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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life and career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Interwar period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours and awards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Italian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Foreign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Cavallero" title="Ugo Cavallero – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ugo Cavallero" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88" title="أوغو كافالليرو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوغو كافالليرو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Уга Кавальера – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уга Кавальера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Cavallero" title="Ugo Cavallero – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ugo Cavallero" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%8D%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Ούγκο Καβαλλέρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ούγκο Καβαλλέρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Cavallero" title="Ugo Cavallero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ugo Cavallero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Cavallero" title="Ugo Cavallero – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ugo Cavallero" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Cavallero" title="Ugo Cavallero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ugo Cavallero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%95" title="אוגו קאוואלרו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוגו קאוואלרו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88" title="اوجو كافالليرو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوجو كافالليرو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Cavallero" title="Ugo Cavallero – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ugo Cavallero" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Cavallero" title="Ugo Cavallero – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ugo Cavallero" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%83%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD" title="ウーゴ・カヴァッレーロ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウーゴ・カヴァッレーロ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Cavallero" title="Ugo Cavallero – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ugo Cavallero" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Cavallero" title="Ugo Cavallero – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ugo Cavallero" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Cavallero" title="Ugo Cavallero – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ugo Cavallero" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE,_%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Кавальеро, Уго – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кавальеро, Уго" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Cavallero" title="Ugo Cavallero – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ugo Cavallero" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Cavallero" title="Ugo Cavallero – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ugo Cavallero" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Cavallero" title="Ugo Cavallero – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ugo Cavallero" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3" title="อูโก กาวัลเลโร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อูโก กาวัลเลโร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Cavallero" title="Ugo Cavallero – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ugo Cavallero" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%94%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Уго Кавальєро – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Уго Кавальєро" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%88%88%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%93%A6%E8%8E%B1%E7%BD%97" title="乌戈·卡瓦莱罗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乌戈·卡瓦莱罗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q472089#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Italy" title="Marshal of Italy">Maresciallo d'Italia</a></i></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Ugo Cavallero</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ugo_Cavallero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ugo_Cavallero.jpg/220px-Ugo_Cavallero.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ugo_Cavallero.jpg/330px-Ugo_Cavallero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ugo_Cavallero.jpg/440px-Ugo_Cavallero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2262" data-file-height="3520" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Comando_Supremo" title="Comando Supremo">Italian Supreme Command</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />27 June 1941 – 1 February 1943</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Ambrosio" title="Vittorio Ambrosio">Vittorio Ambrosio</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">20 September 1880<br /><a href="/wiki/Casale_Monferrato" title="Casale Monferrato">Casale Monferrato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piedmont (Italy)">Piedmont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 September 1943 (aged 62)<br /><a href="/wiki/Frascati" title="Frascati">Frascati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_German_Eagle" title="Order of the German Eagle">Order of the German Eagle</a> (1st class)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_Italy_%281860%29.svg/17px-Flag_of_Italy_%281860%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_Italy_%281860%29.svg/26px-Flag_of_Italy_%281860%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_Italy_%281860%29.svg/34px-Flag_of_Italy_%281860%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1214" data-file-height="1214" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Royal Italian Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1900–1943</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Italy" title="Marshal of Italy">Marshal of Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(Italy)" title="Chief of the Defence Staff (Italy)">Chief of the Defence Staff</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ugo Cavallero</b> (20<span class="nowrap"> </span>September 1880 – 13<span class="nowrap"> </span>September 1943) was an Italian military commander before and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. He was the first Chief of the <i><a href="/wiki/Comando_Supremo" title="Comando Supremo">Comando Supremo</a></i> (Italian Supreme Command) on June 1941. He was dismissed from his command due to his lacklustre performance, and was arrested upon the fall of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s regime. Cavallero was later freed by the Germans, but refused to collaborate and was found dead the following day. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugo_Cavallero&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugo_Cavallero&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Casale_Monferrato" title="Casale Monferrato">Casale Monferrato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piedmont (Italy)">Piedmont</a>, Cavallero had a privileged childhood as a member of the Italian nobility. After attending military school, Cavallero was commissioned a <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenant</a> in 1900. Cavallero later attended college and graduated in 1911, earning a degree in mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A man of vast culture, Cavallero was fluent in both <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECeva1979_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECeva1979-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still in the army, Cavallero fought in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> in 1913, during the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a>, and was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Medal_of_Military_Valor" title="Bronze Medal of Military Valor">Bronze Medal of Military Valor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianchi201257_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianchi201257-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1907, Cavallero was initiated in the regular <a href="/wiki/Masonic_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic Lodge">Masonic Lodge</a> "<a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>" of Turin, which was affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_Italy" title="Grand Orient of Italy">Grand Orient of Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, he become a member of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rite" title="Scottish Rite">Scottish Rite</a> <a href="/wiki/Gran_Loggia_d%27Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gran Loggia d'Italia">Serenenissima Gran Loggia d'Italia</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, where on 15 August 1918 he received the 33rd and highest degree.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugo_Cavallero&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1915, Cavallero was transferred to the Italian Supreme Command. A skilled organizer and tactician, Cavallero became a <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">brigadier general</a> and chief of the Operations Office of the Italian Supreme Command in 1918. In this capacity, Cavallero was instrumental in forming plans that led to Italian victories at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Piave_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Piave River">Piave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Vittorio Veneto</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. During his time as chief of the plan of Italian General Staff, he developed an antipathy with <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a>, the <i>Sottocapo di Stato Maggiore</i> (vice chief of the staff) of the army. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_period">Interwar period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugo_Cavallero&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cavallero retired from the army in 1919 but later rejoined in 1925, at which time he became <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>’s undersecretary of war. A committed <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">fascist</a>, Cavallero was made a <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Italy">senator</a> in 1926 and in 1927 became a <a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">major general</a>. After leaving the army for a second time, Cavallero became involved in business and diplomatic enterprises throughout the late 1920s and early 1930s. </p><p>Cavallero rejoined the army for the third and final time in 1937. Promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">lieutenant general</a>, he became commander of the combined Italian forces in <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a> in 1938 and was made a full <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">general</a> in 1940. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugo_Cavallero&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genera%C5%82_Ugo_Cavallero_u_genera%C5%82a_Erwina_Rommla_na_froncie_w_Afryce_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocnej_(2-2019).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Genera%C5%82_Ugo_Cavallero_u_genera%C5%82a_Erwina_Rommla_na_froncie_w_Afryce_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocnej_%282-2019%29.jpg/300px-Genera%C5%82_Ugo_Cavallero_u_genera%C5%82a_Erwina_Rommla_na_froncie_w_Afryce_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocnej_%282-2019%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Genera%C5%82_Ugo_Cavallero_u_genera%C5%82a_Erwina_Rommla_na_froncie_w_Afryce_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocnej_%282-2019%29.jpg/450px-Genera%C5%82_Ugo_Cavallero_u_genera%C5%82a_Erwina_Rommla_na_froncie_w_Afryce_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocnej_%282-2019%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Genera%C5%82_Ugo_Cavallero_u_genera%C5%82a_Erwina_Rommla_na_froncie_w_Afryce_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocnej_%282-2019%29.jpg/600px-Genera%C5%82_Ugo_Cavallero_u_genera%C5%82a_Erwina_Rommla_na_froncie_w_Afryce_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocnej_%282-2019%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2508" /></a><figcaption>Field-Marshal Erwin Rommel (left) during a meeting with Ugo Cavallero (second from the right). General <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Bastico" title="Ettore Bastico">Ettore Bastico</a> is visible next to him (first from the right).</figcaption></figure> <p>After Italy entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, on 6 December 1940 Cavallero replaced <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(Italy)" title="Chief of the Defence Staff (Italy)">Chief of the Defence Staff</a>. Shortly after his appointment, Cavallero was sent to command the Italian forces involved in the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Greco-Italian War</a> until the spring of 1941. While he managed to halt the Greek advance, Cavallero was unable to break the stalemate until the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianchi201258_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianchi201258-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, his role as Chief of Staff was filled by General <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Guzzoni" title="Alfredo Guzzoni">Alfredo Guzzoni</a>. </p><p>On 15 and 19 May 1941 Cavallero, submitted proposals for the <i>Stato Maggiore</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s complete reorganization to Mussolini. This was implemented in June. The <i>Stato Maggiore Generale</i> was redesignated <i><a href="/wiki/Comando_Supremo" title="Comando Supremo">Comando Supremo</a></i>, made more efficient and transformed from a mere advisory body into a true military high command.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Cavallero, the <i>Comando Supremo</i> maintained good relations with <i><a href="/wiki/Oberbefehlshaber_S%C3%BCd" title="Oberbefehlshaber Süd">Oberbefehlshaber Süd</a></i>, the command of German forces in Italy. Cavallero worked closely with German <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kesselring" title="Albert Kesselring">Albert Kesselring</a>; however he had a rather conflicting relationship with Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Campaign">advance into Egypt</a> after his success at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a> he opposed, advocating instead the planned <a href="/wiki/Operation_C3" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation C3">invasion of Malta</a>; his opinion, shared by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kesselring" title="Albert Kesselring">Kesselring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Rintelen" title="Franz von Rintelen">Rintelen</a>, was however discounted by Hitler and Mussolini.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cavallero was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Italy" title="Marshal of Italy">Marshal of Italy</a> on 1 July 1942, soon after the promotion of Rommel to Field Marshal (largely to prevent Rommel from out-ranking him).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite having a good grasp on the problems inherent to the war in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> that Italy had to fight, his acquiescence to Mussolini's views (for example his insistence on augmenting the Italian contingent fighting on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>) led to a fatal dispersion of Italy's meagre resources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECeva1979_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECeva1979-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1943, after the definitive loss of the African campaign and the setbacks suffered by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Army_in_Russia" title="Italian Army in Russia">Italian Army in Russia</a>, Cavallero was dismissed and replaced by General <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Ambrosio" title="Vittorio Ambrosio">Vittorio Ambrosio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2016101_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2016101-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to Cavallero's dismissal, members of the Fascist leadership like <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Galeazzo Ciano</a>, openly hostile to him, openly expressed their satisfaction. </p><p>After Mussolini's government was toppled by the <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">King</a>, the newly appointed <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a> ordered the arrest of Cavallero. In a letter written in his own defence, Cavallero claimed he had opposed Mussolini and his regime. After the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a> in September 1943, the Germans freed him. Kesselring offered Cavallero command of the forming armed forces of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>, but the discovery of the letter led some to question his loyalty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugo_Cavallero&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the morning of 14 September 1943, he was found dead by a gunshot in the garden of a hotel in <a href="/wiki/Frascati" title="Frascati">Frascati</a>, after having dined and talked with Kesselring the night before. It is still up to debate whether he committed suicide or was assassinated by the Germans. It seems, however, that he firmly expressed his will to refuse to continue collaborating with the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECeva1979_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECeva1979-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugo_Cavallero&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Honours and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian">Italian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugo_Cavallero&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Italian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavaliere_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cavaliere_BAR.svg/106px-Cavaliere_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cavaliere_BAR.svg/159px-Cavaliere_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cavaliere_BAR.svg/212px-Cavaliere_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Savoy" title="Military Order of Savoy">Military Order of Savoy</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>"As General Staff Officer in charge of the Operations Section of the Office of the Chief of Staff of the Army gave, during the Austrian offensive, a precious inexhaustible contribution of intelligence, activity and expertise. Always animated by a very high sense of duty, supported even in the most adverse hours by unshakable faith in victory, he was a faithful and enlightened interpreter of the thoughts of the Command, tirelessly providing the most worthy and meritorious work. <a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a> 15 May–15 July 1916."</dd> <dd>— Royal Decree Number 24 of 12 August 1916</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ufficiale_OMS_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ufficiale_OMS_BAR.svg/106px-Ufficiale_OMS_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ufficiale_OMS_BAR.svg/159px-Ufficiale_OMS_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ufficiale_OMS_BAR.svg/212px-Ufficiale_OMS_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Officer of the Military Order of Savoy</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>"During three years of war, first as attaché, then as head of the operations office of the Supreme Command, he stood out in every circumstance for his lucid interpretation and prompt execution of the leaders' thoughts. In the coordination of information on the enemy, in the reorganization of the troops, and in the defensive and counter-offensive preparation of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">battle from the Astico to the Piave</a> he gave an invaluable contribution to the work of the supreme command, effectively contributing to the victory of our forces. Battle from Astico to the sea, 15-22 June 1918."</dd> <dd>— Royal Decree of 27 June 1918</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Valor_militare_silver_medal_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Valor_militare_silver_medal_BAR.svg/106px-Valor_militare_silver_medal_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Valor_militare_silver_medal_BAR.svg/159px-Valor_militare_silver_medal_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Valor_militare_silver_medal_BAR.svg/212px-Valor_militare_silver_medal_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Silver_Medal_of_Military_Valor" title="Silver Medal of Military Valor">Silver Medal of Military Valor</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>"As supreme commander of the armed forces of <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a>, to deepen the knowledge of all the tactical elements necessary for the operations to be carried out and for a closer and safer contact with the troops located within vast regions that are not easy to navigate, he personally carried out, regardless of any risk or inconvenience, numerous aerial and terrestrial reconnaissances which often took place in adverse weather or in conditions of uncertain safety made such by the latent dangers of predonation, thus giving an example of a high sense of duty, of conscious contempt for danger, and a serene spirit of sacrifice. Sectors and skies of Shoa - Goggiam, January 1938–December 1938.»</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Valor_militare_bronze_medal_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Valor_militare_bronze_medal_BAR.svg/106px-Valor_militare_bronze_medal_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Valor_militare_bronze_medal_BAR.svg/159px-Valor_militare_bronze_medal_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Valor_militare_bronze_medal_BAR.svg/212px-Valor_militare_bronze_medal_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Medal_of_Military_Valor" title="Bronze Medal of Military Valor">Bronze Medal of Military Valor</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>"Took on with great zeal and courage the functions of staff officer in charge of the command, assisting effectively for the entire day. Sidi Garbà, 16 May 1913.»</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Croce_di_guerra_al_merito_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Croce_di_guerra_al_merito_BAR.svg/106px-Croce_di_guerra_al_merito_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Croce_di_guerra_al_merito_BAR.svg/159px-Croce_di_guerra_al_merito_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Croce_di_guerra_al_merito_BAR.svg/212px-Croce_di_guerra_al_merito_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/War_Merit_Cross" title="War Merit Cross">War Merit Cross</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavaliere_OCI_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cavaliere_OCI_BAR.svg/106px-Cavaliere_OCI_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cavaliere_OCI_BAR.svg/159px-Cavaliere_OCI_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cavaliere_OCI_BAR.svg/212px-Cavaliere_OCI_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy" title="Order of the Crown of Italy">Order of the Crown of Italy</a> (4 June 1914)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ufficiale_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ufficiale_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg/106px-Ufficiale_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ufficiale_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg/159px-Ufficiale_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ufficiale_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg/212px-Ufficiale_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Officer of the Order of the Crown of Italy (29 December 1918)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commendatore_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Commendatore_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg/106px-Commendatore_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Commendatore_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg/159px-Commendatore_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Commendatore_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg/212px-Commendatore_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Commander of the Order of the Crown of Italy (8 August 1920)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grande_ufficiale_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Grande_ufficiale_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg/106px-Grande_ufficiale_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Grande_ufficiale_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg/159px-Grande_ufficiale_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Grande_ufficiale_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg/212px-Grande_ufficiale_OCI_Kingdom_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown of Italy (18 December 1921)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavaliere_SSML_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cavaliere_SSML_BAR.svg/106px-Cavaliere_SSML_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cavaliere_SSML_BAR.svg/159px-Cavaliere_SSML_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cavaliere_SSML_BAR.svg/212px-Cavaliere_SSML_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus" title="Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus">Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus</a> (13 September 1917)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ufficiale_SSML_Regno_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ufficiale_SSML_Regno_BAR.svg/106px-Ufficiale_SSML_Regno_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ufficiale_SSML_Regno_BAR.svg/159px-Ufficiale_SSML_Regno_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ufficiale_SSML_Regno_BAR.svg/212px-Ufficiale_SSML_Regno_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (21 September 1921)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commendatore_SSML_Regno_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commendatore_SSML_Regno_BAR.svg/106px-Commendatore_SSML_Regno_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commendatore_SSML_Regno_BAR.svg/159px-Commendatore_SSML_Regno_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commendatore_SSML_Regno_BAR.svg/212px-Commendatore_SSML_Regno_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Commander of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (11 June 1925)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordine_coloniale_della_stella_d%27italia_cavaliere.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ordine_coloniale_della_stella_d%27italia_cavaliere.png/106px-Ordine_coloniale_della_stella_d%27italia_cavaliere.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ordine_coloniale_della_stella_d%27italia_cavaliere.png/159px-Ordine_coloniale_della_stella_d%27italia_cavaliere.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ordine_coloniale_della_stella_d%27italia_cavaliere.png/212px-Ordine_coloniale_della_stella_d%27italia_cavaliere.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="91" /></a></span> Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Order_of_the_Star_of_Italy" title="Colonial Order of the Star of Italy">Colonial Order of the Star of Italy</a> (3 April 1924)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anzianit%C3%A0_di_servizio_40_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Anzianit%C3%A0_di_servizio_40_BAR.svg/106px-Anzianit%C3%A0_di_servizio_40_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Anzianit%C3%A0_di_servizio_40_BAR.svg/159px-Anzianit%C3%A0_di_servizio_40_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Anzianit%C3%A0_di_servizio_40_BAR.svg/212px-Anzianit%C3%A0_di_servizio_40_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross_for_length_of_service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cross for length of service (page does not exist)">Cross for length of service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commissioned_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioned officer">officers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">non-commissioned officers</a>, 40 years</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commemorative_Italian-Austrian_war_medal_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Commemorative_Italian-Austrian_war_medal_BAR.svg/106px-Commemorative_Italian-Austrian_war_medal_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Commemorative_Italian-Austrian_war_medal_BAR.svg/159px-Commemorative_Italian-Austrian_war_medal_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Commemorative_Italian-Austrian_war_medal_BAR.svg/212px-Commemorative_Italian-Austrian_war_medal_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_Medal_for_the_Italo-Austrian_War_1915%E2%80%931918" title="Commemorative Medal for the Italo-Austrian War 1915–1918">Commemorative Medal for the Italo-Austrian War 1915–1918</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medaglia_a_ricordo_dell%27Unit%C3%A0_d%27Italia_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Medaglia_a_ricordo_dell%27Unit%C3%A0_d%27Italia_BAR.svg/106px-Medaglia_a_ricordo_dell%27Unit%C3%A0_d%27Italia_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Medaglia_a_ricordo_dell%27Unit%C3%A0_d%27Italia_BAR.svg/159px-Medaglia_a_ricordo_dell%27Unit%C3%A0_d%27Italia_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Medaglia_a_ricordo_dell%27Unit%C3%A0_d%27Italia_BAR.svg/212px-Medaglia_a_ricordo_dell%27Unit%C3%A0_d%27Italia_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_Medal_of_the_Unity_of_Italy" title="Commemorative Medal of the Unity of Italy">Commemorative Medal of the Unity of Italy</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Allied_Victory_Medal_(Italy)" title="Allied Victory Medal (Italy)">Allied Victory Medal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ItaloTurca.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/ItaloTurca.png/106px-ItaloTurca.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/ItaloTurca.png/159px-ItaloTurca.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/ItaloTurca.png/212px-ItaloTurca.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="93" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_Medal_for_the_Italo-Turkish_War_1911%E2%80%931912" title="Commemorative Medal for the Italo-Turkish War 1911–1912">Commemorative Medal for the Italo-Turkish War 1911–1912</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Distintivo_avanzamento_merito_di_guerra_ufficiali_generali_e_ammiragli_(forze_armate_italiane).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Distintivo_avanzamento_merito_di_guerra_ufficiali_generali_e_ammiragli_%28forze_armate_italiane%29.svg/106px-Distintivo_avanzamento_merito_di_guerra_ufficiali_generali_e_ammiragli_%28forze_armate_italiane%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Distintivo_avanzamento_merito_di_guerra_ufficiali_generali_e_ammiragli_%28forze_armate_italiane%29.svg/159px-Distintivo_avanzamento_merito_di_guerra_ufficiali_generali_e_ammiragli_%28forze_armate_italiane%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Distintivo_avanzamento_merito_di_guerra_ufficiali_generali_e_ammiragli_%28forze_armate_italiane%29.svg/212px-Distintivo_avanzamento_merito_di_guerra_ufficiali_generali_e_ammiragli_%28forze_armate_italiane%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="320" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=War_Merit_Advancement_Badge_for_General_Officers_and_Admirals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="War Merit Advancement Badge for General Officers and Admirals (page does not exist)">War Merit Advancement Badge for General Officers and Admirals</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>"As Superior Commander of the Armed Forces of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">A.O.I.</a>, he demonstrated the chosen virtues of a leader and carried out daring and effective command actions in numerous vast operational cycles of the great colonial police. A.O.I., 12 January 1938–15 April 1939."</dd> <dd>— Royal Decree 15 May 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign">Foreign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugo_Cavallero&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Foreign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TCH_Rad_Bileho_Lva_2_tridy_(pre1990)_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/TCH_Rad_Bileho_Lva_2_tridy_%28pre1990%29_BAR.svg/106px-TCH_Rad_Bileho_Lva_2_tridy_%28pre1990%29_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/TCH_Rad_Bileho_Lva_2_tridy_%28pre1990%29_BAR.svg/159px-TCH_Rad_Bileho_Lva_2_tridy_%28pre1990%29_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/TCH_Rad_Bileho_Lva_2_tridy_%28pre1990%29_BAR.svg/212px-TCH_Rad_Bileho_Lva_2_tridy_%28pre1990%29_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Lion" title="Order of the White Lion">Order of the White Lion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> (31 January 1938)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_of_Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ribbon_of_Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross.svg/106px-Ribbon_of_Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ribbon_of_Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross.svg/159px-Ribbon_of_Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ribbon_of_Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross.svg/212px-Ribbon_of_Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross</a> as <i>Generale di Corpo d'Armata</i> and Chief of the Defence Staff of the Italian Royal Army (19 February 1942) <span class="nowrap">(<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherzer2007258_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherzer2007258-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Deutsche_Adlerorden_1_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/DEU_Deutsche_Adlerorden_1_BAR.svg/106px-DEU_Deutsche_Adlerorden_1_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/DEU_Deutsche_Adlerorden_1_BAR.svg/159px-DEU_Deutsche_Adlerorden_1_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/DEU_Deutsche_Adlerorden_1_BAR.svg/212px-DEU_Deutsche_Adlerorden_1_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_German_Eagle" title="Order of the German Eagle">Order of the German Eagle</a> with Swords (November 1941) <span class="nowrap">(<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>)</span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SMOM-cf.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/SMOM-cf.svg/106px-SMOM-cf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/SMOM-cf.svg/159px-SMOM-cf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/SMOM-cf.svg/212px-SMOM-cf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="120" /></a></span> Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a> (28 May 1927)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugo_Cavallero&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Royal Italian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army_during_World_War_II" title="Royal Italian Army during World War II">Royal Italian Army during World War II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugo_Cavallero&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMitcham,_Jr.2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._Mitcham" title="Samuel W. Mitcham">Mitcham, Jr., Samuel W.</a> (2007). <i>Rommel's Desert War: The Life and Death of the Afrika Korps</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stackpole_Books" title="Stackpole Books">Stackpole Books</a>. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0811734134" title="Special:BookSources/978-0811734134"><bdi>978-0811734134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rommel%27s+Desert+War%3A+The+Life+and+Death+of+the+Afrika+Korps&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0811734134&rft.aulast=Mitcham%2C+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Samuel+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgo+Cavallero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECeva1979-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECeva1979_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECeva1979_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECeva1979_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCeva1979">Ceva 1979</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianchi201257-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianchi201257_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianchi2012">Bianchi 2012</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnocchini2005" class="citation book cs1">Gnocchini, Vittorio (2005). <i>L'Italia dei Liberi Muratori</i>. Milan-Rome: Mimesis-Erasmo. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Italia+dei+Liberi+Muratori&rft.place=Milan-Rome&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Mimesis-Erasmo&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Gnocchini&rft.aufirst=Vittorio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgo+Cavallero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPruneti2012" class="citation book cs1">Pruneti, Luigi (2012). <i>Aquile e Corone, L'Italia il Montenegro e la massoneria dalle nozze di Vittorio Emanuele III ed Elena al governo Mussolini</i>. Florence: Le Lettere. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/825554858">825554858</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aquile+e+Corone%2C+L%27Italia+il+Montenegro+e+la+massoneria+dalle+nozze+di+Vittorio+Emanuele+III+ed+Elena+al+governo+Mussolini&rft.place=Florence&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Le+Lettere&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F825554858&rft.aulast=Pruneti&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgo+Cavallero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianchi201258-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianchi201258_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianchi2012">Bianchi 2012</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2003" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer (2003). <i>Who's Who in Twentieth Century Warfare</i>. Routledge. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1134565151" title="Special:BookSources/1134565151"><bdi>1134565151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Twentieth+Century+Warfare&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1134565151&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgo+Cavallero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSangster2015" class="citation book cs1">Sangster, Andrew (2015). <i>Field-Marshal Kesselring: Great Commander or War Criminal?</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing" title="Cambridge Scholars Publishing">Cambridge Scholars Publishing</a>. pp. 79–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1443876766" title="Special:BookSources/978-1443876766"><bdi>978-1443876766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field-Marshal+Kesselring%3A+Great+Commander+or+War+Criminal%3F&rft.pages=79-81&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1443876766&rft.aulast=Sangster&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgo+Cavallero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattistelli2021" class="citation book cs1">Battistelli, Pier Paolo (2021). <i>The Balkans 1940–41 (1). Mussolini's Fatal Blunder in the Greco-Italian War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472842589" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472842589"><bdi>978-1472842589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans+1940%E2%80%9341+%281%29.+Mussolini%27s+Fatal+Blunder+in+the+Greco-Italian+War&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1472842589&rft.aulast=Battistelli&rft.aufirst=Pier+Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgo+Cavallero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2016101-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2016101_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucker2016">Tucker 2016</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Registrato alla Corte dei Conti lì 30 maggio 1940, registro 18, foglio 190 (in Italian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherzer2007258-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherzer2007258_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScherzer2007">Scherzer 2007</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugo_Cavallero&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeva1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ceva, Lucio (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ugo-cavallero_(Dizionario-Biografico)">"Cavallero, Ugo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dizionario_Biografico_degli_Italiani" title="Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani">Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</a>, Volume 22: Castelvetro–Cavallotti</i> (in Italian). Rome: <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6"><bdi>978-8-81200032-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cavallero%2C+Ugo&rft.btitle=Dizionario+Biografico+degli+Italiani%2C+Volume+22%3A+Castelvetro%E2%80%93Cavallotti&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Istituto+dell%27Enciclopedia+Italiana&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-8-81200032-6&rft.aulast=Ceva&rft.aufirst=Lucio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fugo-cavallero_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgo+Cavallero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFellgiebel2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. <i>Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 – Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile</i> [<i>The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 – The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches</i>] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7909-0284-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7909-0284-6"><bdi>978-3-7909-0284-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Tr%C3%A4ger+des+Ritterkreuzes+des+Eisernen+Kreuzes+1939%E2%80%931945+%E2%80%93+Die+Inhaber+der+h%C3%B6chsten+Auszeichnung+des+Zweiten+Weltkrieges+aller+Wehrmachtteile&rft.place=Friedberg%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Podzun-Pallas&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-7909-0284-6&rft.aulast=Fellgiebel&rft.aufirst=Walther-Peer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgo+Cavallero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeva1995" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ceva, Lucio (1995). "Il maresciallo Cavallero". <i>Storia Militare</i> (in Italian). <b>III</b> (19): 4–12. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1122-5289">1122-5289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Storia+Militare&rft.atitle=Il+maresciallo+Cavallero&rft.volume=III&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=4-12&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=1122-5289&rft.aulast=Ceva&rft.aufirst=Lucio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgo+Cavallero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScherzer2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scherzer, Veit (2007). <i>Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives</i> [<i>The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives</i>] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Miltaer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-938845-17-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-938845-17-2"><bdi>978-3-938845-17-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Ritterkreuztr%C3%A4ger+1939%E2%80%931945+Die+Inhaber+des+Ritterkreuzes+des+Eisernen+Kreuzes+1939+von+Heer%2C+Luftwaffe%2C+Kriegsmarine%2C+Waffen-SS%2C+Volkssturm+sowie+mit+Deutschland+verb%C3%BCndeter+Streitkr%C3%A4fte+nach+den+Unterlagen+des+Bundesarchives&rft.place=Jena%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Scherzers+Miltaer-Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-938845-17-2&rft.aulast=Scherzer&rft.aufirst=Veit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgo+Cavallero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBianchi2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bianchi, Andrea (2012). <i>Gli Ordini militari di Savoia e d'Italia</i> (in Italian). Associazione Nazionale Alpini. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-902153-3-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-902153-3-9"><bdi>978-88-902153-3-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gli+Ordini+militari+di+Savoia+e+d%27Italia&rft.pub=Associazione+Nazionale+Alpini&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-88-902153-3-9&rft.aulast=Bianchi&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgo+Cavallero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Tucker, Spencer</a> (2016). <i>World War II: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection</i>. Santa Barbara: ABC CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-969-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-969-6"><bdi>978-1-85109-969-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II%3A+The+Definitive+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pub=ABC+CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-969-6&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgo+Cavallero" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugo_Cavallero&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/003082">Newspaper clippings about Ugo Cavallero</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#8fbc8f; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Italy" title="Marshal of Italy">Marshals of Italy</a><br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Regio Esercito</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">MVSN</a></i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cadorna" title="Luigi Cadorna">Luigi Cadorna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armando_Diaz" title="Armando Diaz">Armando Diaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Emanuele_Filiberto,_Duke_of_Aosta" title="Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta">Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caviglia" title="Enrico Caviglia">Enrico Caviglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Giardino" title="Gaetano Giardino">Gaetano Giardino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Pecori_Giraldi" title="Guglielmo Pecori Giraldi">Guglielmo Pecori Giraldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Bono" title="Emilio De Bono">Emilio De Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Rodolfo Graziani</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ugo Cavallero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ettore_Bastico" title="Ettore Bastico">Ettore Bastico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_II_of_Italy" title="Umberto II of Italy">Umberto, Prince of Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Messe" title="Giovanni Messe">Giovanni Messe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#8fbc8f; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Admiral#Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Admiral">Grand Admiral</a><br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Regia Marina</a></i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Thaon_di_Revel" title="Paolo Thaon di Revel">Paolo Thaon di Revel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#8fbc8f; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal of the Air Force">Marshal of the Air Force</a><br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica" title="Regia Aeronautica">Regia Aeronautica</a></i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Italo Balbo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greece_during_World_War_II" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#9ecaef;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Template:Greece during World War II"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Greece during World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greece during World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greece_during_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece during World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;"><div id="1940–1941_Balkans_Campaign" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Balkans_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Balkans campaign (World War II)">1940–1941 Balkans Campaign</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Greco-Italian War<br /><span class="nobold">(1940–1941)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pindus" title="Battle of Pindus">Pindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elaia%E2%80%93Kalamas" title="Battle of Elaia–Kalamas">Elaia–Kalamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korytsa" title="Battle of Korytsa">Korytsa/Korcë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saranda" title="Battle of Saranda">Saranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morava%E2%80%93Ivan" title="Battle of Morava–Ivan">Morava–Ivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Himara" title="Battle of Himara">Himara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Klisura_Pass" title="Capture of Klisura Pass">Klisura Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trebeshina" title="Battle of Trebeshina">Trebeshina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_spring_offensive" title="Italian spring offensive">Italian spring offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_731" title="Battle of Hill 731">Hill 731</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:none;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/20px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/30px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/40px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Ioannis Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Papagos" title="Alexandros Papagos">Alexandros Papagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charalambos_Katsimitros" title="Charalambos Katsimitros">Charalambos Katsimitros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Davakis" title="Konstantinos Davakis">Konstantinos Davakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markos_Drakos_(general)" title="Markos Drakos (general)">Markos Drakos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Pitsikas" title="Ioannis Pitsikas">Ioannis Pitsikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Papadopoulos_(general)" title="Dimitrios Papadopoulos (general)">Dimitrios Papadopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Kosmas" title="Georgios Kosmas">Georgios Kosmas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:none;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy"><img alt="Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Galeazzo Ciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Visconti_Prasca" title="Sebastiano Visconti Prasca">Sebastiano Visconti Prasca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaldo_Soddu" title="Ubaldo Soddu">Ubaldo Soddu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ugo Cavallero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Geloso" title="Carlo Geloso">Carlo Geloso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:none;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/20px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/30px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/40px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8th_Infantry_Division_(Greece)" title="8th Infantry Division (Greece)">8th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Army_Section" title="Epirus Army Section">Epirus Army Section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Macedonia_Army_Section" title="Western Macedonia Army Section">Western Macedonia Army Section</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:none;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy"><img alt="Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9th_Army_(Italy)" title="9th Army (Italy)">9th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Army_(Italy)" title="11th Army (Italy)">11th Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion<br /><span class="nobold">(April–May 1941)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lustre" title="Operation Lustre">Operation Lustre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Metaxas_Line" title="Battle of the Metaxas Line">Metaxas Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vevi_(1941)" title="Battle of Vevi (1941)">Vevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kleisoura_Pass" title="Battle of Kleisoura Pass">Kleisoura Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae_(1941)" title="Battle of Thermopylae (1941)">Thermopylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Crete</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:none;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/20px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/30px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/40px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Greece" title="George II of Greece">King George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Papagos" title="Alexandros Papagos">Alexandros Papagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Bakopoulos" title="Konstantinos Bakopoulos">Konstantinos Bakopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Tsolakoglou" title="Georgios Tsolakoglou">Georgios Tsolakoglou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:none;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Maitland_Wilson" title="Henry Maitland Wilson">Henry Maitland Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Blamey" title="Thomas Blamey">Thomas Blamey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Freyberg,_1st_Baron_Freyberg" title="Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg">Bernard Freyberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:none;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_List" title="Wilhelm List">Wilhelm List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepp_Dietrich" title="Sepp Dietrich">Sepp Dietrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Student" title="Kurt Student">Kurt Student</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_for_the_Battle_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle for the Battle of Greece">Units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:none;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/20px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/30px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/40px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Macedonia_Army_Section" title="Eastern Macedonia Army Section">Eastern Macedonia Army Section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Macedonia_Army_Section" title="Central Macedonia Army Section">Central Macedonia Army Section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Army_Section" title="Epirus Army Section">Epirus Army Section</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:none;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Armoured_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="1st Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)">1st Armoured Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_New_Zealand_Division" title="2nd New Zealand Division">2nd New Zealand Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Division_(Australia)" title="6th Division (Australia)">6th Australian Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:none;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XVIII_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="XVIII Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">XVIII Army Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXXX_Panzer_Corps" title="XXXX Panzer Corps">XXXX Panzer Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_4" title="Luftflotte 4">Luftflotte 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="1st Parachute Division (Germany)">1st Parachute Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Mountain_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="5th Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)">5th Mountain Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;"><div id="Occupation_and_collaboration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Occupation and collaboration</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;">Occupying<br />powers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">Leaders and<br />commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:none;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Altenburg" title="Günther Altenburg">Günther Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Neubacher" title="Hermann Neubacher">Hermann Neubacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Schimana" title="Walter Schimana">Walter Schimana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_L%C3%B6hr" title="Alexander Löhr">Alexander Löhr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_E" title="Army Group E">Army Group E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellmuth_Felmy" title="Hellmuth Felmy">Hellmuth Felmy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LXVIII_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="LXVIII Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">LXVIII Army Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lanz" title="Hubert Lanz">Hubert Lanz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XXII_Mountain_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="XXII Mountain Corps (Wehrmacht)">XXII Mountain Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andrae" title="Alexander Andrae">Alexander Andrae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Br%C3%A4uer" title="Bruno Bräuer">Bruno Bräuer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich-Wilhelm_M%C3%BCller" title="Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller">Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_Crete" title="Fortress Crete">Fortress Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Merten" title="Max Merten">Max Merten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:none;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy"><img alt="Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelico_Carta" title="Angelico Carta">Angelico Carta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellegrino_Ghigi" title="Pellegrino Ghigi">Pellegrino Ghigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_Parini" title="Piero Parini">Piero Parini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Geloso" title="Carlo Geloso">Carlo Geloso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Vecchiarelli" title="Carlo Vecchiarelli">Carlo Vecchiarelli</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_Army_(Italy)" title="11th Army (Italy)">11th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Army_Corps_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Army Corps (Italy)">III Army Corps</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_Corpo_d%27armata_(Regio_Esercito)" class="extiw" title="it:III Corpo d'armata (Regio Esercito)">it</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIII_Army_Corps_(Italy)" title="VIII Army Corps (Italy)">VIII Army Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXVI_Army_Corps_(Italy)" title="XXVI Army Corps (Italy)">XXVI Corps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:none;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Markov_(Bulgarian_general)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Markov (Bulgarian general) (page does not exist)">Ivan Markov</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82)" class="extiw" title="bg:Иван Марков (генерал-лейтенант)">bg</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trifon_Trifonov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trifon Trifonov (page does not exist)">Trifon Trifonov</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_(%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80)" class="extiw" title="bg:Трифон Трифонов (офицер)">bg</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asen_Sirakov" title="Asen Sirakov">Asen Sirakov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">Atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Kondomari" title="Massacre of Kondomari">Kondomari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razing_of_Kandanos" title="Razing of Kandanos">Kandanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alikianos_executions" title="Alikianos executions">Alikianos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxato" title="Doxato">Doxato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Mousiotitsa" title="Massacres of Mousiotitsa">Mousiotitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Kommeno" title="Massacre of Kommeno">Kommeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalavryta_massacre" title="Kalavryta massacre">Kalavryta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingiades_massacre" title="Lingiades massacre">Lingiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distomo_massacre" title="Distomo massacre">Distomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenikon_massacre" title="Domenikon massacre">Domenikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drakeia_massacre" title="Drakeia massacre">Drakeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalonia_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalonia massacre">Cephalonia (Acqui Division)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesovouno_massacres" title="Mesovouno massacres">Mesovouno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrgoi_massacre" title="Pyrgoi massacre">Pyrgoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razing_of_Vorizia" title="Razing of Vorizia">Vorizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viannos_massacres" title="Viannos massacres">Viannos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikratis_executions" title="Kallikratis executions">Kallikratis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burnings_of_Kali_Sykia" title="Burnings of Kali Sykia">Kali Sykia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razing_of_Anogeia" title="Razing of Anogeia">Anogeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_of_Kedros" title="Holocaust of Kedros">Kedros</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kleisoura_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kleisoura massacre (page does not exist)">Kleisoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haidari_concentration_camp" title="Haidari concentration camp">Haidari concentration camp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Larissa_concentration_camp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larissa concentration camp (page does not exist)">Larissa concentration camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_May_1944_Kaisariani_executions" title="1 May 1944 Kaisariani executions">200 of Kaisariani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chortiatis_massacre" title="Chortiatis massacre">Chortiatis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">Economic<br />exploitation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Great Famine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_Relief_Association" title="Greek War Relief Association">GWRA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Greece" title="Hyperinflation in Greece">Hyperinflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEGRIGES" title="DEGRIGES">DEGRIGES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_loan_of_Greece_to_Nazi_Germany" title="Compulsory loan of Greece to Nazi Germany">Compulsory loan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_Reichsmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occupation Reichsmark (page does not exist)">Occupation Reichsmark</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF" class="extiw" title="el:Κατοχικό μάρκο">el</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Greece">The Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgarian-occupied_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied Greece">Bulgarian-occupied Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thessaloniki#Second_World_War" title="History of the Jews in Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Koretz" title="Zvi Koretz">Zvi Koretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cemetery_of_Salonica" title="Jewish cemetery of Salonica">Jewish cemetery of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thessaloniki#Deportation" title="History of the Jews in Thessaloniki">Baron Hirsch ghetto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expropriation_of_Jewish_property_in_Thessaloniki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Expropriation of Jewish property in Thessaloniki (page does not exist)">Expropriation of property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Jews_of_Zakynthos" title="Rescue of the Jews of Zakynthos">Rescue of the Jews of Zakynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Collaborationist<br />government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Tsolakoglou" title="Georgios Tsolakoglou">Georgios Tsolakoglou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Logothetopoulos" title="Konstantinos Logothetopoulos">K. Logothetopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Rallis" title="Ioannis Rallis">Ioannis Rallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotirios_Gotzamanis" title="Sotirios Gotzamanis">Sotirios Gotzamanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Bakos" title="Georgios Bakos">Georgios Bakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Poulos" title="Georgios Poulos">Georgios Poulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schubert" title="Friedrich Schubert">Friedrich Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Bourantas" title="Nikolaos Bourantas">Nikolaos Bourantas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Mercouris" title="George S. Mercouris">George S. Mercouris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Plytzanopoulos" title="Ioannis Plytzanopoulos">Ioannis Plytzanopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysios_Papadongonas" title="Dionysios Papadongonas">Dionysios Papadongonas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Security_Battalions" title="Security Battalions">Security Battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Socialist_Patriotic_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic Socialist Patriotic Organisation">Hellenic Socialist Patriotic Organisation (ESPO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Greece" title="National Union of Greece">National Union of Greece (EEE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_National_Socialist_Party" title="Greek National Socialist Party">Greek National Socialist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">Secessionists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Legion_(1941%E2%80%931943)" title="Roman Legion (1941–1943)">Roman Legion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcibiades_Diamandi" title="Alcibiades Diamandi">Alcibiades Diamandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaos_Matussis" title="Nicolaos Matussis">Nicolaos Matussis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassilis_Rapotikas" title="Vassilis Rapotikas">Vassilis Rapotikas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrana" title="Ohrana">Ohrana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andon_Kalchev" title="Andon Kalchev">Andon Kalchev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanian_collaboration_with_the_Axis" title="Cham Albanian collaboration with the Axis">Cham collaboration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%ABshilla" title="Këshilla">Këshilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhemil_Dino" title="Xhemil Dino">Xhemil Dino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">Atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramythia_executions" title="Paramythia executions">Paramythia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executions_of_Kokkinia" title="Executions of Kokkinia">Executions of Kokkinia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;"><div id="Resistance_and_Free_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="Political Committee of National Liberation">Free Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Greece)" title="National Liberation Front (Greece)">National Liberation<br />Front (EAM)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aris_Velouchiotis" title="Aris Velouchiotis">Aris Velouchiotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefanos_Sarafis" title="Stefanos Sarafis">Stefanos Sarafis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Tzimas" title="Andreas Tzimas">Andreas Tzimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Siantos" title="Georgios Siantos">Georgios Siantos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Svolos" title="Alexandros Svolos">Alexandros Svolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilias_Tsirimokos" title="Ilias Tsirimokos">Ilias Tsirimokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markos_Vafeiadis" title="Markos Vafeiadis">Markos Vafeiadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evripidis_Bakirtzis" title="Evripidis Bakirtzis">Evripidis Bakirtzis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">Communist Party of Greece (KKE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Greece" title="Socialist Party of Greece">Socialist Party of Greece (SKE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_People%27s_Democracy" title="Union of People's Democracy">Union of People's Democracy (ELD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELAS" title="ELAS">Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_People%27s_Liberation_Navy" title="Greek People's Liberation Navy">Greek People's Liberation Navy (ELAN)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="Political Committee of National Liberation">Political Committee of National Liberation (PEEA)</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Greece)" title="National Council (Greece)">National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Panhellenic_Organization_of_Youth" title="United Panhellenic Organization of Youth">United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (EPON)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Solidarity_(Greece)" title="National Solidarity (Greece)">National Solidarity (EA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_the_Protection_of_the_People%27s_Struggle" title="Organization for the Protection of the People's Struggle">Organization for the Protection of the People's Struggle (OPLA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Macedonia)#SNOF" title="National Liberation Front (Macedonia)">Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation Front (SNOF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany" title="Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany">Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany (AKFD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama_uprising" title="Drama uprising">Drama uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ryka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ryka (page does not exist)">Ryka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mikro_Chorio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Mikro Chorio (page does not exist)">Mikro Chorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harling" title="Operation Harling">Gorgopotamos Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meritsa" title="Battle of Meritsa">Meritsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Greek_protests_against_labour_mobilization" title="1943 Greek protests against labour mobilization">Protests against labour mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fardykambos" title="Battle of Fardykambos">Fardykambos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Porta" title="Battle of Porta">Porta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarantaporos_(1943)" title="Battle of Sarantaporos (1943)">Sarantaporos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_the_Kournovo_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Destruction of the Kournovo Tunnel (page does not exist)">Kournovo Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22_July_1943_Athens_protest" title="22 July 1943 Athens protest">1943 Athens protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_Infantry_Division_%22Pinerolo%22" title="24th Infantry Division "Pinerolo"">Pinerolo disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Steiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Steiri (page does not exist)">Steiri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Agorelitsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Agorelitsa (page does not exist)">Agorelitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Krech#Ambush" title="Franz Krech">Killing of Franz Krech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">Atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feneos_executions" title="Feneos executions">Feneos executions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5/42_Evzone_Regiment_(EKKA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5/42 Evzone Regiment (EKKA) (page does not exist)">5/42 Regiment dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meligalas" title="Battle of Meligalas">Meligalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kilkis_(1944)" title="Battle of Kilkis (1944)">Kilkis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Greece)" title="Red Terror (Greece)">Red Terror (Greece)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;">Non-EAM resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Zervas" title="Napoleon Zervas">Napoleon Zervas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Kartalis" title="Georgios Kartalis">Georgios Kartalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Psarros" title="Dimitrios Psarros">Dimitrios Psarros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komninos_Pyromaglou" title="Komninos Pyromaglou">Komninos Pyromaglou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonis_Fosteridis" title="Antonis Fosteridis">Antonis Fosteridis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostas_Perrikos" title="Kostas Perrikos">Kostas Perrikos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilias_Degiannis" title="Ilias Degiannis">Ilias Degiannis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasileios_Sachinis" title="Vasileios Sachinis">Vasileios Sachinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lela_Karagianni" title="Lela Karagianni">Lela Karagianni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Ventiris" title="Konstantinos Ventiris">Konstantinos Ventiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manolis_Paterakis" title="Manolis Paterakis">Manolis Paterakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Petrakis" title="Georgios Petrakis">Petrakogiorgis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimonas_Zografakis" title="Kimonas Zografakis">Kimonas Zografakis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EDES" title="EDES">National Republican Greek League (EDES)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Bands_of_Greek_Guerrillas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Bands of Greek Guerrillas (page does not exist)">National Bands of Greek Guerrillas (EOEA)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_and_Social_Liberation" title="National and Social Liberation">National and Social Liberation (EKKA)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5/42_Evzone_Regiment_(EKKA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5/42 Evzone Regiment (EKKA) (page does not exist)">5/42 Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Liberation_Organization" title="Panhellenic Liberation Organization">Defenders of Northern Greece (YVE)/Panhellenic Liberation Organization (PAO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Union_of_Fighting_Youths" title="Panhellenic Union of Fighting Youths">Panhellenic Union of Fighting Youths (PEAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_II" title="Prometheus II">Prometheus II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_(resistance_organization)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollo (resistance organization) (page does not exist)">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_of_Crete" title="National Organization of Crete">National Organization of Crete (ΕΟΚ)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenic_Army_(Resistance_organization)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hellenic Army (Resistance organization) (page does not exist)">Hellenic Army (ES)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus_Liberation_Front" title="Northern Epirus Liberation Front">Northern Epirus Liberation Front (MAVI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Resistance_organizations" title="List of Greek Resistance organizations"><i>others...</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Socialist_Patriotic_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic Socialist Patriotic Organisation">ESPO bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harling" title="Operation Harling">Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling")</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Agia_Kyriaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Agia Kyriaki (page does not exist)">Agia Kyriaki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Milia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Milia (page does not exist)">Milia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Skala_Paramythias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Skala Paramythias (page does not exist)">Skala Paramythias</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Josef_Salminger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Execution of Josef Salminger (page does not exist)">Execution of Josef Salminger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Xirovouni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Xirovouni (page does not exist)">Xirovouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trahili" title="Battle of Trahili">Trahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Menina" title="Battle of Menina">Menina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dodona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dodona (page does not exist)">Dodona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">Atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Cham_Albanians" title="Expulsion of Cham Albanians">Expulsion of Cham Albanians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_military_mission_to_Greece_(1942%E2%80%931944)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British military mission to Greece (1942–1944) (page does not exist)">British Military Mission</a> (<a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">SOE</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Myers" title="Eddie Myers">Eddie Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montague_Woodhouse,_5th_Baron_Terrington" title="Montague Woodhouse, 5th Baron Terrington">Monty Woodhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leigh_Fermor" title="Patrick Leigh Fermor">Patrick Leigh Fermor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Stanley_Moss" title="W. Stanley Moss">Bill Stanley Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Themis_Marinos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Themis Marinos (page does not exist)">Themis Marinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psychoundakis" title="George Psychoundakis">George Psychoundakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Iwanow-Szajnowicz" title="Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz">Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Albumen" title="Operation Albumen">Operation "Albumen"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harling" title="Operation Harling">Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Animals" title="Operation Animals">Operation "Animals"</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Washing" title="Operation Washing">Asopos Bridge (Operation "Washing")</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Heinrich_Kreipe" title="Kidnapping of Heinrich Kreipe">Kidnapping of Heinrich Kreipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damasta_sabotage" title="Damasta sabotage">Damasta sabotage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;"><div id="Greek_government-in-exile" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_government-in-exile" title="Greek government-in-exile">Greek government-in-exile</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greek_governmentin_exile" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_government-in-exile" title="Greek government-in-exile">Greek government<br />in exile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">Events/Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mareth_Line" title="Battle of the Mareth Line">Mareth Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_Akarit" title="Battle of Wadi Akarit">Wadi Akarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_campaign" title="Dodecanese campaign">Dodecanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Greek_naval_mutiny" title="1944 Greek naval mutiny">April 1944 mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rimini_(1944)" title="Battle of Rimini (1944)">Rimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Symi" title="Raid on Symi">Symi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Santorini" title="Raid on Santorini">Santorini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Greece" title="George II of Greece">King George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanouil_Tsouderos" title="Emmanouil Tsouderos">Emmanouil Tsouderos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofoklis_Venizelos" title="Sofoklis Venizelos">Sofoklis Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Kanellopoulos" title="Panagiotis Kanellopoulos">Panagiotis Kanellopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasyvoulos_Tsakalotos" title="Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos">Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christodoulos_Tsigantes" title="Christodoulos Tsigantes">Christodoulos Tsigantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pafsanias_Katsotas" title="Pafsanias Katsotas">Pafsanias Katsotas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Armed_Forces_in_the_Middle_East" title="Greek Armed Forces in the Middle East">Greek Armed Forces<br />in the Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Greek_Mountain_Brigade" title="3rd Greek Mountain Brigade">3rd Mountain Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Band (World War II)">Sacred Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_destroyer_Vasilissa_Olga" title="Greek destroyer Vasilissa Olga"><i>Vasilissa Olga</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_destroyer_Adrias_(L67)" title="Greek destroyer Adrias (L67)"><i>Adrias</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_submarine_Katsonis_(Y-1)" title="Greek submarine Katsonis (Y-1)"><i>Katsonis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_submarine_Papanikolis_(Y-2)" title="Greek submarine Papanikolis (Y-2)"><i>Papanikolis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Light_Bomber_Squadron" title="13th Light Bomber Squadron">13th Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/335th_Squadron_(HAF)" title="335th Squadron (HAF)">335th Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/336th_Bomber_Squadron" title="336th Bomber Squadron">336th Squadron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;"><div id="Liberation_and_road_to_the_civil_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Liberation and road to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">civil war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude_to_Civil_War" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%;text-align:center;">Prelude to <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Civil War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bands_Agreement" title="National Bands Agreement">National Bands Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaka_agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaka agreement (page does not exist)">Plaka agreement</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82_-_%CE%9C%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%86%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85" class="extiw" title="el:Συμφωνία της Πλάκας - Μυρόφυλλου">el</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Greece)" title="Red Terror (Greece)">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon_Conference" title="Lebanon Conference">Lebanon Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caserta_Agreement" title="Caserta Agreement">Caserta Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Manna" title="Operation Manna">Operation "Manna"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percentages_agreement" title="Percentages agreement">Percentages agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Varkiza" title="Treaty of Varkiza">Treaty of Varkiza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Greece)" title="White Terror (Greece)">White Terror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Scobie" title="Ronald Scobie">Ronald Scobie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papandreou" title="Georgios Papandreou">Georgios Papandreou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaskinos_of_Athens" title="Damaskinos of Athens">Archbishop Damaskinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Grivas" title="Georgios Grivas">Georgios Grivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelos_Evert" title="Angelos Evert">Angelos Evert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Zachariadis" title="Nikos Zachariadis">Nikos Zachariadis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;"><div id="Commemoration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Commemoration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ohi_Day" title="Ohi Day">Ohi Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athens_War_Museum" title="Athens War Museum">Athens War Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Museum_of_Greece" title="Holocaust Museum of Greece">Holocaust Museum of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Kalavryta_Holocaust" title="Museum of the Kalavryta Holocaust">Kalavryta Massacre Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Museum_of_Kalpaki" title="War Museum of Kalpaki">Kalpaki War Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Battle_of_Crete_and_the_National_Resistance" title="Museum of the Battle of Crete and the National Resistance">Museum of the Battle of Crete and the National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Museum_of_Thessaloniki" title="War Museum of Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki War Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aera!_Aera!_Aera!" title="Aera! Aera! Aera!">Aera! Aera! Aera!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Corelli%27s_Mandolin" title="Captain Corelli's Mandolin">Captain Corelli's Mandolin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Corelli%27s_Mandolin_(film)" title="Captain Corelli's Mandolin (film)">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ill_Met_by_Moonlight" title="Ill Met by Moonlight">Ill Met by Moonlight</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ill_Met_by_Moonlight_(film)" title="Ill Met by Moonlight (film)">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ipolochagos_Natassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipolochagos Natassa">Ipolochagos Natassa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mediterraneo" title="Mediterraneo">Mediterraneo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_11th_Day:_Crete_1941" title="The 11th Day: Crete 1941">The 11th Day: Crete 1941</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guns_of_Navarone_(novel)" title="The Guns of Navarone (novel)"><i>The Guns of Navarone</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Guns_of_Navarone_(film)" title="The Guns of Navarone (film)">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Did_You_Do_in_the_War,_Thanasis%3F" title="What Did You Do in the War, Thanasis?">What Did You Do in the War, Thanasis?</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472089#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472089#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472089#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110358282">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3383040">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/162759/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwhvGfyvRTJbpfCC3p773">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/123556783">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85208907">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb127157407">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb127157407">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cavallero, Ugo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV008896">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1485442">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/370728">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007449372105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA14448284?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="CAVALLERO, Ugo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ugo-cavallero_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd123556783.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/136887570">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10570260">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6vk1rrs">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/21px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/42px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Ugo Cavallero</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img 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Lazarus">Knights of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Officers_of_the_Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus" title="Category:Officers of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus">Officers of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commanders_of_the_Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus" title="Category:Commanders of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus">Commanders of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Officers_of_the_Order_of_the_White_Lion" title="Category:Grand Officers of the Order of the White Lion">Grand Officers of the Order of the White Lion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Category:Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_of_Malta" title="Category:Knights of Malta">Knights of Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_by_firearm_in_Italy" title="Category:Deaths by firearm in Italy">Deaths by firearm in Italy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2024">Use dmy dates from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language 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