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Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014. 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014. HarperCollins Publishers September 1, 2019, https://www.thefreedictionary.com/sagittary {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902003928/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/sagittary |date=September 2, 2019 }}</ref> | Similar_entities = [[Minotaur]], [[satyr]], [[harpy]] | Folklore = [[Greek mythology|Greek]] | Region = [[Greece]], Cyprus | Habitat = Land }} A '''centaur''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɛ|n|t|ɔːr|,_|ˈ|s|ɛ|n|t|ɑːr}} {{respell|SEN|tor|,_|SEN|tar}}; {{langx|grc|κένταυρος|kéntauros}}; {{Langx|la|centaurus}}), occasionally '''hippocentaur''', also called '''Ixionidae''' ({{Langx|grc|Ἰξιονίδαι|Ixionídai|sons of [[Ixion]]}}), is a creature from [[Greek mythology]] with the upper body of a human and the lower body and legs of a [[horse]] that was said to live in the mountains of [[Thessaly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of ''centaur'' by Merriam-Webster |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/centaur |access-date=June 6, 2021 |website=merriam-webster.com |publisher=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary |archive-date=June 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606112828/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/centaur |url-status=live }}</ref> In one version of the myth, the centaurs were named after [[Centaurus (Greek mythology)|Centaurus]], and, through his brother [[Lapithes (hero)|Lapithes]], were kin to the legendary tribe of the [[Lapiths]]. Centaurs are thought of in many Greek myths as being as wild as untamed horses, and were said to have inhabited the region of [[Magnesia (regional unit)|Magnesia]] and Mount [[Pelion]] in Thessaly, the [[Foloi oak forest]] in [[Ancient Elis|Elis]], and the Malean peninsula in southern [[Laconia]]. Centaurs are subsequently featured in [[Roman mythology]], and were familiar figures in the medieval bestiary. They remain a staple of modern fantastic literature. == Etymology == The Greek word ''kentauros'' is generally regarded as being of obscure origin.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Scobie|first=Alex|date=1978|title=The Origins of 'Centaurs'|journal=Folklore|volume=89|issue=2|pages=142–147|doi=10.1080/0015587X.1978.9716101}} Scobie quotes {{Cite book |first=Martin P. |last=Nilsson |title=Geschichte der griechischen Religion |date=1955 |quote=Die Etymologie und die Deutung der Ursprungs sind unsicher und mögen auf sich beruhen |author-link=Martin P. Nilsson}}</ref> The [[etymology]] from ''ken'' + ''tauros'', 'piercing bull', was a [[euhemerism|euhemerist]] suggestion in [[Palaephatus]]' rationalizing text on Greek mythology, ''On Incredible Tales'' (Περὶ ἀπίστων), which included mounted archers from a village called ''Nephele'' eliminating a herd of bulls that were the scourge of Ixion's kingdom.{{sfnp|Scobie|1978|p=142}} Another possible related etymology can be "bull-slayer".<ref>[[Alexander Hislop]], in his polemic ''[[The Two Babylons]]: Papal Worship Revealed to be the Worship of Nimrod and His Wife'' (1853, revised 1858), theorized that the word is derived from the [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] [[Kohen]] and "tor" (to go round) via [[Phonetics|phonetic shift]] the less prominent [[consonant]]s being lost over time, with it developing into '''K'''h'''en''' '''Tor''' or ''Ken-Tor'', and being transliterated phonetically into [[Ionic Greek|Ionian]] as ''Kentaur'', but this is not accepted by any modern philologist.</ref> ==Mythology== [[File:Centauromachy Staatliche Antikensammlungen 2640.jpg|thumb|Centauromachy, [[Tondo (art)|tondo]] of an [[Red-figure pottery|Attic red-figure]] [[kylix (drinking cup)|kylix]], {{Circa|480 BC}}|alt=|left]] ===Creation of centaurs=== The centaurs were usually said to have been born of [[Ixion]] and [[Nephele]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nash |first=Harvey |date=June 1984 |title=The Centaur's Origin: A Psychological Perspective |journal=The Classical World |volume=77 |issue=5 |pages=273–291 |doi=10.2307/4349592 |jstor=4349592}}</ref> As the story goes, Nephele was a cloud made into the likeness of [[Hera]] in a plot to trick Ixion into revealing his lust for Hera to [[Zeus]]. Ixion seduced Nephele and from that relationship centaurs were created.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Jonathann |title=Tzetzes, Chiliades 9 |url=https://www.theoi.com/Text/TzetzesChiliades9.html#20 |access-date=February 28, 2019 |website=Theoi.com |publisher=Theoi Project |archive-date=November 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123201140/https://www.theoi.com/Text/TzetzesChiliades9.html#20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Another version, however, makes them children of [[Centaurus (Greek mythology)|Centaurus]], a man who mated with the [[Magnesia (regional unit)|Magnesia]]n mares. Centaurus was either himself the son of Ixion and Nephele (inserting an additional generation) or of [[Apollo]] and the nymph [[Stilbe]]. In the latter version of the story, Centaurus's twin brother was [[Lapithes (hero)|Lapithes]], ancestor of the [[Lapith]]s. Another tribe of centaurs was said to have lived on [[Cyprus]]. According to [[Nonnus]], the '''Cyprian Centaurs''' were fathered by [[Zeus]], who, in frustration after [[Aphrodite]] had eluded him, spilled his seed on the ground of that land. Unlike those of mainland Greece, the Cyprian centaurs were ox-horned.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' 5.611 ff., 14.193 ff. & 32.65 ff.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CYPRIAN CENTAURS (Kentauroi Kyprioi) - Half-Horse Men of Greek Mythology |url=http://www.theoi.com/Georgikos/KentauroiKyprioi.html |website=www.theoi.com |access-date=March 15, 2016 |archive-date=November 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123192044/https://www.theoi.com/Georgikos/KentauroiKyprioi.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There were also the '''Lamian Pheres''', twelve rustic [[daimon]]es (spirits) of the [[Lamos (Cilicia)|Lamos river]]. They were set by [[Zeus]] to guard the infant [[Dionysos]], protecting him from the machinations of [[Hera]], but the enraged goddess transformed them into ox-horned Centaurs unrelated to the Cyprian Centaurs. The Lamian Pheres later accompanied Dionysos in his campaign against the Indians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LAMIAN PHERES - Centaurs of Dionysus in Greek Mythology |url=http://www.theoi.com/Georgikos/PheresLamioi.html |website=www.theoi.com |access-date=March 15, 2016 |archive-date=June 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606105253/https://www.theoi.com/Georgikos/PheresLamioi.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The centaur's half-human, half-horse composition has led many writers to treat them as [[liminal being]]s, caught between the two natures they embody in contrasting myths; they are both the embodiment of untamed nature, as in their battle with the Lapiths (their kin), and conversely, teachers like [[Chiron]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chiron {{!}} Greek mythology {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chiron-Greek-mythology |access-date=October 27, 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=October 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027002108/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chiron-Greek-mythology |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Centauromachy=== The Centaurs are best known for their fight with the [[Lapith]]s who, according to one origin myth, would have been cousins to the centaurs. The battle, called the Centauromachy, was caused by the centaurs' attempt to carry off [[Hippodamia (wife of Pirithous)|Hippodamia]] and the rest of the Lapith women on the day of Hippodamia's marriage to [[Pirithous]], who was the king of the Lapithae and a son of Ixion. [[Theseus]], a hero and founder of cities, who happened to be present, threw the balance in favour of the Lapiths by assisting Pirithous in the battle. The Centaurs were driven off or destroyed.<ref>[[Plutarch]], ''Theseus'' 30</ref><ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.210</ref><ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]]iv. pp. 69-70.</ref> Another Lapith hero, [[Caeneus]], who was invulnerable to weapons, was beaten into the earth by Centaurs wielding rocks and the branches of trees. In her article "The Centaur: Its History and Meaning in Human Culture", Elizabeth Lawrence claims that the contests between the centaurs and the Lapiths typify the struggle between civilization and barbarism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lawrence |first=Elizabeth Atwood |date=1994 |title=The Centaur: Its History and Meaning in Human Culture |journal=Journal of Popular Culture |volume=27 |issue=4 |page=58 |doi=10.1111/j.0022-3840.1994.2704_57.x}}</ref> The Centauromachy is most famously portrayed in the [[metopes of the Parthenon]] by [[Phidias]] and in the ''[[Battle of the Centaurs (Michelangelo)|Battle of the Centaurs]]'', a relief by [[Michelangelo]]. ==List of centaurs== [[File:Centaur mosaic - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|"Battle of Centaurs and Wild Beasts" is estimated to have been made between 120 and 130 A.D. for the dining-room of [[Hadrian's Villa]] . The mosaic now resides in the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin in Germany.|alt=|301x301px]] * [[Abas (mythology)|Abas]], attended Pirithous' wedding, fought against the Lapiths and fled.<ref name=":0">Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.306</ref> * [[Agrius]], repelled by Heracles in a fight.<ref name=":1">[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.5.4 2.5.4]</ref> * [[Amphion]], tried to plunder Pholus of his wine and was killed by Heracles.<ref name=":2">[[Diodorus Siculus]], 4.12.7</ref> * [[Amycus (centaur)|Amycus]], son of [[Ophion (centaur)|Ophion]]. He attended Pirithous' wedding and fought against the Lapiths. Amycus was killed by [[Pelates (mythology)|Pelates]].<ref name=":3">Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.245</ref> * [[Anchius]], repelled by Heracles when he tried to steal the wine of Pholus.<ref name=":1" /> * [[Antimachus (mythology)|Antimachus]], attended Pirithous' wedding, fought in the battle against the Lapiths and was killed by Caeneus.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.495</ref> * [[Aphareus]], killed by Theseus in the fight at Pirithous' wedding.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.341</ref> * [[Apheidas|Aphidas]], killed by [[Phorbas]] in the fight at Pirithous' wedding.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.317 ff.</ref> * [[Arctus (centaur)|Arctus]], attended Pirithous' wedding and fought against the Lapiths.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Shield of Heracles]]'' 186</ref> * [[Areos]], attended Pirithous' wedding and fought against the Lapiths.<ref name=":4">Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.310</ref> * [[Argeus (Greek myth)|Argius]], killed by Heracles when he tried to steal the wine of Pholus.<ref name=":2" /> * [[Asbolus]], an augur who had attempted in vain to dissuade his friends from engaging in battle against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.308; Hesiod, ''Shield of Heracles'' 185</ref> * [[Bienor (mythology)|Bienor]], attended Pirithous' wedding, fought in the battle against the Lapiths and was killed by Theseus.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.345 ff.</ref> * [[Bromus (mythology)|Bromus]], attended Pirithous' wedding, fought in the battle against the Lapiths and was killed by Caeneus.<ref name=":5">Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.459</ref> * [[Chiron]], the son of [[Cronus]] and [[Philyra (Oceanid)|Philyra]]. * [[Chromis (mythology)|Chromis]], attended Pirithous' wedding, fought in the battle against the Lapiths and was killed by Pirithous.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.333</ref> * [[Chthonius]], attended Pirithous' wedding, fought in the battle against the Lapiths and was killed by Nestor.<ref name=":6">Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.441</ref> * [[Clanis (mythology)|Clanis]], attended Pirithous' wedding, fought in the battle against the Lapiths and was killed by Peleus.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.378; [[Valerius Flaccus (poet)|Valerius Flaccus]], 1.146</ref> * [[Crenaeus]], attended Pirithous' wedding, fought in the battle against the Lapiths and was killed by Dryas.<ref name=":4" /> * [[Cyllarus]], attended Pirithous' wedding, fought in the battle against the Lapiths. Killed by a javelin thrown from an unknown hand. He was married to Hylonome.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.393 ff.</ref> * [[Daphnis (mythology)|Daphnis]], tried to plunder Pholus of his wine and was killed by Heracles.<ref name=":2" /> * [[Demoleon (mythology)|Demoleon]], attended Pirithous' wedding, fought in the battle against the Lapiths and was killed by Peleus.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.356 ff.</ref> * [[Dictys]], attended Pirithous' wedding, fought in the battle against the Lapiths and was killed by Pirithous.<ref name=":7">Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.334 ff.</ref> * [[Dorylas (centaur)|Dorylas]], attended Pirithous' wedding, fought in the battle against the Lapiths and was killed by Peleus.<ref name=":8">Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.378</ref> * [[Doupon]], tried to plunder Pholus of his wine and was killed by Heracles.<ref name=":2" /> * [[Dryalus (mythology)|Dryalus]], son of Peuceus who attended Pirithous' wedding and fought against the Lapiths.<ref name=":3" /> * [[Echeclus (mythology)|Echeclus]], attended Pirithous' wedding, fought in the battle against the Lapiths and was killed by Ampyx.<ref name=":9">Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.450</ref> * [[Elatus]], tried to plunder Pholus of his wine. Heracles shot an arrow at him, which, passing through his arm, stuck in the knee of Chiron.<ref name=":1" /> * [[Elymus (Greek myth)|Elymus]], attended Pirithous' wedding, fought in the battle against the Lapiths and was killed by Caeneus.<ref name=":5" /> * [[Eurynomus (mythology)|Eurynomus]], fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding. Killed by Dryas.<ref name=":4" />[[File:Sebastiano Ricci 045.jpg|thumb|Painting by [[Sebastiano Ricci]], of centaurs at the marriage of [[Pirithous]], king of the [[Lapithae]]|296x296px]] * [[Eurytion]], acted in an insulting manner towards Hippolyte when she was being joined in marriage to Azan in the house of Pirithous. He was killed by Heracles.<ref>Apollodorus, 2.5.4; Diodorus Siculus, 4.33.1; [[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' 295 ff.; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' 33</ref> * [[Eurytus]], the wildest of the wild Centaurs. He started the fight at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Theseus.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.220 &12.235 ff.</ref> * [[Gryneus (mythology)|Gryneus]], fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by [[Exadius]].<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.258 ff.</ref> * [[Helops (mythology)|Helops]], attended Pirithous' wedding and fought in the battle against the Lapiths. While fleeing from Pirithous, he fell from a precipice into the top of a tree and impaled his body.<ref name=":7" /> * [[Hippasus (mythology)|Hippasus]], fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding. Killed by Theseus.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.352; Valerius Flaccus, 1.148</ref> * [[Hippotion (mythology)|Hippotion]], another Centaur, killed by Heracles when he tried to steal the wine of Pholus.<ref name=":2" /> * [[Hodites]], fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding. Killed by Mopsus.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.456</ref> * [[Homadus]], tried to plunder Pholus of his wine. Some time after he attempted to rape Alcyone, a granddaughter of Perseus. He got killed in Arcadia.<ref name=":2" /> * [[Hylaeus (mythology)|Hylaeus]], tried to rape Atalanta but was shot by her (same thing happened to Rhoecus).<ref name="auto">Apollodorus, 3.9.2</ref><ref>[[Propertius]], ''Elegies'' 1.1</ref> * Hylaeus, killed by Heracles under unknown circumstances.<ref>[[Virgil]], ''[[Aeneid]]'' 8.294</ref> * Hylaeus, followed Dionysus in his Indian campaign and was killed by Orontes, an Indian General.<ref>Nonnus, ''Dionysiaca'' 17.200</ref> * [[Hyles (mythology)|Hyles]], attended Pirithous' wedding, fought in the battle against the Lapiths and was killed by Peleus.<ref name=":8" /> * [[Hylonome]], attended Pirithous' wedding together with her lover Cyllarus. Having seen the latter dead, she threw herself upon the spear which had killed him.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.405 ff.</ref> * [[Imbreus (mythology)|Imbreus]], fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Dryas.<ref name=":4" /> * [[Iphinous]], fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Peleus.<ref name=":8" /> * [[Isoples (mythology)|Isoples]], killed by Heracles when he tried to steal the wine of Pholus.<ref name=":2" /> * [[Latreus]], fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Caeneus.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.463 ff.</ref> * [[Lycabas]], attended Pirithous' wedding, fought against the Lapiths and fled.<ref name=":10">Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.302</ref> * [[Lycidas (mythology)|Lycidas]], fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Dryas.<ref name=":4" /> * [[Lycopes]], fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Theseus.<ref name=":11">Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.350</ref> * [[Lycus (mythology)|Lycus]], fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding was killed by Pirithous.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.332</ref> * [[Medon (mythology)|Medon]], attended Pirithous' wedding, fought against the Lapiths and fled.<ref name=":10" /> * [[Melanchaetes]], killed by Heracles when he tried to steal the wine of Pholus.<ref name=":2" /> * [[Melaneus (mythology)|Melaneus]], attended Pirithous' wedding, fought against the Lapiths and fled.<ref name=":0" /> * [[Mermerus (mythology)|Mermerus]], wounded by the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and fled.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.305</ref> * [[Mimas (Greek myth)|Mimas]], attended Pirithous' wedding and fought against the Lapiths.<ref name=":3" /> * [[Monychus]], attended Pirithous' wedding and fought in the battle against the Lapiths. He was conquered by Nestor, mounted on his unwilling back.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.499 ff.; Valerius Flaccus, 1.146</ref> * [[Nedymnus]], fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding. Killed by Theseus.<ref name=":11" /> * [[Nessus (mythology)|Nessus]], fled during the fight with the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding. Later he attempted to rape Deianira and before dying gave her a charm which resulted in the death of Heracles. He was killed by the latter.<ref>Apollodorus, 2.5.4, 2.7.6; Diodorus Siculus, 4.36.3; Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' 31; [[Sophocles]], ''[[Women of Trachis|Trachiniae]]'' 500 ff.; [[Strabo]], 10.2.5; Valerius Flaccus, 1.147</ref> * [[Ophion (mythology)|Ophion]], father of Amycus.<ref name=":3" /> * [[Oreius (mythology)|Oreius]], killed by Heracles when he tried to steal the wine of Pholus.<ref>Diodorus Siculus, 4.12.3; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], 3.18.16</ref> * [[Orneus]], attended Pirithous' wedding fought against the Lapiths and fled.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.302; Pausanias, 3.18.16</ref> * [[Perimedes]], son of Peuceus and attended Pirithous' wedding and fought against the Lapiths.<ref name=":3" /> * [[Petraeus (centaur)|Petraeus]], fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Pirithous.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.327</ref> * [[Peuceus]], father of Perimedes and Dryalus.<ref name=":3" /> * [[Phaecomes]], fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Nestor.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.431 ff.</ref> * [[Phlegraeus (centaur)|Phlegraeus]], fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Peleus.<ref name=":8" /> * [[Pholus (mythology)|Pholus]] [[File:Achilleus Lyra.jpg|thumb|[[Chiron]] teaching [[Achilles]] how to play the [[lyre]], a Roman fresco from [[Herculaneum]], 1st century AD.|305x305px]] * [[Phrixus (mythology)|Phrixus]], killed by Heracles when he tried to steal the wine of Pholus.<ref name=":2" /> * [[Peisenor|Pisenor]], attended Pirithous' wedding, fought against the Lapiths and fled.<ref name=":12">Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.303</ref> * [[Pylenor]], having been wounded by Heracles washed himself in the river Anigrus, thus providing the river with a peculiar odor.<ref>Pausanias, 5.5.10</ref> * [[Pyracmus (mythology)|Pyracmus]], fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Caeneus.<ref name=":5" /> * [[Pyraethus]], fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Periphas.<ref name=":9" /> * [[Rhoecus]], He also tried to rape Atalanta and was killed by her.<ref name="auto" /> * [[Rhoetus (centaur)|Rhoetus]], fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Dryas.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.271 & 12.300; Valerius Flaccus, 3.65</ref> * [[Ripheus (mythology)|Ripheus]], fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Theseus.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 12.352</ref> * [[Styphelus]], fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Caeneus.<ref name=":5" /> * [[Teleboas (mythology)|Teleboas]], fought against the Lapiths at Pirithous' wedding and was killed by Nestor.<ref name=":6" /> * [[Thaumas (mythology)|Thaumas]], attended Pirithous' wedding, fought against the Lapiths and fled.<ref name=":12" /> * [[Thereus (mythology)|Thereus]], this Centaur used to catch bears and carry them home alive and struggling. Attended Pirithous' wedding and fought in the battle against the Lapiths. Killed by Theseus.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 353</ref> * Thereus, killed by Heracles when he tried to steal the wine of Pholus.<ref>Diodorus Siculus, 4.12.7; Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 353</ref> * [[Ureus (mythology)|Ureus]], attended Pirithous' wedding and fought against the Lapiths.<ref>Hesiod, ''Shield of Heracles'' 186</ref> ==Origin of the myth== The most common theory holds that the idea of centaurs came from the first reaction of a non-riding culture, as in the [[Minoan civilization|Minoan]] [[Aegean Sea|Aegean world]], to nomads who were mounted on horses. The theory suggests that such riders would appear as half-man, half-animal. [[Bernal Díaz del Castillo]] reported that the [[Aztec]]s also had this misapprehension about Spanish cavalrymen.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Stuart |last=Chase |title=Mexico: A Study of Two Americas |chapter=Chapter IV: The Six Hundred |access-date=April 24, 2006 |chapter-url=http://xroads.virginia.edu/~Hyper2/chase/ch04.html |via=University of Virginia Hypertexts |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210459/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~Hyper2/chase/ch04.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Lapith tribe of Thessaly, who were the kinsmen of the Centaurs in myth, were described as the inventors of horse-riding by Greek writers. The Thessalian tribes also claimed their horse breeds were descended from the centaurs. [[Robert Graves]] (relying on the work of [[Georges Dumézil]],<ref>Dumézil, ''Le Problème des Centaures'' (Paris 1929) and ''Mitra-Varuna: An essay on two Indo-European representations of sovereignty'' (1948. tr. 1988).</ref> who argued for tracing the centaurs back to the [[Hindu|Indian]] [[Gandharva]]), speculated that the centaurs were a dimly remembered, pre-Hellenic fraternal earth cult who had the horse as a [[totem]].<ref>Graves, ''The Greek Myths'', 1960 § 81.4; § 102 "Centaurs"; § 126.3;.</ref> A similar theory was incorporated into [[Mary Renault]]'s ''[[The Bull from the Sea]].'' ==Variations== ===Female centaurs=== {{main|Centaurides}} [[File:GiorcesBardo55.jpg|thumb|Female centaurs flanking [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] (Mosaic from Roman Tunisia, 2nd century AD)]] Though female centaurs, called [[centaurides]] or centauresses, are not mentioned in early Greek literature and art, they do appear occasionally in later antiquity. A [[Macedon]]ian mosaic of the 4th century BC is one of the earliest examples of the centauress in art.<ref>Pella Archaeological Museum</ref> [[Ovid]] also mentions a centauress named [[Hylonome]]{{efn-lr|The name ''Hylonome'' is Greek, so Ovid may have drawn her story from an earlier Greek writer.}} who committed suicide when her husband [[Cyllarus]] was killed in the war with the Lapiths.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''Metamorphoses'' 12.210 ff.</ref> [[File:Augustin Courtet, Centauress and Faun. 1849. Bronze. Lyon, Parc de la Tête d’or. Photo, Jamie Mulherron.jpg|thumb|Augustin Courtet, ''Centauress and Faun'' (1849), Lyon, [[Parc de la Tête d'or|Parc de la Tête d’or]]]] ===India=== The Kalibangan [[cylinder seal]], dated to be around 2600–1900 BC,<ref name="MMA239" /> found at the site of [[Indus-Valley civilization]] shows a battle between men in the presence of centaur-like creatures.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ameri |first1=Marta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mu9UDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT255 |title=Seals and Sealing in the Ancient World: Case Studies from the Near East, Egypt, the Aegean, and South Asia |last2=Costello |first2=Sarah Kielt |last3=Jamison |first3=Gregg |last4=Scott |first4=Sarah Jarmer |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108168694 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="MMA239">{{cite book |title=Art of the first cities : the third millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |pages=239–246 |url=https://archive.org/details/ArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ/page/n263 |language=en}}</ref> Other sources claim the creatures represented are actually half human and half tigers, later evolving into the [[Hindu]] [[Durga|Goddess of War]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Deciphering the Indus Script| publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|last=Parpola |first=Asko}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.harappa.com/blog/indus-cylinder-seals |title=Indus Cylinder Seals |date=May 4, 2016 |website=Harappa.com |access-date=July 16, 2019 |archive-date=October 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023084326/https://www.harappa.com/blog/indus-cylinder-seals |url-status=live }}</ref> These seals are also evidence of [[Indus-Mesopotamia relations]] in the 3rd millennium BC. In a popular legend associated with [[Pazhaya Sreekanteswaram Temple]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the curse of a saintly [[Brahmin]] transformed a handsome [[Yadava]] prince into a creature having a horse's body and the prince's head, arms, and torso in place of the head and neck of the horse. [[Kinnara kingdom|Kinnaras]], another half-man, half-horse mythical creature from [[Indian epic poetry|Indian mythology]], appeared in various ancient texts, arts, and sculptures from all around [[India]]. It is shown as a horse with the torso of a man where the horse's head would be, and is similar to a Greek centaur.<ref>Devdutt Pattanaik, "Indian mythology : tales, symbols, and rituals from the heart of the Subcontinent" (Rochester, USA 2003) P.74: {{ISBN|0-89281-870-0}}.</ref><ref>K. Krishna Murthy, ''Mythical Animals in Indian Art'' (New Delhi, India 1985).</ref> ===Russia=== A centaur-like half-human, half-equine creature called ''[[Polkan]]'' appeared in Russian folk art and [[lubok]] prints of the 17th–19th centuries. Polkan is originally based on ''Pulicane'', a half-dog from [[Andrea da Barberino]]'s poem ''I Reali di Francia'', which was once popular in the Slavonic world in prosaic translations. ==Artistic representations== ===Classical art=== [[File:Cantharus Stathatou Louvre CA1987.jpg|thumb|[[Boeotia]]n ''[[kantharos]]'', [[Geometric art|Late Geometric period]]]] The extensive Mycenaean pottery found at [[Ugarit]] included two fragmentary Mycenaean terracotta figures which have been tentatively identified as centaurs. This finding suggests a [[Bronze Age]] origin for these creatures of myth.<ref>Ione Mylonas Shear, "Mycenaean Centaurs at Ugarit" ''The Journal of Hellenic Studies'' (2002:147–153); but see the interpretation relating them to "abbreviated group" figures at the [[Temple of Aphaea|Bronze-Age sanctuary of Aphaia]] and elsewhere, presented by Korinna Pilafidis-Williams, "No Mycenaean Centaurs Yet", ''The Journal of Hellenic Studies'' '''124''' (2004), p. 165, which concludes "we had perhaps do best not to raise hopes of a continuity of images across the divide between the Bronze Age and the historical period."</ref> A painted terracotta centaur was found in the "Hero's tomb" at [[Lefkandi]], and by the [[Geometric art|Geometric period]], centaurs figure among the first representational figures painted on Greek pottery. An often-published Geometric [[Bronze man and centaur (Metropolitan Museum of Art)|period bronze of a warrior face-to-face with a centaur]] is at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/17.190.2072 |title=Bronze man and centaur |website=The MET |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=July 16, 2019 |archive-date=November 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114001524/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/17.190.2072 |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Ancient Greek art|Greek art]] of the [[Archaic Greece#Art|Archaic period]], centaurs are depicted in three different forms. * Some centaurs are depicted with a human torso attached to the body of a horse at the [[withers]], where the horse's neck would be; this form, designated "Class A" by Professor Paul Baur, later became standard. * "Class B" centaurs are depicted with a human body and legs joined at the waist to the hindquarters of a horse; in some cases centaurs of both Class A and Class B appear together. * A third type, designated "Class C", depicts centaurs with human forelegs terminating in hooves. Baur describes this as an apparent development of [[Aeolis|Aeolic]] art, which never became particularly widespread.<ref>Paul V. C. Baur, ''Centaurs in Ancient Art: The Archaic Period'', Karl Curtius, Berlin (1912), pp. 5–7.</ref> There are also paintings and motifs on [[Amphora|''amphorae'']]<ref>Maria Cristina Biella and Enrico Giovanelli, ''Il bestiario fantastico di età orientalizzante nella penisola italiana'' (Belfast, ME: Tangram, 2012), 172-78. {{ISBN|9788864580692}}; and J. Michael Padgett and William A. P. Childs, ''The Centaur's Smile: The Human Animal in Early Greek Art'' (Princeton University Press, 2003). {{ISBN|9780300101638}}</ref> and Dipylon cups<ref>{{cite book| author = Martin Nilsson | title = The Mycenaean Origin of Greek Mythology | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zGvfEAAAQBAJ| publisher = University of California Press | date = 2023 | page = 158 | isbn = 9780520335899}}</ref> which depict winged centaurs. Centaurs were also frequently depicted in Roman art. One example is the pair of centaurs drawing the chariot of [[Constantine I|Constantine the Great]] and his family in the Great Cameo of Constantine (''circa'' AD 314–16), which embodies wholly pagan imagery, and contrasts sharply with the popular image of Constantine as the patron of early Christianity.<ref>The Great Cameo of Constantine, formerly in the collection of [[Peter Paul Rubens]] and now in the Geld en Bankmuseum, Utrecht, is illustrated, for instance, in Paul Stephenson, ''Constantine, Roman Emperor, Christian Victor'', 2010:fig. 53.</ref><ref>Iain Ferris, ''The Arch of Constantine: Inspired by the Divine'', Amberley Publishing (2009).</ref> ===Medieval art=== [[File:Grape harvest Abbatiale Mozac 2007 06 30.jpg|thumb|Centaurs harvest grapes on a 12th-century capital from the [[Mozac Abbey]] in the [[Auvergne (region)|Auvergne]]]] [[File:P. 26 'The Zodiac Man' a diagram of a human body and astrological symbols with instructions explaining the importance of astrology from a medical perspective.jpg|thumb|"The Zodiac Man", a 15th-c. diagram of a human body and astrological symbols with instructions in [[Welsh language|Welsh]] explaining the importance of astrology from a medical perspective; a centaur is depicted around the thighs as Sagittarius below Scorpio [genitalia] and above Capricorn [knees].]] Centaurs preserved a [[Dionysus|Dionysian]] connection in the 12th-century [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] carved [[Capital (architecture)|capitals]] of [[Mozac Abbey]] in the [[Auvergne (region)|Auvergne]]. Other similar capitals depict harvesters, boys riding goats (a further Dionysiac theme), and [[griffin]]s guarding the [[Chalice (cup)|chalice]] that held the wine. Centaurs are also shown on a number of [[Picts|Pictish]] carved stones from north-east [[Scotland]] erected in the 8th–9th centuries AD (e.g., at [[Meigle]], Perthshire). Though outside the limits of the [[Roman Empire]], these depictions appear to be derived from Classical prototypes. ===Modern art=== The [[John C. Hodges library at The University of Tennessee]] hosts a permanent exhibit of a "Centaur from [[Volos]]" in its library. The exhibit, made by sculptor Bill Willers by combining a study human skeleton with the skeleton of a [[Shetland pony]], is entitled "Do you believe in Centaurs?". According to the exhibitors, it was meant to mislead students in order to make them more critically aware.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://notes.utk.edu/bio/unistudy.nsf/0/22d591ecc61a2cca85256efd00631d45?OpenDocument |volume=97 |issue=8 |date=August 26, 2004 |title=Library hails centaur's 10th anniversary |newspaper=The Daily Beacon|first=Maggie |last=Anderson |access-date=September 21, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070920205755/http://notes.utk.edu/bio/unistudy.nsf/0/22d591ecc61a2cca85256efd00631d45?OpenDocument |archive-date=September 20, 2007 }}</ref> ===Cartography=== Depictions of centaurs in a mythical land located south beyond the world's known continents appear on a map by [[Urbano Monti]] from 1587, sometimes called Monti's Planisphere.<ref>[https://www.davidrumsey.com/blog/2017/11/26/largest-early-world-map-monte-s-10-ft-planisphere-of-1587 Largest Early World Map - Monte's 10 ft. Planisphere of 1587] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407141406/https://www.davidrumsey.com/blog/2017/11/26/largest-early-world-map-monte-s-10-ft-planisphere-of-1587 |date=April 7, 2020 }}. David Rumsey Map Collection. November 26, 2017. [https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~303613~90074267:Tavola-LV---Che-Ha-Sua-Superiore-La?qvq=q%3Apub_list_no%3D%2210130.000%22%3Bsort%3APub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No%3Blc%3ARUMSEY%7E8%7E1&sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No&mi=60&trs=94 Close-up of 1st image] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522035452/https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~303613~90074267:Tavola-LV---Che-Ha-Sua-Superiore-La?qvq=q:pub_list_no%3D%2210130.000%22%3Bsort:Pub_List_No_InitialSort,Pub_Date,Pub_List_No,Series_No%3Blc:RUMSEY~8~1&sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort,Pub_Date,Pub_List_No,Series_No&mi=60&trs=94 |date=May 22, 2024 }}, [https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~303604~90074221:Tavola-XXXXVI--Che-Ha-Sua-Superiore?qvq=q%3Apub_list_no%3D%2210130.000%22%3Bsort%3Apub_list_no%2Cseries_no%3Blc%3ARUMSEY%7E8%7E1&sort=pub_list_no%2Cseries_no&mi=48&trs=94 Close-up of 2nd image] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522035446/https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~303604~90074221:Tavola-XXXXVI--Che-Ha-Sua-Superiore?qvq=q:pub_list_no%3D%2210130.000%22%3Bsort:pub_list_no,series_no%3Blc:RUMSEY~8~1&sort=pub_list_no,series_no&mi=48&trs=94 |date=May 22, 2024 }}.</ref> ===In heraldry=== Centaurs are common in European heraldry, although more frequent in continental than in British arms. A centaur holding a bow is referred to as a '''sagittarius'''.<ref name="Davies">[[Arthur Fox-Davies]], [https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoh00foxduoft ''A Complete Guide to Heraldry''], T.C. and E.C. Jack, London, 1909, p 228.</ref> ==Literature== ===Classical literature=== [[File:Centaur nymph Marqueste Tuileries.jpg|thumb|Centaur carrying off a [[nymph]] (1892) by [[Laurent Marqueste]] ([[Tuileries Garden]], Paris)]] Jerome's version of the ''Life'' of St [[Anthony the Great]], written by [[Athanasius of Alexandria]] about the hermit monk of Egypt, was widely disseminated in the Middle Ages; it relates Anthony's encounter with a centaur who challenged the saint, but was forced to admit that the old gods had been overthrown. The episode was often depicted in ''The Meeting of St Anthony Abbot and St Paul the Hermit'' by the painter [[Stefano di Giovanni]], who was known as "Sassetta".<ref>[[National Gallery of Art]], Washington, DC: [http://www.wga.hu/support/viewer/z.html illustration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109131636/https://www.wga.hu/support/viewer/z.html |date=January 9, 2021 }}.</ref> Of the two episodic depictions of the [[Anthony the Great|hermit Anthony]]'s travel to greet the hermit Paul, one is his encounter with the demonic figure of a centaur along the pathway in a wood. [[Lucretius]], in his first-century BC philosophical poem ''[[On the Nature of Things]],'' denied the existence of centaurs, based on the differing rates of growth of human and equine anatomies. Specifically, he states that at the age of three years, horses are in the prime of their life while humans at the same age are still little more than babies, making hybrid animals impossible.<ref>Lucretius, ''On the Nature of Things'', book V, translated by William Ellery Leonard, 1916 ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Lucr.+5.878 The Perseus Project].) Retrieved July 27, 2008.</ref> ===Medieval literature=== Centaurs are among the creatures which 14th-century Italian poet [[Dante]] placed as guardians in his ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]''. In Canto XII, Dante and his guide [[Virgil]] meet a band led by [[Chiron]] and [[Pholus (mythology)|Pholus]], guarding the bank of [[Phlegethon]] in the seventh circle of Hell, a river of boiling blood in which the violent against their neighbours are immersed, shooting arrows into any who move to a shallower spot than their allotted station. The two poets are treated with courtesy, and [[Nessus (mythology)|Nessus]] guides them to a ford.<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Dante]] |title=[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]] |at=12.55-139}}</ref> In Canto XXIV, in the eighth circle, in Bolgia 7, a ditch where thieves are confined, they meet but do not converse with [[Cacus]] (who is a giant in the ancient sources), wreathed in serpents and with a fire-breathing dragon on his shoulders, arriving to punish a sinner who has just cursed God.<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Dante]] |title=[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]] |at=25.17–33}}</ref> In his ''[[Purgatorio]]'', an unseen spirit on the sixth terrace cites the centaurs ("the drunken double-breasted ones who fought Theseus") as examples of the sin of [[gluttony]].<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Dante]] |title=[[Purgatorio]] |at=24.121–123}}</ref> ===Modern day literature=== {{Main|Centaurs in popular culture}}  [[C.S. Lewis]]' ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]'' series depicts centaurs as the wisest and noblest of creatures. [[Narnian Centaurs]] are gifted at stargazing, prophecy, healing, and warfare; a fierce and valiant race always faithful to the High King [[Aslan]] the Lion. In [[J.K. Rowling]]'s ''[[Harry Potter]]'' series, centaurs live in the [[Forbidden Forest (Harry Potter)|Forbidden Forest]] close to [[Hogwarts]], preferring to avoid contact with humans. They live in societies called herds and are skilled at archery, healing, and astrology, but like in the original myths, they are known to have some wild and barbarous tendencies. With the exception of [[Chiron]], the centaurs in [[Rick Riordan]]'s ''[[Percy Jackson & the Olympians]]'' are seen as wild party-goers who use a lot of American slang. Chiron retains his mythological role as a trainer of heroes and is skilled in archery. In Riordan's subsequent series, ''[[Heroes of Olympus]]'', another group of centaurs are depicted with more animalistic features (such as horns) and appear as villains, serving the [[Gigantes]]. [[Philip Jose Farmer]]'s ''[[World of Tiers]]'' series (1965) includes centaurs, called Half-Horses or Hoi Kentauroi. His creations address several of the metabolic problems of such creatures—how could the human mouth and nose intake sufficient air to sustain both itself and the horse body and, similarly, how could the human ingest sufficient food to sustain both parts. [[Brandon Mull]]'s ''[[Fablehaven]]'' series features centaurs that live in an area called Grunhold. The centaurs are portrayed as a proud, elitist group of beings that consider themselves superior to all other creatures. The fourth book also has a variation on the species called an Alcetaur, which is part man, part moose. The myth of the centaur appears in [[John Updike]]'s novel ''[[The Centaur]]''. The author depicts a rural Pennsylvanian town as seen through the optics of the myth of the centaur. An unknown and marginalized local school teacher, just like the mythological Chiron did for Prometheus, gave up his life for the future of his son who had chosen to be an independent artist in New York.  ==Gallery== <gallery mode="packed" heights="150px"> File:Centaur lekythos Met 51.163.jpg|[[Diosphos Painter]], [[white-ground]] [[lekythos]] (500 BC) File:Sandro Botticelli 063.jpg|[[Botticelli]], ''[[Pallas Athena|Pallas]] and Centaur'' (1482–83) File:Canova - Theseus defeats the centaur - close.jpg|[[Antonio Canova]], ''Theseus Defeats the Centaur'' (1805–1819) File:Bova1860.jpg|Prince Bova fights ''Polkan'', Russian [[lubok]] (1860) File:Centaure Malmaison crop.jpg|A bronze statue of a centaur, after the ''[[Furietti Centaurs]]'' </gallery> ==See also== {{Portal|Ancient Greece|Myths}}Other hybrid creatures appear in Greek mythology, always with some liminal connection that links Hellenic culture with archaic or non-Hellenic cultures: * [[Furietti Centaurs]] * [[Hippocamp]] * [[Hybrid (mythology)]] * [[Ipotane]] - Another half-human half-horse creature. * [[Legendary creature]] * [[Lists of legendary creatures]] * [[Minotaur]] * [[Onocentaur]] - A type of centaur that is part-donkey. * [[Ichthyocentaur]] - A type of aquatic centaur with a fish tail instead of hindquarters. * [[Sagittarius (astrology)|Sagittarius]] * [[Satyr]] Also, * Hindu [[Kamadhenu]] * Indian [[Kinnara kingdom|Kinnara]] which are half-horse and half-man creatures. * Islamic [[Buraq]], a heavenly steed often portrayed as an equine being with a human face. * Philippine [[Tikbalang]] * Roman [[Faun]], and the [[Hippopodes]] of [[Pomponius Mela]], [[Pliny the Elder]], and later authors. * Scottish [[Each uisge]] and [[Nuckelavee]] * Welsh [[Ceffyl Dŵr]] Additionally, ''[[Bucentaur]]'', the name of several historically important [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] vessels, was linked to a posited ox-centaur or ''βουκένταυρος'' ''(boukentauros)'' by fanciful and likely spurious folk-etymology. ==Footnotes== {{notelist-lr}} ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==References== * [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''The Library'' with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0021 Greek text available from the same website]. * [[Diodorus Siculus]], ''The Library of History'' translated by [[Charles Henry Oldfather]]. Twelve volumes. [[Loeb Classical Library]]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. Vol. 3. Books 4.59–8. [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html Online version at Bill Thayer's Web Site] *Diodorus Siculus, ''Bibliotheca Historica. Vol 1-2''. Immanel Bekker. Ludwig Dindorf. Friedrich Vogel. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1888–1890. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0540 Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library]. *[[Gaius Julius Hyginus]], ''Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus'' translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. [https://topostext.org/work/206 Online version at the Topos Text Project.] * [[Valerius Flaccus (poet)|Gaius Valerius Flaccus]], ''Argonautica'' translated by Mozley, J H. Loeb Classical Library Volume 286. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1928. [http://www.theoi.com/Text/ValeriusFlaccus1.html Online version at theio.com.] * Gaius Valerius Flaccus, ''Argonauticon.'' Otto Kramer. Leipzig. Teubner. 1913. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2007.01.0058 Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.] * [[Hesiod]], ''Shield of Heracles'' from ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica'' with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA.,Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0132 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0127 Greek text available from the same website]. *[[Homer]], [[Odyssey|''The Odyssey'']] with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. {{ISBN|978-0674995611|}}. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0136 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0135 Greek text available from the same website]. * [[Plutarch|Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus]], ''Lives'' with an English Translation by Bernadotte Perrin. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. London. William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. 1. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0067 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0075 Greek text available from the same website]. *[[Nonnus|Nonnus of Panopolis]], ''Dionysiaca'' translated by William Henry Denham Rouse (1863–1950), from the Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1940. [https://topostext.org/work/529 Online version at the Topos Text Project.] *Nonnus of Panopolis, ''Dionysiaca. 3 Vols.'' W.H.D. Rouse. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1940–1942. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0485 Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library]. *[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. {{ISBN|0-674-99328-4}}. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0160 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library] * Pausanias, ''Graeciae Descriptio.'' ''3 vols''. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0159 Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library]. * [[Ovid|Publius Ovidius Naso]], ''Metamorphoses'' translated by Brookes More (1859–1942). Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0028 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] * Publius Ovidius Naso, ''Metamorphoses.'' Hugo Magnus. Gotha (Germany). Friedr. Andr. Perthes. 1892. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0029 Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library]. * [[Virgil|Publius Vergilius Maro]], ''Aeneid.'' Theodore C. Williams. trans. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1910. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0054%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] * Publius Vergilius Maro, ''Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics''. J. B. Greenough. Boston. Ginn & Co. 1900. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0055 Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library]. * [[Propertius|Sextus Propertius]], ''Elegies'' from ''Charm.'' Vincent Katz. trans. Los Angeles. Sun & Moon Press. 1995. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0067 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0066 Latin text available at the same website]. ==Further reading== * M. Grant and J. Hazel. ''Who's Who in Greek Mythology''. David McKay & Co Inc, 1979. * {{cite book | last = Rose | first = Carol | title = Giants, Monsters, and Dragons: An Encyclopedia of Folklore, Legend, and Myth | publisher =W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. | year = 2001 | location = New York City | page = 72 | isbn = 0-393-32211-4 }} * Homer's Odyssey, Book 21, 295ff * [[Harry Potter]], books 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. * [[The Chronicles of Narnia]], book 2. * [[Percy Jackson & the Olympians]], book 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. * Frédérick S. Parker. ''Finding the Kingdom of the Centaurs''. ==External links== {{Commons category|Centaurs}} * [http://www.theoi.com/Georgikos/KentauroiThessalioi.html Theoi Project on Centaurs] in literature * [http://theoi.com/Georgikos/Kentaurides.html Centaurides] on female centaurs * [http://www.mythweb.com/encyc/entries/centaurs.html MythWeb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221081734/http://www.mythweb.com/encyc/entries/centaurs.html |date=February 21, 2009 }} article on centaurs * [http://www.hp-lexicon.org/bestiary/bestiary_c.html#centaurs Harry Potter Lexicon] article on centaurs in the Harry Potter universe *[http://www.erich-kissing.de/kentaure.htm Erich Kissing's centaurs] contemporary art * [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-000257 The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of centaurs)] {{Greek religion|state=collapsed}} {{Horse topics}} [[Category:Centaurs| ]] [[Category:Greek legendary creatures]] [[Category:Roman legendary creatures]] 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