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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Annexation_of_the_Amur_Region_by_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexation_of_the_Amur_Region_by_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Annexation of the Amur Region by Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annexation_of_the_Amur_Region_by_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Military colonization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_of_the_Trans-Siberian_Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_of_the_Trans-Siberian_Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_of_the_Trans-Siberian_Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Russian Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_policies_regarding_minorities_and_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_policies_regarding_minorities_and_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Soviet policies regarding minorities and Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_policies_regarding_minorities_and_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_of_Jewish_communities_in_the_early_1930s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_of_Jewish_communities_in_the_early_1930s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Growth of Jewish communities in the early 1930s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_of_Jewish_communities_in_the_early_1930s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stalin_era_and_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalin_era_and_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Stalin era and World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalin_era_and_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Soviet_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Soviet_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Post-Soviet history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Soviet_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2013_proposals_to_merge_the_JAO_with_adjoining_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2013_proposals_to_merge_the_JAO_with_adjoining_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>2013 proposals to merge the JAO with adjoining regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2013_proposals_to_merge_the_JAO_with_adjoining_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye_railway_bridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye_railway_bridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye_railway_bridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages_spoken" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages_spoken"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Languages spoken</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages_spoken-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jewish Autonomous Oblast</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 104 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">104 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joodse_Outonome_Oblast" title="Joodse Outonome Oblast – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Joodse Outonome Oblast" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المقاطعة اليهودية الذاتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المقاطعة اليهودية الذاتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblast_%C3%94tonomo_Juif" title="Oblast Ôtonomo Juif – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Oblast Ôtonomo Juif" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93blast_Aut%C3%B3nomu_Hebr%C3%A9u" title="Óblast Autónomu Hebréu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Óblast Autónomu Hebréu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C9%99hudi_Muxtar_Vilay%C9%99ti" title="Yəhudi Muxtar Vilayəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yəhudi Muxtar Vilayəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="یهودی اوبلاستی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یهودی اوبلاستی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="ইহুদি স্বশাসিত ওব্লাস্ট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইহুদি স্বশাসিত ওব্লাস্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%BB-th%C3%A0i_Ch%C5%AB-t%C4%AB-chiu" title="Iû-thài Chū-tī-chiu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iû-thài Chū-tī-chiu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%99%D2%BB%D2%AF%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%BA%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B5" title="Йәһүд автономиялы өлкәһе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йәһүд автономиялы өлкәһе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Яўрэйская аўтаномная вобласць – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Яўрэйская аўтаномная вобласць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Габрэйская аўтаномная вобласьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Габрэйская аўтаномная вобласьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Еврейска автономна област – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еврейска автономна област" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevrejska_autonomna_oblast" title="Jevrejska autonomna oblast – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jevrejska autonomna oblast" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblast_Emren_Yuzev" title="Oblast Emren Yuzev – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Oblast Emren Yuzev" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BE" title="Еврейн автономито можо – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Еврейн автономито можо" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_Aut%C3%B2noma_dels_Hebreus" title="Província Autònoma dels Hebreus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Província Autònoma dels Hebreus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%95_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%C3%A7%C4%95" title="Еврей автономиллĕ облаçĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Еврей автономиллĕ облаçĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblast_Awtonomong_Ebreyo" title="Oblast Awtonomong Ebreyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Oblast Awtonomong Ebreyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidovsk%C3%A1_autonomn%C3%AD_oblast" title="Židovská autonomní oblast – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Židovská autonomní oblast" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8diske_autonome_oblast" title="Jødiske autonome oblast – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jødiske autonome oblast" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCdische_Autonome_Oblast" title="Jüdische Autonome Oblast – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jüdische Autonome Oblast" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juudi_autonoomne_oblast" title="Juudi autonoomne oblast – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Juudi autonoomne oblast" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF_%CE%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84" title="Εβραϊκό Αυτόνομο Όμπλαστ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εβραϊκό Αυτόνομο Όμπλαστ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Евреень аулькедьало ёнкс – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Евреень аулькедьало ёнкс" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93blast_aut%C3%B3nomo_Hebreo" title="Óblast autónomo Hebreo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Óblast autónomo Hebreo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrea_a%C5%ADtonomio" title="Hebrea aŭtonomio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hebrea aŭtonomio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juduen_Probintzia_Autonomoa" title="Juduen Probintzia Autonomoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Juduen Probintzia Autonomoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="استان خودگردان یهودی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استان خودگردان یهودی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblast_autonome_juif" title="Oblast autonome juif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oblast autonome juif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joadske_Autonome_Oblast" title="Joadske Autonome Oblast – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Joadske Autonome Oblast" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAige_F%C3%A9inrialaitheach_na_nGi%C3%BAdach" title="Cúige Féinrialaitheach na nGiúdach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cúige Féinrialaitheach na nGiúdach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93blast_Aut%C3%B3nomo_Hebreo" title="Óblast Autónomo Hebreo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Óblast Autónomo Hebreo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B9-thai_Chh%E1%B9%B3-chh%E1%B9%B3-ch%C3%BB" title="Yù-thai Chhṳ-chhṳ-chû – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yù-thai Chhṳ-chhṳ-chû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8C%80%EC%9D%B8_%EC%9E%90%EC%B9%98%EC%A3%BC" title="유대인 자치주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유대인 자치주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A6" title="Հրեական ինքնավար մարզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հրեական ինքնավար մարզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidowska_awtonomna_oblas%C4%87" title="Židowska awtonomna oblasć – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Židowska awtonomna oblasć" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidovska_autonomna_oblast" title="Židovska autonomna oblast – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Židovska autonomna oblast" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judala_autonoma_provinco" title="Judala autonoma provinco – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Judala autonoma provinco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblast_Otonomi_Yahudi" title="Oblast Otonomi Yahudi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Oblast Otonomi Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%82" title="Дзутты автономон облæст – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дзутты автономон облæст" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebreska_sj%C3%A1lfstj%C3%B3rnarfylki%C3%B0" title="Hebreska sjálfstjórnarfylkið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hebreska sjálfstjórnarfylkið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblast%27_autonoma_ebraica" title="Oblast' autonoma ebraica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oblast' autonoma ebraica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%95%D7%96_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99" title="המחוז היהודי האוטונומי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המחוז היהודי האוטונומי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="ებრაელთა ავტონომიური ოლქი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ებრაელთა ავტონომიური ოლქი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Яһуди автономиялы облысы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Яһуди автономиялы облысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblast_huru_ya_Kiyahudi" title="Oblast huru ya Kiyahudi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Oblast huru ya Kiyahudi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D3%A7%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Еврей асвеськӧдлан обласьт – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Еврей асвеськӧдлан обласьт" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblast_Autonom_Judier" title="Oblast Autonom Judier – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Oblast Autonom Judier" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provensiya_Otonoma_Ebrea" title="Provensiya Otonoma Ebrea – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Provensiya Otonoma Ebrea" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regio_autonoma_Iudaica" title="Regio autonoma Iudaica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regio autonoma Iudaica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebreju_autonomais_apgabals" title="Ebreju autonomais apgabals – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ebreju autonomais apgabals" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDyd%C5%B3_autonomin%C4%97_sritis" title="Žydų autonominė sritis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žydų autonominė sritis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joedse_Autonome_Oblas" title="Joedse Autonome Oblas – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Joedse Autonome Oblas" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zsid%C3%B3_auton%C3%B3m_ter%C3%BClet" title="Zsidó autonóm terület – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zsidó autonóm terület" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Еврејска автономна област – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еврејска автономна област" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3_%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ജൂത സ്വയംഭരണ ഒബ്ലാസ്റ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജൂത സ്വയംഭരണ ഒബ്ലാസ്റ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="ज्यूईश स्वायत्त ओब्लास्त – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ज्यूईश स्वायत्त ओब्लास्त" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="ურიეფიშ ავტონომიური ოლქი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ურიეფიშ ავტონომიური ოლქი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الاوبلاست اليهوديه الذاتيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاوبلاست اليهوديه الذاتيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="جهود شه‌گردون اوبلاست – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جهود شه‌گردون اوبلاست" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilayah_autonomi_Yahudi" title="Wilayah autonomi Yahudi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wilayah autonomi Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B9-t%C3%A1i_C%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3-d%C3%AA-ci%C5%AD" title="Iù-tái Cê̤ṳ-dê-ciŭ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iù-tái Cê̤ṳ-dê-ciŭ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Евреень автономонь аймак – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Евреень автономонь аймак" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D3%A9%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%82%D3%A9%D3%A9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B6" title="Еврейн өөртөө засах муж – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Еврейн өөртөө засах муж" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joodse_Autonome_Oblast" title="Joodse Autonome Oblast – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Joodse Autonome Oblast" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%80%E3%83%A4%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%B7%9E" title="ユダヤ自治州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユダヤ自治州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Жуьгтийн автономин область – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Жуьгтийн автономин область" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BC%C3%BCds_Autonoom_Prowins" title="Jüüds Autonoom Prowins – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jüüds Autonoom Prowins" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_j%C3%B8diske_autonome_oblast" title="Den jødiske autonome oblast – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den jødiske autonome oblast" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_j%C3%B8diske_autonome_oblasten" title="Den jødiske autonome oblasten – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den jødiske autonome oblasten" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Еврей автоном вел – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Еврей автоном вел" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudiylar_muxtor_viloyati" title="Yahudiylar muxtor viloyati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yahudiylar muxtor viloyati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%81" title="یہودی صوبہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یہودی صوبہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="يهودي خپلواک ولايت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="يهودي خپلواک ولايت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6%C3%B6dsch_Autonom_Oblast" title="Jöödsch Autonom Oblast – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Jöödsch Autonom Oblast" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBydowski_Obw%C3%B3d_Autonomiczny" title="Żydowski Obwód Autonomiczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żydowski Obwód Autonomiczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblast_Aut%C3%B4nomo_Judaico" title="Oblast Autônomo Judaico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oblast Autônomo Judaico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeudiy_muhtar_vil%C3%A2yeti" title="Yeudiy muhtar vilâyeti – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Yeudiy muhtar vilâyeti" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiunea_Autonom%C4%83_Evreiasc%C4%83" title="Regiunea Autonomă Evreiască – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regiunea Autonomă Evreiască" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Еврейская автономная область – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Еврейская автономная область" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B0" title="Дьэбириэй автономиялаах уобалаһа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьэбириэй автономиялаах уобалаһа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Jewish Autonomous Oblast – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jewish Autonomous Oblast" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Jewish Autonomous Oblast – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jewish Autonomous Oblast" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidovsk%C3%A1_auton%C3%B3mna_oblas%C5%A5" title="Židovská autonómna oblasť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Židovská autonómna oblasť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judovska_avtonomna_oblast" title="Judovska avtonomna oblast – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Judovska avtonomna oblast" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Јеврејска Аутономна Област – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јеврејска Аутономна Област" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidovska_autonomna_oblast" title="Židovska autonomna oblast – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Židovska autonomna oblast" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juutalaisten_autonominen_alue" title="Juutalaisten autonominen alue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juutalaisten autonominen alue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiska_autonoma_l%C3%A4net" title="Judiska autonoma länet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Judiska autonoma länet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Jewish Autonomous Oblast – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Jewish Autonomous Oblast" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="யூதர்களின் தன்னாட்சி மாகாணம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யூதர்களின் தன்னாட்சி மாகாணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%BB%D2%AF%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Яһүд автономияле өлкәсе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Яһүд автономияле өлкәсе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7" title="แคว้นปกครองตนเองยิว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคว้นปกครองตนเองยิว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%85%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%AF%D2%B3%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Вилояти мухтори Яҳудиён – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вилояти мухтори Яҳудиён" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi_%C3%96zerk_Oblast%C4%B1" title="Yahudi Özerk Oblastı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yahudi Özerk Oblastı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Єврейська автономна область – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єврейська автономна область" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="خود مختار یہودی اوبلاست – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خود مختار یہودی اوبلاست" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evrejan_avtonomine_agj" title="Evrejan avtonomine agj – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Evrejan avtonomine agj" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%89nh_t%E1%BB%B1_tr%E1%BB%8B_Do_Th%C3%A1i" title="Tỉnh tự trị Do Thái – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tỉnh tự trị Do Thái" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudiyonon_nga_Autonomo_Oblast" title="Hudiyonon nga Autonomo Oblast – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hudiyonon nga Autonomo Oblast" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%B7%9E" title="犹太自治州 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="犹太自治州" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A2_%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98" title="יידישע אויטאנאמע געגנט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יידישע אויטאנאמע געגנט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%B7%9E" title="猶太自治州 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="猶太自治州" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%B7%9E" title="犹太自治州 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="犹太自治州" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7730#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&params=48_36_N_132_12_E_type:adm1st_region:RU"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°36′N</span> <span class="longitude">132°12′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.600°N 132.200°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.600; 132.200</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Federal subject of the Russian Federation in the Russian Far East</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Autonomous oblast in Far Eastern, Russia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Jewish Autonomous Oblast</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous oblasts of Russia">Autonomous oblast</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Еврейская автономная область</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other transcription(s)</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Yiddish</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ייִדישע אװטאָנאָמע געגנט‎</span>‎</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A wintery Tunguska River near Nikolaevka village."><img alt="A wintery Tunguska River near Nikolaevka village." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9.JPG/250px-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9.JPG/375px-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9.JPG/500px-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">A wintery Tunguska River near Nikolaevka village.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Jewish Autonomous Oblast"><img alt="Flag of Jewish Autonomous Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg/115px-Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg/173px-Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg/230px-Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Jewish Autonomous Oblast"><img alt="Coat of arms of Jewish Autonomous Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: Anthem of Jewish Autonomous Oblast<br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="130" data-mwtitle="Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.ogg/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div><sup id="cite_ref-Anthem_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthem-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022)_-_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast_(Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/300px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/450px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg/600px-Map_of_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29_-_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast_%28Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="847" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&params=48_36_N_132_12_E_type:adm1st_region:RU"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°36′N</span> <span class="longitude">132°12′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.600°N 132.200°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.600; 132.200</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_districts_of_Russia" title="Federal districts of Russia">Federal district</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Federal_District" title="Far Eastern Federal District">Far Eastern</a><sup id="cite_ref-FederalDistrict_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FederalDistrict-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Far Eastern economic region">Far Eastern</a><sup id="cite_ref-EconomicRegion_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EconomicRegion-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Administrative center</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Birobidzhan" title="Birobidzhan">Birobidzhan</a><sup id="cite_ref-AdmCtr_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdmCtr-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Legislative Assembly of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Legislative Assembly</a><sup id="cite_ref-Legis_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Governor of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Acting Governor</a><sup id="cite_ref-HeadTitle_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeadTitle-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Kostyuk" title="Maria Kostyuk">Maria Kostyuk</a><sup id="cite_ref-HeadName_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeadName-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-area_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-area-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">36,271 km<sup>2</sup> (14,004 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia#List" title="Federal subjects of Russia">61st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/2021_Russian_census" title="2021 Russian census">2021 census</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2021census_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021census-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">150,453</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2018)<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-d84f748bde80dac87e899490e943a9ac5d33eca8-v18_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-d84f748bde80dac87e899490e943a9ac5d33eca8-v18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">162,014</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_population" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by population">80th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">4.1/km<sup>2</sup> (11/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">70.8%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">Rural</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">29.2%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Russia" title="Time in Russia">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B10" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+10">UTC+10</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vladivostok_Time" title="Vladivostok Time">MSK+7</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7730?uselang=en#P421" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-vremeni_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vremeni-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">RU-YEV</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Russia" title="Vehicle registration plates of Russia">License plates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">79</td></tr><tr class="79"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OKTMO" title="OKTMO">OKTMO</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">99000000</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a><sup id="cite_ref-Russian_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russian-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eao.ru">www.eao.ru</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Jewish Autonomous Oblast</b> (<b>JAO</b>; Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Еврейская автономная область (ЕАО)</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Yevreyskaya avtonomnaya oblast</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[jɪˈvrʲejskəjə<span class="wrap"> </span>ɐftɐˈnomnəjə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈobləsʲtʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>(ˌje‿ˌa‿ˈo)]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ייִדישע אװטאָנאָמע (אױטאָנאָמע) געגנט</span>‎</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Yiddish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">Yidishe avtonome (oytonome) gegnt</i></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillized" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillized">cyrillized</a>:</span> Йидише автономе (ойтономе) гегнт, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Yiddish" title="Help:IPA/Yiddish">[ˈjɪdɪʃə<span class="wrap"> </span>avtɔˈnɔmə<span class="wrap"> </span>(ɔɪtɔˈnɔmə)<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɡɛɡn̩t]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">federal subject</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">far east</a> of the country, bordering <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk_Krai" title="Khabarovsk Krai">Khabarovsk Krai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amur_Oblast" title="Amur Oblast">Amur Oblast</a> in Russia and <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a> province in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Administrative_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative center">administrative center</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of inhabited localities in Russia">town</a> of <a href="/wiki/Birobidzhan" title="Birobidzhan">Birobidzhan</a>. </p><p>The JAO was designated by a Soviet official decree in 1928, and officially established in 1934. At its height, in the late 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> population in the region peaked around 46,000–50,000, approximately 25% of its population.<sup id="cite_ref-David_Holley_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Holley-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1959, its Jewish population had fallen by half, and by 1989, with <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">emigration restrictions</a> removed, Jews made up 4% of its population. By 2010, according to census data, there were only approximately 1,600 people of Jewish descent remaining in the JAO (or just under 1% of the total population of the JAO and around 1% of Jews in the country), while ethnic Russians made up 93% of its population.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 2021 census, there were only 837 ethnic Jews left in the JAO (0.6%). </p><p>Article 65 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution of Russia</a> provides that the JAO is Russia's only <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous oblasts of Russia">autonomous oblast</a>. It is one of two officially Jewish jurisdictions in the world, the other being <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also the only territory in the world where <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> is a recognized <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jao-ustav_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jao-ustav-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="History of the Jews in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast">History of the Jews in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">History of the Jews in Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">History of the Jews in the Soviet Union</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Annexation_of_the_Amur_Region_by_Russia">Annexation of the Amur Region by Russia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Annexation of the Amur Region by Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to 1858, the area of what is today the Jewish Autonomous Oblast was ruled by a succession of <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">Chinese imperial dynasties</a>. In 1858, the northern bank of the <a href="/wiki/Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur River</a>, including the territory of today's Jewish Autonomous Oblast, was split away from the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Chinese</a> territory of <a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria</a> and became incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aigun" title="Treaty of Aigun">Treaty of Aigun</a> (1858) and the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Peking" title="Convention of Peking">Convention of Peking</a> (1860). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_colonization">Military colonization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Military colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1858, the Russian government authorized the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Amur_Cossacks" title="Amur Cossacks">Amur Cossack Host</a> to protect the south-east boundary of Siberia and communications on the Amur and <a href="/wiki/Ussuri" title="Ussuri">Ussuri</a> rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pereltsvaig-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This military colonization included settlers from <a href="/wiki/Transbaikalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transbaikalia">Transbaikalia</a>. Between 1858 and 1882, many settlements consisting of wooden houses were founded.<sup id="cite_ref-russianamur_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russianamur-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that as many as 40,000 men from the Russian military moved into the region.<sup id="cite_ref-russianamur_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russianamur-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Expeditions of scientists, including geographers, ethnographers, naturalists, and botanists such as <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Ivanovich_Venyukov" title="Mikhail Ivanovich Venyukov">Mikhail Ivanovich Venyukov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Schrenck" title="Leopold von Schrenck">Leopold von Schrenck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Maximovich" title="Karl Maximovich">Karl Maximovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Radde" title="Gustav Radde">Gustav Radde</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Leontyevich_Komarov" title="Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov">Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov</a> promoted research in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pereltsvaig-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Construction_of_the_Trans-Siberian_Railway">Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:166px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trans_siberian_railroad_large.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Trans_siberian_railroad_large.png/238px-Trans_siberian_railroad_large.png" decoding="async" width="238" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Trans_siberian_railroad_large.png/357px-Trans_siberian_railroad_large.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Trans_siberian_railroad_large.png/476px-Trans_siberian_railroad_large.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Map of the Trans-Siberian Railroad: original route in red, Baikal-Amur Mainline in green.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:154px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yevrey03.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Yevrey03.png/238px-Yevrey03.png" decoding="async" width="238" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Yevrey03.png/357px-Yevrey03.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Yevrey03.png/476px-Yevrey03.png 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="606" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Jewish Autonomous Oblast with the administrative center of Birobidzhan underscored.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In 1899, construction began on the regional section of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a> connecting <a href="/wiki/Chita,_Zabaykalsky_Krai" title="Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai">Chita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>. The project produced a large influx of new settlers and the foundation of new settlements. Between 1908 and 1912, stations opened at Volochayevka, <a href="/wiki/Obluchye" title="Obluchye">Obluchye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bira,_Russia" title="Bira, Russia">Bira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birakan" title="Birakan">Birakan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Londoko" title="Londoko">Londoko</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=In,_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In, Russia (page does not exist)">In</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikhonkaya,_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tikhonkaya, Jewish Autonomous Oblast (page does not exist)">Tikhonkaya</a>. The railway construction finished in October 1916 with the opening of the 2,590-metre (8,500 ft) <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk_Bridge" title="Khabarovsk Bridge">Khabarovsk Bridge</a> across the Amur at <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a>. </p><p>During this time, before the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">1917 revolution</a>, most local inhabitants were farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pereltsvaig-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only industrial enterprise was the Tungussky timber mill, although gold was mined in the Sutara River, and there were some small railway workshops.<sup id="cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pereltsvaig-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_Civil_War">Russian Civil War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Russian Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1922, during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, the territory of the future Jewish Autonomous Oblast became the scene of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Volochayevka" title="Battle of Volochayevka">Battle of Volochayevka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_policies_regarding_minorities_and_Jews">Soviet policies regarding minorities and Jews</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Soviet policies regarding minorities and Jews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> as a religion ran counter to the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik party</a>'s policy of atheism and their crackdown on organized Jewish communities by closing synagogues and harassing believers, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> also wanted to appease minority groups to gain their support and provide examples of tolerance.<sup id="cite_ref-siegel_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siegel-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1924, the unemployment rate among Jews exceeded 30 percent,<sup id="cite_ref-komzet_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-komzet-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a result of USSR policies against private property ownership, which prohibited them from being craftspeople and small businessmen as many had been prior to the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-sadandabsurd_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sadandabsurd-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the goal of getting Jews back to work to be more productive members of society, the government established <a href="/wiki/Komzet" title="Komzet">Komzet</a>, the committee for the agricultural settlement of Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-komzet_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-komzet-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet government entertained the idea of resettling all Jews in the USSR in a designated territory where they would be able to pursue a lifestyle that was "socialist in content and national in form". The Russians also wanted to offer an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>, the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">Mandate of Palestine</a> as a Jewish homeland. <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Zionist">Socialist Zionists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ber_Borochov" title="Ber Borochov">Ber Borochov</a> were gaining followers at that time, and Zionism was the favored ideology in the world's political economy to the Yiddish interpretations, which were essentially incompatible with the USSR because of the Yiddish movement's growing opposition (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a>) to the very ethno-nationalism which constituted and structured Soviet states.<sup id="cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pereltsvaig-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> was initially considered in the early 1920s, when it already had a significant Jewish population.<sup id="cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pereltsvaig-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two Jewish districts (<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru">raiony</i></span>) were formed in Crimea and three in south Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-komzet_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-komzet-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yaacov_Ro'i_1995_193_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yaacov_Ro'i_1995_193-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, an alternative scheme, perceived as more advantageous, was put into practice.<sup id="cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pereltsvaig-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"></p><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosja_1990.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Rosja_1990.jpg/250px-Rosja_1990.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Rosja_1990.jpg/375px-Rosja_1990.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Rosja_1990.jpg/500px-Rosja_1990.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A child playing in the JAO.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chapel_of_St._Dmitry_Donskoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chapel_of_St._Dmitry_Donskoy.jpg/250px-Chapel_of_St._Dmitry_Donskoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chapel_of_St._Dmitry_Donskoy.jpg/375px-Chapel_of_St._Dmitry_Donskoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chapel_of_St._Dmitry_Donskoy.jpg/500px-Chapel_of_St._Dmitry_Donskoy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Chapel of St. Dmitry Donskoy.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE5.jpg/250px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE5.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE5.jpg/375px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE5.jpg/500px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A monument to the Volochaevsky battle.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Government-hq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Government-hq.jpg/250px-Government-hq.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Government-hq.jpg/375px-Government-hq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Government-hq.jpg/500px-Government-hq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="485" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A Yiddish-Russian sign on the JAO government headquarters.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Establishment">Establishment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eventually, <a href="/wiki/Birobidzhan" title="Birobidzhan">Birobidzhan</a>, in what is now the JAO, was chosen by the Soviet leadership as the site for the Jewish region.<sup id="cite_ref-rosen_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosen-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The choice of this area was a surprise to Komzet; the area had been chosen for military and economic reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-siegel_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siegel-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This area was often infiltrated by <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">China</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> also wanted Russia to lose the provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Far_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Far East">Soviet Far East</a>. At the time, there were only about 30,000 inhabitants in the area, mostly descendants of Trans-Baikal <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> resettled there by tsarist authorities, Koreans, Kazakhs, and the <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nora_Levin_1990_283_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nora_Levin_1990_283-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet government wanted to increase settlement in the remote <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>, especially along the vulnerable border with China. General <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Sudoplatov" title="Pavel Sudoplatov">Pavel Sudoplatov</a> writes about the government's rationale behind picking the area in the Far East: "The establishment of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Birobidzhan in 1928 was ordered by Stalin only as an effort to strengthen the Far Eastern border region with an outpost, not as a favour to the Jews. The area was constantly penetrated by Chinese and White Russian resistance groups, and the idea was to shield the territory by establishing a settlement whose inhabitants would be hostile to <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">white Russian émigrés</a>, especially the Cossacks. The status of this region was defined shrewdly as an autonomous district, not an autonomous republic, which meant that no local legislature, high court, or government post of ministerial rank was permitted. It was an autonomous area, but a bare frontier, not a political center."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 March 1928, the Presidium of the General Executive Committee of the USSR passed the decree "On the attaching for Komzet of free territory near the Amur River in the Russian Far East for settlement of the working Jews."<sup id="cite_ref-behindcommunism_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-behindcommunism-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decree meant "a possibility of establishment of a Jewish administrative territorial unit on the territory of said region".<sup id="cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pereltsvaig-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-behindcommunism_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-behindcommunism-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new territory was initially called the <a href="/wiki/Birobidzhan" title="Birobidzhan">Birobidzhan</a> Jewish National Raion.<sup id="cite_ref-siegel_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siegel-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birobidzhan had a harsh geography and climate: it was mountainous, covered with virgin forests of oak, pine and cedar, and also swamplands, and any new settlers would have to build their lives from scratch. To make colonization more enticing, the Soviet government allowed private land ownership. This led to many non-Jews settling in the oblast to get a free farm.<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_Overy_2004_567_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard_Overy_2004_567-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the spring of 1928, 654 Jews arrived to settle in the area; however, by October 1928, 49.7% of them had left because of the severe conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-siegel_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siegel-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1928, there were torrential rains that flooded the crops and an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a> that killed the cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-wherejews_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wherejews-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 May 1934, the Presidium of the General Executive Committee accepted the decree on its transformation into the Jewish Autonomous Region within the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pereltsvaig-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938, with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk_Krai" title="Khabarovsk Krai">Khabarovsk Territory</a>, the Jewish Autonomous Region (JAR) was included in its structure.<sup id="cite_ref-behindcommunism_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-behindcommunism-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Growth_of_Jewish_communities_in_the_early_1930s">Growth of Jewish communities in the early 1930s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Growth of Jewish communities in the early 1930s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A9%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%83_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%842.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%D0%A9%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B8%2C_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%83_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%842.JPG/250px-%D0%A9%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B8%2C_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%83_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%842.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%D0%A9%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B8%2C_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%83_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%842.JPG/375px-%D0%A9%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B8%2C_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%83_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%842.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%D0%A9%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B8%2C_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%83_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%842.JPG/500px-%D0%A9%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B8%2C_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%83_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%842.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Market near the village of Nikolaevka.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%2C_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%2C_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%2C_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%2C_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%2C_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%2C_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3305" data-file-height="1871" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A menorah dominates the front of Birobidzhan's railway station.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%90%D0%9E_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%90%D0%9E_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE.JPG/250px-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%90%D0%9E_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%90%D0%9E_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE.JPG/375px-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%90%D0%9E_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%90%D0%9E_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE.JPG/500px-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%90%D0%9E_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Vladimirovka village.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In the 1930s, a Soviet promotional campaign was created to entice more Jewish settlers to move there. The campaign partly incorporated the standard Soviet promotional tools of the era, including posters and Yiddish-language novels describing a socialist utopia there. In one instance, leaflets promoting Birobidzhan were dropped from an airplane over a Jewish neighborhood in Belarus. In another instance, a government-produced Yiddish film called <i><a href="/wiki/Seekers_of_Happiness" title="Seekers of Happiness">Seekers of Happiness</a></i> told the story of a Jewish family from overseas making a new life for itself in Birobidzhan.<sup id="cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pereltsvaig-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early Jewish settlements included <a href="/wiki/Valdgeym" title="Valdgeym">Valdgeym</a>, dating from 1928, which included the first <a href="/wiki/Collective_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective farm">collective farm</a> established in the oblast,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amurzet" title="Amurzet">Amurzet</a>, which was the center of Jewish settlement south of Birobidzhan from 1929 to 1939,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Smidovich" title="Smidovich">Smidovich</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Jewish_Colonisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for Jewish Colonisation in the Soviet Union">Organization for Jewish Colonisation in the Soviet Union</a>, a Jewish Communist organization in North America, successfully encouraged the immigration of some US residents, such as the family of the future spy <a href="/wiki/George_Koval" title="George Koval">George Koval</a>, which arrived in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pereltsvaig-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 1,200 non-Soviet Jews chose to settle in Birobidzhan.<sup id="cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pereltsvaig-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rosen_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosen-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Jewish population grew, so did the impact of <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish culture">Yiddish culture</a> on the region. The settlers established a Yiddish newspaper, the <i><a href="/wiki/Birobidzhaner_Shtern" title="Birobidzhaner Shtern">Birobidzhaner Shtern</a></i>; a theatre troupe was created; and streets being built in the new city were named after prominent Yiddish authors such as <a href="/wiki/Sholom_Aleichem" class="mw-redirect" title="Sholom Aleichem">Sholom Aleichem</a> and <a href="/wiki/I._L._Peretz" title="I. L. Peretz">I. L. Peretz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishcurrents_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishcurrents-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stalin_era_and_World_War_II">Stalin era and World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Stalin era and World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Jewish population of JAO reached a pre-war peak of 20,000 in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 1939 population census, 17,695 Jews lived in the region (16% of the total population).<sup id="cite_ref-behindcommunism_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-behindcommunism-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atlas_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlas-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war ended in 1945, there was renewed interest in the idea of Birobidzhan as a potential home for Jewish refugees. The Jewish population in the region peaked at around 46,000–50,000 Jews in 1948, around 25% of the entire population of the JAO.<sup id="cite_ref-David_Holley_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Holley-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The census of 1959 found that the Jewish population of the JAO had declined by approximately 50%, down to 14,269 persons.<sup id="cite_ref-atlas_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlas-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A synagogue was opened at the end of World War II, but it closed in the mid-1960s after a fire left it severely damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-crownheights_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crownheights-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980, a Yiddish school was opened in <a href="/wiki/Valdgeym" title="Valdgeym">Valdgeym</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1987, the reformist Soviet government led by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> pardoned many political prisoners and told the American Jewish community that it would allow the emigration of 11,000 Jewish <a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">refuseniks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoderBranson1990195_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoderBranson1990195-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 1989 Soviet Census, there were 8,887 Jews living in the JAO, or 4% of the total JAO population of 214,085.<sup id="cite_ref-siegel_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siegel-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Soviet_history">Post-Soviet history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Post-Soviet history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_Jewish_Agency_Representatives.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Jewish_Agency_Representatives.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Jewish_Agency_Representatives.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Jewish_Agency_Representatives.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Jewish_Agency_Representatives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Jewish_Agency_Representatives.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Jewish_Agency_Representatives.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Birobidzhan" title="Birobidzhan">Birobidzhaners</a> <a href="/wiki/1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="1990s post-Soviet aliyah">arriving in Israel</a>, 23 March 1993.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1991, after the breakup of the Soviet Union, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast became the <a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">federal subject</a> of Russia and thus was no longer subordinated to <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk_Krai" title="Khabarovsk Krai">Khabarovsk Krai</a>. However, by that time, most of the Jews had emigrated from the Soviet Union and the remaining Jews constituted fewer than 2% of the local population.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishcurrents_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishcurrents-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1996, 872 people, or 20% of the Jewish population at that time, emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> via chartered flights.<sup id="cite_ref-jamesbrook_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jamesbrook-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2002, 2,357 Jews were living in the JAO.<sup id="cite_ref-atlas_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlas-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2004 article stated that the number of Jews in the region "was now growing".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2005, <a href="/wiki/Amurzet" title="Amurzet">Amurzet</a> had a small active Jewish community.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An April 2007 article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i> claimed that the Jewish population had grown to about 4,000. The article cited <a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Scheiner" title="Mordechai Scheiner">Mordechai Scheiner</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi" title="Chief Rabbi">Chief Rabbi</a> of the JAO from 2002 to 2011, who said that, at the time the article was published, Jewish culture was enjoying a religious and cultural resurgence.<sup id="cite_ref-jpost_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpost-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2010, according to data provided by the Russian Census Bureau, there were only approximately 1,600 people of Jewish descent remaining in the JAO (1% of the total population), while ethnic Russians made up 93% of the JAO population.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to an article published in 2000, Birobidzhan has several state-run schools that teach Yiddish, a Yiddish school for religious instruction and a kindergarten. The five- to seven-year-olds spend two lessons a week learning to speak Yiddish, as well as being taught Jewish songs, dance, and traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2006 article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i> stated that Yiddish is taught in the schools, a Yiddish radio station is in operation, and the <i>Birobidzhaner Shtern</i> newspaper includes a section in Yiddish.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtontimes.com_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtontimes.com-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OmqBXApVTdk.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/OmqBXApVTdk.tif/lossless-page1-220px-OmqBXApVTdk.tif.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/OmqBXApVTdk.tif/lossless-page1-330px-OmqBXApVTdk.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/OmqBXApVTdk.tif/lossless-page1-440px-OmqBXApVTdk.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Memorial for Jewish poet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Leibovich_Bronfman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac Leibovich Bronfman (page does not exist)">Isaac Leibovich Bronfman</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2002, <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Chayim,_Comrade_Stalin!" title="L'Chayim, Comrade Stalin!">L'Chayim, Comrade Stalin!</a></i>, a documentary on Stalin's creation of the Jewish Autonomous Region and its settlement, was released by <a href="/wiki/The_Cinema_Guild" title="The Cinema Guild">The Cinema Guild</a>. In addition to being a history of the creation of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, the film features scenes of contemporary Birobidzhan and interviews with Jewish residents.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to an article published in 2010, Yiddish is the language of instruction in only one of Birobidzhan's 14 public schools. Two schools, representing a quarter of the city's students, offer compulsory Yiddish classes for children aged 6 to 10.<sup id="cite_ref-HERSZENHORN_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HERSZENHORN-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2012, the <i><a href="/wiki/Birobidzhaner_Shtern" title="Birobidzhaner Shtern">Birobidzhaner Shtern</a></i> continues to publish 2 or 3 pages per week in Yiddish and one local elementary school still teaches Yiddish.<sup id="cite_ref-HERSZENHORN_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HERSZENHORN-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2012 article, "only a very small minority, mostly seniors, speak Yiddish", a new <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a>-sponsored synagogue opened at the 14a Sholom-Aleichem Street, and the <a href="/wiki/Sholem_Aleichem_Amur_State_University" title="Sholem Aleichem Amur State University">Sholem Aleichem Amur State University</a> offers a Yiddish course.<sup id="cite_ref-crownheights_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crownheights-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2015 article, <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a> meat arrives by train from <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> every few weeks, a Sunday school functions, and there is also a <a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">minyan</a> on Friday night and <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A November 2017 article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, titled, "Revival of a Soviet Zion: Birobidzhan celebrates its Jewish heritage", examined the current status of the city and suggested that, even though the Jewish Autonomous Region in Russia's far east is now barely 1% Jewish, officials hope to woo back people who left after Soviet collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2013_proposals_to_merge_the_JAO_with_adjoining_regions">2013 proposals to merge the JAO with adjoining regions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2013 proposals to merge the JAO with adjoining regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013, there were proposals to merge the JAO with <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk_Krai" title="Khabarovsk Krai">Khabarovsk Krai</a> or with <a href="/wiki/Amur_Oblast" title="Amur Oblast">Amur Oblast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pereltsvaig-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposals led to protests,<sup id="cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pereltsvaig-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were rejected by residents,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the Jewish community of Russia. There were also questions as to whether a merger would be allowed pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution of Russia</a> and whether a merger would require a national referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pereltsvaig-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>JAO and its history have been portrayed in the documentary film <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Chayim,_Comrade_Stalin!" title="L'Chayim, Comrade Stalin!">L'Chayim, Comrade Stalin!</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Released in 2002, the film tells the story of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s creation of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast and its partial settlement by thousands of <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> speaking <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a>. As well as relating the history of the creation of the proposed <a href="/wiki/Jewish_homeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish homeland">Jewish homeland</a>, the film features scenes of life in contemporary Birobidzhan and interviews with Jewish residents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The northern and western section of the oblast is mountainous, with the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Khingan" title="Lesser Khingan">Lesser Khingan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bureya_Range" title="Bureya Range">Bureya Range</a>, among others. At 1,421 metres (4,662 ft) <a href="/wiki/Mount_Studencheskaya" title="Mount Studencheskaya">Mount Studencheskaya</a>, located in the Bureya Range, is the highest point of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast. The southern and eastern section is part of the <a href="/wiki/Amur_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur valley">Amur valley</a>, with only a few small residual ridges.<sup id="cite_ref-EAO_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAO-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The territory has a <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoonal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anticyclonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticyclonic">anticyclonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, with warm, wet, humid summers due to the influence of the <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a> monsoon, and cold, dry, windy conditions prevailing in the winter months courtesy of the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_High" title="Siberian High">Siberian high-pressure system</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:340px;max-width:340px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:257px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.png/338px-Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.png" decoding="async" width="338" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.png/507px-Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.png/676px-Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="717" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Life expectancy at birth in the JAO.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:340px;max-width:340px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proportion_of_Jews_in_the_general_population_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Region_by_year.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Proportion_of_Jews_in_the_general_population_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Region_by_year.jpg/338px-Proportion_of_Jews_in_the_general_population_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Region_by_year.jpg" decoding="async" width="338" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Proportion_of_Jews_in_the_general_population_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Region_by_year.jpg/507px-Proportion_of_Jews_in_the_general_population_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Region_by_year.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Proportion_of_Jews_in_the_general_population_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Region_by_year.jpg/676px-Proportion_of_Jews_in_the_general_population_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Region_by_year.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="297" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Proportion of Jews in the general population of the JAO by year.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Article 65 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution of Russia</a> provides that the JAO is Russia's only <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous oblasts of Russia">autonomous oblast</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Administrative divisions of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Administrative divisions of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast</a></div> <p>The Jewish Autonomous Oblast is divided into five <a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">districts</a>, including Birobidzhan, a <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia" title="Classification of inhabited localities in Russia">town</a> which has <a href="/wiki/City_of_federal_subject_significance" title="City of federal subject significance">district status</a>; the oblast has one other town (<a href="/wiki/Obluchye,_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Obluchye, Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Obluchye</a>) and a further 11 <a href="/wiki/Urban-type_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban-type settlements">urban-type settlements</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Jewish Autonomous Oblast is part of the <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Economic_Region" title="Far Eastern Economic Region">Far Eastern Economic Region</a>; it has industry and agriculture and its <a href="/wiki/Transport_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport network">transportation network</a> involves roads, rail and water ways. Although landlocked, it is a <a href="/wiki/Free_economic_zone" title="Free economic zone">free economic zone</a>. The oblast's mineral and building and finishing material resources are in demand on the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russian market</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nonferrous_metallurgy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonferrous metallurgy">Nonferrous metallurgy</a>, engineering, metalworking, and the <a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">building material</a>, forest, <a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">woodworking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_industry" title="Light industry">light industrial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Food_industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Food industries">food industries</a> are the most highly developed industrial sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Autonomous_Region_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Autonomous_Region-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agriculture is the Jewish Autonomous Oblast's main economic sector owing to fertile soils and a <a href="/wiki/Moisture" title="Moisture">moist climate</a>. </p><p>The largest companies in the region include Kimkano–Sutarsky Mining and Processing Plant (with revenues of $116.55 million in 2017), Teploozersky Cement Plant ($29.14 million) and Brider Trading House ($24 million).<sup id="cite_ref-regioncompanies_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regioncompanies-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region's well-developed transportation network consists of 530 km (330 mi) of railways, including the Tsarist-era Trans-Siberian Railway; 600 km (370 mi) of waterways along the Amur and Tunguska rivers; and 1,900 km (1,200 mi) of roads, including 1,600 km (1,000 mi) of paved roads. The most important road is the Khabarovsk-Birobidzhan-Obluchye-Amur Region highway with ferry service across the Amur. The <a href="/wiki/Birobidzhan_Yuzhniy_Airfield" title="Birobidzhan Yuzhniy Airfield">Birobidzhan Yuzhniy Airfield</a>, in the center of the region, connects Birobidzhan with Khabarovsk and outlying district centers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye_railway_bridge">Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye_railway_bridge" title="Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge">Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge</a></div> <p>The Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge is a 2.215 km (1.38 mi) long, $355 million bridge that links <a href="/wiki/Nizhneleninskoye" title="Nizhneleninskoye">Nizhneleninskoye</a> in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast with <a href="/wiki/Tongjiang,_Heilongjiang" title="Tongjiang, Heilongjiang">Tongjiang</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Heilongjiang Province">Heilongjiang Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. The bridge opened in 2021<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and transports more than 3 million tonnes (3.3 million short tons; 3.0 million long tons) of cargo and 1.5 million passengers per year.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1926</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">35,540</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">108,900</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+206.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1959</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">162,856</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+49.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">172,449</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1979</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">190,219</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+10.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1989</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">215,937</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2002</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">190,915</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−11.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">176,558</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−7.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">150,453</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−14.8%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: Census data</td></tr></tbody></table><p>The population of JAO has declined by over 40% since 1989 due to massive exodus in 1989–1996, with the numbers recorded being <span class="nowrap">215,937 (<a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989 Soviet census</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-Census1989_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census1989-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span class="nowrap">150,453 (<a href="/wiki/2021_Russian_census" title="2021 Russian census">2021 Census</a>)</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2021Census_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021Census-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Ethnicities in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in 2021<sup id="cite_ref-census2021_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2021-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ethnicity </th> <th>Population</th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> </td> <td>133,625</td> <td>88.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> </td> <td>1,292</td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> </td> <td>837</td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> </td> <td>431</td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> </td> <td>411</td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a> </td> <td>371</td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other ethnicities </td> <td>2,712</td> <td>1.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ethnicity not stated </td> <td>10,774</td> <td>7.2% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the late 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> population in the region peaked around 46,000–50,000, approximately 25% of its population.<sup id="cite_ref-David_Holley_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Holley-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The census of 1959 found that the Jewish population of the JAO had declined by approximately 50%, down to 14,269 persons.<sup id="cite_ref-atlas_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlas-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1987, the reformist Soviet government led by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> pardoned many political prisoners and told the American Jewish community that it would allow the emigration of 11,000 Jewish <a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">refuseniks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoderBranson1990195_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoderBranson1990195-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 1989 Soviet Census, there were 8,887 Jews living in the JAO, or 4% of the total JAO population of 214,085.<sup id="cite_ref-siegel_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siegel-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, after the breakup of the Soviet Union, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast became the <a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">federal subject</a> of Russia and thus was no longer subordinated to <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk_Krai" title="Khabarovsk Krai">Khabarovsk Krai</a>. However, by that time, most of the Jews had emigrated from the Soviet Union and the remaining Jews constituted fewer than 2% of the local population.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishcurrents_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishcurrents-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1996, 872 people, or 20% of the Jewish population at that time, emigrated to Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-jamesbrook_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jamesbrook-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2002, 2,357 Jews were living in the JAO.<sup id="cite_ref-atlas_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlas-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2004 article stated that the number of Jews in the region "was now growing".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An April 2007 article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i> claimed that the Jewish population had grown to about 4,000. The article cited <a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Scheiner" title="Mordechai Scheiner">Mordechai Scheiner</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi" title="Chief Rabbi">Chief Rabbi</a> of the JAO from 2002 to 2011, who said that, at the time the article was published, Jewish culture was enjoying a religious and cultural resurgence.<sup id="cite_ref-jpost_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpost-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Vital statistics for 2022:</b><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Births: 1,430 (9.3 per 1,000)</li> <li>Deaths: 2,272 (14.8 per 1,000)</li></ul> <p><b>Total fertility rate (2022):</b><sup id="cite_ref-gks.ru-tfr_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gks.ru-tfr-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> 1.62 children per woman </p><p><b>Life expectancy (2021):</b><sup id="cite_ref-rosstat_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosstat-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> Total — 66.12 years (male — 61.73, female — 70.58) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages_spoken">Languages spoken</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Languages spoken"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Soviet Union there was an attempt to make Yiddish an official language within Birobidzhan.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the statute of JAO (1997), Yiddish is one of the recognized <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jao-ustav_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jao-ustav-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yiddish is taught in three of the region's schools, but the community is almost exclusively Russian-speaking.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to an article published in 2000, Birobidzhan has several state-run schools that teach Yiddish, a Yiddish school for religious instruction and a kindergarten. The five- to seven-year-olds spend two lessons a week learning to speak Yiddish, as well as being taught Jewish songs, dance, and traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2006 article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i> stated that Yiddish is taught in the schools, a Yiddish radio station is in operation, and the <i>Birobidzhaner Shtern</i> newspaper includes a section in Yiddish.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtontimes.com_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtontimes.com-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:none"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Jewish Autonomous Oblast as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)<sup id="cite_ref-2012ArenaAtlas_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012ArenaAtlas-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2012Arena-religion-maps_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012Arena-religion-maps-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodoxy">Russian Orthodoxy</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkOrchid; width:23%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">23%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodox</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:MediumOrchid; width:6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Russia" title="Christianity in Russia">Christians</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DeepSkyBlue; width:10%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">10%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Green; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Blue; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_but_not_religious" title="Spiritual but not religious">Spiritual but not religious</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkSlateGray; width:35%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">35%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Black; width:22%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">22%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other and undeclared</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Gray; width:3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>According to a 2012 survey, 23% of the population of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast adhere to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodoxy</a>, 6% are <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodox Christians</a> of other church jurisdictions or Orthodox believers who are not members of any church, and 9% are <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">unaffiliated</a> or generic Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-2012ArenaAtlas_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012ArenaAtlas-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, despite being the associated religion of the oblast's titular ethnoreligious group, is practiced by just 1% of the population, which is only slightly higher than the national average and is close to that of communities in other federal subjects. In addition, 35% of the population identify as "spiritual but not religious", and 22% profess <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>, making the Jewish Autonomous Oblast one of the least religious regions in Russia. A total of 5% of the population follows other religions or declined to answer the question.<sup id="cite_ref-2012ArenaAtlas_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012ArenaAtlas-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archbishop Ephraim (Prosyanka) (2015) is the head of the Russian Orthodox Eparchy (Diocese) of Birobidzhan (established 2002). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beit_T%27shuva" title="Beit T'shuva">Beit T'shuva</a> synagogue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Jews" title="East Asian Jews">East Asian Jews</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Happiness" title="In Search of Happiness">In Search of Happiness</a></i>, 2005 documentary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Kaufman_(rabbi)" title="Boris Kaufman (rabbi)">Boris Kaufman (rabbi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_a_Jewish_state" title="Proposals for a Jewish state">Proposals for a Jewish state</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FederalDistrict-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FederalDistrict_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г.</span></span> (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 <i>On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District</i>. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EconomicRegion-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EconomicRegion_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР.</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Gosstandart" title="Gosstandart">Gosstandart</a> of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 <i>Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions</i>, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthem-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anthem_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Law #30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AdmCtr-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AdmCtr_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Article 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Legis-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Legis_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Article 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeadName-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HeadName_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official website of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eao.ru/?p=6">Alexander Borisovich Levintal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417185911/https://www.eao.ru/?p=6">Archived</a> April 17, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Governor of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast <span class="languageicon">(in Russian and Yiddish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeadTitle-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HeadTitle_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Article 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-area-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-area_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209085730/https://rosreestr.gov.ru/upload/Doc/06-upr/Ф.%2022%20за%202019%20год%20(по%20субъектам%20РФ).doc">"Сведения о наличии и распределении земель в Российской Федерации на 01.01.2019 (в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_State_Registration,_Cadastre_and_Cartography" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography">Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.date=2011-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpravo.gov.ru%2Fproxy%2Fips%2F%3Fdocbody%3D%26prevDoc%3D102483854%26backlink%3D1%26%26nd%3D102148085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russian-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Russian_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution of Russia</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Established-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Established_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Article 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEran_Laor_Cartographic_Collection._The_National_Library_of_Israel" class="citation web cs1">Eran Laor Cartographic Collection. 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January 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Jewish+Autonomous+Region+In+Siberia+%27Ready%27+To+House+European+Jews.&rft.pub=Radio+Free+Europe&rft.date=2016-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Frussia-jewish-autonomous-region-house-european-jews%2F27498765.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2016/09/07/492962278/sad-and-absurd-the-u-s-s-r-s-disastrous-effort-to-create-a-jewish-homeland">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Sad And Absurd': The U.S.S.R.'s Disastrous Effort To Create A Jewish Homeland"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=%27Sad+And+Absurd%27%3A+The+U.S.S.R.%27s+Disastrous+Effort+To+Create+A+Jewish+Homeland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2016%2F09%2F07%2F492962278%2Fsad-and-absurd-the-u-s-s-r-s-disastrous-effort-to-create-a-jewish-homeland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jao-ustav-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jao-ustav_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jao-ustav_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitution.garant.ru/region/ustav_evreis/chapter/1/">"Устав Еврейской автономной области от 8 октября 1997 г. N 40-ОЗ (с изменениями и дополнениями) Глава I. Общие положения. Статья 6.2 [Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast N 40-ОЗ (with the Amendments and Additions of 8 October 1997): Chapter I. General situation. Article 6.2]"</a>. <i>Сайт Конституции Российской Федерации [Site of the Constitution of the Russian Federation]</i>. Garant. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150221205825/http://constitution.garant.ru/region/ustav_evreis/chapter/1/#block_1000">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2023</span>. <q>В области создаются условия для сохранения, изучения и развития языков еврейского народа и других народов, проживающих на территории области.</q> [In the oblast the conditions will be created for the protection, study and growth of the languages of the Jewish peoples and other peoples living on the territory of the oblast.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%5BSite+of+the+Constitution+of+the+Russian+Federation%5D&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82+8+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+1997+%D0%B3.+N+40-%D0%9E%D0%97+%28%D1%81+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8%29+%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+I.+%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F+6.2+%5BCharter+of+the+Jewish+Autonomous+Oblast+N+40-%D0%9E%D0%97+%28with+the+Amendments+and+Additions+of+8+October+1997%29%3A+Chapter+I.+General+situation.+Article+6.2%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconstitution.garant.ru%2Fregion%2Fustav_evreis%2Fchapter%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pereltsvaig-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pereltsvaig_19-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsya_Pereltsvaig2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asya_Pereltsvaig" title="Asya Pereltsvaig">Asya Pereltsvaig</a> (October 9, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languagesoftheworld.info/russia-ukraine-and-the-caucasus/birobidzhan-frustrated-dreams-jewish-homeland.html">"Birobidzhan: Frustrated Dreams of a Jewish Homeland"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birobidzhan%3A+Frustrated+Dreams+of+a+Jewish+Homeland&rft.date=2014-10-09&rft.au=Asya+Pereltsvaig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languagesoftheworld.info%2Frussia-ukraine-and-the-caucasus%2Fbirobidzhan-frustrated-dreams-jewish-homeland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-russianamur-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-russianamur_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-russianamur_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavenstein1861" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Georg_Ravenstein" title="Ernst Georg Ravenstein">Ravenstein, Ernst Georg</a> (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_XEEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA156"><i>The Russians on the Amur: its discovery, conquest, and colonization, with a description of the country, its inhabitants, productions, and commercial capabilities ...</i></a> Trübner and co. p. 156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russians+on+the+Amur%3A+its+discovery%2C+conquest%2C+and+colonization%2C+with+a+description+of+the+country%2C+its+inhabitants%2C+productions%2C+and+commercial+capabilities+...&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner+and+co.&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=Ravenstein&rft.aufirst=Ernst+Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_XEEAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prlib.ru/en-us/History/Pages/Item.aspx?itemid=990">Anniversary of the Battle of Volochayevka</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-siegel-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-siegel_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-siegel_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-siegel_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-siegel_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-siegel_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-siegel_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160902184547/https://www.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/demokratizatsiya%20archive/05-03_siegel.pdf">"Nation Making in Russia's Jewish Autonomous Oblast"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/demokratizatsiya%20archive/05-03_siegel.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nation+Making+in+Russia%27s+Jewish+Autonomous+Oblast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gwu.edu%2F~ieresgwu%2Fassets%2Fdocs%2Fdemokratizatsiya%2520archive%2F05-03_siegel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-komzet-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-komzet_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-komzet_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-komzet_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKipnis" class="citation web cs1">Kipnis, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116155108/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0012_0_11427.html">"Komzet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></i>. Encyclopaedia Judaica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0012_0_11427.html">the original</a> on January 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=Komzet&rft.aulast=Kipnis&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fjudaica%2Fejud_0002_0012_0_11427.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sadandabsurd-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sadandabsurd_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasha_Gessen2016" class="citation web cs1">Masha Gessen (September 7, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2016/09/07/492962278/sad-and-absurd-the-u-s-s-r-s-disastrous-effort-to-create-a-jewish-homeland">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Sad And Absurd': The U.S.S.R.'s Disastrous Effort To Create A Jewish Homeland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Sad+And+Absurd%27%3A+The+U.S.S.R.%27s+Disastrous+Effort+To+Create+A+Jewish+Homeland&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2016-09-07&rft.au=Masha+Gessen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2016%2F09%2F07%2F492962278%2Fsad-and-absurd-the-u-s-s-r-s-disastrous-effort-to-create-a-jewish-homeland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yaacov_Ro'i_1995_193-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yaacov_Ro'i_1995_193_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaacov_Ro'i2004" class="citation book cs1">Yaacov Ro'i (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJBH5pxzSyMC&pg=PA193"><i>Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union</i></a>. Frank Cass & Co. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714646190" title="Special:BookSources/9780714646190"><bdi>9780714646190</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Jewish+Life+in+Russia+and+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+%26+Co.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780714646190&rft.au=Yaacov+Ro%27i&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJBH5pxzSyMC%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rosen-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rosen_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rosen_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Rosen2004" class="citation web cs1">Arthur Rosen (February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishmag.com/75mag/birobidzhan/birobidzhan.htm">"Birobidzhan – the Almost Soviet Jewish Autonomous Region"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birobidzhan+%E2%80%93+the+Almost+Soviet+Jewish+Autonomous+Region&rft.date=2004-02&rft.au=Arthur+Rosen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishmag.com%2F75mag%2Fbirobidzhan%2Fbirobidzhan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nora_Levin_1990_283-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nora_Levin_1990_283_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNora_Levin1990" class="citation book cs1">Nora Levin (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Nz0N5GBW6MC"><i>The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival, Volume 1</i></a>. New York University Press. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814750513" title="Special:BookSources/9780814750513"><bdi>9780814750513</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+in+the+Soviet+Union+Since+1917%3A+Paradox+of+Survival%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780814750513&rft.au=Nora+Levin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Nz0N5GBW6MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pavel Sudoplatov and Anatolii Sudoplatov, with Jerrold L. Schecter and Leona P. Schecter, <a href="/wiki/Special_Tasks" title="Special Tasks">Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness – A Soviet Spymaster</a>, Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Co., 1994, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-behindcommunism-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-behindcommunism_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-behindcommunism_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-behindcommunism_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-behindcommunism_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7QLiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105">Behind Communism</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richard_Overy_2004_567-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richard_Overy_2004_567_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Overy2004" class="citation book cs1">Richard Overy (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich"><i>The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</i></a></span>. W.W. Norton Company, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich/page/567">567</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393020304" title="Special:BookSources/9780393020304"><bdi>9780393020304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictators%3A+Hitler%27s+Germany%2C+Stalin%27s+Russia&rft.pages=567&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+Company%2C+Inc&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780393020304&rft.au=Richard+Overy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictators00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wherejews-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wherejews_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGessen2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Masha_Gessen" title="Masha Gessen">Gessen, Masha</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IfW4DAAAQBAJ"><i>Where the Jews Aren't: The Sad and Absurd Story of Birobidzhan, Russia's Jewish Autonomous Region</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805242461" title="Special:BookSources/9780805242461"><bdi>9780805242461</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+the+Jews+Aren%27t%3A+The+Sad+and+Absurd+Story+of+Birobidzhan%2C+Russia%27s+Jewish+Autonomous+Region&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780805242461&rft.aulast=Gessen&rft.aufirst=Masha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIfW4DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swarthmore.edu/Home/News/biro/html/panel13.html">"Stalin's forgotten Zion: the harsh realities of Birobidzhan"</a>. Swarthmore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+forgotten+Zion%3A+the+harsh+realities+of+Birobidzhan&rft.pub=Swarthmore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swarthmore.edu%2FHome%2FNews%2Fbiro%2Fhtml%2Fpanel13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140720041927/http://web.archive.org/web/20070927015959/http://fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=170388&cid=84435&media=80392&NewsType=80052&origMedia=80392&scope=3806&start=30">"A Jew Receives State Award in Jewish Autonomous Republic"</a>. Birobidjan, RU: The Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS. August 31, 2004. Archived from the original on July 20, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Jew+Receives+State+Award+in+Jewish+Autonomous+Republic&rft.place=Birobidjan%2C+RU&rft.pub=The+Federation+of+Jewish+Communities+of+the+CIS&rft.date=2004-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffjc.ru%2Fnews%2FnewsArticle.asp%3FAID%3D170388%26cid%3D84435%26media%3D80392%26NewsType%3D80052%26origMedia%3D80392%26scope%3D3806%26start%3D30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Walsh2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Michael Walsh (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/george-koval-atomic-spy-unmasked-125046223/">"George Koval: Atomic Spy Unmasked"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=George+Koval%3A+Atomic+Spy+Unmasked&rft.date=2009-05&rft.au=Michael+Walsh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fgeorge-koval-atomic-spy-unmasked-125046223%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewishcurrents-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jewishcurrents_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishcurrents_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishcurrents_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Srebrnik2006" class="citation web cs1">Henry Srebrnik (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishcurrents.org/old-site/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Birobidzhan.pdf">"Birobidzhan: A Remnant of History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Currents" title="Jewish Currents">Jewish Currents</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birobidzhan%3A+A+Remnant+of+History&rft.pub=Jewish+Currents&rft.date=2006-07&rft.au=Henry+Srebrnik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishcurrents.org%2Fold-site%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F02%2FBirobidzhan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzhq85nPrdsC&pg=PA326">A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlas-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atlas_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atlas_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atlas_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atlas_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atlas_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-w9JCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA257">Russian Political Atlas – Political Situation, Elections, Foreign Policy</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crownheights-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crownheights_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crownheights_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_G._Frank2012" class="citation web cs1">Ben G. Frank (April 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crownheights.info/something-jewish/43151/a-visit-to-the-soviet-jerusalem/">"A Visit to the 'Soviet Jerusalem'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. CrownHeights.info.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Visit+to+the+%27Soviet+Jerusalem%27&rft.pub=CrownHeights.info&rft.date=2012-04-15&rft.au=Ben+G.+Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrownheights.info%2Fsomething-jewish%2F43151%2Fa-visit-to-the-soviet-jerusalem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinkus1990" class="citation book cs1">Pinkus, Benjamin (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=52Ew77pZsNUC&pg=PA272">"The Post-Stalin period, 1953–83"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=52Ew77pZsNUC"><i>The Jews of the Soviet Union: the History of a national minority</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38926-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38926-6"><bdi>978-0-521-38926-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Post-Stalin+period%2C+1953%E2%80%9383&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+the+Soviet+Union%3A+the+History+of+a+national+minority&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-38926-6&rft.aulast=Pinkus&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D52Ew77pZsNUC%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoderBranson1990195-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoderBranson1990195_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoderBranson1990195_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoderBranson1990">Doder & Branson 1990</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jamesbrook-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jamesbrook_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jamesbrook_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Brook1996" class="citation news cs1">James Brook (July 11, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/11/world/birobidzhan-journal-a-promised-land-in-siberia-well-thanks-but.html">"Birobidzhan Journal;A Promised Land in Siberia? 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Utusan+Online&rft.atitle=Soviet-era+Jewish+homeland+struggles+on&rft.date=2000-01-13&rft.aulast=Steen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww1.utusan.com.my%2Futusan%2Finfo.asp%3Fy%3D2000%26dt%3D0113%26pub%3DUtusan_Express%26sec%3DFeatures%26pg%3Dfe_02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-washingtontimes.com-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-washingtontimes.com_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-washingtontimes.com_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/jan/7/20060107-104818-4703r/">"Jewish life revived in Russia"</a>. <i>The Washington Times</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=%27Sad+And+Absurd%27%3A+The+U.S.S.R.%27s+Disastrous+Effort+To+Create+A+Jewish+Homeland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2016%2F09%2F07%2F492962278%2Fsad-and-absurd-the-u-s-s-r-s-disastrous-effort-to-create-a-jewish-homeland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulius_Strauss2004" class="citation news cs1">Julius Strauss (August 17, 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/1469623/Jewish-enclave-created-in-Siberia-by-Stalin-stages-a-revival.html">"Jewish enclave created in Siberia by Stalin stages a revival"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/1469623/Jewish-enclave-created-in-Siberia-by-Stalin-stages-a-revival.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Jewish+enclave+created+in+Siberia+by+Stalin+stages+a+revival&rft.date=2004-08-17&rft.au=Julius+Strauss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Frussia%2F1469623%2FJewish-enclave-created-in-Siberia-by-Stalin-stages-a-revival.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302093910/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Edn_12-2022_t1_2.xlsx">"Information on the number of registered births, deaths, marriages and divorces for January to December 2022"</a>. <i>ROSSTAT</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Edn_12-2022.htm">the original</a> on March 2, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ROSSTAT&rft.atitle=Information+on+the+number+of+registered+births%2C+deaths%2C+marriages+and+divorces+for+January+to+December+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2FEdn_12-2022.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302093910/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Edn_12-2022_t1_3.xlsx">"Birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase, marriage rate, divorce rate for January to December 2022"</a>. <i>ROSSTAT</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Edn_12-2022.htm">the original</a> on March 2, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ROSSTAT&rft.atitle=Birth+rate%2C+mortality+rate%2C+natural+increase%2C+marriage+rate%2C+divorce+rate+for+January+to+December+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2FEdn_12-2022.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gks.ru-tfr-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gks.ru-tfr_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810203543/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/SMD_7.1.xlsx"><bdi lang="ru">Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости</bdi></a> [Total fertility rate]. <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federal State Statistics Service">Russian Federal State Statistics Service</a></i> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/SMD_7.1.xlsx">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLSX)</span> on August 10, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russian+Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2FSMD_7.1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rosstat-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rosstat_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207">"Демографический ежегодник России"</a> [The Demographic Yearbook of Russia] (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service of Russia</a> (Rosstat)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service+of+Russia+%28Rosstat%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Ffolder%2F210%2Fdocument%2F13207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322115050/http://old.ipkpr.ru/index.php/pedagogicheskij-vestnik-eao/item/633">Идиш в ЕАО: традиции, опыт, современность</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGal_Beckerman2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Gal Beckerman (August 31, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/136493/promised-land-ussr">"A Promised Land in the U.S.S.R."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=A+Promised+Land+in+the+U.S.S.R.&rft.date=2016-08-31&rft.au=Gal+Beckerman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F136493%2Fpromised-land-ussr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteen2000" class="citation news cs1">Steen, Michael (January 13, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113171700/http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2000&dt=0113&pub=Utusan_Express&sec=Features&pg=fe_02.htm">"Soviet-era Jewish homeland struggles on"</a>. <i>Utusan Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2000&dt=0113&pub=Utusan_Express&sec=Features&pg=fe_02.htm">the original</a> on January 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Utusan+Online&rft.atitle=Soviet-era+Jewish+homeland+struggles+on&rft.date=2000-01-13&rft.aulast=Steen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww1.utusan.com.my%2Futusan%2Finfo.asp%3Fy%3D2000%26dt%3D0113%26pub%3DUtusan_Express%26sec%3DFeatures%26pg%3Dfe_02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2012ArenaAtlas-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2012ArenaAtlas_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2012ArenaAtlas_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2012ArenaAtlas_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/en/arena">"Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia"</a>. Sreda, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2012Arena-religion-maps-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2012Arena-religion-maps_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg">2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps</a>. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170421154615/http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg">Archived</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">№40-ОЗ 8 октября 1997 г. «Устав Еврейской автономной области», в ред. Закона №819-ОЗ от 25 ноября 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в статью 19 Устава Еврейской автономной области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Биробиджанская звезда", №125 (15577), 4 ноября 1997 г.</span></span> (#40-OZ October 8, 1997 <i>Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast</i>, as amended by the Law #819-OZ of November 25, 2015 <i>On Amending Article 19 of the Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast</i>. Effective as of the official publication date.).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoderBranson1990" class="citation book cs1">Doder, Dusko; Branson, Louise (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gorbachevheretic00dode/"><i>Gorbachev: Heretic in the Kremlin</i></a>. London: Futura. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0708849408" title="Special:BookSources/978-0708849408"><bdi>978-0708849408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gorbachev%3A+Heretic+in+the+Kremlin&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Futura&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0708849408&rft.aulast=Doder&rft.aufirst=Dusko&rft.au=Branson%2C+Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgorbachevheretic00dode%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Autonomous+Oblast" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Committee_for_the_Settlement_of_Jews_in_Birobidjan" class="mw-redirect" title="American Committee for the Settlement of Jews in Birobidjan">American Committee for the Settlement of Jews in Birobidjan</a>, <i>Birobidjan: The Jewish Autonomous Territory in the USSR.</i> New York: American Committee for the Settlement of Jews in Birobidjan, 1936.</li> <li>Melech Epstein, <i>The Jew and Communism: The Story of Early Communist Victories and Ultimate Defeats in the Jewish Community, USA, 1919–1941.</i> New York: Trade Union Sponsoring Committee, 1959.</li> <li>Henry Frankel, <i>The Jews in the Soviet Union and Birobidjan.</i> New York: American Birobidjan Committee, 1946.</li> <li>Masha Gessen, <i>Where the Jews Aren’t: The Sad and Absurd Story of Birobidzhan, Russia’s Jewish Autonomous Region</i>, 2016.</li> <li>Ber Boris Kotlerman and Shmuel Yavin, <i>Bauhaus in Birobidzhan.</i> Tel Aviv: Bauhaus Center, 2009.</li> <li>Nora Levin, <i>The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival: Volume 1.</i> New York: New York University Press, 1988.</li> <li>James N. Rosenberg, <i>How the Back-to-the-Soil Movement Began: Two Years of Blazing the New Jewish "Covered Wagon" Trail Across the Russian Prairies.</i> Philadelphia: United Jewish Campaign, 1925.</li> <li>Anna Shternshis, <i>Soviet and Kosher: Jewish Popular Culture in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939.</i> Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2006.</li> <li>Henry Felix Srebrnik, <i>Dreams of Nationhood: American Jewish Communists and the Soviet Birobidzhan Project, 1924–1951.</i> Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2010.</li> <li>Robert Weinberg, <i>Stalin's Forgotten Zion: Birobidzhan and the Making of a Soviet Jewish Homeland: An Illustrated History, 1928–1996.</i> Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1998.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Jewish Autonomous Oblast</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eao.ru/en/">Official website of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170114120929/http://eao.ru/en/">Archived</a> January 14, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swarthmore.edu/Home/News/biro/">Stalin's Forgotten Zion: Birobidzhan and the Making of a Soviet Jewish Homeland: An Illustrated History, 1928–1996</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheJewishAutonomousRegion">A 1939 Soviet pamphlet about the JAO</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sovietzion.com/">SOVIET ZION: The New Musical Drama - a contemporary opera set in the Jewish Autonomous Region.</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frontiers.loc.gov/intldl/mtfhtml/mfdigcol/nlrph.html#j_eng">Meeting of the Frontiers: The Birobidzhan Album (1920s–1930s photographs of Birobidzhan)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224221634/http://frontiers.loc.gov/intldl/mtfhtml/mfdigcol/nlrph.html#j_eng">Archived</a> February 24, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Template:Jewish Autonomous Oblast"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Template talk:Jewish Autonomous Oblast"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish Autonomous Oblast"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_divisions_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Administrative divisions of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Administrative divisions</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jewish Autonomous Oblast</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="4"><div><a href="/wiki/Administrative_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative center">Administrative center</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Birobidzhan" title="Birobidzhan">Birobidzhan</a></b> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_rural_localities_in_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="List of rural localities in Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Rural localities</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birobidzhansky_District" title="Birobidzhansky District">Birobidzhansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninsky_District,_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Leninsky District, Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Leninsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obluchensky_District" title="Obluchensky District">Obluchensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktyabrsky_District,_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Oktyabrsky District, Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Oktyabrsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smidovichsky_District" title="Smidovichsky District">Smidovichsky</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast"><img alt="Flag of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birobidzhan" title="Birobidzhan">Birobidzhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obluchye,_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Obluchye, Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Obluchye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urban-type_settlement" title="Urban-type settlement">Urban-type settlements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bira,_Russia" title="Bira, Russia">Bira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birakan" title="Birakan">Birakan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izvestkovy,_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izvestkovy, Jewish Autonomous Oblast (page does not exist)">Izvestkovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khingansk" title="Khingansk">Khingansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuldur" title="Kuldur">Kuldur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londoko" title="Londoko">Londoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolayevka,_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Nikolayevka, Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Nikolayevka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priamursky" title="Priamursky">Priamursky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smidovich" title="Smidovich">Smidovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teploozyorsk" title="Teploozyorsk">Teploozyorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volochayevka-2" title="Volochayevka-2">Volochayevka-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Subdivisions_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Subdivisions_of_Russia" title="Template:Subdivisions of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Subdivisions_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Subdivisions of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Subdivisions_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Russia" title="Political divisions of Russia">Subdivisions of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Federal_subjects"><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subjects</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">Oblasts</a> (48)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Oblast" title="Amur Oblast">Amur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Oblast" title="Arkhangelsk Oblast">Arkhangelsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Astrakhan Oblast">Astrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgorod_Oblast" title="Belgorod Oblast">Belgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryansk_Oblast" title="Bryansk Oblast">Bryansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_Oblast" title="Chelyabinsk Oblast">Chelyabinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irkutsk_Oblast" title="Irkutsk Oblast">Irkutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo_Oblast" title="Ivanovo Oblast">Ivanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluga_Oblast" title="Kaluga Oblast">Kaluga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemerovo_Oblast" title="Kemerovo Oblast">Kemerovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kherson_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast">Kherson</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostroma_Oblast" title="Kostroma Oblast">Kostroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_Oblast" title="Kurgan Oblast">Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kursk_Oblast" title="Kursk Oblast">Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipetsk_Oblast" title="Lipetsk Oblast">Lipetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadan_Oblast" title="Magadan Oblast">Magadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murmansk_Oblast" title="Murmansk Oblast">Murmansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Nizhny Novgorod Oblast">Nizhny Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Oblast" title="Novgorod Oblast">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk_Oblast" title="Novosibirsk Oblast">Novosibirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omsk_Oblast" title="Omsk Oblast">Omsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orenburg_Oblast" title="Orenburg Oblast">Orenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oryol_Oblast" title="Oryol Oblast">Oryol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penza_Oblast" title="Penza Oblast">Penza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov_Oblast" title="Pskov Oblast">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostov_Oblast" title="Rostov Oblast">Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryazan_Oblast" title="Ryazan Oblast">Ryazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Oblast" title="Sakhalin Oblast">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_Oblast" title="Samara Oblast">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratov_Oblast" title="Saratov Oblast">Saratov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Oblast" title="Smolensk Oblast">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverdlovsk_Oblast" title="Sverdlovsk Oblast">Sverdlovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambov_Oblast" title="Tambov Oblast">Tambov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomsk_Oblast" title="Tomsk Oblast">Tomsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tula_Oblast" title="Tula Oblast">Tula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tver_Oblast" title="Tver Oblast">Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyumen_Oblast" title="Tyumen Oblast">Tyumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk_Oblast" title="Ulyanovsk Oblast">Ulyanovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Oblast" title="Vladimir Oblast">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volgograd_Oblast" title="Volgograd Oblast">Volgograd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologda_Oblast" title="Vologda Oblast">Vologda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh_Oblast" title="Voronezh Oblast">Voronezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl_Oblast" title="Yaroslavl Oblast">Yaroslavl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporozhye</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a> (24)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adygea" title="Adygea">Adygea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryatia" title="Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvashia" title="Chuvashia">Chuvashia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Crimea</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmykia" title="Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia" title="Republic of Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_Republic" title="Komi Republic">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_El" title="Mari El">Mari El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordovia" title="Mordovia">Mordovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="North Ossetia–Alania">North Ossetia–Alania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurtia" title="Udmurtia">Udmurtia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a> (9)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Krai" title="Altai Krai">Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Krai" title="Kamchatka Krai">Kamchatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk_Krai" title="Khabarovsk Krai">Khabarovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_Krai" title="Krasnoyarsk Krai">Krasnoyarsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perm_Krai" title="Perm Krai">Perm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Primorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabaykalsky_Krai" title="Zabaykalsky Krai">Zabaykalsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a> (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty-Mansi_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug">Khanty-Mansi</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Nenets</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamalo-Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Yamalo-Nenets</a><sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities</a> (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia#Types" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Autonomous oblast</a> (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup>Considered by most of the international community to be part of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><sup>2</sup>Administratively subordinated to <a href="/wiki/Tyumen_Oblast" title="Tyumen Oblast">Tyumen Oblast</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><sup>3</sup>Administratively subordinated to <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Oblast" title="Arkhangelsk Oblast">Arkhangelsk Oblast</a>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Non-constitutional_official_divisions_by_various_institutions"><b>Non-constitutional official divisions by various institutions</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_districts_of_Russia" title="Federal districts of Russia">Federal districts</a> (by <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic regions</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Development_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Economic Development (Russia)">Ministry of Economic Development</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_districts_of_Russia" title="Military districts of Russia">Military districts</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Russia)">Ministry of Defence</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_districts_of_Russia" title="Judicial districts of Russia">Judicial districts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russian_Far_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_Far_East" title="Template:Russian Far East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_Far_East" title="Template talk:Russian Far East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_Far_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian Far East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_Far_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_the_Russian_Far_East" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in the Russian Far East">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Federal_District" title="Far Eastern Federal District">Far Eastern Federal District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Far Eastern economic region">Far Eastern economic region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Far Eastern Republic">Far Eastern Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia">Indigenous peoples of Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Military_District" title="Eastern Military District">Eastern Military District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subjects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Oblast" title="Amur Oblast">Amur Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryatia" title="Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka Autonomous Okrug</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jewish Autonomous Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Krai" title="Kamchatka Krai">Kamchatka Krai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk_Krai" title="Khabarovsk Krai">Khabarovsk Krai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadan_Oblast" title="Magadan Oblast">Magadan Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Primorsky Krai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Oblast" title="Sakhalin Oblast">Sakhalin Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabaykalsky_Krai" title="Zabaykalsky Krai">Zabaykalsky Krai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Largest cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulan-Ude" title="Ulan-Ude">Ulan-Ude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chita,_Zabaykalsky_Krai" title="Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai">Chita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komsomolsk-on-Amur" title="Komsomolsk-on-Amur">Komsomolsk-on-Amur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blagoveshchensk" title="Blagoveshchensk">Blagoveshchensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakutsk" title="Yakutsk">Yakutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky" title="Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky">Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk" title="Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk">Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhodka" title="Nakhodka">Nakhodka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ussuriysk" title="Ussuriysk">Ussuriysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadan" title="Magadan">Magadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birobidzhan" title="Birobidzhan">Birobidzhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Autonomous_Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Autonomous Oblasts of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Autonomous_Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:Autonomous Oblasts of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Autonomous_Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Autonomous Oblasts of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Adyghe Autonomous Oblast">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checheno-Ingush_Autonomous_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Oblast">Checheno-Ingush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Chechen Autonomous Oblast">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Ingush Autonomous Oblast">Ingush</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Chuvash Autonomous Oblast">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorno-Altai_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast">Gorno-Altai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkarian_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Oblast">Kabardino-Balkarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Kirghiz_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast">Kara-Kirghiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkess_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast">Karachay-Cherkess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherkess_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Cherkess Autonomous Oblast">Cherkess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Karachay Autonomous Oblast">Karachay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast">Kara-Kalpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Zyryan_Autonomous_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast">Komi-Zyryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Khakas Autonomous Oblast">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Mari Autonomous Oblast">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ossetian_Autonomous_Oblast" title="North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast">North Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Tuvan Autonomous Oblast">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Udmurt Autonomous Oblast">Udmurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian SSR">Georgian SSR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetian_Autonomous_Oblast" title="South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast">South Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan SSR">Azerbaijan SSR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tajik_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik SSR">Tajik SSR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorno-Badakhshan_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region">Gorno-Badakhshan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7730#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7730#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7730#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4073096-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83030441">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Židovská autonomní oblast (Rusko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge763593&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566928005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027506096">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Soviet_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Jews in the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Jews in the Soviet Union (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews in the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Soviet_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Jews and Judaism in the Soviet Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">The Holocaust in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_autonomy_in_Crimea" title="Jewish autonomy in Crimea">Jewish autonomy in Crimea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jewish Autonomous Oblast</a> (JAO) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birobidzhan" title="Birobidzhan">Birobidzhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="History of the Jews in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Jewish history in the JAO</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Communist_Party_(Poalei_Zion)" title="Jewish Communist Party (Poalei Zion)">Jewish Communist Party</a> (EKP) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Communist_Youth_Union" title="Jewish Communist Youth Union">Jewish Communist Youth Union</a> (EKSM)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevsektsiya" title="Yevsektsiya">Yevsektsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komzet" title="Komzet">Komzet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OZET" title="OZET">OZET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Anti-Fascist_Committee" title="Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee">Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet antisemitism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1931_Menshevik_Trial" title="1931 Menshevik Trial">1931 Menshevik Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Murdered_Poets" title="Night of the Murdered Poets">Night of the Murdered Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cosmopolitan_campaign" title="Anti-cosmopolitan campaign">Anti-cosmopolitan campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Joseph Stalin and antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zionism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Public" title="Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public">Anti-Zionist Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_Soviet_Union_aliyah" title="1970s Soviet Union aliyah">1970s Soviet Union aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refusenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dymshits%E2%80%93Kuznetsov_hijacking_affair" title="Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair">Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International activism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Jewish_Colonization_in_Russia" title="Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia">Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Jewry_movement" title="Soviet Jewry movement">Soviet Jewry movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Supporting_Soviet_Jewry" title="National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry">National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Struggle_for_Soviet_Jewry" title="Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry">Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Council_on_Soviet_Anti-Semitism" title="Cleveland Council on Soviet Anti-Semitism">Cleveland Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativ_(Liaison_Bureau)" title="Nativ (Liaison Bureau)">Nativ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Sunday_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews">Freedom Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%E2%80%93Vanik_amendment" title="Jackson–Vanik amendment">Jackson–Vanik amendment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media and publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Am_Yisrael_Chai" title="Am Yisrael Chai">Am Yisrael Chai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jews_on_Land" title="Jews on Land">Jews on Land</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_of_Soviet_Jewry" title="The Black Book of Soviet Jewry">The Black Book of Soviet Jewry</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&oldid=1259979939">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast&oldid=1259979939</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Category:Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Jewish 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