1-FL14863983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chinese_bookseller_1824_V1-FL14863983.jpg/187px-Chinese_bookseller_1824_V1-FL14863983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1343" data-file-height="1721" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 24</span></span>Chinese Bookseller, illustration, c. 1824 (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bookspine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 25Modern book spine designs (from Bookbinding)"><img alt="Image 25Modern book spine designs (from Bookbinding)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bookspine.jpg/120px-Bookspine.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bookspine.jpg/180px-Bookspine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bookspine.jpg/240px-Bookspine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="724" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 25</span></span>Modern book spine designs (from <b><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:His_Highness_Prince_Muhammad_Ali_visits_the_printing_press_of_Egypt,_and_next_to_him,_Talaat_Pasha_Harb.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 26Photograph of a printing press in Egypt, c. 1922 (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 26Photograph of a printing press in Egypt, c. 1922 (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/His_Highness_Prince_Muhammad_Ali_visits_the_printing_press_of_Egypt%2C_and_next_to_him%2C_Talaat_Pasha_Harb.jpg/120px-His_Highness_Prince_Muhammad_Ali_visits_the_printing_press_of_Egypt%2C_and_next_to_him%2C_Talaat_Pasha_Harb.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/His_Highness_Prince_Muhammad_Ali_visits_the_printing_press_of_Egypt%2C_and_next_to_him%2C_Talaat_Pasha_Harb.jpg/180px-His_Highness_Prince_Muhammad_Ali_visits_the_printing_press_of_Egypt%2C_and_next_to_him%2C_Talaat_Pasha_Harb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/His_Highness_Prince_Muhammad_Ali_visits_the_printing_press_of_Egypt%2C_and_next_to_him%2C_Talaat_Pasha_Harb.jpg/240px-His_Highness_Prince_Muhammad_Ali_visits_the_printing_press_of_Egypt%2C_and_next_to_him%2C_Talaat_Pasha_Harb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="938" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 26</span></span>Photograph of a printing press in Egypt, c. 1922 (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Restore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 27Rebacking saving original spine, showing one volume finished and one untouched (from Bookbinding)"><img alt="Image 27Rebacking saving original spine, showing one volume finished and one untouched (from Bookbinding)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Restore.jpg/99px-Restore.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Restore.jpg/148px-Restore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Restore.jpg/197px-Restore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 27</span></span>Rebacking saving original spine, showing one volume finished and one untouched (from <b><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blind_tooling-Craft_Horizons_1949.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 28Example of blind tooling a book binding with exquisite detail (from Bookbinding)"><img alt="Image 28Example of blind tooling a book binding with exquisite detail (from Bookbinding)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Blind_tooling-Craft_Horizons_1949.jpg/94px-Blind_tooling-Craft_Horizons_1949.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Blind_tooling-Craft_Horizons_1949.jpg/141px-Blind_tooling-Craft_Horizons_1949.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Blind_tooling-Craft_Horizons_1949.jpg/188px-Blind_tooling-Craft_Horizons_1949.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="1947" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 28</span></span>Example of blind tooling a book binding with exquisite detail (from <b><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_section_in_book_design.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 29Page spread with J. A. van de Graaf's construction of classical text area (print space) and margin proportions (from Book design)"><img alt="Image 29Page spread with J. A. van de Graaf's construction of classical text area (print space) and margin proportions (from Book design)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Golden_section_in_book_design.svg/120px-Golden_section_in_book_design.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Golden_section_in_book_design.svg/180px-Golden_section_in_book_design.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Golden_section_in_book_design.svg/240px-Golden_section_in_book_design.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="342" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 29</span></span>Page spread with <a href="/wiki/Canons_of_page_construction" title="Canons of page construction">J. A. van de Graaf's construction</a> of classical text area (<i>print space</i>) and margin proportions (from <b><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Book design</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden_codex,_page_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 30Dresden Codex (page 49) (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 30Dresden Codex (page 49) (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg/55px-Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg/83px-Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg/110px-Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2254" data-file-height="4886" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 30</span></span><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Codex" title="Dresden Codex">Dresden Codex</a> (page 49) (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Manesse_Ulrich_von_Singenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 31The Codex Manesse, a German book from the Middle Ages (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 31The Codex Manesse, a German book from the Middle Ages (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Codex_Manesse_Ulrich_von_Singenberg.jpg/80px-Codex_Manesse_Ulrich_von_Singenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Codex_Manesse_Ulrich_von_Singenberg.jpg/120px-Codex_Manesse_Ulrich_von_Singenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Codex_Manesse_Ulrich_von_Singenberg.jpg/160px-Codex_Manesse_Ulrich_von_Singenberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="1452" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 31</span></span>The <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Manesse" title="Codex Manesse">Codex Manesse</a></i>, a German book from the Middle Ages (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanha._The_Emperor_Shah_Jahan_with_his_Son_Dara_Shikoh,_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_ca._1620_Metmuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 32Folio from the Shah Jahan Album, c. 1620, depicting the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 32Folio from the Shah Jahan Album, c. 1620, depicting the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nanha._The_Emperor_Shah_Jahan_with_his_Son_Dara_Shikoh%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_ca._1620_Metmuseum.jpg/80px-Nanha._The_Emperor_Shah_Jahan_with_his_Son_Dara_Shikoh%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_ca._1620_Metmuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nanha._The_Emperor_Shah_Jahan_with_his_Son_Dara_Shikoh%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_ca._1620_Metmuseum.jpg/120px-Nanha._The_Emperor_Shah_Jahan_with_his_Son_Dara_Shikoh%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_ca._1620_Metmuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nanha._The_Emperor_Shah_Jahan_with_his_Son_Dara_Shikoh%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_ca._1620_Metmuseum.jpg/160px-Nanha._The_Emperor_Shah_Jahan_with_his_Son_Dara_Shikoh%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_ca._1620_Metmuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2485" data-file-height="3722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 32</span></span>Folio from the <i><b>Shah Jahan Album</b></i>, c. 1620, depicting the Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih,_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum,_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 33A Sumerian clay tablet, currently housed in the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago, inscribed with the text of the poem Inanna and Ebih by the priestess Enheduanna, the first author whose name is known"><img alt="(from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih%2C_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG/92px-Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih%2C_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih%2C_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG/138px-Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih%2C_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih%2C_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG/184px-Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih%2C_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3509" data-file-height="4571" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 33</span></span>A <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">clay tablet</a>, currently housed in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Oriental_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Oriental Institute">Oriental Institute</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, inscribed with the text of the poem <i><a href="/wiki/Inanna#Justice_myths" title="Inanna">Inanna and Ebih</a></i> by the priestess <a href="/wiki/Enheduanna" title="Enheduanna">Enheduanna</a>, the first author whose name is known</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bookinfo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 34Scheme of common book design Belly band Flap Endpaper Book cover Head Fore edge Tail Right page, recto Left page, verso Gutter (from Bookbinding)"><img alt="Image 34Scheme of common book design Belly band Flap Endpaper Book cover Head Fore edge Tail Right page, recto Left page, verso Gutter (from Bookbinding)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bookinfo.svg/120px-Bookinfo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bookinfo.svg/180px-Bookinfo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bookinfo.svg/240px-Bookinfo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="455" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 34</span></span>Scheme of common <a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">book design</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"><div><ol><li>Belly band</li><li>Flap</li><li><a href="/wiki/Endpapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Endpapers">Endpaper</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_cover" title="Book cover">Book cover</a></li><li>Head</li><li>Fore edge</li><li>Tail</li><li>Right page, recto</li><li>Left page, verso</li><li>Gutter</li></ol></div></div> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relieur_JPG01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 35A traditional bookbinder at work (from Bookbinding)"><img alt="Image 35A traditional bookbinder at work (from Bookbinding)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Relieur_JPG01.jpg/81px-Relieur_JPG01.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Relieur_JPG01.jpg/122px-Relieur_JPG01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Relieur_JPG01.jpg/163px-Relieur_JPG01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="2446" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 35</span></span>A traditional bookbinder at work (from <b><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 3612-metre-high (40 ft) sculpture of a stack of books at the Berlin Walk of Ideas, commemorating the invention of modern book printing (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 3612-metre-high (40 ft) sculpture of a stack of books at the Berlin Walk of Ideas, commemorating the invention of modern book printing (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG/90px-Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG/135px-Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG/180px-Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 36</span></span>12-metre-high (40 ft) sculpture of a stack of books at the Berlin <a href="/wiki/Walk_of_Ideas" title="Walk of Ideas">Walk of Ideas</a>, commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">invention of modern book printing</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_board_marbling.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 37Marbled book board from a book published in London in 1872 (from Bookbinding)"><img alt="Image 37Marbled book board from a book published in London in 1872 (from Bookbinding)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Book_board_marbling.jpg/93px-Book_board_marbling.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Book_board_marbling.jpg/139px-Book_board_marbling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Book_board_marbling.jpg/185px-Book_board_marbling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1036" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 37</span></span><a href="/wiki/Paper_marbling" title="Paper marbling">Marbled</a> book board from a book published in London in 1872 (from <b><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kelmscott_Press_-_The_Nature_of_Gothic_by_John_Ruskin_(first_page).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 38Initial on the opening page of a book printed by the Kelmscott Press (from Book design)"><img alt="Image 38Initial on the opening page of a book printed by the Kelmscott Press (from Book design)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kelmscott_Press_-_The_Nature_of_Gothic_by_John_Ruskin_%28first_page%29.jpg/82px-Kelmscott_Press_-_The_Nature_of_Gothic_by_John_Ruskin_%28first_page%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kelmscott_Press_-_The_Nature_of_Gothic_by_John_Ruskin_%28first_page%29.jpg/124px-Kelmscott_Press_-_The_Nature_of_Gothic_by_John_Ruskin_%28first_page%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kelmscott_Press_-_The_Nature_of_Gothic_by_John_Ruskin_%28first_page%29.jpg/165px-Kelmscott_Press_-_The_Nature_of_Gothic_by_John_Ruskin_%28first_page%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 38</span></span><a href="/wiki/Initial" title="Initial">Initial</a> on the opening page of a book printed by the <a href="/wiki/Kelmscott_Press" title="Kelmscott Press">Kelmscott Press</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Book design</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_selection_of_Sophie_Calle_books_spine_titling.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 39Three books with different titling orientations: (left) ascending (middle) descending (right) upright (from Bookbinding)"><img alt="Image 39Three books with different titling orientations: (left) ascending (middle) descending (right) upright (from Bookbinding)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/A_selection_of_Sophie_Calle_books_spine_titling.jpg/38px-A_selection_of_Sophie_Calle_books_spine_titling.jpg" decoding="async" width="38" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/A_selection_of_Sophie_Calle_books_spine_titling.jpg/58px-A_selection_of_Sophie_Calle_books_spine_titling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/A_selection_of_Sophie_Calle_books_spine_titling.jpg/77px-A_selection_of_Sophie_Calle_books_spine_titling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="2176" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 39</span></span>Three books with different titling orientations:<br /> (left) ascending <br />(middle) descending <br />(right) upright (from <b><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandro_Botticelli_-_The_Virgin_and_Child_(The_Madonna_of_the_Book)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 40The scene in Botticelli's Madonna of the Book (1480) reflects the presence of books in the houses of richer people in his time. (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 40The scene in Botticelli's Madonna of the Book (1480) reflects the presence of books in the houses of richer people in his time. (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sandro_Botticelli_-_The_Virgin_and_Child_%28The_Madonna_of_the_Book%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/82px-Sandro_Botticelli_-_The_Virgin_and_Child_%28The_Madonna_of_the_Book%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sandro_Botticelli_-_The_Virgin_and_Child_%28The_Madonna_of_the_Book%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/122px-Sandro_Botticelli_-_The_Virgin_and_Child_%28The_Madonna_of_the_Book%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sandro_Botticelli_-_The_Virgin_and_Child_%28The_Madonna_of_the_Book%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/163px-Sandro_Botticelli_-_The_Virgin_and_Child_%28The_Madonna_of_the_Book%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6811" data-file-height="10001" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 40</span></span>The scene in <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Botticelli</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Book" title="Madonna of the Book">Madonna of the Book</a></i> (1480) reflects the presence of books in the houses of richer people in his time. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_paperback_spines_of_NHK_Books_in_Tokyo_20040116.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 41Modern paperback spines (from Bookbinding)"><img alt="Image 41Modern paperback spines (from Bookbinding)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Modern_paperback_spines_of_NHK_Books_in_Tokyo_20040116.jpg/120px-Modern_paperback_spines_of_NHK_Books_in_Tokyo_20040116.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Modern_paperback_spines_of_NHK_Books_in_Tokyo_20040116.jpg/180px-Modern_paperback_spines_of_NHK_Books_in_Tokyo_20040116.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Modern_paperback_spines_of_NHK_Books_in_Tokyo_20040116.jpg/240px-Modern_paperback_spines_of_NHK_Books_in_Tokyo_20040116.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2053" data-file-height="1713" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 41</span></span>Modern <a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a> spines (from <b><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Output_of_Books_500%E2%80%931800.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 42European output of books 500–1800 (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 42European output of books 500–1800 (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/European_Output_of_Books_500%E2%80%931800.png/120px-European_Output_of_Books_500%E2%80%931800.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/European_Output_of_Books_500%E2%80%931800.png/180px-European_Output_of_Books_500%E2%80%931800.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/European_Output_of_Books_500%E2%80%931800.png/240px-European_Output_of_Books_500%E2%80%931800.png 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="953" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 42</span></span>European output of books 500–1800 (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baysonghori_Shahnameh_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 43Folio from a manuscript of the Shanamah (Book of Kings) (from History of books)"><img alt="Image 43Folio from a manuscript of the Shanamah (Book of Kings) (from History of books)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Baysonghori_Shahnameh_1.jpg/81px-Baysonghori_Shahnameh_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Baysonghori_Shahnameh_1.jpg/122px-Baysonghori_Shahnameh_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Baysonghori_Shahnameh_1.jpg/162px-Baysonghori_Shahnameh_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 43</span></span>Folio from a manuscript of the <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shanamah</a></i> (Book of Kings) (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></b>)</div> </li> </ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#600517;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FCC200;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#600517;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ABooks%2FBooks_lists&action=edit"><span style="color:#600517">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Books_lists" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#600517;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Books lists</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_books" title="Category:Lists of books">Lists of books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_novels" title="Category:Lists of novels">Lists of novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_controversial_books" title="Category:Lists of controversial books">Lists of controversial books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_books" class="mw-redirect" title="List of banned books">List of banned books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_by_genre_or_type" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books by genre or type">List of books by genre or type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_book_titles_taken_from_literature" title="List of book titles taken from literature">List of book titles taken from literature</a></li></ul> <div style="float:right"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_books" title="Category:Lists of books">More list articles</a></b></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#600517;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FCC200;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#600517;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ABooks%2FWikiProjects&action=edit"><span style="color:#600517">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="WikiProjects" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#600517;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">WikiProjects</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject">WikiProjects</a> that are related to Books </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bibliographies" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bibliographies">Bibliographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Literature" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Poetry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both; width:100%"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#600517;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FCC200;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#600517;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ABooks%2FCategories&action=edit"><span style="color:#600517">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Categories" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#600517;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Categories</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C_Puzzle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/C_Puzzle.png/40px-C_Puzzle.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/C_Puzzle.png/60px-C_Puzzle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/C_Puzzle.png/80px-C_Puzzle.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_design" title="Category:Book design">Book design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_publishing_companies" title="Category:Book publishing companies">Book publishing companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_writer" title="Category:Books by writer">Books by author</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_award" title="Category:Books by award">Books by award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_country" title="Category:Books by country">Books by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_genre" title="Category:Books by genre">Books by genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_type" title="Category:Books by type">Books by type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_year" title="Category:Books by year">Books by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bookstores" title="Category:Bookstores">Bookstores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_fairs" title="Category:Book fairs">Book fairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_series" title="Category:Book series">Book series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Upcoming_books" title="Category:Upcoming books">Upcoming books</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Full category tree</b></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><small>Select [►] to view subcategories</small></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":0,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Books" data-ct-loaded="1" aria-expanded="true"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books" title="Category:Books">Books</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Books_by_country" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_country" title="Category:Books by country">Books by country</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Books_by_cover_artist" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_cover_artist" title="Category:Books by cover artist">Books by cover artist</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Books_by_date" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_date" title="Category:Books by date">Books by date</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Books_by_genre" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_genre" title="Category:Books by genre">Books by genre</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Books_by_language" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_language" title="Category:Books by language">Books by language</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Books_by_medium" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_medium" title="Category:Books by medium">Books by medium</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Books_by_publisher" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_publisher" title="Category:Books by publisher">Books by publisher</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Books_by_source" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_source" title="Category:Books by source">Books by source</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Books_by_topic" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_topic" title="Category:Books by topic">Books by topic</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Books_by_type" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_type" title="Category:Books by type">Books by type</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Books_by_writer" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_writer" title="Category:Books by writer">Books by writer</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Books_adapted_for_other_media" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_adapted_for_other_media" title="Category:Books adapted for other media">Books adapted for other media</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Lists_of_books" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_books" title="Category:Lists of books">Lists of books</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Works_about_books" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_about_books" title="Category:Works about books">Works about books</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Works_based_on_books" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_based_on_books" title="Category:Works based on books">Works based on books</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Books_in_art" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_in_art" title="Category:Books in art">Books in art</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Book_arts" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_arts" title="Category:Book arts">Book arts</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Award-winning_books" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Award-winning_books" title="Category:Award-winning books">Award-winning books</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Bibliography" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Bibliography" title="Category:Bibliography">Bibliography</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Bibliomancy" title="Category:Bibliomancy">Bibliomancy</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Bibliophilia" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Bibliophilia" title="Category:Bibliophilia">Bibliophilia</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Book_cover_images_by_writer" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_cover_images_by_writer" title="Category:Book cover images by writer">Book cover images by writer</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Book_series" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_series" title="Category:Book series">Book series</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_Greek_authors" title="Category:Books by Greek authors">Books by Greek authors</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Bookselling" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Bookselling" title="Category:Bookselling">Bookselling</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Book_censorship" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_censorship" title="Category:Book censorship">Book censorship</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Coats_of_arms_with_books" title="Category:Coats of arms with books">Coats of arms with books</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Book_collecting" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_collecting" title="Category:Book collecting">Book collecting</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Book_databases" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_databases" title="Category:Book databases">Book databases</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Debut_books" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Debut_books" title="Category:Debut books">Debut books</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_distributors" title="Category:Book distributors">Book distributors</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_written_in_fictional_dialects" title="Category:Books written in fictional dialects">Books written in fictional dialects</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Book_franchises" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_franchises" title="Category:Book franchises">Book franchises</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="History_of_books" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_books" title="Category:History of books">History of books</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Books_by_illustrator" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_illustrator" title="Category:Books by illustrator">Books by illustrator</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Islamic_arts_of_the_book" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_arts_of_the_book" title="Category:Islamic arts of the book">Islamic arts of the book</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Books_set_on_islands" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_set_on_islands" title="Category:Books set on islands">Books set on islands</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_logos" title="Category:Book logos">Book logos</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="People_associated_with_books" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_books" title="Category:People associated with books">People associated with books</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Books_involved_in_plagiarism_controversies" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_involved_in_plagiarism_controversies" title="Category:Books involved in plagiarism controversies">Books involved in plagiarism controversies</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Primary_source_collections" title="Category:Primary source collections">Primary source collections</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Book_promotion" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_promotion" title="Category:Book promotion">Book promotion</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Public_domain_books" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_domain_books" title="Category:Public domain books">Public domain books</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Books_published_posthumously" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_published_posthumously" title="Category:Books published posthumously">Books published posthumously</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Book_publishing" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_publishing" title="Category:Book publishing">Book publishing</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Puyas" title="Category:Puyas">Puyas</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_rental" title="Category:Book rental">Book rental</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Book_reviews" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_reviews" title="Category:Book reviews">Book reviews</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Sequel_books" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sequel_books" title="Category:Sequel books">Sequel books</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Set_index_articles_on_books" title="Category:Set index articles on books">Set index articles on books</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Book_smuggling" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_smuggling" title="Category:Book smuggling">Book smuggling</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_soundtracks" title="Category:Book soundtracks">Book soundtracks</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_swapping" title="Category:Book swapping">Book swapping</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Book_terminology" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_terminology" title="Category:Book terminology">Book terminology</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Book_websites" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_websites" title="Category:Book websites">Book websites</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Book_stubs" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_stubs" title="Category:Book stubs">Book stubs</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div></div></div> </div> <p><br /> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#600517;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FCC200;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#600517;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ABooks%2FThings_you_can_do&action=edit"><span style="color:#600517">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Things_you_can_do" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#600517;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Things you can do</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/55px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/83px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/110px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div style="font-size:98%;"> <ul><li>Find news articles regarding notable books and add them to the "In the news" section.</li> <li>Expand this portal and book-related articles: <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Jamaican_books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Jamaican books (page does not exist)">List of Jamaican books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Starting_an_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Starting an article">Create new articles</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_books" title="Lists of books">Lists of books</a> provides a comprehensive list of notable books, many of which have no articles.</li> <li>Add references: <a href="/wiki/List_of_CEO_books" class="mw-redirect" title="List of CEO books">List of CEO books</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_anonymously_published_works" title="List of anonymously published works">List of anonymously published works</a></li> <li>Make this portal more complete: <ul><li>Add <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:WPBooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:WPBooks">WPBooks</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> to the Talk pages of articles about notable books – but try to add an initial Assessment from the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Books">Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books</a></li> <li>Add <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Portal" title="Template:Portal">Portal</a>|Books}}</code> to appropriate articles within the subject</li></ul></li> <li>Anything else you can think of doing.</li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#600517;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FCC200;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#600517;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ABooks%2FWeb_resources&action=edit"><span style="color:#600517">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Web_resources" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#600517;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Web resources</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/don/don.html">Bookbinding and the Conservation of books, A Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, 1982</a> by Matt T. Roberts and Don Etherington<br /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ioba.org/terms.html">IOBA glossary of book terms</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/">Project Gutenberg - Free e-Books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/wordsatlarge/">Words at Large: The best in books from CBC.ca</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Books/Web_resources&action=edit">add</a> more!</i></dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#600517;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#FCC200;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#600517;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3AWikimediaForPortals&action=edit"><span style="color:#600517">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Associated_Wikimedia" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#600517;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Associated Wikimedia</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #600517;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:white;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239335380">.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li span{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px 4px}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{text-align:center}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}}@media(min-width:360px){.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{width:33%;min-width:20em;white-space:nowrap;flex:1 0 25%}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{min-width:50px}}</style> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> sister projects provide more on this subject: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Books"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/47px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/62px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Books" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:Books">Commons</a></span><br />Free media repository</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Books"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/35px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/53px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/70px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Books" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Books">Wikibooks</a></span><br />Free textbooks and manuals</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Books"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/47px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/71px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/94px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Books" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Special:Search/Books">Wikidata</a></span><br />Free knowledge base</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Books"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/51px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="51" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/77px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/102px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Books" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Books">Wikinews</a></span><br />Free-content news</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Books"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/53px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/70px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Books" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Books">Wikiquote</a></span><br />Collection of quotations</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Books"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/35px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/53px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/70px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Books" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Books">Wikisource</a></span><br />Free-content library</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Books"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/35px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/53px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/70px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Books" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Books">Wikispecies</a></span><br />Directory of species</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Books"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/62px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/82px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Books" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Special:Search/Books">Wikiversity</a></span><br />Free learning tools</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Special:Search/Books"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/35px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/53px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/70px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Special:Search/Books" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Special:Search/Books">Wikivoyage</a></span><br />Free travel guide</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Books"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/53px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/70px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Books" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/Books">Wiktionary</a></span><br />Dictionary and thesaurus</div> </li> </ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239335380"> <div class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Discover Wikipedia using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal" title="Wikipedia:Portal">portals</a></b></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/35px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/53px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/70px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">List of all portals</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/35px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/53px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/70px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:The_arts" title="Portal:The arts">The arts portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/35px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/53px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/70px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/35px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/53px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/70px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Current events portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="globe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/35px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/53px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/70px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/35px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/53px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/70px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="square root of x" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/35px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/53px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/70px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/35px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/53px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/70px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/35px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/53px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/70px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/35px-Noun-technology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/53px-Noun-technology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/70px-Noun-technology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="88" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Random_font_awesome.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Random_font_awesome.svg/35px-Random_font_awesome.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Random_font_awesome.svg/53px-Random_font_awesome.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Random_font_awesome.svg/70px-Random_font_awesome.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/All_portals" title="Special:RandomInCategory/All portals">Random portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/35px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/53px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/70px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Portals" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Portals">WikiProject Portals</a></span></div> </li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"> </li> </ul> </div> <p><span class="noprint" style="font-style: italic; font-size: 85%"><a href="/wiki/Special:Purge/Portal:Books" title="Special:Purge/Portal:Books"><span>Purge server cache</span></a></span> </p> </div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Books&oldid=1226534573">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Books&oldid=1226534573</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_portals" title="Category:All portals">All portals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arts_portals" title="Category:Arts portals">Arts portals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_portal" title="Category:Books portal">Books portal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:WikiProject_Books" title="Category:WikiProject Books">WikiProject Books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_portals" title="Category:Literature portals">Literature portals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books" title="Category:Books">Books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature" title="Category:Literature">Literature</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Latin_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Latin IPA">Pages with Latin IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portals_with_triaged_subpages_from_April_2020" title="Category:Portals with triaged subpages from April 2020">Portals with triaged subpages from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_portals_with_triaged_subpages" title="Category:All portals with triaged subpages">All portals with triaged subpages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portals_with_no_named_maintainer" title="Category:Portals with no named maintainer">Portals with no named maintainer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_sidebar_with_the_child_parameter" title="Category:Pages using sidebar with the child parameter">Pages using sidebar with the child parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Automated_article-slideshow_portals_with_51%E2%80%93100_articles_in_article_list" title="Category:Automated article-slideshow portals with 51–100 articles in article list">Automated article-slideshow portals with 51–100 articles in article list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Random_portal_component_with_11%E2%80%9315_available_image_subpages" title="Category:Random portal component with 11–15 available image subpages">Random portal component with 11–15 available image subpages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Automated_article-slideshow_portals_with_201%E2%80%93500_articles_in_article_list" title="Category:Automated article-slideshow portals with 201–500 articles in article list">Automated article-slideshow portals with 201–500 articles in article list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Random_portal_component_with_11%E2%80%9315_available_subpages" title="Category:Random portal component with 11–15 available subpages">Random portal component with 11–15 available subpages</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 May 2024, at 07:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Books&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Portal</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Books</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>8 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-x486x","wgBackendResponseTime":112,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.969","walltime":"4.614","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3720,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":227489,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11491,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":19,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":282069,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4381.760 1 -total"," 89.96% 3941.777 1 Template:Flex_columns"," 36.28% 1589.879 12 Template:Main_other"," 36.02% 1578.441 1 Template:Transclude_files_as_random_slideshow"," 26.20% 1148.134 2 Template:Transclude_list_item_excerpts_as_random_slideshow"," 22.20% 972.785 1 Template:Transclude_selected_recent_additions"," 3.45% 151.361 1 Portal:Books/Intro"," 2.71% 118.580 5 Template:Lang"," 2.69% 117.846 1 Template:Transclude_lead_excerpt"," 1.87% 81.902 1 Portal:Books/Books_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.552","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":28854748,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","920","26.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gmatch_callback","500","14.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","480","13.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","380","10.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","300","8.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","6.2"],["?","220","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::len","140","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::redirectTarget","120","3.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","1.1"],["[others]","220","6.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-7drvw","timestamp":"20250217000106","ttl":21600,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> </body> </html>