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.ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>London<a href="#cite_note-9">[c]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of urban areas in the United Kingdom">largest city</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[d]</a> of both <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, with a population of 8,866,180 in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-ONS_mid-year_pop_est-3">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/London_metropolitan_area" title="London metropolitan area">Its wider metropolitan area</a> is the largest in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, with a population of 14.9 million.<a href="#cite_note-11">[7]</a> London stands on the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> in southeast England, at the head of a 50-mile (80 km) <a href="/wiki/Tidal_estuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal estuary">tidal estuary</a> down to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, and has been a major settlement for nearly 2,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-london_001-12">[8]</a> Its ancient core and <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, was founded by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> as <a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a> and has retained its medieval boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-13">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a>, to the west of the City of London, has been the centuries-long host of <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">the national government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">parliament</a>. London grew rapidly <a href="/wiki/19th-century_London" title="19th-century London">in the 19th century</a>, becoming the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_throughout_history" title="List of largest cities throughout history">largest city at the time</a>. Since the 19th century,<a href="#cite_note-Mills2-15">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-chambers-16">[11]</a> the name "London" has referred to the <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolis</a> around the City of London, historically split between the <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_England" title="Counties of England">counties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-baffling-17">[12]</a> which since 1965 has largely comprised the administrative area of <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a>, governed by <a href="#Local_government">33 local authorities</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-politics_uk2-19">[13]</a> <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">London</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:282px;max-width:282px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Skyline_(125508655).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/London_Skyline_%28125508655%29.jpeg/278px-London_Skyline_%28125508655%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="278" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/London_Skyline_%28125508655%29.jpeg/417px-London_Skyline_%28125508655%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/London_Skyline_%28125508655%29.jpeg/556px-London_Skyline_%28125508655%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a> with <a href="/wiki/The_Shard" title="The Shard">The Shard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a> (left), and <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> (right)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:89px;max-width:89px"><div style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Eye_at_sunset_2013-07-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/London_Eye_at_sunset_2013-07-19.jpg/87px-London_Eye_at_sunset_2013-07-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/London_Eye_at_sunset_2013-07-19.jpg/131px-London_Eye_at_sunset_2013-07-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/London_Eye_at_sunset_2013-07-19.jpg/174px-London_Eye_at_sunset_2013-07-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="3857"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/London_Eye" title="London Eye">London Eye</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:London,_Trafalgar_Square,_Nelson%27s_Column_--_2016_--_4851.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/London%2C_Trafalgar_Square%2C_Nelson%27s_Column_--_2016_--_4851.jpg/101px-London%2C_Trafalgar_Square%2C_Nelson%27s_Column_--_2016_--_4851.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/London%2C_Trafalgar_Square%2C_Nelson%27s_Column_--_2016_--_4851.jpg/152px-London%2C_Trafalgar_Square%2C_Nelson%27s_Column_--_2016_--_4851.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/London%2C_Trafalgar_Square%2C_Nelson%27s_Column_--_2016_--_4851.jpg/202px-London%2C_Trafalgar_Square%2C_Nelson%27s_Column_--_2016_--_4851.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2991" data-file-height="4187"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column" title="Nelson's Column">Nelson's Column</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:84px;max-width:84px"><div style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Dome_from_One_New_Change_-_Vertical_Crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Dome_from_One_New_Change_-_Vertical_Crop.jpg/82px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Dome_from_One_New_Change_-_Vertical_Crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Dome_from_One_New_Change_-_Vertical_Crop.jpg/123px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Dome_from_One_New_Change_-_Vertical_Crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Dome_from_One_New_Change_-_Vertical_Crop.jpg/164px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Dome_from_One_New_Change_-_Vertical_Crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3532" data-file-height="6046"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="St Paul's">St Paul's</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:87px;max-width:87px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_Abbey_St_Peter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Westminster_Abbey_St_Peter.jpg/85px-Westminster_Abbey_St_Peter.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Westminster_Abbey_St_Peter.jpg/128px-Westminster_Abbey_St_Peter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Westminster_Abbey_St_Peter.jpg/170px-Westminster_Abbey_St_Peter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2811" data-file-height="3497"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Canary_Wharf_from_Limehouse_London_June_2016_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Canary_Wharf_from_Limehouse_London_June_2016_HDR.jpg/189px-Canary_Wharf_from_Limehouse_London_June_2016_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Canary_Wharf_from_Limehouse_London_June_2016_HDR.jpg/284px-Canary_Wharf_from_Limehouse_London_June_2016_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Canary_Wharf_from_Limehouse_London_June_2016_HDR.jpg/378px-Canary_Wharf_from_Limehouse_London_June_2016_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="2700"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Canary_Wharf" title="Canary Wharf">Canary Wharf</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Houses_of_Parliament_in_2022_alt_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Houses_of_Parliament_in_2022_alt_crop.jpg/278px-Houses_of_Parliament_in_2022_alt_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Houses_of_Parliament_in_2022_alt_crop.jpg/417px-Houses_of_Parliament_in_2022_alt_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Houses_of_Parliament_in_2022_alt_crop.jpg/556px-Houses_of_Parliament_in_2022_alt_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6480" data-file-height="2600"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> with <a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a> (right)</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="8" data-overlays='["_e31168f8c9b1d6ce99804a2b299563b80c687a00"]'><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=London&revid=1274074032&groups=_e31168f8c9b1d6ce99804a2b299563b80c687a00" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=London&revid=1274074032&groups=_e31168f8c9b1d6ce99804a2b299563b80c687a00 2x" alt="Map"></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="London is located in the United Kingdom"><img alt="London is located in the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg/250px-United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg/375px-United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg/500px-United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="1369"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:79.107%;left:82.367%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>London</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the United Kingdom</div>Show map of the United Kingdom</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="London is located in Europe"><img alt="London is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/250px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/375px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/500px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1198"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.257%;left:21.966%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>London</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Europe</div>Show map of Europe</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=London&params=51_30_26_N_0_7_39_W_region:GB_type:city(8866180)">51°30′26″N 0°7′39″W / 51.50722°N 0.12750°W / 51.50722; -0.12750</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">London</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial counties</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a></th><td class="infobox-data">AD 47; 1978 years ago (47), as <a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Administrative HQ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_London_(Newham)" title="City Hall, London (Newham)">City Hall, Newham</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Local government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">32 <a href="/wiki/London_boroughs" title="London boroughs">London boroughs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Directly_elected_mayors_in_England" title="Directly elected mayors in England">Executive mayoralty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deliberative_assembly" title="Deliberative assembly">deliberative assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Khan" title="Sadiq Khan">Sadiq Khan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/London_Assembly_constituencies" class="mw-redirect" title="London Assembly constituencies">14 constituencies</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_London" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in London">74 constituencies</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_mid-year_pop_est-3">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">607 sq mi (1,572 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">671 sq mi (1,738 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,236 sq mi (8,382 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2022)<a href="#cite_note-ONS_mid-year_pop_est-3">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,866,180</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of cities in the United Kingdom">1st</a> in the UK</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cities_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of European cities by population within city limits">3rd</a> in Europe</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">14,600/sq mi (5,640/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2011)<a href="#cite_note-urbanpopulation-4">[3]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,787,428</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a> (2024)<a href="#cite_note-CityPopulation.de_show-6">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">14,900,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Londoner</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ethnicity (<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a>)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-7">[5]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 53.8% <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 20.7% <a href="/wiki/British_Asians" title="British Asians">Asian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 13.5% <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 6.3% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">other</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 5.7% <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Religion (2021)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-7">[5]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 40.7% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England#Christianity" title="Religion in England">Christianity</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 27.1% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">no religion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 15.0% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">Islam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 5.1% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_England" title="Hinduism in England">Hinduism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.7% <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="History of the Jews in England">Judaism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.6% <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">Sikhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.9% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_England" title="Buddhism in England">Buddhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.0% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">other</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 7.0% not stated </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B0" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+0">UTC+0</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">Postcode areas</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><div>22 areas</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/E_postcode_area" title="E postcode area">E</a>, <a href="/wiki/EC_postcode_area" title="EC postcode area">EC</a>, <a href="/wiki/N_postcode_area" title="N postcode area">N</a>, <a href="/wiki/NW_postcode_area" title="NW postcode area">NW</a>, <a href="/wiki/SE_postcode_area" title="SE postcode area">SE</a>, <a href="/wiki/SW_postcode_area" title="SW postcode area">SW</a>, <a href="/wiki/W_postcode_area" title="W postcode area">W</a>, <a href="/wiki/WC_postcode_area" title="WC postcode area">WC</a>, <a href="/wiki/BR_postcode_area" title="BR postcode area">BR</a>, <a href="/wiki/CM_postcode_area" title="CM postcode area">CM</a>, <a href="/wiki/CR_postcode_area" title="CR postcode area">CR</a>, <a href="/wiki/DA_postcode_area" title="DA postcode area">DA</a>, <a href="/wiki/EN_postcode_area" title="EN postcode area">EN</a>, <a href="/wiki/HA_postcode_area" title="HA postcode area">HA</a>, <a href="/wiki/IG_postcode_area" title="IG postcode area">IG</a>, <a href="/wiki/KT_postcode_area" title="KT postcode area">KT</a>, <a href="/wiki/RM_postcode_area" title="RM postcode area">RM</a>, <a href="/wiki/SM_postcode_area" title="SM postcode area">SM</a>,<a href="/wiki/UB_postcode_area" title="UB postcode area">UB</a>, <a href="/wiki/WD_postcode_area" title="WD postcode area">WD</a>, <a href="/wiki/TN_postcode_area" title="TN postcode area">TN</a>, <a href="/wiki/TW_postcode_area" title="TW postcode area">TW</a> </li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Dialling codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/020" title="020">020</a></li><li>01689</li><li>01708</li><li>01895</li></ul></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/GSS_coding_system" title="GSS coding system">GSS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>E12000007 (region)</li><li>E61000001 (GLA)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/GeoTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="GeoTLD">GeoTLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.london" title=".london">.london</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://london.gov.uk">london.gov.uk</a></td></tr></tbody></table> As one of the world's major <a href="/wiki/Global_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Global cities">global cities</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[15]</a> London exerts a strong influence on world <a href="/wiki/Art_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of London">art</a>, entertainment, <a href="/wiki/Fashion_capital" title="Fashion capital">fashion</a>, commerce, finance, <a href="/wiki/Education_in_London" title="Education in London">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_London" title="Healthcare in London">healthcare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Media_in_London" title="Media in London">media</a>, science, technology, <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_London" title="Tourism in London">tourism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_London" title="Transport in London">transport</a>, and communications.<a href="#cite_note-22">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[17]</a> Despite a post-<a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> exodus of stock listings from the <a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a>,<a href="#cite_note-LSEExodusToNewYork-24">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-LSEExodus-25">[19]</a> London remains a European economic powerhouse,<a href="#cite_note-London.gov.uk-26">[20]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index" title="Global Financial Centres Index">one of the world's major financial centres</a>. It hosts Europe's largest concentration of <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_higher_education_colleges_in_London" title="List of universities and higher education colleges in London">higher education institutions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-london2-27">[21]</a> some of which are the highest-ranked academic institutions in the world: <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a> in <a href="/wiki/Natural_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural sciences">natural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>, and the comprehensive <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[23]</a> It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_international_visitors" title="List of cities by international visitors">most visited city</a> in Europe and has the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_city_airport_systems_by_passenger_traffic" title="List of busiest city airport systems by passenger traffic">busiest city airport system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Busiest_skies-30">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> is the world's oldest <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a> London's diverse cultures encompass over 300 languages.<a href="#cite_note-london_006-32">[26]</a> The 2023 population of Greater London of just under 10 million<a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a> made it Europe's <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cities_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of European cities by population within city limits">third-most populous city</a>,<a href="#cite_note-largest_city_eu-34">[28]</a> accounting for 13.4% of the United Kingdom's population<a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a> and over 16% of England's population. The <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Built-up_Area" title="Greater London Built-up Area">Greater London Built-up Area</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_Europe" title="List of urban areas in Europe">fourth-most populous</a> in Europe, with about 9.8 million inhabitants as of 2011.<a href="#cite_note-urbanpopulation-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Demographia-36">[30]</a> The London metropolitan area is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe" title="List of metropolitan areas in Europe">third-most populous</a> in Europe, with about 14 million inhabitants as of 2016, making London a <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">megacity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu_show-38">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-gla-plan-2015-39">[32]</a> Four <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> are located in London: <a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens" title="Kew Gardens">Kew Gardens</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>; the site featuring the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Westminster" title="St Margaret's, Westminster">Church of St. Margaret</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>; and the historic settlement in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Greenwich</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Greenwich" title="Royal Observatory, Greenwich">Royal Observatory</a> defines the <a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian_(Greenwich)" title="Prime meridian (Greenwich)">prime meridian</a> (0° <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">Greenwich Mean Time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-london_005-40">[33]</a> Other landmarks include <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/London_Eye" title="London Eye">London Eye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus" title="Piccadilly Circus">Piccadilly Circus</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a>. The city has the most <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_London" title="List of museums in London">museums</a>, art galleries, libraries, and cultural venues in the UK, including the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tate_Modern" title="Tate Modern">Tate Modern</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, and numerous <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End</a> theatres.<a href="#cite_note-41">[34]</a> Important <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_London" title="Sport in London">sporting events held in London</a> include the <a href="/wiki/FA_Cup_Final" title="FA Cup Final">FA Cup Final</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon Tennis Championships</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/London_Marathon" title="London Marathon">London Marathon</a>. It became the first city to host three <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a> upon hosting the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IOC-42">[35]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Toponymy">1 Toponymy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Prehistory">2.1 Prehistory</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Roman_London">2.2 Roman London</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Anglo-Saxon_and_Viking-period_London">2.3 Anglo-Saxon and Viking-period London</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Middle_Ages">2.4 Middle Ages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Early_modern">2.5 Early modern</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Late_modern_and_contemporary">2.6 Late modern and contemporary</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Administration">3 Administration</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Local_government">3.1 Local government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#National_government">3.2 National government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Policing_and_crime">3.3 Policing and crime</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Geography">4 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Scope">4.1 Scope</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Status">4.2 Status</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Topography">4.3 Topography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Climate">4.4 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Areas">4.5 Areas</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Architecture">4.6 Architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Natural_history">4.7 Natural history</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Demography">5 Demography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Age_structure_and_median_age">5.1 Age structure and median age</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Country_of_birth">5.2 Country of birth</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Ethnic_groups">5.3 Ethnic groups</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Languages">5.4 Languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Religion">5.5 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Accents">5.6 Accents</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Economy">6 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#City_of_London">6.1 City of London</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Media_and_technology">6.2 Media and technology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Tourism">6.3 Tourism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Transport">7 Transport</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Aviation">7.1 Aviation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Rail">7.2 Rail</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="#Underground_and_DLR">7.2.1 Underground and DLR</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="#Suburban">7.2.2 Suburban</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-37"><a href="#Inter-city_and_international">7.2.3 Inter-city and international</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Buses,_coaches_and_trams">7.3 Buses, coaches and trams</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Cable_car">7.4 Cable car</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Cycling">7.5 Cycling</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Port_and_river_boats">7.6 Port and river boats</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Roads">7.7 Roads</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#Education">8 Education</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Tertiary_education">8.1 Tertiary education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Primary_and_secondary_education">8.2 Primary and secondary education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Royal_Observatory,_Greenwich_and_learned_societies">8.3 Royal Observatory, Greenwich and learned societies</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#Culture">9 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Leisure_and_entertainment">9.1 Leisure and entertainment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#LGBT_scene">9.2 LGBT scene</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Literature,_film_and_television">9.3 Literature, film and television</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#Museums,_art_galleries_and_libraries">9.4 Museums, art galleries and libraries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Music">9.5 Music</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53"><a href="#Recreation">10 Recreation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-54"><a href="#Parks_and_open_spaces">10.1 Parks and open spaces</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-55"><a href="#Walking">10.2 Walking</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a href="#Sport">11 Sport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a href="#Notable_people">12 Notable people</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-58"><a href="#See_also">13 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-59"><a href="#Notes">14 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-60"><a href="#References">15 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-61"><a href="#Bibliography">15.1 Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-62"><a href="#External_links">16 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_London" title="Etymology of London">Etymology of London</a></div> London is an ancient name, attested in the first century AD, usually in the <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinised</a> form <a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-43">[36]</a> Modern scientific analyses of the name must account for the origins of the different forms found in early sources: <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> (usually Londinium), <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> (usually Lunden), and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> (usually Llundein), with reference to the known developments over time of sounds in those different languages. It is agreed that the name came into these languages from <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brythonic</a>; recent work tends to reconstruct the lost Celtic form of the name as *Londonjon or something similar. This was then adapted into Latin as Londinium and borrowed into Old English.<a href="#cite_note-auto-44">[37]</a> Until 1889, the name "London" applied officially only to the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, but since then it has also referred to the <a href="/wiki/County_of_London" title="County of London">County of London</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[38]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_London" title="History of London">History of London</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_London" title="Timeline of London">Timeline of London</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> In 1993, remains of a <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> bridge were found on the south River Thames <a href="/wiki/Foreshore" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreshore">foreshore</a>, upstream from <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Bridge" title="Vauxhall Bridge">Vauxhall Bridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Denison-46">[39]</a> Two of the timbers were <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dated</a> to 1750–1285 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Denison-46">[39]</a> In 2010, foundations of a large timber structure, dated to 4800–4500 BC,<a href="#cite_note-47">[40]</a> were found on the Thames' south foreshore downstream from Vauxhall Bridge.<a href="#cite_note-Milne-48">[41]</a> Both structures are on the south bank of the Thames, where the now-underground <a href="/wiki/River_Effra" title="River Effra">River Effra</a> flows into the Thames.<a href="#cite_note-Milne-48">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_London">Roman London</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Reconstruction_drawing_of_Londinium_in_120_AD,_Museum_of_London_(34881481351).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Reconstruction_drawing_of_Londinium_in_120_AD%2C_Museum_of_London_%2834881481351%29.jpg/215px-Reconstruction_drawing_of_Londinium_in_120_AD%2C_Museum_of_London_%2834881481351%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3130"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 215px;height: 137px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Reconstruction_drawing_of_Londinium_in_120_AD%2C_Museum_of_London_%2834881481351%29.jpg/215px-Reconstruction_drawing_of_Londinium_in_120_AD%2C_Museum_of_London_%2834881481351%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="215" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Reconstruction_drawing_of_Londinium_in_120_AD%2C_Museum_of_London_%2834881481351%29.jpg/323px-Reconstruction_drawing_of_Londinium_in_120_AD%2C_Museum_of_London_%2834881481351%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Reconstruction_drawing_of_Londinium_in_120_AD%2C_Museum_of_London_%2834881481351%29.jpg/430px-Reconstruction_drawing_of_Londinium_in_120_AD%2C_Museum_of_London_%2834881481351%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Reconstruction drawing of <a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a> in 120 AD</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Wall_fragment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/London_Wall_fragment.jpg/215px-London_Wall_fragment.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="563"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 215px;height: 161px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/London_Wall_fragment.jpg/215px-London_Wall_fragment.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="215" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/London_Wall_fragment.jpg/323px-London_Wall_fragment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/London_Wall_fragment.jpg/430px-London_Wall_fragment.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A surviving section of the 3rd-century <a href="/wiki/London_Wall" title="London Wall">London Wall</a> behind <a href="/wiki/Tower_Hill" title="Tower Hill">Tower Hill</a></div></div></div></div></div> Despite the evidence of scattered <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Brythonic</a> settlements in the area, the first major settlement was founded by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> around 47 AD,<a href="#cite_note-auto1-1">[1]</a> about 4 years after their invasion of 43 AD.<a href="#cite_note-roman-49">[42]</a> This only lasted until about 61 AD, when the <a href="/wiki/Iceni" title="Iceni">Iceni</a> tribe led by <a href="/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica">Queen Boudica</a> stormed it and burnt it to the ground.<a href="#cite_note-london_010-50">[43]</a> The next planned incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a> prospered, superseding <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a> as the principal city of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a> in 100. At its height in the 2nd century, Roman London had a population of about 60,000.<a href="#cite_note-51">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglo-Saxon_and_Viking-period_London">Anglo-Saxon and Viking-period London</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_London" title="Anglo-Saxon London">Anglo-Saxon London</a></div> With the early 5th-century collapse of Roman rule, the walled city of Londinium was effectively abandoned, although <a href="/wiki/Roman_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman civilisation">Roman civilisation</a> continued around <a href="/wiki/St_Martin-in-the-Fields" title="St Martin-in-the-Fields">St Martin-in-the-Fields</a> until about 450.<a href="#cite_note-52">[45]</a> From about 500, an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> settlement known as <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_London" title="Anglo-Saxon London">Lundenwic</a> developed slightly west of the old Roman city.<a href="#cite_note-london_011-53">[46]</a> By about 680 the city had become a major port again, but there is little evidence of large-scale production. From the 820s repeated <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> assaults brought decline. Three are recorded; those in 851 and 886 succeeded, while the last, in 994, was rebuffed.<a href="#cite_note-Viking_Attacks-54">[47]</a> The Vikings applied <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a> over much of eastern and northern England, its boundary running roughly from London to <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a> as an area of political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions formally agreed by the <a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danish</a> <a href="/wiki/Warlord" title="Warlord">warlord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guthrum" title="Guthrum">Guthrum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_West_Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of the West Saxons">West Saxon</a> king <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> in 886. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a> records that Alfred "refounded" London in 886. Archaeological research shows this involved abandonment of Lundenwic and a revival of life and trade within the old <a href="/wiki/London_Wall" title="London Wall">Roman walls</a>. London then grew slowly until a dramatic increase in about 950.<a href="#cite_note-blackwell-55">[48]</a> By the 11th century, London was clearly the largest town in England. <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, rebuilt in <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> style by King <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a>, was one of the grandest churches in Europe. <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a> had been the capital of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a>, but from this time London became the main forum for foreign traders and the base for defence in time of war. In the view of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Stenton" title="Frank Stenton">Frank Stenton</a>: "It had the resources, and it was rapidly developing the dignity and the political self-consciousness appropriate to a <a href="/wiki/National_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="National capital">national capital</a>."<a href="#cite_note-56">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto,_1749.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg/220px-Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="984"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 215px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg/220px-Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="215" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg/330px-Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg/440px-Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, as seen in this painting (<a href="/wiki/Canaletto" title="Canaletto">Canaletto</a>, 1749), is a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> and one of London's oldest and most important buildings.</figcaption></figure> After winning the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William, Duke of Normandy</a> was crowned <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> in the newly completed <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> on Christmas Day 1066.<a href="#cite_note-london_015-57">[50]</a> William built the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, the first of many such in England rebuilt in stone in the south-eastern corner of the city, to intimidate the inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-london_016-58">[51]</a> In 1097, <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a> began building <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a>, near the abbey. It became the basis of a new <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-london_017-59">[52]</a> In the 12th century, the institutions of central government, which had hitherto followed the royal English court around the country, grew in size and sophistication and became increasingly fixed, for most purposes at <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, although the royal treasury came to rest in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower</a>. While the <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">City of Westminster</a> developed into a true governmental capital, its distinct neighbour, the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, remained England's largest city and principal commercial centre and flourished under its own unique administration, the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">Corporation of London</a>. In 1100, its population was some 18,000; by 1300 it had grown to nearly 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-london_019-60">[53]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> in the mid-14th century, London lost nearly a third of its population.<a href="#cite_note-61">[54]</a> London was the focus of the <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a> in 1381.<a href="#cite_note-london_020-62">[55]</a> London was a centre of England's <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England_(1066%E2%80%931290)" title="History of the Jews in England (1066–1290)">Jewish population</a> before their <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion" title="Edict of Expulsion">expulsion</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> in 1290. Violence against Jews occurred in 1190, when it was rumoured that the new king had ordered their massacre after they had presented themselves at his coronation.<a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-63">[56]</a> In 1264 during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Barons%27_War" title="Second Barons' War">Second Barons' War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_6th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort</a>'s rebels killed 500 Jews while attempting to seize records of debts.<a href="#cite_note-Mundill2010-64">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern">Early modern</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_London_(MS_1168).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Siege_of_London_%28MS_1168%29.jpg/170px-Siege_of_London_%28MS_1168%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="488"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 259px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Siege_of_London_%28MS_1168%29.jpg/170px-Siege_of_London_%28MS_1168%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="259" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Siege_of_London_%28MS_1168%29.jpg/255px-Siege_of_London_%28MS_1168%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Siege_of_London_%28MS_1168%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancastrian</a> siege of London in 1471 is attacked by a <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">Yorkist</a> sally.</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a>, the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Reformation</a> produced a gradual shift to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>. Much of London property passed from church to private ownership, which accelerated trade and business in the city.<a href="#cite_note-pevsner-65">[58]</a> In 1475, the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> set up a main trading base (<a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">kontor</a>) of England in London, called the Stalhof or <a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a>. It remained until 1853, when the Hanseatic cities of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> sold the property to <a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway,_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="South Eastern Railway, UK">South Eastern Railway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB-66">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Woollen" class="mw-redirect" title="Woollen">Woollen</a> cloth was shipped undyed and undressed from 14th/15th century London to the nearby shores of the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[60]</a> Yet English maritime enterprise hardly reached beyond the seas of <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">north-west Europe</a>. The commercial route to Italy and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> was normally through <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> and over the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>; any ships passing through the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> to or from England were likely to be Italian or <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusan</a>. The reopening of the Netherlands to English shipping in January 1565 spurred a burst of commercial activity.<a href="#cite_note-68">[61]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_London" title="Royal Exchange, London">Royal Exchange</a> was founded.<a href="#cite_note-69">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a> grew and monopoly traders such as the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> were founded as trade expanded to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. London became the main <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> port, with migrants arriving from England and abroad. The population rose from about 50,000 in 1530 to about 225,000 in 1605.<a href="#cite_note-pevsner-65">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_-_John_Norden%27s_map_of_1593.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/London_-_John_Norden%27s_map_of_1593.jpg/220px-London_-_John_Norden%27s_map_of_1593.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3760"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 207px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/London_-_John_Norden%27s_map_of_1593.jpg/220px-London_-_John_Norden%27s_map_of_1593.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="207" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/London_-_John_Norden%27s_map_of_1593.jpg/330px-London_-_John_Norden%27s_map_of_1593.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/London_-_John_Norden%27s_map_of_1593.jpg/440px-London_-_John_Norden%27s_map_of_1593.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of London in 1593. There is only one bridge across the Thames, but parts of Southwark on the south bank of the river have been developed.</figcaption></figure> In the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> and his contemporaries lived in London during <a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre" title="English Renaissance theatre">English Renaissance theatre</a>. Shakespeare's <a href="/wiki/Globe_Theatre" title="Globe Theatre">Globe Theatre</a> was constructed in 1599 in <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Southwark" title="London Borough of Southwark">Southwark</a>. Stage performances came to a halt in London when <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> authorities <a href="/wiki/London_theatre_closure_1642" title="London theatre closure 1642">shut down the theatres</a> in the 1640s.<a href="#cite_note-70">[63]</a> The ban on theatre was lifted during <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">the Restoration</a> in 1660, and London's oldest operating theatre, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Drury Lane</a>, opened in 1663 in what is now the <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End</a> theatre district.<a href="#cite_note-71">[64]</a> By the end of the Tudor period in 1603, London was still compact. There was an assassination attempt on <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I</a> in Westminster, in the <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a> of 5 November 1605.<a href="#cite_note-london_023-72">[65]</a> In 1637, the government of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> attempted to reform administration in the London area. This called for the Corporation of the city to extend its jurisdiction and administration over expanding areas around the city. Fearing an attempt by the Crown to diminish the <a href="/wiki/Liberties_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberties of London">Liberties of London</a>, coupled with a lack of interest in administering these additional areas or concern by city guilds of having to share power, caused the Corporation's "The Great Refusal", a decision which largely continues to account for the unique governmental status of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Fire_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Great_Fire_London.jpg/260px-Great_Fire_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5477" data-file-height="3189"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 151px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Great_Fire_London.jpg/260px-Great_Fire_London.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Great_Fire_London.jpg/390px-Great_Fire_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Great_Fire_London.jpg/520px-Great_Fire_London.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire of London</a> destroyed many parts of the city in 1666.</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, the majority of Londoners supported the <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentary</a> cause. After an initial advance by the <a href="/wiki/Cavaliers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavaliers">Royalists</a> in 1642, culminating in the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brentford_(1642)" title="Battle of Brentford (1642)">Brentford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turnham_Green" title="Battle of Turnham Green">Turnham Green</a>, London was surrounded by a defensive perimeter wall known as the <a href="/wiki/Lines_of_Communication_(London)" title="Lines of Communication (London)">Lines of Communication</a>. The lines were built by up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months.<a href="#cite_note-fortified-74">[67]</a> The fortifications failed their only test when the <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a> entered London in 1647,<a href="#cite_note-75">[68]</a> and they were levelled by Parliament the same year.<a href="#cite_note-fortified-74">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[69]</a> London was <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">plagued</a> by disease in the early 17th century,<a href="#cite_note-london_024-77">[70]</a> culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London" title="Great Plague of London">Great Plague</a> of 1665–1666, which killed up to 100,000 people, or a fifth of the population.<a href="#cite_note-london_024-77">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire of London</a> broke out in 1666 in Pudding Lane in the city and quickly swept through the wooden buildings.<a href="#cite_note-Samuel_Pepys'_Diary-78">[71]</a> Rebuilding took over 10 years and was supervised by polymath <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-london_026-79">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Angelo_Goodall04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Edward_Angelo_Goodall04.jpg/170px-Edward_Angelo_Goodall04.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="799"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Edward_Angelo_Goodall04.jpg/170px-Edward_Angelo_Goodall04.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Edward_Angelo_Goodall04.jpg/255px-Edward_Angelo_Goodall04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Edward_Angelo_Goodall04.jpg/340px-Edward_Angelo_Goodall04.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> (painted by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Angelo_Goodall" title="Edward Angelo Goodall">Edward Goodall</a> in 1850) was completed in 1710</figcaption></figure> In 1710, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a>'s masterpiece, <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>, was completed, replacing its medieval predecessor that burned in the Great Fire of 1666. The dome of St Paul's dominated the London skyline for centuries, inspiring the artworks and writing of <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>, with his 1789 poem "<a href="/wiki/Holy_Thursday_(Songs_of_Innocence)" title="Holy Thursday (Songs of Innocence)">Holy Thursday</a>" referring to 'the high dome of Pauls'.<a href="#cite_note-80">[73]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a>, new districts such as <a href="/wiki/Mayfair" title="Mayfair">Mayfair</a> were formed in the west; new bridges over the Thames encouraged development in <a href="/wiki/South_London" title="South London">South London</a>. In the east, the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_London" title="Port of London">Port of London</a> expanded downstream. London's development as an international <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a> matured for much of the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-Finance_Hub-81">[74]</a> In 1762, <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of Great Britain">George III</a> acquired <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham House</a>, which was enlarged over the next 75 years. During the 18th century, London was said to be dogged by crime,<a href="#cite_note-82">[75]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bow_Street_Runners" title="Bow Street Runners">Bow Street Runners</a> were established in 1750 as a professional police force.<a href="#cite_note-83">[76]</a> Epidemics during the 1720s and 30s saw most children born in the city die before reaching their fifth birthday.<a href="#cite_note-84">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffee-houses</a> became a popular place to debate ideas, as growing <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> and development of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> made news widely available, with <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Street" title="Fleet Street">Fleet Street</a> becoming the centre of the British press. The invasion of Amsterdam by Napoleonic armies led many financiers to relocate to London and the first London international issue was arranged in 1817. Around the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> became the world's leading war fleet, acting as a major deterrent to potential economic adversaries. Following a fire in 1838, the Royal Exchange was redesigned by <a href="/wiki/William_Tite" title="William Tite">William Tite</a> and rebuilt in 1844. The repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a> in 1846 was specifically aimed at weakening Dutch economic power. London then overtook Amsterdam as the leading international financial centre.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-85">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_modern_and_contemporary">Late modern and contemporary</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotografi_av_Royal_Exchange._London,_England_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_105857.tif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fotografi_av_Royal_Exchange._London%2C_England_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_105857.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Fotografi_av_Royal_Exchange._London%2C_England_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_105857.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4135" data-file-height="3418"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 182px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fotografi_av_Royal_Exchange._London%2C_England_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_105857.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Fotografi_av_Royal_Exchange._London%2C_England_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_105857.tif.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="182" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fotografi_av_Royal_Exchange._London%2C_England_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_105857.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Fotografi_av_Royal_Exchange._London%2C_England_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_105857.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fotografi_av_Royal_Exchange._London%2C_England_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_105857.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Fotografi_av_Royal_Exchange._London%2C_England_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_105857.tif.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_London" title="Royal Exchange, London">Royal Exchange</a> in 1886. It was founded in 1571 (with the present building rebuilt in 1844) as a centre of commerce for the City of London.</figcaption></figure> With the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> in Britain, an unprecedented growth in <a href="/wiki/Urbanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanisation">urbanisation</a> took place, and the number of <a href="/wiki/High_Street" title="High Street">High Streets</a> (the primary street for retail in Britain) rapidly grew.<a href="#cite_note-Sales-86">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[80]</a> London was the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_throughout_history" title="List of largest cities throughout history">largest city from about 1831 to 1925</a>, with a population density of 802 per acre (325 per hectare).<a href="#cite_note-london_030-88">[81]</a> In addition to the growing number of stores selling goods, such as <a href="/wiki/Harding,_Howell_%26_Co." title="Harding, Howell & Co.">Harding, Howell & Co.</a>—one of the first <a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department stores</a>—located on <a href="/wiki/Pall_Mall,_London" title="Pall Mall, London">Pall Mall</a>, the streets had scores of <a href="/wiki/Hawker_(trade)" title="Hawker (trade)">street sellers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sales-86">[79]</a> London's overcrowded conditions led to <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemics, claiming 14,000 lives in 1848, and 6,000 in 1866.<a href="#cite_note-89">[82]</a> Rising <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">traffic congestion</a> led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>, the world's first <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">urban rail network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Board_of_Works" title="Metropolitan Board of Works">Metropolitan Board of Works</a> oversaw infrastructure expansion in the capital and some surrounding counties; it was abolished in 1889 when the <a href="/wiki/London_County_Council" title="London County Council">London County Council</a> was created out of county areas surrounding the capital.<a href="#cite_note-91">[84]</a> From the early years of the 20th century onwards, <a href="/wiki/Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom#Tea_rooms" title="Tea in the United Kingdom">teashops</a> were found on High Streets across London and the rest of Britain, with <a href="/wiki/J._Lyons_and_Co." title="J. Lyons and Co.">Lyons</a>, who opened the first of their <a href="/wiki/Chain_store" title="Chain store">chain</a> of teashops in <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly" title="Piccadilly">Piccadilly</a> in 1894, leading the way.<a href="#cite_note-92">[85]</a> The tearooms, such as the <a href="/wiki/Criterion_Restaurant" title="Criterion Restaurant">Criterion</a> in Piccadilly, became a popular meeting place for women from the suffrage movement.<a href="#cite_note-93">[86]</a> The city was the target of many attacks during the <a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">suffragette bombing and arson campaign</a>, between 1912 and 1914, which saw historic landmarks such as <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> bombed.<a href="#cite_note-94">[87]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:British_recruits_August_1914_Q53234.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/British_recruits_August_1914_Q53234.jpg/220px-British_recruits_August_1914_Q53234.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3442" data-file-height="2480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/British_recruits_August_1914_Q53234.jpg/220px-British_recruits_August_1914_Q53234.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/British_recruits_August_1914_Q53234.jpg/330px-British_recruits_August_1914_Q53234.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/British_recruits_August_1914_Q53234.jpg/440px-British_recruits_August_1914_Q53234.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">British volunteer recruits in London, August 1914, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:LondonBombedWWII_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/LondonBombedWWII_full.jpg/220px-LondonBombedWWII_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="1406"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/LondonBombedWWII_full.jpg/220px-LondonBombedWWII_full.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/LondonBombedWWII_full.jpg/330px-LondonBombedWWII_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/LondonBombedWWII_full.jpg/440px-LondonBombedWWII_full.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A bombed-out London street during <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></div></div></div></div> London was <a href="/wiki/German_strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="German strategic bombing during World War I">bombed by the Germans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, and during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a> and other bombings by the German <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> killed over 30,000 Londoners, destroying large tracts of housing and other buildings across the city.<a href="#cite_note-95">[88]</a> The tomb of <a href="/wiki/The_Unknown_Warrior" title="The Unknown Warrior">the Unknown Warrior</a>, an unidentified member of the British armed forces killed during the First World War, was buried in Westminster Abbey on 11 November 1920.<a href="#cite_note-96">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Cenotaph" title="The Cenotaph">The Cenotaph</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a>, was unveiled on the same day, and is the focal point for the <a href="/wiki/National_Service_of_Remembrance" title="National Service of Remembrance">National Service of Remembrance</a> held annually on <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Sunday" title="Remembrance Sunday">Remembrance Sunday</a>, the closest Sunday to 11 November.<a href="#cite_note-97">[90]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics" title="1948 Summer Olympics">1948 Summer Olympics</a> were held at the original <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)" title="Wembley Stadium (1923)">Wembley Stadium</a>, while London was still recovering from the war.<a href="#cite_note-98">[91]</a> From the 1940s, London became home to many immigrants, primarily from <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries such as Jamaica, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan,<a href="#cite_note-99">[92]</a> making London one of the most diverse cities in the world. In 1951, the <a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Britain" title="Festival of Britain">Festival of Britain</a> was held on the <a href="/wiki/South_Bank" title="South Bank">South Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Smog" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Smog">Great Smog</a> of 1952 led to the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_1956" title="Clean Air Act 1956">Clean Air Act 1956</a>, which ended the "<a href="/wiki/Pea_soup_fog" title="Pea soup fog">pea soup fogs</a>" for which London had been notorious, and had earned it the nickname the "Big Smoke".<a href="#cite_note-101">[94]</a> Starting mainly in the mid-1960s, London became a centre for worldwide <a href="/wiki/Youth_culture" title="Youth culture">youth culture</a>, exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Swinging_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Swinging London">Swinging London</a> sub-culture associated with the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Road" title="King's Road">King's Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_London" title="Chelsea, London">Chelsea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carnaby_Street" title="Carnaby Street">Carnaby Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[95]</a> The role of trendsetter revived in the <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</a> era.<a href="#cite_note-103">[96]</a> In 1965 London's political boundaries were expanded in response to the growth of the urban area and a new <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Council" title="Greater London Council">Greater London Council</a> was created.<a href="#cite_note-104">[97]</a> During <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a> in Northern Ireland, London was hit from 1973 by bomb attacks by the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bombings-105">[98]</a> These attacks lasted for two decades, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bailey_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Bailey bombing">Old Bailey bombing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bombings-105">[98]</a> Racial inequality was highlighted by the <a href="/wiki/1981_Brixton_riot" title="1981 Brixton riot">1981 Brixton riot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[99]</a> Greater London's population declined in the decades after the Second World War, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-107">[100]</a> The principal ports for London moved downstream to <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Felixstowe" title="Port of Felixstowe">Felixstowe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tilbury" title="Port of Tilbury">Tilbury</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/London_Docklands" title="London Docklands">London Docklands</a> area becoming a focus for regeneration, including the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Wharf" title="Canary Wharf">Canary Wharf</a> development. This was born out of London's increasing role as an international financial centre in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-108">[101]</a> Located about 2 miles (3 km) east of central London, the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Barrier" title="Thames Barrier">Thames Barrier</a> was completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[102]</a> The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986, leaving London with no central administration until 2000 and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[103]</a> To mark the 21st century, the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Dome" title="Millennium Dome">Millennium Dome</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Eye" title="London Eye">London Eye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Bridge_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Bridge (London)">Millennium Bridge</a> were constructed.<a href="#cite_note-111">[104]</a> On 6 July 2005 London was awarded the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a>, as the first city to stage the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> three times.<a href="#cite_note-IOC-42">[35]</a> On 7 July 2005, three London Underground trains and a double-decker bus were bombed in a <a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">series of terrorist attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bombings-105">[98]</a> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> named London alongside New York City and Hong Kong as <a href="/wiki/Nylonkong" title="Nylonkong">Nylonkong</a>, hailing them as the world's three most influential <a href="/wiki/Global_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Global cities">global cities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[105]</a> In January 2015, Greater London's population was estimated to be 8.63 million, its highest since 1939.<a href="#cite_note-gla-pop-2015-113">[106]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Brexit referendum</a> in 2016, the UK as a whole decided to leave the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, but most London constituencies voted for remaining.<a href="#cite_note-114">[107]</a> However, Britain's <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">exit from the EU</a> in early 2020 only marginally weakened London's position as an international financial centre.<a href="#cite_note-115">[108]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government">Local government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_London" title="Local government in London">Local government in London</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_London" title="History of local government in London">History of local government in London</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_London_government" title="List of heads of London government">List of heads of London government</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_coat_of_arms,_Holborn_Viaduct_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/City_coat_of_arms%2C_Holborn_Viaduct_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-City_coat_of_arms%2C_Holborn_Viaduct_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1021"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/City_coat_of_arms%2C_Holborn_Viaduct_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-City_coat_of_arms%2C_Holborn_Viaduct_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/City_coat_of_arms%2C_Holborn_Viaduct_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-City_coat_of_arms%2C_Holborn_Viaduct_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/City_coat_of_arms%2C_Holborn_Viaduct_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-City_coat_of_arms%2C_Holborn_Viaduct_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_City_of_London" title="Coat of arms of the City of London">Arms of the Corporation of the City of London</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[109]</a></figcaption></figure> The administration of London is formed of two tiers: a citywide, strategic tier and a local tier. Citywide administration is coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a> (GLA), while local administration is carried out by 33 smaller authorities.<a href="#cite_note-london_032-117">[110]</a> The GLA consists of two elected components: the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">mayor of London</a>, who has <a href="/wiki/Executive_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive powers">executive powers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a>, which scrutinises the mayor's decisions and can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals each year. The GLA has responsibility for the majority of London's transport system through its functional arm <a href="/wiki/Transport_for_London" title="Transport for London">Transport for London</a> (TfL), it is responsible for overseeing the city's police and fire services, and also for setting a strategic vision for London on a range of issues.<a href="#cite_note-london_goverance-118">[111]</a> The headquarters of the GLA is <a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_Newham" class="mw-redirect" title="City Hall, Newham">City Hall</a>, Newham. The mayor since 2016 has been <a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Khan" title="Sadiq Khan">Sadiq Khan</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> mayor of a major Western capital.<a href="#cite_note-119">[112]</a> The mayor's <a href="/wiki/Statutory_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory planning">statutory planning</a> strategy is published as the <a href="/wiki/London_Plan" title="London Plan">London Plan</a>, which was most recently revised in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-london_plan-120">[113]</a> The local authorities are the councils of the 32 <a href="/wiki/London_boroughs" title="London boroughs">London boroughs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-london_035-121">[114]</a> They are responsible for most local services, such as local planning, schools, libraries, leisure and recreation, <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">social services</a>, local roads and refuse collection.<a href="#cite_note-122">[115]</a> Certain functions, such as <a href="/wiki/Waste_disposal_authorities_in_London" title="Waste disposal authorities in London">waste management</a>, are provided through joint arrangements. In 2009–2010 the combined revenue expenditure by London councils and the GLA amounted to just over £22 billion (£14.7 billion for the boroughs and £7.4 billion for the GLA).<a href="#cite_note-123">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/London_Fire_Brigade" title="London Fire Brigade">London Fire Brigade</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statutory</a> <a href="/wiki/Fire_service_in_the_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire service in the UK">fire and rescue service</a> for Greater London, run by the <a href="/wiki/London_Fire_and_Emergency_Planning_Authority" title="London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority">London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority</a>. It is the third largest fire service in the world.<a href="#cite_note-LFB-124">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">ambulance services</a> are provided by the <a href="/wiki/London_Ambulance_Service" title="London Ambulance Service">London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust</a>, the largest free-at-the-point-of-use emergency ambulance service in the world.<a href="#cite_note-LAS-125">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/London_Air_Ambulance" class="mw-redirect" title="London Air Ambulance">London Air Ambulance</a> charity operates in conjunction with the LAS where required. <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Coastguard" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Coastguard">Her Majesty's Coastguard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Lifeboat_Institution" title="Royal National Lifeboat Institution">Royal National Lifeboat Institution</a> operate on the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>, which is under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_London_Authority" title="Port of London Authority">Port of London Authority</a> from <a href="/wiki/Teddington_Lock" title="Teddington Lock">Teddington Lock</a> to the sea.<a href="#cite_note-126">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_government">National government</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10_Downing_Street._MOD_45155532_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/10_Downing_Street._MOD_45155532_%28cropped%29.jpg/190px-10_Downing_Street._MOD_45155532_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="237" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="1738"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 190px;height: 237px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/10_Downing_Street._MOD_45155532_%28cropped%29.jpg/190px-10_Downing_Street._MOD_45155532_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="190" data-height="237" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/10_Downing_Street._MOD_45155532_%28cropped%29.jpg/285px-10_Downing_Street._MOD_45155532_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/10_Downing_Street._MOD_45155532_%28cropped%29.jpg/380px-10_Downing_Street._MOD_45155532_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a>, official residence of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a></figcaption></figure> London is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government of the United Kingdom</a>. Many government departments, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">prime minister's</a> residence at <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a>, are based close to the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>, particularly along <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-london_036-127">[120]</a> There are 75 members of <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">Parliament</a> (MPs) from London; As of <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">June 2024</a>, 59 are from the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>, 9 are <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a>, 6 are <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> and one constituency is held by an <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[121]</a> The ministerial post of <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_London" title="Minister for London">minister for London</a> was created in 1994, however as of 2024, the post has been vacant. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policing_and_crime">Policing and crime</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_London" title="Crime in London">Crime in London</a></div> Policing in Greater London, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> ("The Met"), overseen by the mayor through the <a href="/wiki/Mayor%27s_Office_for_Policing_and_Crime" title="Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime">Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime</a> (MOPAC).<a href="#cite_note-129">[122]</a> The Met is also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a> after the location of its original headquarters in a road called <a href="/wiki/Great_Scotland_Yard" title="Great Scotland Yard">Great Scotland Yard</a> in Whitehall. The City of London has its own police force – the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Police" title="City of London Police">City of London Police</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Policing-130">[123]</a> First worn by Met police officers in 1863, the <a href="/wiki/Custodian_helmet" title="Custodian helmet">custodian helmet</a> has been called a "cultural icon" and a "symbol of British law enforcement".<a href="#cite_note-131">[124]</a> Introduced by the Met in 1929, the blue <a href="/wiki/Police_box" title="Police box">police telephone box</a> (basis for the <a href="/wiki/TARDIS" title="TARDIS">TARDIS</a> in <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a>) was once a common sight throughout London and regional cities in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-132">[125]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SIS_building_(26327425611).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/SIS_building_%2826327425611%29.jpg/240px-SIS_building_%2826327425611%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2715" data-file-height="1810"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/SIS_building_%2826327425611%29.jpg/240px-SIS_building_%2826327425611%29.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/SIS_building_%2826327425611%29.jpg/360px-SIS_building_%2826327425611%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/SIS_building_%2826327425611%29.jpg/480px-SIS_building_%2826327425611%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Headquarters of <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a>, the UK's foreign intelligence service, at the <a href="/wiki/SIS_Building" title="SIS Building">SIS Building</a>. Scenes featuring <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> (the fictional MI6 agent) have been filmed here.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Police" title="British Transport Police">British Transport Police</a> are responsible for police services on <a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail">National Rail</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>, <a href="/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway" title="Docklands Light Railway">Docklands Light Railway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tramlink" title="Tramlink">Tramlink</a> services.<a href="#cite_note-BTP-133">[126]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Police" title="Ministry of Defence Police">Ministry of Defence Police</a> is a special police force in London, which does not generally become involved with policing the general public.<a href="#cite_note-134">[127]</a> The UK's domestic counter-intelligence service (<a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a>) is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Thames_House" title="Thames House">Thames House</a> on the north bank of the River Thames and the foreign intelligence service (<a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a>) is headquartered in the <a href="/wiki/SIS_Building" title="SIS Building">SIS Building</a> on the south bank.<a href="#cite_note-135">[128]</a> Crime rates vary widely across different areas of London. Crime figures are made available nationally at <a href="/wiki/Local_authority#England" class="mw-redirect" title="Local authority">Local Authority</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ward_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward (England)">Ward</a> level.<a href="#cite_note-136">[129]</a> In 2015, there were 118 homicides, a 25.5% increase over 2014.<a href="#cite_note-137">[130]</a> Recorded crime has been rising in London, notably violent crime and murder by stabbing and other means have risen. There were 50 murders from the start of 2018 to mid April 2018. Funding cuts to police in London are likely to have contributed to this, though other factors are involved.<a href="#cite_note-138">[131]</a> However, homicide figures fell in 2022 with 109 recorded for the year, and the murder rate in London is much lower than <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_homicide_rate" title="List of cities by homicide rate">other major cities</a> around the world.<a href="#cite_note-139">[132]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_London" title="Geography of London">Geography of London</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scope">Scope</h3></div> London, also known as <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a>, is one of nine <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">regions of England</a> and the top subdivision covering most of the city's metropolis. The <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> at its core once comprised the whole settlement, but as its urban area grew, the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">Corporation of London</a> resisted attempts to amalgamate the city with its <a href="/wiki/Suburbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburbs">suburbs</a>, causing "London" to be defined several ways.<a href="#cite_note-chancery-140">[133]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_by_Sentinel-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/London_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/220px-London_by_Sentinel-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7368" data-file-height="5576"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/London_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/220px-London_by_Sentinel-2.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/London_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/330px-London_by_Sentinel-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/London_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/440px-London_by_Sentinel-2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Satellite view of London in June 2018</figcaption></figure> Forty percent of Greater London is covered by the <a href="/wiki/London_postal_district" title="London postal district">London post town</a>, in which 'London' forms part of postal addresses.<a href="#cite_note-london_042-141">[134]</a> The London telephone <a href="/wiki/Area_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Area code">area code</a> (020) covers a larger area, similar in size to Greater London, although some outer districts are excluded and some just outside included. The Greater London boundary has been <a href="/wiki/List_of_Greater_London_boundary_changes" title="List of Greater London boundary changes">aligned to the M25 motorway</a> in places.<a href="#cite_note-london_044-142">[135]</a> Further urban expansion is now prevented by the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Green_Belt" title="Metropolitan Green Belt">Metropolitan Green Belt</a>, although the built-up area extends beyond the boundary in places, producing a separately defined <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater London Urban Area">Greater London Urban Area</a>. Beyond this is the vast <a href="/wiki/London_commuter_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="London commuter belt">London commuter belt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-london_041-143">[136]</a> Greater London is split for some purposes into <a href="/wiki/Inner_London" title="Inner London">Inner London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outer_London" title="Outer London">Outer London</a>,<a href="#cite_note-london_045-144">[137]</a> and by the River Thames into <a href="/wiki/North_London" title="North London">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_London" title="South London">South</a>, with an informal <a href="/wiki/Central_London" title="Central London">central London</a> area. The coordinates of the nominal centre of London, traditionally the original <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleanor Cross">Eleanor Cross</a> at <a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross" title="Charing Cross">Charing Cross</a> near the junction of <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a>, are about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=London&params=51_30_26_N_00_07_39_W_type:city(7,000,000)_region:GB">51°30′26″N 00°07′39″W / 51.50722°N 0.12750°W / 51.50722; -0.12750</a>.<a href="#cite_note-london_039-145">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status">Status</h3></div> Within London, both the City of London and the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a> have <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a>. The City of London and the remainder of Greater London are both <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">counties for the purposes of lieutenancies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-london_049-146">[139]</a> The area of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_and_non-metropolitan_counties_of_England#Greater_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England">Greater London</a> includes areas that are part of the <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">historic counties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-london_050-147">[140]</a> More recently, Greater London has been defined as a <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">region of England</a> and in this context is known as London.<a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a> It is the capital of the United Kingdom and of England by <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">convention</a> rather than statute. The capital of England was moved to London from <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> developed in the 12th and 13th centuries to become the permanent location of the <a href="/wiki/Noble_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble court">royal court</a>, and thus the political capital of the nation.<a href="#cite_note-london_060-149">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_from_Primrose_Hill_May_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/London_from_Primrose_Hill_May_2013.jpg/220px-London_from_Primrose_Hill_May_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4388" data-file-height="3021"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/London_from_Primrose_Hill_May_2013.jpg/220px-London_from_Primrose_Hill_May_2013.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/London_from_Primrose_Hill_May_2013.jpg/330px-London_from_Primrose_Hill_May_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/London_from_Primrose_Hill_May_2013.jpg/440px-London_from_Primrose_Hill_May_2013.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>London from <a href="/wiki/Primrose_Hill" title="Primrose Hill">Primrose Hill</a></figcaption></figure> Greater London encompasses a total area of 611 square miles (1,583 km2) an area which had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 11,760 inhabitants per square mile (4,542/km2). The extended area known as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a total area of 3,236 square miles (8,382 km2) has a population of 13,709,000 and a population density of 3,900 inhabitants per square mile (1,510/km2).<a href="#cite_note-Metrop-150">[143]</a> Modern London stands on the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a>, its primary geographical feature, a <a href="/wiki/Navigability" title="Navigability">navigable</a> river which crosses the city from the south-west to the east. The <a href="/wiki/Thames_Valley" title="Thames Valley">Thames Valley</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">flood plain</a> surrounded by gently rolling hills including <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill,_London" title="Parliament Hill, London">Parliament Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Addington_Hills" title="Addington Hills">Addington Hills</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Primrose_Hill" title="Primrose Hill">Primrose Hill</a>. Historically London grew up at the <a href="/wiki/Lowest_bridging_point" title="Lowest bridging point">lowest bridging point</a> on the Thames. The Thames was once a much broader, shallower river with extensive <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshlands</a>; at high tide, its shores reached five times their present width.<a href="#cite_note-london_065-151">[144]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> the Thames has been extensively <a href="/wiki/Thames_Embankment" title="Thames Embankment">embanked</a>, and many of its London <a href="/wiki/Tributaries_of_the_River_Thames" title="Tributaries of the River Thames">tributaries</a> now flow <a href="/wiki/Subterranean_rivers_of_London" title="Subterranean rivers of London">underground</a>. The Thames is a tidal river, and London is vulnerable to flooding.<a href="#cite_note-london_066-152">[145]</a> The threat has increased over time because of a slow but continuous rise in <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">high water</a> level caused by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and by the slow 'tilting' of the British Isles as a result of <a href="/wiki/Post-glacial_rebound" title="Post-glacial rebound">post-glacial rebound</a>.<a href="#cite_note-london_067-153">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_London" title="Climate of London">Climate of London</a></div> London has a temperate <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Cfb). Rainfall records have been kept in the city since at least 1697, when records began at <a href="/wiki/Kew" title="Kew">Kew</a>. At Kew, the most rainfall in one month is 7.4 inches (189 mm) in November 1755 and the least is 0 inches (0 mm) in both December 1788 and July 1800. Mile End also had 0 inches (0 mm) in April 1893.<a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a> The wettest year on record is 1903, with a total fall of 38.1 inches (969 mm) and the driest is 1921, with a total fall of 12.1 inches (308 mm).<a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a> The average annual precipitation amounts to about 600mm, which is half the annual rainfall of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a> Despite relatively low annual precipitation, London receives 109.6 rainy days on the 1.0mm threshold annually. London is vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate change in the United Kingdom">climate change</a>, and there is concern among <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrological</a> experts that households may run out of water before 2050.<a href="#cite_note-157">[150]</a> Temperature extremes in London range from 40.2 °C (104.4 °F) at Heathrow on 19 July 2022 down to −17.4 °C (0.7 °F) at Northolt on 13 December 1981.<a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[152]</a> Records for <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a> have been kept at London since 1692. The highest pressure ever reported is 1,049.8 millibars (31.00 inHg) on 20 January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-160">[153]</a> Summers are generally warm, sometimes hot. London's average July high is 23.5 °C (74.3 °F). On average each year, London experiences 31 days above 25 °C (77.0 °F) and 4.2 days above 30.0 °C (86.0 °F). During the <a href="/wiki/2003_European_heat_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 European heat wave">2003 European heat wave</a>, prolonged heat led to hundreds of heat-related deaths.<a href="#cite_note-161">[154]</a> A previous spell of 15 consecutive days above 32.2 °C (90.0 °F) in England in 1976 also caused many heat related deaths.<a href="#cite_note-162">[155]</a> A previous temperature of 37.8 °C (100.0 °F) in August 1911 at the Greenwich station was later disregarded as non-standard.<a href="#cite_note-metoffice.gov.uk-163">[156]</a> Droughts can also, occasionally, be a problem, especially in summer, most recently in summer 2018, and with much drier than average conditions prevailing from May to December.<a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a> However, the most consecutive days without rain was 73 days in the spring of 1893.<a href="#cite_note-165">[158]</a> Winters are generally cool with little temperature variation. Heavy snow is rare but snow usually falls at least once each winter. Spring and autumn can be pleasant. As a large city, London has a considerable <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island</a> effect,<a href="#cite_note-166">[159]</a> making the centre of London at times 5 °C (9 °F) warmer than the suburbs and outskirts.<a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:London_weatherbox" title="Template:London weatherbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:London_weatherbox" title="Template talk:London weatherbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:London_weatherbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:London weatherbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Climate data for London (<a href="/wiki/LHR" class="mw-redirect" title="LHR">LHR</a>),<a href="#cite_note-168">[note 1]</a> elevation: 25 m (82 ft), 1991–2020 normals</div> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2 (70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5 (76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4 (84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8 (91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6 (96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.2 (104.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.1 (100.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0 (95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5 (85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4 (63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.2 (104.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 (47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 (53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 (65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6 (70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9 (75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 (68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 (52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 (47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.7 (60.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 (42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 (42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 (46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7 (56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8 (62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7 (65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9 (60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 (54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 (47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 (42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.7 (53.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 (36.9) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 (36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 (39.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 (48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 (53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2 (57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1 (57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 (52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 (47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 (41.5) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1 (37.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.8 (46.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.1 (3.0) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.9 (7.0) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.9 (16.0) </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.6 (21.9) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.1 (26.4) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6 (30.9) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 (39.0) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 (35.8) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 (34.5) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.5 (22.1) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.1 (19.2) </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.4 (0.7) </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−17.4 (0.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.8 (2.31) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.0 (1.77) </td> <td style="background: #C5FFC5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.8 (1.53) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.3 (1.67) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.9 (1.81) </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.3 (1.86) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.8 (1.80) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.8 (2.08) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.6 (1.95) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.1 (2.56) </td> <td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.6 (2.62) </td> <td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.1 (2.25) </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">615.0 (24.21) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #9A9AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #7070FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">111.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">73 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 (37) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 (36) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 (36) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 (39) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 (45) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 (50) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 (54) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 (54) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 (50) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 (48) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 (43) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 (37) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7 (44) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #6F6F6F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61.1 </td> <td style="background: #9E9E9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.8 </td> <td style="background: #B8B853; color:#000000;" class="notheme">124.5 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">176.7 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">207.5 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">208.4 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">217.8 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">202.1 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">157.1 </td> <td style="background: #B4B46D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">115.2 </td> <td style="background: #858585; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.7 </td> <td style="background: #646464; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55.0 </td> <td style="background: #C0C023; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,674.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41 </td> <td style="background: #F1F112; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute">Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas (percent sunshine and UV Index)<a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-174">[166]</a> CEDA Archive<a href="#cite_note-175">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/TORRO" title="TORRO">TORRO</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[168]</a> Time and Date<a href="#cite_note-177">[169]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_London" title="Climate of London">Climate of London</a> for additional climate information. </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Averages are taken from Heathrow, and extremes are taken from stations across London. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Areas">Areas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_of_London" title="List of areas of London">List of areas of London</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_boroughs" title="London boroughs">London boroughs</a></div> Places within London's vast urban area are identified using area names, such as <a href="/wiki/Mayfair" title="Mayfair">Mayfair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wembley" title="Wembley">Wembley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Whitechapel" title="Whitechapel">Whitechapel</a>. These are either informal designations, reflect the names of villages that have been absorbed by sprawl, or are superseded administrative units such as parishes or <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_boroughs_of_the_County_of_London" title="Metropolitan boroughs of the County of London">former boroughs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[170]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_(44761485915).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/London_%2844761485915%29.jpg/290px-London_%2844761485915%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4475" data-file-height="2652"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 172px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/London_%2844761485915%29.jpg/290px-London_%2844761485915%29.jpg" data-width="290" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/London_%2844761485915%29.jpg/435px-London_%2844761485915%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/London_%2844761485915%29.jpg/580px-London_%2844761485915%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End theatre</a> district in 2016</figcaption></figure> Such names have remained in use through tradition, each referring to a local area with its own distinctive character, but without official boundaries. Since 1965, Greater London has been divided into 32 <a href="/wiki/London_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="London borough">London boroughs</a> in addition to the ancient City of London.<a href="#cite_note-london_071-179">[171]</a> The City of London is the main financial district,<a href="#cite_note-london_073-180">[172]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canary_Wharf" title="Canary Wharf">Canary Wharf</a> has recently developed into a new financial and commercial hub in the <a href="/wiki/London_Docklands" title="London Docklands">Docklands</a> to the east. The <a href="/wiki/West_End_of_London" title="West End of London">West End</a> is London's main entertainment and shopping district, attracting tourists.<a href="#cite_note-181">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/West_(London_sub_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="West (London sub region)">West London</a> includes expensive residential areas where properties can sell for tens of millions of pounds.<a href="#cite_note-182">[174]</a> The average price for properties in <a href="/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Kensington_and_Chelsea" title="Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea">Kensington and Chelsea</a> is over £2 million with a similarly high outlay in most of central London.<a href="#cite_note-183">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[176]</a> The <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End</a> is the area closest to the original <a href="/wiki/Port_of_London" title="Port of London">Port of London</a>, known for its high immigrant population, as well as for being one of the poorest areas in London.<a href="#cite_note-East_End-185">[177]</a> The surrounding <a href="/wiki/North_East_(London_sub_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="North East (London sub region)">East London</a> area saw much of London's early industrial development; now, <a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">brownfield</a> sites throughout the area are being redeveloped as part of the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Gateway" title="Thames Gateway">Thames Gateway</a> including the <a href="/wiki/London_Riverside" title="London Riverside">London Riverside</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lea_Valley" title="Lower Lea Valley">Lower Lea Valley</a>, which was developed into the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Park,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic Park, London">Olympic Park</a> for the <a href="/wiki/London_2012_Olympic_bid" class="mw-redirect" title="London 2012 Olympic bid">2012 Olympics and Paralympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-East_End-185">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_London" title="Architecture of London">Architecture of London</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_London" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in London">List of tallest buildings and structures in London</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_demolished_buildings_and_structures_in_London" title="List of demolished buildings and structures in London">List of demolished buildings and structures in London</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_Tower_of_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Aerial_Tower_of_London.jpg/260px-Aerial_Tower_of_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4687" data-file-height="2636"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Aerial_Tower_of_London.jpg/260px-Aerial_Tower_of_London.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Aerial_Tower_of_London.jpg/390px-Aerial_Tower_of_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Aerial_Tower_of_London.jpg/520px-Aerial_Tower_of_London.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, a medieval castle, dating in part to 1078</figcaption></figure> London's buildings are too diverse to be characterised by any particular architectural style, partly because of their varying ages. Many grand houses and public buildings, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>, are constructed from <a href="/wiki/Portland_stone" title="Portland stone">Portland stone</a>. Some areas of the city, particularly those just west of the centre, are characterised by white <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> or whitewashed buildings. Few structures in central London pre-date the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire</a> of 1666, these being a few trace <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> remains, the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> and a few scattered <a href="/wiki/Tudor_architecture" title="Tudor architecture">Tudor</a> survivors in the city. Further out is, for example, the Tudor-period <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[178]</a> Part of the varied architectural heritage are the 17th-century churches by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a>, neoclassical financial institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_London" title="Royal Exchange, London">Royal Exchange</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>, to the early 20th century <a href="/wiki/Old_Bailey" title="Old Bailey">Old Bailey</a> courthouse and the 1960s <a href="/wiki/Barbican_Estate" title="Barbican Estate">Barbican Estate</a>. The 1939 <a href="/wiki/Battersea_Power_Station" title="Battersea Power Station">Battersea Power Station</a> by the river in the south-west is a local landmark, while some railway termini are excellent examples of <a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian architecture</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station" title="St Pancras railway station">St. Pancras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paddington_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddington railway station">Paddington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-london_078-187">[179]</a> The density of London varies, with high employment density in the <a href="/wiki/Central_London" title="Central London">central area</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canary_Wharf" title="Canary Wharf">Canary Wharf</a>, high residential densities in <a href="/wiki/Inner_London" title="Inner London">inner London</a>, and lower densities in <a href="/wiki/Outer_London" title="Outer London">Outer London</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buckingham_Palace_from_side,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Buckingham_Palace_from_side%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-Buckingham_Palace_from_side%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="9000" data-file-height="5426"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 133px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Buckingham_Palace_from_side%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-Buckingham_Palace_from_side%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Buckingham_Palace_from_side%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/330px-Buckingham_Palace_from_side%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Buckingham_Palace_from_side%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/440px-Buckingham_Palace_from_side%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The east wing public façade of <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> was built between 1847 and 1850; it was remodelled to its present form in 1913.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trafalgar_Square_by_Christian_Reimer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Trafalgar_Square_by_Christian_Reimer.jpg/220px-Trafalgar_Square_by_Christian_Reimer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Trafalgar_Square_by_Christian_Reimer.jpg/220px-Trafalgar_Square_by_Christian_Reimer.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Trafalgar_Square_by_Christian_Reimer.jpg/330px-Trafalgar_Square_by_Christian_Reimer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Trafalgar_Square_by_Christian_Reimer.jpg/440px-Trafalgar_Square_by_Christian_Reimer.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a> and its fountains, with <a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column" title="Nelson's Column">Nelson's Column</a> on the right</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/The_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="The Monument">The Monument</a> in the City of London provides views of the surrounding area while commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire of London</a>, which originated nearby. <a href="/wiki/Marble_Arch" title="Marble Arch">Marble Arch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Arch" title="Wellington Arch">Wellington Arch</a>, at the north and south ends of <a href="/wiki/Park_Lane_(road)" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Lane (road)">Park Lane</a>, respectively, have royal connections, as do the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Memorial" title="Albert Memorial">Albert Memorial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kensington" title="Kensington">Kensington</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column" title="Nelson's Column">Nelson's Column</a> (built to commemorate <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Admiral Horatio Nelson</a>) is a nationally recognised monument in <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a>, one of the focal points of central London. Older buildings are mainly brick, commonly the yellow <a href="/wiki/London_stock_brick" title="London stock brick">London stock brick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-london_077-188">[180]</a> In the dense areas, most of the concentration is via medium- and high-rise buildings. London's skyscrapers, such as <a href="/wiki/30_St_Mary_Axe" class="mw-redirect" title="30 St Mary Axe">30 St Mary Axe</a> (dubbed "The Gherkin"), <a href="/wiki/Tower_42" title="Tower 42">Tower 42</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Broadgate_Tower" title="Broadgate Tower">Broadgate Tower</a> and <a href="/wiki/One_Canada_Square" title="One Canada Square">One Canada Square</a>, are mostly in the two financial districts, the City of London and <a href="/wiki/Canary_Wharf" title="Canary Wharf">Canary Wharf</a>. High-rise development is restricted at certain sites if it would obstruct <a href="/wiki/Protected_view" title="Protected view">protected views</a> of <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> and other historic buildings.<a href="#cite_note-Protected-189">[181]</a> This protective policy, known as 'St Paul's Heights', has been in operation by the City of London since 1937.<a href="#cite_note-Protected-189">[181]</a> Nevertheless, there are <a href="/wiki/Tall_buildings_in_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Tall buildings in London">a number of tall skyscrapers</a> in central London, including the 95-storey <a href="/wiki/Shard_London_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Shard London Bridge">Shard London Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of tallest buildings in the United Kingdom">tallest building in the United Kingdom</a> and Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-190">[182]</a> Other notable modern buildings include <a href="/wiki/The_Scalpel" title="The Scalpel">The Scalpel</a>, <a href="/wiki/20_Fenchurch_Street" title="20 Fenchurch Street">20 Fenchurch Street</a> (dubbed 'The Walkie-Talkie'), the former <a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_London_(Southwark)" title="City Hall, London (Southwark)">City Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC_Broadcasting_House" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Broadcasting House">BBC Broadcasting House</a> plus the <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernist</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somers_Town,_London" title="Somers Town, London">Somers Town</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kings_Cross,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings Cross, London">Kings Cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/No_1_Poultry" title="No 1 Poultry">No 1 Poultry</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Stirling_(architect)" title="James Stirling (architect)">James Stirling</a>. The <a href="/wiki/BT_Tower" title="BT Tower">BT Tower</a> stands at 620 feet (189 m) and has a 360 degree coloured LED screen near the top. What was formerly the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Dome" title="Millennium Dome">Millennium Dome</a>, by the Thames to the east of Canary Wharf, is now an entertainment venue called <a href="/wiki/The_O2_Arena" title="The O2 Arena">the O2 Arena</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[183]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:908px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_of_Westminster_from_the_dome_on_Methodist_Central_Hall_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Houses of Parliament and Elizabeth Tower (Big Ben) on the right foreground, the London Eye on the left foreground and The Shard with Canary Wharf in the background; seen in September 2014"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Palace_of_Westminster_from_the_dome_on_Methodist_Central_Hall_%28cropped%29.jpg/900px-Palace_of_Westminster_from_the_dome_on_Methodist_Central_Hall_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="900" height="334" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7888" data-file-height="2926"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 900px;height: 334px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Palace_of_Westminster_from_the_dome_on_Methodist_Central_Hall_%28cropped%29.jpg/900px-Palace_of_Westminster_from_the_dome_on_Methodist_Central_Hall_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="900" data-height="334" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Palace_of_Westminster_from_the_dome_on_Methodist_Central_Hall_%28cropped%29.jpg/1350px-Palace_of_Westminster_from_the_dome_on_Methodist_Central_Hall_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Palace_of_Westminster_from_the_dome_on_Methodist_Central_Hall_%28cropped%29.jpg/1800px-Palace_of_Westminster_from_the_dome_on_Methodist_Central_Hall_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_of_Westminster_from_the_dome_on_Methodist_Central_Hall_(cropped).jpg" title="File:Palace of Westminster from the dome on Methodist Central Hall (cropped).jpg"> </a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Houses of Parliament">Houses of Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Elizabeth Tower</a> (Big Ben) on the right foreground, the <a href="/wiki/London_Eye" title="London Eye">London Eye</a> on the left foreground and <a href="/wiki/The_Shard" title="The Shard">The Shard</a> with <a href="/wiki/Canary_Wharf" title="Canary Wharf">Canary Wharf</a> in the background; seen in September 2014</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_history">Natural history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Owl_on_a_phone_box,_Shepherd_Market.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Owl_on_a_phone_box%2C_Shepherd_Market.jpg/220px-Owl_on_a_phone_box%2C_Shepherd_Market.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Owl_on_a_phone_box%2C_Shepherd_Market.jpg/220px-Owl_on_a_phone_box%2C_Shepherd_Market.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Owl_on_a_phone_box%2C_Shepherd_Market.jpg/330px-Owl_on_a_phone_box%2C_Shepherd_Market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Owl_on_a_phone_box%2C_Shepherd_Market.jpg/440px-Owl_on_a_phone_box%2C_Shepherd_Market.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Owl decoy on top of a <a href="/wiki/Red_telephone_box" title="Red telephone box">red telephone box</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Market" title="Shepherd Market">Shepherd Market</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mayfair" title="Mayfair">Mayfair</a> as a deterrent to pigeons; there are an estimated 3 million pigeons in London.<a href="#cite_note-192">[184]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/London_Natural_History_Society" title="London Natural History Society">London Natural History Society</a> suggests that London is "one of the World's Greenest Cities" with more than 40% green space or open water. They indicate that 2000 species of flowering plant have been found growing there and that the <a href="/wiki/Tideway" title="Tideway">tidal Thames</a> supports 120 species of fish.<a href="#cite_note-193">[185]</a> They state that over 60 species of bird nest in <a href="/wiki/Central_London" title="Central London">central London</a> and that their members have recorded 47 species of butterfly, 1,173 moths and more than 270 kinds of spider around London. London's <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a> areas support nationally important populations of many water birds. London has 38 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Greater_London" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Greater London">Sites of Special Scientific Interest</a> (SSSIs), two <a href="/wiki/National_nature_reserve_(United_Kingdom)" title="National nature reserve (United Kingdom)">national nature reserves</a> and 76 <a href="/wiki/List_of_local_nature_reserves_in_Greater_London" title="List of local nature reserves in Greater London">local nature reserves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphibians" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibians">Amphibians</a> are common in the capital, including <a href="/wiki/Smooth_newt" title="Smooth newt">smooth newts</a> living by the <a href="/wiki/Tate_Modern" title="Tate Modern">Tate Modern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Common_frog" title="Common frog">common frogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_toad" title="Common toad">common toads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmate_newt" title="Palmate newt">palmate newts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_crested_newt" class="mw-redirect" title="Great crested newt">great crested newts</a>. On the other hand, native reptiles such as <a href="/wiki/Slowworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Slowworm">slowworms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_lizard" class="mw-redirect" title="Common lizard">common lizards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barred_grass_snake" title="Barred grass snake">barred grass snakes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vipera_berus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipera berus">adders</a>, are mostly only seen in <a href="/wiki/Outer_London" title="Outer London">Outer London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[187]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_Fox_Trot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_Fox_Trot.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_Fox_Trot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="1086"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 247px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_Fox_Trot.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_Fox_Trot.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="247" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_Fox_Trot.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_Fox_Trot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_Fox_Trot.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_Fox_Trot.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A fox on Ayres Street, <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_London" title="South London">South London</a></figcaption></figure> Among other inhabitants of London are 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red foxes</a>, so that there are now 16 foxes for every square mile (6 per square km) of London. Other mammals found in <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> are <a href="/wiki/European_hedgehog" title="European hedgehog">hedgehog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_rat" title="Brown rat">brown rat</a>, mice, <a href="/wiki/European_rabbit" title="European rabbit">rabbit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrew" title="Shrew">shrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vole" title="Vole">vole</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grey_squirrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey squirrel">grey squirrel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[188]</a> In wilder areas of Outer London, such as <a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest" title="Epping Forest">Epping Forest</a>, a wide variety of mammals are found, including <a href="/wiki/European_hare" title="European hare">European hare</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_badger" title="European badger">badger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_vole" class="mw-redirect" title="Field vole">field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_vole" title="Bank vole">bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_water_vole" title="European water vole">water vole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood_mouse" title="Wood mouse">wood mouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow-necked_mouse" title="Yellow-necked mouse">yellow-necked mouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_mole" title="European mole">mole</a>, shrew, and <a href="/wiki/Least_weasel" title="Least weasel">weasel</a>, in addition to red fox, grey squirrel and hedgehog. A dead <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_otter" title="Eurasian otter">otter</a> was found at The Highway, in <a href="/wiki/Wapping" title="Wapping">Wapping</a>, about 1 mile (1.6 km) from the <a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a>, which would suggest that they have begun to move back after being absent a hundred years from the city.<a href="#cite_note-197">[189]</a> Ten of England's eighteen species of bats have been recorded in Epping Forest: <a href="/wiki/Soprano_pipistrelle" title="Soprano pipistrelle">soprano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathusius%27_pipistrelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathusius' pipistrelle">Nathusius'</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_pipistrelle" title="Common pipistrelle">common pipistrelles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_noctule" title="Common noctule">common noctule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serotine" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotine">serotine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbastelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbastelle">barbastelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daubenton%27s_bat" title="Daubenton's bat">Daubenton's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_long-eared_bat" title="Brown long-eared bat">brown long-eared</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natterer%27s_bat" title="Natterer's bat">Natterer's</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leisler%27s_bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Leisler's bat">Leisler's</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[190]</a> Herds of <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fallow_deer" title="Fallow deer">fallow deer</a> roam freely within much of <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Park" title="Richmond Park">Richmond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bushy_Park" title="Bushy Park">Bushy Park</a>. A cull takes place each November and February to ensure numbers can be sustained.<a href="#cite_note-Deer_cull_begins-199">[191]</a> Epping Forest is also known for its fallow deer, which can frequently be seen in herds to the north of the Forest. A rare population of <a href="/wiki/Melanistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanistic">melanistic</a>, black fallow deer is also maintained at the Deer Sanctuary near <a href="/wiki/Theydon_Bois" title="Theydon Bois">Theydon Bois</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reeve%27s_muntjac" class="mw-redirect" title="Reeve's muntjac">Muntjac deer</a> are also found in the forest. While Londoners are accustomed to wildlife such as birds and foxes sharing the city, more recently urban deer have started becoming a regular feature, and whole herds of fallow deer come into residential areas at night to take advantage of London's green spaces.<a href="#cite_note-200">[192]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_London" title="Demographics of London">Demographics of London</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:right;"> <caption>2021 census - population of London by country of birth<a href="#cite_note-201">[193]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Country of birth</th> <th>Population</th> <th>Percent </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th> <th>5,223,986</th> <th>59.4 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" colspan="2">Non-United Kingdom</th> <th>3,575,739</th> <th>40.6 </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11"></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>322,644</td> <td>3.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>175,991</td> <td>2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>149,397</td> <td>1.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td> <td>138,895</td> <td>1.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td>129,774</td> <td>1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>126,059</td> <td>1.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td> <td>117,145</td> <td>1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></td> <td>96,566</td> <td>1.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></td> <td>80,379</td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>77,715</td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Others</td> <td>2,161,174</td> <td>24.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total</th> <th>8,799,725</th> <th>100.0 </th></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_London_population_density_map,_2011_census.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Greater_London_population_density_map%2C_2011_census.png/290px-Greater_London_population_density_map%2C_2011_census.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="237" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3896" data-file-height="3178"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 237px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Greater_London_population_density_map%2C_2011_census.png/290px-Greater_London_population_density_map%2C_2011_census.png" data-width="290" data-height="237" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Greater_London_population_density_map%2C_2011_census.png/435px-Greater_London_population_density_map%2C_2011_census.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Greater_London_population_density_map%2C_2011_census.png/580px-Greater_London_population_density_map%2C_2011_census.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Population density map</figcaption></figure> London's continuous urban area extends beyond Greater London and numbered 9,787,426 people in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-urbanpopulation-4">[3]</a> while its wider <a href="/wiki/London_metropolitan_area" title="London metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> had a population of 12–14 million, depending on the definition used.<a href="#cite_note-metro_area_1-202">[194]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>, London is the second <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe" title="List of metropolitan areas in Europe">most populous</a> metropolitan area in Europe. A net 726,000 immigrants arrived there in the period 1991–2001.<a href="#cite_note-Immigration-203">[195]</a> The region covers 610 square miles (1,579 km2), giving a population density of 13,410 inhabitants per square mile (5,177/km2)<a href="#cite_note-Metrop-150">[143]</a> more than ten times that of any other <a href="/wiki/ITL_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="ITL (UK)">British region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-london_087-204">[196]</a> In population terms, London is the 19th <a href="/wiki/World%27s_largest_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="World's largest cities">largest city</a> and the 18th <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan areas by population">largest metropolitan region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Billionaires-205">[197]</a> In tenure, 23.1% socially rent within London, 46.8% either own their house outright or with a mortgage or loan and 30% privately rent at the 2021 census.<a href="#cite_note-206">[198]</a> Many Londoner's work from home, 42.9% did so at the 2021 census while 20.6% drive a car to work. The biggest decrease in method of transportation was seen within those who take the train and underground, declining from 22.6% in 2011 to 9.6% in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-207">[199]</a> In qualifications, 46.7% of London had census classified Level 4 qualifications or higher, which is predominately university degrees. 16.2% had no qualifications at all.<a href="#cite_note-208">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_structure_and_median_age">Age structure and median age</h3></div> London's median age is one of the youngest regions in the UK. It was recorded in 2018 that London's residents were 36.5 years old, which was younger than the UK median of 40.3.<a href="#cite_note-:1-209">[201]</a> Children younger than 14 constituted 20.6% of the population in Outer London in 2018, and 18% in Inner London. The 15–24 age group was 11.1% in Outer and 10.2% in Inner London, those aged 25–44 years 30.6% in Outer London and 39.7% in Inner London, those aged 45–64 years 24% and 20.7% in Outer and Inner London respectively. Those aged 65 and over are 13.6% in Outer London, but only 9.3% in Inner London.<a href="#cite_note-:1-209">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Country_of_birth">Country of birth</h3></div> The 2021 census recorded that 3,575,739 people or 40.6% of London's population were <a href="/wiki/Foreign-born_population_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign-born population of the United Kingdom">foreign-born</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Census2021-210">[202]</a> making it among the cities with the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_born#Cities_with_largest_foreign_born_populations" title="Foreign born">largest immigrant population</a> in terms of absolute numbers and a growth of roughly 3 million since 1971 when the foreign born population was 668,373.<a href="#cite_note-211">[203]</a> 13% of the total population were Asian born (32.1% of the total foreign born population), 7.1% are African born (17.5%), 15.5% are Other European born (38.2%), and 4.2% were born in the Americas and Caribbean (10.3%).<a href="#cite_note-:3-212">[204]</a> The 5 largest single countries of origin were respectively India, Romania, Poland, Bangladesh and Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-:3-212">[204]</a> About 56.8% of children born in London in 2021 were born to a mother who was born abroad.<a href="#cite_note-:4-213">[205]</a> This trend has been increasing in the past two decades when foreign born mothers made up 43.3% of births in 2001 in London, becoming the majority in the middle of the 2000s by 2006 comprising 52.5%.<a href="#cite_note-:4-213">[205]</a> A large degree of the foreign born population who were present at the 2021 census had arrived relatively recently. Of the total population, those that arrived between the years of 2011 and 2021 account for 16.6% of London.<a href="#cite_note-:6-214">[206]</a> Those who arrived between 2001 and 2010 are 10.4%, between 1991 and 2001, 5.7%, and prior to 1990, 7.3%.<a href="#cite_note-:6-214">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_London" title="Ethnic groups in London">Ethnic groups in London</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Maps of Greater London showing percentage distribution of selected ethnic groups according to the 2021 Census</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:White_London_2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="White" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/White_London_2021.png/200px-White_London_2021.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4167" data-file-height="3205"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 154px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/White_London_2021.png/200px-White_London_2021.png" data-alt="White" data-width="200" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/White_London_2021.png/300px-White_London_2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/White_London_2021.png/400px-White_London_2021.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a> (53.8%)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Asian_London_2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Asian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Asian_London_2021.png/200px-Asian_London_2021.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4134" data-file-height="3212"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 155px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Asian_London_2021.png/200px-Asian_London_2021.png" data-alt="Asian" data-width="200" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Asian_London_2021.png/300px-Asian_London_2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Asian_London_2021.png/400px-Asian_London_2021.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian</a> (20.8%)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_London_2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Black" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Black_London_2021.png/200px-Black_London_2021.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4803" data-file-height="3597"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Black_London_2021.png/200px-Black_London_2021.png" data-alt="Black" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Black_London_2021.png/300px-Black_London_2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Black_London_2021.png/400px-Black_London_2021.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black</a> (13.5%)</div></div></div></div></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>, based on the 2021 census, 53.8% of the 8,173,941 inhabitants of London were <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a>, with 36.8% <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">White British</a>, 1.8% <a href="/wiki/Irish_migration_to_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish migration to Great Britain">White Irish</a>, 0.1% <a href="/wiki/Gypsy_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsy (term)">Gypsy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Irish_traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish traveller">Irish Traveller</a>, 0.4 Roma and 14.7% classified as <a href="/wiki/Other_White" title="Other White">Other White</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-215">[207]</a> Meanwhile, 22.2% of Londoners were of <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian</a> or mixed-Asian descent, with 20.8% being of full Asian descents and 1.4% being of mixed-Asian heritage. <a href="/wiki/British_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian">Indians</a> accounted for 7.5% of the population, followed by <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">Bangladeshis</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a> at 3.7% and 3.3% respectively. <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a> people accounted for 1.7%, and <a href="/wiki/British_Arabs" title="British Arabs">Arabs</a> for 1.6%. A further 4.6% were classified as "Other Asian".<a href="#cite_note-:5-215">[207]</a> 15.9% of London's population were of <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Black</a> or mixed-Black descent. 13.5% were of full Black descent, with persons of mixed-Black heritage comprising 2.4%. <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Black Africans</a> accounted for 7.9% of London's population; 3.9% identified as <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_community" class="mw-redirect" title="British African-Caribbean community">Black Caribbean</a>, and 1.7% as "Other Black". 5.7% were of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">mixed race</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-215">[207]</a> This ethnic structure has changed considerably since the 1960s. Estimates for 1961 put the total non-White ethnic minority population at 179,109 comprising 2.3% of the population at the time,<a href="#cite_note-216">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[209]</a> having risen since then to 1,346,119 and 20.2% in 1991<a href="#cite_note-218">[210]</a> and 4,068,553 and 46.2% in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:7-219">[211]</a> Of those of a White British background, estimates for 1971 put the population at 6,500,000 and 87% of the total population,<a href="#cite_note-220">[212]</a> of since fell to 3,239,281 and 36.8% in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:7-219">[211]</a> As of 2021, the majority of London's school pupils come from ethnic minority backgrounds. 23.9% were White British, 14% Other White, 23.2% Asian, 17.9% Black, 11.3% Mixed, 6.3% Other and 2.3% unclassified.<a href="#cite_note-221">[213]</a> Altogether at the 2021 census, of London's 1,695,741 population aged 0 to 15, 42% were White in total, splitting it down into 30.9% who were White British, 0.5% Irish, 10.6% Other White, 23% Asian, 16.4% Black, 12% Mixed and 6.6% another ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-222">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> In January 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that more than 300 languages were spoken in London and more than 50 non-indigenous communities had populations of more than 10,000.<a href="#cite_note-london_090-223">[215]</a> At the 2021 census, 78.4% of Londoners spoke English as their first language.<a href="#cite_note-:8-224">[216]</a> The 5 biggest languages outside of English were Romanian, Spanish, Polish, Bengali, and Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-:8-224">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_London" title="Religion in London">Religion in London</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_London" title="List of churches in London">List of churches in London</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:lightgrey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 212.85786658353px; border-left-color:deeppink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:deeppink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:deeppink"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 185.47192171711px; border-left-color:goldenrod"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:goldenrod"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:goldenrod"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 160.68172176248px; border-left-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 128.91922317851px; border-left-color:turquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:turquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:turquoise"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 104.49786809623px; border-left-color:darkorange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:darkorange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:darkorange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 52.545710044679px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:89.691905297828px 44.219476750019px 0 0; border-top-color:honeydew"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:honeydew"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 150.37540563794px 100px 0; border-right-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in London (2021)<a href="#cite_note-census2021-225">[217]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (40.66%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">No Religion</a> (27.05%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (14.99%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (5.15%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (1.65%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (1.64%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.99%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Other Religions (0.88%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Religion not Stated (7.00%)</div> </div> </div></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021 Census</a>, the largest religious groupings were <a href="/wiki/British_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="British Christianity">Christians</a> (40.66%), followed by those of no religion (20.7%), <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_London" title="Islam in London">Muslims</a> (15%), no response (8.5%), <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hinduism in the United Kingdom">Hindus</a> (5.15%), Jews (1.65%), <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">Sikhs</a> (1.64%), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">Buddhists</a> (1.0%) and other (0.8%).<a href="#cite_note-census2021-225">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[218]</a> London has traditionally been <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a>, and has a <a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_London" title="List of churches in London">large number of churches</a>, particularly in the City of London. The well-known <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> in the City and <a href="/wiki/Southwark_Cathedral" title="Southwark Cathedral">Southwark Cathedral</a> south of the river are <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> administrative centres,<a href="#cite_note-london_096-227">[219]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, principal bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and worldwide <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, has his main residence at <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Palace" title="Lambeth Palace">Lambeth Palace</a> in the <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Lambeth" title="London Borough of Lambeth">London Borough of Lambeth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-london_097-228">[220]</a> Important national and royal ceremonies are shared between <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-london_098-229">[221]</a> The Abbey is not to be confused with nearby <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral" title="Westminster Cathedral">Westminster Cathedral</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> cathedral in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-london_099-230">[222]</a> Despite the prevalence of Anglican churches, observance is low within the denomination. Anglican Church attendance continues a long, steady decline, according to Church of England statistics.<a href="#cite_note-london_100-231">[223]</a> Notable mosques include the <a href="/wiki/East_London_Mosque" title="East London Mosque">East London Mosque</a> in Tower Hamlets, which is allowed to give the Islamic call to prayer through loudspeakers, the <a href="/wiki/London_Central_Mosque" title="London Central Mosque">London Central Mosque</a> on the edge of <a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Park" title="Regent's Park">Regent's Park</a><a href="#cite_note-london_101-232">[224]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baitul_Futuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Baitul Futuh">Baitul Futuh</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadiyya Muslim Community">Ahmadiyya Muslim Community</a>. After the oil boom, increasing numbers of wealthy <a href="/wiki/Middle-East" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-East">Middle-Eastern</a> Arab Muslims based themselves around <a href="/wiki/Mayfair" title="Mayfair">Mayfair</a>, Kensington and <a href="/wiki/Knightsbridge" title="Knightsbridge">Knightsbridge</a> in West London.<a href="#cite_note-233">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-london_102-235">[227]</a> There are large <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim">Bengali Muslim</a> communities in the eastern boroughs of <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets" title="London Borough of Tower Hamlets">Tower Hamlets</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham" title="London Borough of Newham">Newham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[228]</a> Large Hindu communities are found in the north-western boroughs of <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Harrow" title="London Borough of Harrow">Harrow</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Brent" title="London Borough of Brent">Brent</a>, the latter hosting what was until 2006<a href="#cite_note-237">[229]</a> Europe's largest <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neasden_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Neasden Temple">Neasden Temple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-london_103-238">[230]</a> London is home to 44 Hindu temples, including the <a href="/wiki/BAPS_Shri_Swaminarayan_Mandir_London" title="BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London">BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London</a>. There are Sikh communities in East and West London, particularly in Southall, home to one of the largest Sikh populations and the largest Sikh temple outside India.<a href="#cite_note-london_104-239">[231]</a> The majority of <a href="/wiki/British_Jews" title="British Jews">British Jews</a> live in London, with notable Jewish communities in <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Hill" title="Stamford Hill">Stamford Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanmore" title="Stanmore">Stanmore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golders_Green" title="Golders Green">Golders Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finchley" title="Finchley">Finchley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampstead" title="Hampstead">Hampstead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hendon" title="Hendon">Hendon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edgware" title="Edgware">Edgware</a>, all in <a href="/wiki/North_London" title="North London">North London</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bevis_Marks_Synagogue" title="Bevis Marks Synagogue">Bevis Marks Synagogue</a> in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> is affiliated to London's historic <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a> Jewish community. It is the only synagogue in Europe to have held regular services continually for over 300 years. <a href="/wiki/Stanmore_and_Canons_Park_Synagogue" title="Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue">Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue</a> has the largest membership of any Orthodox synagogue in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-london_106-240">[232]</a> The <a href="/wiki/London_Jewish_Forum" title="London Jewish Forum">London Jewish Forum</a> was set up in 2006 in response to the growing significance of devolved London Government.<a href="#cite_note-london_107-241">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accents">Accents</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Mary-le-Bow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3756403.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/St_Mary-le-Bow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3756403.jpg/170px-St_Mary-le-Bow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3756403.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="2055"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 300px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/St_Mary-le-Bow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3756403.jpg/170px-St_Mary-le-Bow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3756403.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="300" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/St_Mary-le-Bow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3756403.jpg/255px-St_Mary-le-Bow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3756403.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/St_Mary-le-Bow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3756403.jpg/340px-St_Mary-le-Bow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3756403.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Traditionally, anyone born within earshot of the bells of <a href="/wiki/St_Mary-le-Bow" title="St Mary-le-Bow">St Mary-le-Bow</a> church was considered to be a true <a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[234]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a> is an accent heard across London, mainly spoken by <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working-class</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">lower-middle-class</a> Londoners. It is mainly attributed to the East End and wider East London, having originated there in the 18th century, although it has been suggested that the Cockney style of speech is much older.<a href="#cite_note-243">[235]</a> Some features of Cockney include <a href="/wiki/Th-fronting" title="Th-fronting">Th-fronting</a> (pronouncing "th" as "f"), "th" inside a word is pronounced with a "v", <a href="/wiki/H-dropping" title="H-dropping">H-dropping</a>, and, like most English accents, a Cockney accent <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">drops the "r"</a> after a vowel.<a href="#cite_note-244">[236]</a> John Camden Hotten, in his Slang Dictionary of 1859, makes reference to Cockney "use of a peculiar slang language" (<a href="/wiki/Rhyming_slang" title="Rhyming slang">Cockney rhyming slang</a>) when describing the <a href="/wiki/Costermonger" title="Costermonger">costermongers</a> of the East End. Since the start of the 21st century the extreme form of the Cockney dialect is less common in parts of the East End itself, with modern strongholds including other parts of London and suburbs in the <a href="/wiki/Home_counties" title="Home counties">home counties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[237]</a> This is particularly pronounced in areas like Romford (in the London Borough of Havering) and <a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend</a> (in Essex), which have received significant inflows of older East End residents in recent decades.<a href="#cite_note-246">[238]</a> <a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">Estuary English</a> is an intermediate accent between Cockney and <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[239]</a> It is widely spoken by people of all classes.<a href="#cite_note-248">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural London English</a> (MLE) is a <a href="/wiki/Multiethnolect" title="Multiethnolect">multiethnolect</a> becoming increasingly common in multicultural areas amongst young, working-class people from diverse backgrounds. It is a fusion of an array of ethnic accents, in particular Afro-Caribbean and South Asian, with a significant Cockney influence.<a href="#cite_note-249">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> (RP) is the accent traditionally regarded as the standard for <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[242]</a> It has no specific geographical correlate,<a href="#cite_note-251">[243]</a> although it is also traditionally defined as the standard speech used in London and south-eastern England.<a href="#cite_note-252">[244]</a> It is mainly spoken by <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper-class</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">upper-middle class</a> Londoners.<a href="#cite_note-253">[245]</a> Standard Southern British English (SSBE) has been considered as an evolution of RP that is now common and widely spoken in London and the south-east of England by a wide variety of people, but is distinct from Estuary English and MLE.<a href="#cite_note-254">[246]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_London" title="Economy of London">Economy of London</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_London_skyscrapers_HDR_-_2023-03-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/City_of_London_skyscrapers_HDR_-_2023-03-18.jpg/220px-City_of_London_skyscrapers_HDR_-_2023-03-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4438" data-file-height="2959"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/City_of_London_skyscrapers_HDR_-_2023-03-18.jpg/220px-City_of_London_skyscrapers_HDR_-_2023-03-18.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/City_of_London_skyscrapers_HDR_-_2023-03-18.jpg/330px-City_of_London_skyscrapers_HDR_-_2023-03-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/City_of_London_skyscrapers_HDR_-_2023-03-18.jpg/440px-City_of_London_skyscrapers_HDR_-_2023-03-18.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centres</a> in the world</figcaption></figure> London's <a href="/wiki/Gross_regional_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross regional product">gross regional product</a> in 2019 was £503 billion, around a quarter of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">UK GDP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[247]</a> London has five major business districts: the city, Westminster, Canary Wharf, Camden & Islington, and Lambeth & Southwark. One way to get an idea of their relative importance is to look at relative amounts of office space: Greater London had 27 million m2 of office space in 2001, and the City contains the most space, with 8 million m2 of office space. London has some of the highest real estate prices in the world.<a href="#cite_note-256">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_of_London">City of London</h3></div> London's finance industry is based in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canary_Wharf" title="Canary Wharf">Canary Wharf</a>, the two major <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">business districts</a>. London took over as a major financial centre shortly after 1795 when the Dutch Republic collapsed before the Napoleonic armies. This caused many bankers established in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> (e.g. Hope, Baring I'm), to move to London. Also, London's market-centred system (as opposed to the bank-centred one in Amsterdam) grew more dominant in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-Finance_Hub-81">[74]</a> The London financial elite was strengthened by a strong Jewish community from all over Europe capable of mastering the most sophisticated financial tools of the time.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-85">[78]</a> This economic strength of the city was attributed to its diversity.<a href="#cite_note-257">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[250]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paternoster_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Paternoster_Square.jpg/220px-Paternoster_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Paternoster_Square.jpg/220px-Paternoster_Square.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Paternoster_Square.jpg/330px-Paternoster_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Paternoster_Square.jpg/440px-Paternoster_Square.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a> at <a href="/wiki/Paternoster_Square" title="Paternoster Square">Paternoster Square</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temple_Bar,_London" title="Temple Bar, London">Temple Bar</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London.bankofengland.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/London.bankofengland.arp.jpg/220px-London.bankofengland.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="1669"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 179px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/London.bankofengland.arp.jpg/220px-London.bankofengland.arp.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="179" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/London.bankofengland.arp.jpg/330px-London.bankofengland.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/London.bankofengland.arp.jpg/440px-London.bankofengland.arp.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>, established in 1694, is the model on which most modern central banks are based.<a href="#cite_note-259">[251]</a></figcaption></figure> By the mid-19th century, London was the leading financial centre, and at the end of the century over half the world's trade was financed in British currency.<a href="#cite_note-260">[252]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London&action=edit">[update]</a>, London ranks second in the world rankings on the <a href="/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index" title="Global Financial Centres Index">Global Financial Centres Index</a> (GFCI),<a href="#cite_note-261">[253]</a> and it ranked second in A.T. Kearney's 2018 Global Cities Index.<a href="#cite_note-262">[254]</a> London's largest industry is finance, and its <a href="/wiki/Financial_export" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial export">financial exports</a> make it a large contributor to the UK's <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_payments" title="Balance of payments">balance of payments</a>. Notwithstanding a post-<a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> exodus of stock listings from the <a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a>,<a href="#cite_note-LSEExodusToNewYork-24">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-LSEExodus-25">[19]</a> London is still one of Europe's most economically powerful cities,<a href="#cite_note-London.gov.uk-26">[20]</a> and it remains one of the major financial centres of the world. It is the world's biggest currency trading centre, accounting for some 37% of the $5.1 trillion average daily volume, according to the BIS.<a href="#cite_note-263">[255]</a> Over 85% (3.2 million) of the employed population of greater London works in the services industries. Because of its prominent global role, London's economy had been affected by the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a>. However, by 2010 the city had recovered, put in place new regulatory powers, proceeded to regain lost ground and re-established London's economic dominance.<a href="#cite_note-264">[256]</a> Along with <a href="/wiki/Professional_services" title="Professional services">professional services</a> headquarters, the City of London is home to the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>, London Stock Exchange, and <a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London" title="Lloyd's of London">Lloyd's of London</a> insurance market.<a href="#cite_note-265">[257]</a> Founded in 1690, <a href="/wiki/Barclays" title="Barclays">Barclays</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Barclays_Bank,_Enfield" title="Barclays Bank, Enfield">branch in Enfield</a>, north London installed the first <a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">cash machine</a> (ATM) in 1967, is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_banks_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest banks in continuous operation">oldest banks in continuous operation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[258]</a> Over half the UK's top 100 listed companies (the <a href="/wiki/FTSE_100" class="mw-redirect" title="FTSE 100">FTSE 100</a>) and over 100 of Europe's 500 largest companies have their headquarters in central London. Over 70% of the FTSE 100 are within London's metropolitan area, and 75% of <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> companies have offices in London.<a href="#cite_note-london_113-267">[259]</a> In a 1992 report commissioned by the London Stock Exchange, Sir <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cadbury" title="Adrian Cadbury">Adrian Cadbury</a>, chairman of his family's confectionery company <a href="/wiki/Cadbury" title="Cadbury">Cadbury</a>, produced the <a href="/wiki/Cadbury_Report" title="Cadbury Report">Cadbury Report</a>, a code of best practice which served as a basis for reform of <a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">corporate governance</a> around the world.<a href="#cite_note-268">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_technology">Media and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_London" title="Media in London">Media in London</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broadcasting_House_20160816.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Broadcasting_House_20160816.jpg/170px-Broadcasting_House_20160816.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Broadcasting_House_20160816.jpg/170px-Broadcasting_House_20160816.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Broadcasting_House_20160816.jpg/255px-Broadcasting_House_20160816.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Broadcasting_House_20160816.jpg/340px-Broadcasting_House_20160816.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_House" title="Broadcasting House">Broadcasting House</a>, headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></figcaption></figure> Media companies are concentrated in London, and the media distribution industry is London's second most competitive sector.<a href="#cite_note-london_114-269">[261]</a> The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, the world's oldest national broadcaster, is a significant employer, while other broadcasters, including <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Channel_5_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel 5 (UK)">Channel 5</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sky_UK" title="Sky UK">Sky</a>, also have headquarters around the city. Many <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of newspapers in the United Kingdom">national newspapers</a>, including <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, founded in 1785, are edited in London; the term <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Street" title="Fleet Street">Fleet Street</a> (where most national newspapers operated) remains a <a href="/wiki/Metonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Metonym">metonym</a> for the British national press.<a href="#cite_note-270">[262]</a> The communications company <a href="/wiki/WPP_plc" title="WPP plc">WPP</a> is the world's largest advertising agency.<a href="#cite_note-271">[263]</a> A large number of technology companies are based in London, notably in <a href="/wiki/East_London_Tech_City" title="East London Tech City">East London Tech City</a>, also known as Silicon Roundabout. In 2014 the city was among the first to receive a <a href="/wiki/GeoTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="GeoTLD">geoTLD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[264]</a> In February 2014 London was ranked as the European City of the Future in the 2014/15 list by <a href="/wiki/FDi_Intelligence" title="FDi Intelligence">fDi Intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[265]</a> A museum in <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a> was based during World War II, is in <a href="/wiki/Bletchley" title="Bletchley">Bletchley</a>, 40 miles (64 km) north of central London, as is <a href="/wiki/The_National_Museum_of_Computing" title="The National Museum of Computing">The National Museum of Computing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[266]</a> The gas and electricity distribution networks that manage and operate the towers, cables and pressure systems that deliver energy to consumers across the city are managed by <a href="/wiki/National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid plc</a>, <a href="/wiki/SGN_(company)" title="SGN (company)">SGN</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[267]</a> and <a href="/wiki/UK_Power_Networks" title="UK Power Networks">UK Power Networks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_London" title="Tourism in London">Tourism in London</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_from_NE_2_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/British_Museum_from_NE_2_%28cropped%29.JPG/200px-British_Museum_from_NE_2_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1593"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/British_Museum_from_NE_2_%28cropped%29.JPG/200px-British_Museum_from_NE_2_%28cropped%29.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/British_Museum_from_NE_2_%28cropped%29.JPG/300px-British_Museum_from_NE_2_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/British_Museum_from_NE_2_%28cropped%29.JPG/400px-British_Museum_from_NE_2_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Galer%C3%ADa_Nacional,_Londres,_Inglaterra,_2014-08-07,_DD_036.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Galer%C3%ADa_Nacional%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-07%2C_DD_036.JPG/200px-Galer%C3%ADa_Nacional%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-07%2C_DD_036.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="106" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5023" data-file-height="2662"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 106px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Galer%C3%ADa_Nacional%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-07%2C_DD_036.JPG/200px-Galer%C3%ADa_Nacional%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-07%2C_DD_036.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="106" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Galer%C3%ADa_Nacional%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-07%2C_DD_036.JPG/300px-Galer%C3%ADa_Nacional%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-07%2C_DD_036.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Galer%C3%ADa_Nacional%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-07%2C_DD_036.JPG/400px-Galer%C3%ADa_Nacional%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-07%2C_DD_036.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a></div></div></div></div></div> London is one of the leading tourist destinations in the world. It is also the top city in the world by visitor cross-border spending, estimated at US$20.23 billion in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-277">[269]</a> Tourism is one of London's prime industries, employing 700,000 full-time workers in 2016, and contributes £36 billion a year to the economy.<a href="#cite_note-278">[270]</a> The city accounts for 54% of all inbound visitor spending in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-279">[271]</a> In 2015, the top ten most-visited attractions in the UK were all in London (shown with visits per venue):<a href="#cite_note-280">[272]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>: 6,820,686</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>: 5,908,254</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a> (South Kensington): 5,284,023</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southbank_Centre" title="Southbank Centre">Southbank Centre</a>: 5,102,883</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_Modern" title="Tate Modern">Tate Modern</a>: 4,712,581</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a> (South Kensington): 3,432,325</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Museum,_London" title="Science Museum, London">Science Museum</a>: 3,356,212</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_House" title="Somerset House">Somerset House</a>: 3,235,104</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>: 2,785,249</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a>: 2,145,486</li></ol> The number of hotel rooms in London in 2023 stood at 155,700 and is expected to grow to 183,600 rooms, the most of any city outside China.<a href="#cite_note-281">[273]</a> Luxury hotels in London include <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Hotel" title="Savoy Hotel">the Savoy</a> (opened in 1889), <a href="/wiki/Claridge%27s" title="Claridge's">Claridge's</a> (opened in 1812 and rebuilt in 1898), <a href="/wiki/The_Ritz_Hotel,_London" title="The Ritz Hotel, London">the Ritz</a> (opened in 1906) and <a href="/wiki/The_Dorchester" title="The Dorchester">the Dorchester</a> (opened in 1931), while budget hotel chains include <a href="/wiki/Premier_Inn" title="Premier Inn">Premier Inn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Travelodge" title="Travelodge">Travelodge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[274]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_London" title="Transport in London">Transport in London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_in_London" title="Infrastructure in London">Infrastructure in London</a></div> Transport is one of the four main areas of policy administered by the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a>,<a href="#cite_note-london_121-283">[275]</a> but the mayor's financial control does not extend to the longer-distance rail network that enters London. In 2007, the Mayor of London assumed responsibility for some local lines, which now form the <a href="/wiki/London_Overground" title="London Overground">London Overground</a> network, adding to the existing responsibility for the London Underground, trams and buses. The public transport network is administered by <a href="/wiki/Transport_for_London" title="Transport for London">Transport for London</a> (TfL).<a href="#cite_note-london_goverance-118">[111]</a> The lines that formed the London Underground, as well as trams and buses, became part of an integrated transport system in 1933 when the <a href="/wiki/London_Passenger_Transport_Board" title="London Passenger Transport Board">London Passenger Transport Board</a> or <a href="/wiki/London_Transport_(brand)" title="London Transport (brand)">London Transport</a> was created. Transport for London is now the statutory corporation responsible for most aspects of the transport system in Greater London, and is run by a board and a commissioner appointed by the Mayor of London.<a href="#cite_note-284">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aviation">Aviation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Airports_of_London" title="Airports of London">Airports of London</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heathrow_Terminal_5C_Iwelumo-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Heathrow_Terminal_5C_Iwelumo-1.jpg/220px-Heathrow_Terminal_5C_Iwelumo-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="797"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Heathrow_Terminal_5C_Iwelumo-1.jpg/220px-Heathrow_Terminal_5C_Iwelumo-1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Heathrow_Terminal_5C_Iwelumo-1.jpg/330px-Heathrow_Terminal_5C_Iwelumo-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Heathrow_Terminal_5C_Iwelumo-1.jpg/440px-Heathrow_Terminal_5C_Iwelumo-1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a> is the busiest airport in Europe as well as the second busiest in the world for international passenger traffic (<a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Terminal_5" title="Heathrow Terminal 5">Terminal 5</a>C is pictured).</figcaption></figure> London is a major international air transport hub with the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_busiest_city_airport_systems_by_passenger_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="World's busiest city airport systems by passenger traffic">busiest city airspace</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Busiest_skies-30">[24]</a> Eight airports use the word London in their name, but most traffic passes through six of these. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Airports_of_London" title="Airports of London">various other airports</a> also serve London, catering primarily to <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> flights. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a>, in <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hillingdon" title="London Borough of Hillingdon">Hillingdon</a>, West London, was for many years the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_busiest_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="World's busiest airport">busiest airport</a> in the world for international traffic, and is the major hub of the nation's flag carrier, <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-london_135-285">[277]</a> In March 2008 its fifth terminal was opened.<a href="#cite_note-london_137-286">[278]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport" title="Gatwick Airport">Gatwick Airport</a>, south of London in <a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a>, handles flights to more destinations than any other UK airport and is the main base of <a href="/wiki/EasyJet" title="EasyJet">easyJet</a>, the UK's largest airline by number of passengers.<a href="#cite_note-287">[279]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Stansted_Airport" title="London Stansted Airport">London Stansted Airport</a>, north-east of London in <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, has flights that serve the greatest number of European destinations of any UK airport and is the main base of <a href="/wiki/Ryanair" title="Ryanair">Ryanair</a>, the world's largest international airline by number of international passengers.<a href="#cite_note-288">[280]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton_Airport" title="Luton Airport">Luton Airport</a>, to the north of London in <a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a>, is used by several budget airlines (especially easyJet and <a href="/wiki/Wizz_Air" title="Wizz Air">Wizz Air</a>) for short-haul flights.<a href="#cite_note-289">[281]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_City_Airport" title="London City Airport">London City Airport</a>, the most central airport and the one with the shortest runway, in <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham" title="London Borough of Newham">Newham</a>, East London, is focused on business travellers, with a mixture of full-service short-haul scheduled flights and considerable <a href="/wiki/Business_jet" title="Business jet">business jet</a> traffic.<a href="#cite_note-290">[282]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Southend_Airport" title="London Southend Airport">London Southend Airport</a>, east of London in Essex, is a smaller, regional airport that caters for short-haul flights on a limited, though growing, number of airlines.<a href="#cite_note-291">[283]</a> In 2017, international passengers made up over 95% of the total at Southend, the highest proportion of any London airport.<a href="#cite_note-292">[284]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Underground_and_DLR">Underground and DLR</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:218px;max-width:218px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Baker_Street_tube_station_MMB_19_S_Stock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Baker_Street_tube_station_MMB_19_S_Stock.jpg/216px-Baker_Street_tube_station_MMB_19_S_Stock.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4452" data-file-height="3102"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 216px;height: 151px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Baker_Street_tube_station_MMB_19_S_Stock.jpg/216px-Baker_Street_tube_station_MMB_19_S_Stock.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="216" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Baker_Street_tube_station_MMB_19_S_Stock.jpg/324px-Baker_Street_tube_station_MMB_19_S_Stock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Baker_Street_tube_station_MMB_19_S_Stock.jpg/432px-Baker_Street_tube_station_MMB_19_S_Stock.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>, opened in January 1863, is the world's oldest and third-longest <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> system</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:218px;max-width:218px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_Underground_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5468795.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Monument_Underground_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5468795.jpg/216px-Monument_Underground_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5468795.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 216px;height: 143px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Monument_Underground_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5468795.jpg/216px-Monument_Underground_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5468795.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="216" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Monument_Underground_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5468795.jpg/324px-Monument_Underground_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5468795.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Monument_Underground_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5468795.jpg/432px-Monument_Underground_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5468795.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/London_Underground#Roundel" title="London Underground">roundel symbol</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Johnston" title="Edward Johnston">Edward Johnston</a> and trademarked in 1917</div></div></div></div></div> Opened in 1863, the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>, commonly referred to as the Tube or just the Underground, is the oldest and third longest <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro</a> system in the world.<a href="#cite_note-293">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[286]</a> The system serves <a href="/wiki/List_of_London_Underground_stations" title="List of London Underground stations">272 stations</a>, and was formed from several private companies, including the world's first underground electric line, the <a href="/wiki/City_and_South_London_Railway" title="City and South London Railway">City and South London Railway</a>, which opened in 1890.<a href="#cite_note-295">[287]</a> Over 4 million journeys are made every day on the Underground network, over 1 billion each year.<a href="#cite_note-london_124-296">[288]</a> An investment programme is attempting to reduce congestion and improve reliability, including £6.5 billion (€7.7 billion) spent before the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[289]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway" title="Docklands Light Railway">Docklands Light Railway (DLR)</a>, which opened in 1987, is a second, more <a href="/wiki/Medium-capacity_rail_transport_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium-capacity rail transport system">local metro system</a> using smaller and lighter tram-type vehicles that serve the <a href="/wiki/London_Docklands" title="London Docklands">Docklands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Greenwich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lewisham" title="Lewisham">Lewisham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suburban">Suburban</h4></div> There are <a href="/wiki/List_of_London_railway_stations" title="List of London railway stations">368 railway stations</a> in the <a href="/wiki/London_fare_zones" title="London fare zones">London Travelcard Zones</a> on an extensive above-ground suburban railway network. South London, particularly, has a high concentration of railways as it has fewer Underground lines. Most rail lines terminate around the centre of London, running into <a href="/wiki/London_station_group" title="London station group">eighteen terminal stations</a>, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Thameslink_(route)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thameslink (route)">Thameslink</a> trains connecting <a href="/wiki/Bedford" title="Bedford">Bedford</a> in the north and <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a> in the south via <a href="/wiki/London_Luton_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="London Luton Airport">Luton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport" title="Gatwick Airport">Gatwick</a> airports.<a href="#cite_note-london_127-299">[291]</a> London has Britain's busiest station by number of passengers—<a href="/wiki/London_Waterloo_station" title="London Waterloo station">Waterloo</a>, with over 184 million people using the interchange station complex (which includes <a href="/wiki/London_Waterloo_East_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="London Waterloo East railway station">Waterloo East</a> station) each year.<a href="#cite_note-300">[292]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clapham_Junction_railway_station" title="Clapham Junction railway station">Clapham Junction</a> is one of Europe's busiest rail interchanges.<a href="#cite_note-301">[293]</a> With the need for more rail capacity, the <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_line" title="Elizabeth line">Elizabeth Line</a> (also known as Crossrail) opened in May 2022.<a href="#cite_note-302">[294]</a> It is a new railway line running east to west through London and into the <a href="/wiki/Home_Counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Counties">Home Counties</a> with a branch to Heathrow Airport.<a href="#cite_note-303">[295]</a> It was Europe's biggest construction project, with a £15 billion projected cost.<a href="#cite_note-304">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inter-city_and_international">Inter-city and international</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Pancras_Railway_Station_2012-06-23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/St_Pancras_Railway_Station_2012-06-23.jpg/220px-St_Pancras_Railway_Station_2012-06-23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8466" data-file-height="7140"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 186px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/St_Pancras_Railway_Station_2012-06-23.jpg/220px-St_Pancras_Railway_Station_2012-06-23.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="186" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/St_Pancras_Railway_Station_2012-06-23.jpg/330px-St_Pancras_Railway_Station_2012-06-23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/St_Pancras_Railway_Station_2012-06-23.jpg/440px-St_Pancras_Railway_Station_2012-06-23.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station" title="St Pancras railway station">St Pancras International</a> is the main terminal for high-speed <a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_1" title="High Speed 1">High Speed 1</a> services, as well as commuter suburban Thameslink and inter-city <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_Railway" title="East Midlands Railway">East Midlands Railway</a> services.</figcaption></figure> London is the centre of the <a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail">National Rail</a> network, with 70% of rail journeys starting or ending in London.<a href="#cite_note-305">[297]</a> <a href="/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station" title="London King's Cross railway station">King's Cross station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euston_railway_station" title="Euston railway station">Euston station</a>, both in London, are the starting points of the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line" title="East Coast Main Line">East Coast Main Line</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line" title="West Coast Main Line">West Coast Main Line</a> – the two main railway lines in Britain. Like suburban rail services, regional and inter-city trains depart from several termini around the city centre, directly linking London with most of Great Britain's major cities and towns.<a href="#cite_note-306">[298]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flying_Scotsman_(train)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying Scotsman (train)">The Flying Scotsman</a> is an express passenger train service that has operated between London and Edinburgh since 1862; the world famous steam locomotive named after this service, <a href="/wiki/LNER_Class_A3_4472_Flying_Scotsman" title="LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman">Flying Scotsman</a>, was the first locomotive to reach the officially authenticated speed of 100 miles per hour (161 km/h) in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-307">[299]</a> Some international railway services to <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a> were operated during the 20th century as <a href="/wiki/Boat_train" title="Boat train">boat trains</a>. The opening of the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a> in 1994 connected London directly to the continental rail network, allowing <a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a> services to begin. Since 2007, high-speed trains link <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station" title="St Pancras railway station">St. Pancras International</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disneyland_Paris" title="Disneyland Paris">Disneyland Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> and other European tourist destinations via the <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_1" title="High Speed 1">High Speed 1</a> rail link and the Channel Tunnel.<a href="#cite_note-308">[300]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_(train_operating_company)" title="Southeastern (train operating company)">high-speed domestic</a> trains started in June 2009, linking <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> to London.<a href="#cite_note-Southeastern_Highspeed-309">[301]</a> There are plans for a <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_2" title="High Speed 2">second high speed line</a> linking London to the Midlands, North West England, and Yorkshire.<a href="#cite_note-310">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buses,_coaches_and_trams">Buses, coaches and trams</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:396px;max-width:396px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:LTZ1423-15-20240430-193650.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/LTZ1423-15-20240430-193650.jpg/250px-LTZ1423-15-20240430-193650.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3448" data-file-height="2299"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 167px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/LTZ1423-15-20240430-193650.jpg/250px-LTZ1423-15-20240430-193650.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="250" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/LTZ1423-15-20240430-193650.jpg/375px-LTZ1423-15-20240430-193650.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/LTZ1423-15-20240430-193650.jpg/500px-LTZ1423-15-20240430-193650.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:East_London_Routemaster_bus_RM2050_(ALM_50B)_heritage_route_15_St_Pauls_5_December_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/East_London_Routemaster_bus_RM2050_%28ALM_50B%29_heritage_route_15_St_Pauls_5_December_2005.jpg/138px-East_London_Routemaster_bus_RM2050_%28ALM_50B%29_heritage_route_15_St_Pauls_5_December_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="950"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 138px;height: 167px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/East_London_Routemaster_bus_RM2050_%28ALM_50B%29_heritage_route_15_St_Pauls_5_December_2005.jpg/138px-East_London_Routemaster_bus_RM2050_%28ALM_50B%29_heritage_route_15_St_Pauls_5_December_2005.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="138" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/East_London_Routemaster_bus_RM2050_%28ALM_50B%29_heritage_route_15_St_Pauls_5_December_2005.jpg/207px-East_London_Routemaster_bus_RM2050_%28ALM_50B%29_heritage_route_15_St_Pauls_5_December_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/East_London_Routemaster_bus_RM2050_%28ALM_50B%29_heritage_route_15_St_Pauls_5_December_2005.jpg/276px-East_London_Routemaster_bus_RM2050_%28ALM_50B%29_heritage_route_15_St_Pauls_5_December_2005.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/New_Routemaster" title="New Routemaster">New Routemaster</a> (left) is the spiritual successor to the <a href="/wiki/AEC_Routemaster" title="AEC Routemaster">AEC Routemaster</a> (right). First appearing in 1947, the red double-decker bus is an emblematic symbol of London.</div></div></div></div> London's <a href="/wiki/London_Buses" title="London Buses">bus network</a> runs 24 hours a day with about 9,300 vehicles, over 675 bus routes and about 19,000 bus stops.<a href="#cite_note-Buses-311">[303]</a> In 2019 the network had over 2 billion commuter trips per year.<a href="#cite_note-312">[304]</a> Since 2010 an average of £1.2 billion is taken in revenue each year.<a href="#cite_note-313">[305]</a> London has one of the largest wheelchair-accessible networks in the world<a href="#cite_note-london_131-314">[306]</a> and from the third quarter of 2007, became more accessible to hearing and visually impaired passengers as audio-visual announcements were introduced.<a href="#cite_note-315">[307]</a> An emblem of London, the red <a href="/wiki/Double-decker_bus" title="Double-decker bus">double-decker bus</a> first appeared in the city in 1947 with the <a href="/wiki/AEC_Regent_III_RT" title="AEC Regent III RT">AEC Regent III RT</a> (predecessor to the <a href="/wiki/AEC_Routemaster" title="AEC Routemaster">AEC Routemaster</a>).<a href="#cite_note-316">[308]</a> London's coach hub is <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Coach_Station" title="Victoria Coach Station">Victoria Coach Station</a>, opened in 1932. Nationalised in 1970 and then purchased by London Transport (now <a href="/wiki/Transport_for_London" title="Transport for London">Transport for London</a>), Victoria Coach Station has over 14 million passengers a year and provides services across the UK and continental Europe.<a href="#cite_note-317">[309]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wimbledon_station_2018_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Wimbledon_station_2018_5.jpg/220px-Wimbledon_station_2018_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Wimbledon_station_2018_5.jpg/220px-Wimbledon_station_2018_5.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Wimbledon_station_2018_5.jpg/330px-Wimbledon_station_2018_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Wimbledon_station_2018_5.jpg/440px-Wimbledon_station_2018_5.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tramlink" title="Tramlink">Tramlink</a> tram at <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_station" title="Wimbledon station">Wimbledon station</a>, south-west London</figcaption></figure> There is a modern tram network serving South London, known as <a href="/wiki/Tramlink" title="Tramlink">Tramlink</a>. It has 39 stops and four routes, and carried over 29 million people in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-318">[310]</a> Since June 2008, Transport for London has completely owned and operated Tramlink.<a href="#cite_note-319">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cable_car">Cable car</h3></div> London's first and to date only cable car is the <a href="/wiki/London_Cable_Car" class="mw-redirect" title="London Cable Car">London Cable Car</a>, which opened in June 2012. The cable car crosses the Thames and links <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Peninsula" title="Greenwich Peninsula">Greenwich Peninsula</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Docks" title="Royal Docks">Royal Docks</a> in the east of the city. It is able to carry up to 2,500 passengers per hour in each direction at peak times.<a href="#cite_note-320">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_London" title="Cycling in London">Cycling in London</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgrave_Road,_Victoria,_London_-_Boris_Bikes_-_Santander_Cycles_by_Elliott_Brown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Belgrave_Road%2C_Victoria%2C_London_-_Boris_Bikes_-_Santander_Cycles_by_Elliott_Brown.jpg/220px-Belgrave_Road%2C_Victoria%2C_London_-_Boris_Bikes_-_Santander_Cycles_by_Elliott_Brown.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Belgrave_Road%2C_Victoria%2C_London_-_Boris_Bikes_-_Santander_Cycles_by_Elliott_Brown.jpg/220px-Belgrave_Road%2C_Victoria%2C_London_-_Boris_Bikes_-_Santander_Cycles_by_Elliott_Brown.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Belgrave_Road%2C_Victoria%2C_London_-_Boris_Bikes_-_Santander_Cycles_by_Elliott_Brown.jpg/330px-Belgrave_Road%2C_Victoria%2C_London_-_Boris_Bikes_-_Santander_Cycles_by_Elliott_Brown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Belgrave_Road%2C_Victoria%2C_London_-_Boris_Bikes_-_Santander_Cycles_by_Elliott_Brown.jpg/440px-Belgrave_Road%2C_Victoria%2C_London_-_Boris_Bikes_-_Santander_Cycles_by_Elliott_Brown.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Santander Cycle Hire, near <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_London" title="Victoria, London">Victoria</a> in Central London</figcaption></figure> In the Greater London Area, around 670,000 people use a bike every day,<a href="#cite_note-321">[313]</a> meaning around 7% of the total population of around 8.8 million use a bike on an average day.<a href="#cite_note-322">[314]</a> Cycling has become an increasingly popular way to get around London. The launch of a <a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">bicycle hire scheme</a> in July 2010 was successful and generally well received.<a href="#cite_note-323">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Port_and_river_boats">Port and river boats</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_London" title="Port of London">Port of London</a>, once the largest in the world, is now only the second-largest in the United Kingdom, handling 45 million tonnes of cargo each year as of 2009.<a href="#cite_note-handling-324">[316]</a> Most of this cargo passes through the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tilbury" title="Port of Tilbury">Port of Tilbury</a>, outside the boundary of Greater London.<a href="#cite_note-handling-324">[316]</a> London has river boat services on the Thames known as <a href="/wiki/Thames_Clippers" title="Thames Clippers">Thames Clippers</a>, which offer both commuter and tourist boat services.<a href="#cite_note-325">[317]</a> At major piers including <a href="/wiki/Canary_Wharf_Pier" title="Canary Wharf Pier">Canary Wharf</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge_City_Pier" title="London Bridge City Pier">London Bridge City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battersea_Power_Station" title="Battersea Power Station">Battersea Power Station</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Eye_Pier" title="London Eye Pier">London Eye</a> (Waterloo), services depart at least every 20 minutes during commuter times.<a href="#cite_note-326">[318]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Woolwich_Ferry" title="Woolwich Ferry">Woolwich Ferry</a>, with 2.5 million passengers every year, is a frequent service linking the <a href="/wiki/North_Circular_Road,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="North Circular Road, London">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Circular_Road,_London" title="South Circular Road, London">South Circular</a> Roads.<a href="#cite_note-327">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3></div> Although the majority of journeys in central London are made by public transport, car travel is common in the suburbs. The <a href="/wiki/London_Inner_Ring_Road" title="London Inner Ring Road">inner ring road</a> (around the city centre), the <a href="/wiki/A406_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A406 road">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/A205_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A205 road">South Circular</a> roads (just within the suburbs), and the outer orbital motorway (the <a href="/wiki/M25_motorway" title="M25 motorway">M25</a>, just outside the built-up area in most places) encircle the city and are intersected by a number of busy radial routes—but very few motorways penetrate into <a href="/wiki/Inner_London" title="Inner London">inner London</a>. The M25 is the second-longest ring-road motorway in Europe at 117 miles (188 km) long.<a href="#cite_note-328">[320]</a> The <a href="/wiki/A1_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A1 road (Great Britain)">A1</a> and <a href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1</a> connect London to <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-329">[321]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16-11-16-Glasgow_street_scene-RR2_7280_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/16-11-16-Glasgow_street_scene-RR2_7280_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-16-11-16-Glasgow_street_scene-RR2_7280_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3040" data-file-height="2092"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/16-11-16-Glasgow_street_scene-RR2_7280_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-16-11-16-Glasgow_street_scene-RR2_7280_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/16-11-16-Glasgow_street_scene-RR2_7280_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-16-11-16-Glasgow_street_scene-RR2_7280_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/16-11-16-Glasgow_street_scene-RR2_7280_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-16-11-16-Glasgow_street_scene-RR2_7280_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hackney_carriage" title="Hackney carriage">hackney carriage</a> (black cab) is a common sight on London streets. Black has been its standard colour since the <a href="/wiki/Austin_FX3" title="Austin FX3">Austin FX3</a> model in 1948.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Austin_Motor_Company" title="Austin Motor Company">Austin Motor Company</a> began making <a href="/wiki/Hackney_carriage" title="Hackney carriage">hackney carriages</a> (London taxis) in 1929, and models include <a href="/wiki/Austin_FX3" title="Austin FX3">Austin FX3</a> from 1948, <a href="/wiki/Austin_FX4" title="Austin FX4">Austin FX4</a> from 1958, with more recent models <a href="/wiki/TXII" title="TXII">TXII</a> and <a href="/wiki/TX4" title="TX4">TX4</a> manufactured by <a href="/wiki/London_Taxis_International" class="mw-redirect" title="London Taxis International">London Taxis International</a>. The BBC states, "ubiquitous black cabs and red double-decker buses all have long and tangled stories that are deeply embedded in London's traditions".<a href="#cite_note-London_traditions-330">[322]</a> Although traditionally black, some are painted in other colours or bear advertising.<a href="#cite_note-331">[323]</a> London is notorious for its traffic congestion; in 2009, the average speed of a car in the rush hour was recorded at 10.6 mph (17.1 km/h).<a href="#cite_note-332">[324]</a> In 2003, a <a href="/wiki/London_congestion_charge" title="London congestion charge">congestion charge</a> was introduced to reduce traffic volumes in the city centre. With a few exceptions, motorists are required to pay to drive within a defined zone encompassing much of central London.<a href="#cite_note-333">[325]</a> Motorists who are residents of the defined zone can buy a greatly reduced season pass.<a href="#cite_note-334">[326]</a> Over the course of several years, the average number of cars entering the centre of London on a weekday was reduced from 195,000 to 125,000.<a href="#cite_note-335">[327]</a> <a href="/wiki/Low_Traffic_Neighbourhood" title="Low Traffic Neighbourhood">Low Traffic Neighbourhoods (LTN)</a> were widely introduced in London, but in 2023 the Department for Transport stopped funding them, even though the benefits outweighed the costs by approximately 100 times in the first 20 years and the difference is growing over time.<a href="#cite_note-336">[328]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_London" title="Education in London">Education in London</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertiary_education">Tertiary education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_higher_education_colleges_in_London" title="List of universities and higher education colleges in London">List of universities and higher education colleges in London</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_College_London_-quadrant-11Sept2006_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/University_College_London_-quadrant-11Sept2006_%281%29.jpg/220px-University_College_London_-quadrant-11Sept2006_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3132" data-file-height="2447"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 172px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/University_College_London_-quadrant-11Sept2006_%281%29.jpg/220px-University_College_London_-quadrant-11Sept2006_%281%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/University_College_London_-quadrant-11Sept2006_%281%29.jpg/330px-University_College_London_-quadrant-11Sept2006_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/University_College_London_-quadrant-11Sept2006_%281%29.jpg/440px-University_College_London_-quadrant-11Sept2006_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> (UCL), established by Royal Charter in 1836, is one of the founding colleges of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_College_London_down_Exhibition_Road.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Imperial_College_London_down_Exhibition_Road.jpg/220px-Imperial_College_London_down_Exhibition_Road.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2998"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Imperial_College_London_down_Exhibition_Road.jpg/220px-Imperial_College_London_down_Exhibition_Road.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Imperial_College_London_down_Exhibition_Road.jpg/330px-Imperial_College_London_down_Exhibition_Road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Imperial_College_London_down_Exhibition_Road.jpg/440px-Imperial_College_London_down_Exhibition_Road.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a>, a technical research university focusing on science, engineering, medicine and business, in <a href="/wiki/South_Kensington" title="South Kensington">South Kensington</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centre_Building,_LSE_from_LSE_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Centre_Building%2C_LSE_from_LSE_Square.jpg/220px-Centre_Building%2C_LSE_from_LSE_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Centre_Building%2C_LSE_from_LSE_Square.jpg/220px-Centre_Building%2C_LSE_from_LSE_Square.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Centre_Building%2C_LSE_from_LSE_Square.jpg/330px-Centre_Building%2C_LSE_from_LSE_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Centre_Building%2C_LSE_from_LSE_Square.jpg/440px-Centre_Building%2C_LSE_from_LSE_Square.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> (Centre Building pictured) was established in 1895</figcaption></figure> London is a major global centre of higher education teaching and research and has the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-london2-27">[21]</a> According to the QS World University Rankings 2015/16, London has the greatest concentration of top class universities in the world<a href="#cite_note-337">[329]</a> and its international student population of around 110,000 is larger than any other city in the world.<a href="#cite_note-338">[330]</a> A 2014 <a href="/wiki/PricewaterhouseCoopers" class="mw-redirect" title="PricewaterhouseCoopers">PricewaterhouseCoopers</a> report termed London the global capital of higher education.<a href="#cite_note-339">[331]</a> A number of world-leading education institutions are based in London. In the 2022 <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a> is ranked No. 6 in the world, <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> (UCL) is ranked 8th, and <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a> (KCL) is ranked 37th.<a href="#cite_note-340">[332]</a> All are regularly ranked highly, with Imperial College being the UK's leading university in the <a href="/wiki/Research_Excellence_Framework" title="Research Excellence Framework">Research Excellence Framework</a> ranking 2021.<a href="#cite_note-341">[333]</a> The <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> (LSE) has been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research.<a href="#cite_note-london_156-342">[334]</a> The <a href="/wiki/London_Business_School" title="London Business School">London Business School</a> is considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2015 its MBA programme was ranked second-best in the world by the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ft-343">[335]</a> The city is also home to three of the world's top ten performing arts schools (as ranked by the 2020 QS World University Rankings<a href="#cite_note-344">[336]</a>): the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music" title="Royal College of Music">Royal College of Music</a> (ranking 2nd in the world), the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music" title="Royal Academy of Music">Royal Academy of Music</a> (ranking 4th) and the <a href="/wiki/Guildhall_School_of_Music_and_Drama" title="Guildhall School of Music and Drama">Guildhall School of Music and Drama</a> (ranking 6th).<a href="#cite_note-345">[337]</a> With students in London and around 48,000 in <a href="/wiki/University_of_London_Worldwide" title="University of London Worldwide">University of London Worldwide</a>,<a href="#cite_note-External-346">[338]</a> the federal <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> is the largest contact teaching university in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-347">[339]</a> It includes five multi-faculty universities – <a href="/wiki/City,_University_of_London" title="City, University of London">City</a>, King's College London, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary,_University_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Mary, University of London">Queen Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Holloway" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Holloway">Royal Holloway</a> and UCL – and a number of smaller and more specialised institutions including <a href="/wiki/Birkbeck_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkbeck College">Birkbeck</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Courtauld_Institute_of_Art" title="Courtauld Institute of Art">Courtauld Institute of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goldsmiths,_University_of_London" title="Goldsmiths, University of London">Goldsmiths</a>, the London Business School, the London School of Economics, the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Hygiene_%26_Tropical_Medicine" title="London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine">London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music" title="Royal Academy of Music">Royal Academy of Music</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_School_of_Speech_and_Drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Central School of Speech and Drama">Central School of Speech and Drama</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Veterinary_College" title="Royal Veterinary College">Royal Veterinary College</a> and the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Oriental and African Studies">School of Oriental and African Studies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-348">[340]</a> Universities in London outside the University of London system include <a href="/wiki/Brunel_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunel University">Brunel University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a>,<a href="#cite_note-349">[h]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingston_University" title="Kingston University">Kingston University</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Metropolitan_University" title="London Metropolitan University">London Metropolitan University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_East_London" title="University of East London">University of East London</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_West_London" title="University of West London">University of West London</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Westminster" title="University of Westminster">University of Westminster</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_South_Bank_University" title="London South Bank University">London South Bank University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_University" title="Middlesex University">Middlesex University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_London" title="University of the Arts London">University of the Arts London</a> (the largest university of art, design, fashion, communication and the performing arts in Europe).<a href="#cite_note-350">[341]</a> In addition, there are three international universities – <a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Regent's College">Regent's University London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_The_American_International_University_in_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond, The American International University in London">Richmond, The American International University in London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schiller_International_University" title="Schiller International University">Schiller International University</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KCL_Guys_Campus1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/KCL_Guys_Campus1.jpg/220px-KCL_Guys_Campus1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="491"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/KCL_Guys_Campus1.jpg/220px-KCL_Guys_Campus1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/KCL_Guys_Campus1.jpg/330px-KCL_Guys_Campus1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/KCL_Guys_Campus1.jpg/440px-KCL_Guys_Campus1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Guy%27s_Campus" title="Guy's Campus">Guy's Campus</a>, home to the university's <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London_School_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="King's College London School of Medicine">Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine</a></figcaption></figure> London is home to <a href="/wiki/United_Hospitals" title="United Hospitals">five major medical schools</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barts_and_The_London_School_of_Medicine_and_Dentistry" title="Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry">Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary,_University_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Mary, University of London">Queen Mary</a>), <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London_School_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="King's College London School of Medicine">King's College London School of Medicine</a> (the largest medical school in Europe), <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_School_of_Medicine" title="Imperial College School of Medicine">Imperial College School of Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/UCL_Medical_School" title="UCL Medical School">UCL Medical School</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s,_University_of_London" title="St George's, University of London">St George's, University of London</a> – and has many affiliated teaching hospitals. It is also a major centre for biomedical research, and three of the UK's eight <a href="/wiki/Academic_health_science_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic health science centre">academic health science centres</a> are based in the city – <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_Healthcare_NHS_Trust" title="Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust">Imperial College Healthcare</a>, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Health_Partners" title="King's Health Partners">King's Health Partners</a> and <a href="/wiki/UCL_Partners" class="mw-redirect" title="UCL Partners">UCL Partners</a> (the largest such centre in Europe).<a href="#cite_note-351">[342]</a> Additionally, many biomedical and biotechnology spin out companies from these research institutions are based around the city, most prominently in <a href="/wiki/White_City,_London" title="White City, London">White City</a>. Founded by pioneering nurse <a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a> at <a href="/wiki/St_Thomas%27_Hospital" title="St Thomas' Hospital">St Thomas' Hospital</a> in 1860, the <a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale_Faculty_of_Nursing_and_Midwifery" title="Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery">first nursing school</a> is now part of King's College London.<a href="#cite_note-352">[343]</a> It was at King's in 1952 where a team led by <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin">Rosalind Franklin</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Photo_51" title="Photo 51">Photo 51</a>, the critical evidence in identifying the structure of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-353">[344]</a> There are a number of business schools in London, including the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Business_and_Finance" title="London School of Business and Finance">London School of Business and Finance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cass_Business_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cass Business School">Cass Business School</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/City_University_London" class="mw-redirect" title="City University London">City University London</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hult_International_Business_School" title="Hult International Business School">Hult International Business School</a>, <a href="/wiki/ESCP_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="ESCP Europe">ESCP Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Business_School_London" title="European Business School London">European Business School London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_Business_School" title="Imperial College Business School">Imperial College Business School</a>, the <a href="/wiki/London_Business_School" title="London Business School">London Business School</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UCL_School_of_Management" title="UCL School of Management">UCL School of Management</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2492593.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Royal_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2492593.jpg/200px-Royal_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2492593.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 267px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Royal_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2492593.jpg/200px-Royal_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2492593.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="267" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Royal_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2492593.jpg/300px-Royal_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2492593.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Royal_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2492593.jpg/400px-Royal_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2492593.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Opened in 1904, <a href="/wiki/RADA" class="mw-redirect" title="RADA">RADA</a> (Royal Academy of Dramatic Art) is a member of the UK's <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Drama_Schools" title="Federation of Drama Schools">Federation of Drama Schools</a>.</figcaption></figure> London is also home to many specialist arts education institutions, including esteemed drama schools such as <a href="/wiki/RADA" class="mw-redirect" title="RADA">RADA</a> (Royal Academy of Dramatic Art), the <a href="/wiki/London_Academy_of_Music_and_Dramatic_Art" title="London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art">London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art</a> (LAMDA), <a href="/wiki/Drama_Studio_London" title="Drama Studio London">Drama Studio London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Young_Theatre_School" title="Sylvia Young Theatre School">Sylvia Young Theatre School</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Central_School_of_Speech_and_Drama" title="Royal Central School of Speech and Drama">Royal Central School of Speech and Drama</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Guildhall_School_of_Music_and_Drama" title="Guildhall School of Music and Drama">Guildhall School of Music and Drama</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/London_College_of_Contemporary_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="London College of Contemporary Arts">London College of Contemporary Arts</a> (LCCA), <a href="/wiki/Central_School_of_Ballet" title="Central School of Ballet">Central School of Ballet</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Contemporary_Dance_School" title="London Contemporary Dance School">London Contemporary Dance School</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Circus_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="The Circus Space">National Centre for Circus Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rambert_Dance_Company" title="Rambert Dance Company">Rambert School of Ballet and Contemporary Dance</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art" title="Royal College of Art">Royal College of Art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Laban_Conservatoire_of_Music_and_Dance" title="Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance">Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance</a>. The <a href="/wiki/BRIT_School" title="BRIT School">BRIT School</a> in the London borough of Croydon provides training for the performing arts and technologies.<a href="#cite_note-354">[345]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_School_Design" title="Centre for School Design">Centre for School Design</a></div> The majority of primary and secondary schools and further-education colleges in London are controlled by the <a href="/wiki/London_boroughs" title="London boroughs">London boroughs</a> or otherwise state-funded; leading examples include <a href="/wiki/Ashbourne_College" title="Ashbourne College">Ashbourne College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bethnal_Green_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethnal Green Academy">Bethnal Green Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brampton_Manor_Academy" title="Brampton Manor Academy">Brampton Manor Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_and_Islington_College" title="City and Islington College">City and Islington College</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster_College" title="City of Westminster College">City of Westminster College</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Game_College" title="David Game College">David Game College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ealing,_Hammersmith_and_West_London_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Ealing, Hammersmith and West London College">Ealing, Hammersmith and West London College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leyton_Sixth_Form_College" title="Leyton Sixth Form College">Leyton Sixth Form College</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Academy_of_Excellence" title="London Academy of Excellence">London Academy of Excellence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tower_Hamlets_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Tower Hamlets College">Tower Hamlets College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Newham_Collegiate_Sixth_Form_Centre" title="Newham Collegiate Sixth Form Centre">Newham Collegiate Sixth Form Centre</a>. There are also a number of private schools and colleges in London, some old and famous, such as <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_School" title="City of London School">City of London School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow</a> (alumni includes seven former British prime ministers), <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School,_London" title="St Paul's School, London">St Paul's School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haberdashers%27_Aske%27s_Boys%27_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School">Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_College_School" title="University College School">University College School</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_John_Lyon_School" class="mw-redirect" title="The John Lyon School">The John Lyon School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highgate_School" title="Highgate School">Highgate School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westminster_School" title="Westminster School">Westminster School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-355">[346]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Observatory,_Greenwich_and_learned_societies">Royal Observatory, Greenwich and learned societies</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tourists_taking_pictures_at_Prime_Meridian_monument,_Greenwich_Observatory,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tourists_taking_pictures_at_Prime_Meridian_monument%2C_Greenwich_Observatory%2C_London.jpg/220px-Tourists_taking_pictures_at_Prime_Meridian_monument%2C_Greenwich_Observatory%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5928" data-file-height="3894"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tourists_taking_pictures_at_Prime_Meridian_monument%2C_Greenwich_Observatory%2C_London.jpg/220px-Tourists_taking_pictures_at_Prime_Meridian_monument%2C_Greenwich_Observatory%2C_London.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tourists_taking_pictures_at_Prime_Meridian_monument%2C_Greenwich_Observatory%2C_London.jpg/330px-Tourists_taking_pictures_at_Prime_Meridian_monument%2C_Greenwich_Observatory%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tourists_taking_pictures_at_Prime_Meridian_monument%2C_Greenwich_Observatory%2C_London.jpg/440px-Tourists_taking_pictures_at_Prime_Meridian_monument%2C_Greenwich_Observatory%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Tourists queuing to take pictures on the line of the historic <a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian_(Greenwich)" title="Prime meridian (Greenwich)">prime meridian</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Greenwich" title="Royal Observatory, Greenwich">Royal Observatory, Greenwich</a>.</figcaption></figure> Founded in 1675, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Greenwich" title="Royal Observatory, Greenwich">Royal Observatory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Greenwich</a> was established to address the problem of calculating <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> for navigational purposes. This pioneering work in solving longitude featured in astronomer royal <a href="/wiki/Nevil_Maskelyne" title="Nevil Maskelyne">Nevil Maskelyne</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nautical_Almanac" class="mw-redirect" title="Nautical Almanac">Nautical Almanac</a> which made the Greenwich meridian the universal reference point, and helped lead to the international adoption of Greenwich as the <a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian" title="Prime meridian">prime meridian</a> (0° longitude) in 1884.<a href="#cite_note-356">[347]</a> Important scientific <a href="/wiki/Learned_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Learned societies">learned societies</a> based in London include the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>—the UK's national <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_sciences" title="Academy of sciences">academy of sciences</a> and the oldest national scientific institution in the world—founded in 1660,<a href="#cite_note-357">[348]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a>, founded in 1799. Since 1825, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Royal Institution Christmas Lectures</a> have presented scientific subjects to a general audience, and speakers have included physicist and inventor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>, aerospace engineer <a href="/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle">Frank Whittle</a>, naturalist <a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a> and evolutionary biologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-358">[349]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_London" title="Culture of London">Culture of London</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leisure_and_entertainment">Leisure and entertainment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_annual_events_in_London" title="List of annual events in London">List of annual events in London</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End theatre</a></div> Leisure is a major part of the London economy. A 2003 report attributed a quarter of the entire UK leisure economy to London<a href="#cite_note-359">[350]</a> at 25.6 events per 1000 people.<a href="#cite_note-360">[351]</a> The city is one of the four <a href="/wiki/Fashion_capital" title="Fashion capital">fashion capitals</a> of the world, and, according to official statistics, is the world's third-busiest film production centre, presents more live comedy than any other city,<a href="#cite_note-361">[352]</a> and has the biggest theatre audience of any city in the world.<a href="#cite_note-362">[353]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harrods_at_Night,_London_-_Nov_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Harrods_at_Night%2C_London_-_Nov_2012.jpg/170px-Harrods_at_Night%2C_London_-_Nov_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2948" data-file-height="3500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 202px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Harrods_at_Night%2C_London_-_Nov_2012.jpg/170px-Harrods_at_Night%2C_London_-_Nov_2012.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="202" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Harrods_at_Night%2C_London_-_Nov_2012.jpg/255px-Harrods_at_Night%2C_London_-_Nov_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Harrods_at_Night%2C_London_-_Nov_2012.jpg/340px-Harrods_at_Night%2C_London_-_Nov_2012.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harrods" title="Harrods">Harrods</a> department store in <a href="/wiki/Knightsbridge" title="Knightsbridge">Knightsbridge</a></figcaption></figure> Within the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a>, the entertainment district of the <a href="/wiki/West_End_of_London" title="West End of London">West End</a> has its focus around <a href="/wiki/Leicester_Square" title="Leicester Square">Leicester Square</a>, where London and world film <a href="/wiki/Premiere" title="Premiere">premieres</a> are held, and <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus" title="Piccadilly Circus">Piccadilly Circus</a>, with its giant electronic advertisements.<a href="#cite_note-london_160-363">[354]</a> London's <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">theatre district</a> is here, as are many cinemas, bars, clubs, and restaurants, including the city's <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_London" title="Chinatown, London">Chinatown</a> district (in <a href="/wiki/Soho" title="Soho">Soho</a>), and just to the east is <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" title="Royal Opera House">Covent Garden</a>, an area housing speciality shops. In 1881, the West End's <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Theatre" title="Savoy Theatre">Savoy Theatre</a>, which was built to showcase the plays of <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a>, was fitted with the incandescent light bulb developed by Sir <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Swan" title="Joseph Swan">Joseph Swan</a> to become the first public building in the world to be lit entirely by electricity.<a href="#cite_note-364">[355]</a> The city is the home of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Andrew Lloyd Webber</a>, whose musicals have dominated West End theatre since the late 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-365">[356]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Mousetrap" title="The Mousetrap">The Mousetrap</a>, the world's longest-running play, has been performed in the West End since 1952.<a href="#cite_note-366">[357]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Awards" title="Laurence Olivier Awards">Laurence Olivier Awards</a>–named after <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a>–are given annually by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_London_Theatre" title="Society of London Theatre">Society of London Theatre</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ballet" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Ballet">Royal Ballet</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_National_Ballet" title="English National Ballet">English National Ballet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera, London">Royal Opera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_National_Opera" title="English National Opera">English National Opera</a> are based in London and perform at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a>, the <a href="/wiki/London_Coliseum" title="London Coliseum">London Coliseum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadler%27s_Wells_Theatre" title="Sadler's Wells Theatre">Sadler's Wells Theatre</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a>, as well as touring the country.<a href="#cite_note-London's_Concerts-367">[358]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islington" title="Islington">Islington</a>'s 1 mile (1.6 km) long <a href="/wiki/Upper_Street" title="Upper Street">Upper Street</a>, extending northwards from <a href="/wiki/Angel,_London" title="Angel, London">Angel</a>, has more bars and restaurants than any other street in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-london_161-368">[359]</a> Europe's busiest shopping area is <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Street" title="Oxford Street">Oxford Street</a>, a shopping street nearly 1 mile (1.6 km) long, making it the longest shopping street in the UK. It is home to vast numbers of retailers and <a href="/wiki/Department_stores" class="mw-redirect" title="Department stores">department stores</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Selfridges" title="Selfridges">Selfridges</a> <a href="/wiki/Flagship_store#Retailing" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagship store">flagship store</a>.<a href="#cite_note-369">[360]</a> <a href="/wiki/Knightsbridge" title="Knightsbridge">Knightsbridge</a>, home to the equally renowned <a href="/wiki/Harrods" title="Harrods">Harrods</a> department store, lies to the south-west. One of the world's largest retail destinations, London frequently ranks at or near the top of retail sales of any city.<a href="#cite_note-370">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[362]</a> Opened in 1760 with its flagship store on <a href="/wiki/Regent_Street" title="Regent Street">Regent Street</a> since 1881, <a href="/wiki/Hamleys" title="Hamleys">Hamleys</a> is the oldest <a href="/wiki/Toy_store" title="Toy store">toy store</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-372">[363]</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_Boot_Company" title="British Boot Company">Camden Town shoe retailer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dr._Martens" title="Dr. Martens">Dr. Martens</a> footwear was a favourite haunt of punk musicians.<a href="#cite_note-373">[364]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madame_Tussauds" title="Madame Tussauds">Madame Tussauds</a> wax museum opened in <a href="/wiki/Baker_Street" title="Baker Street">Baker Street</a> in 1835, an era viewed as being when London's tourism industry began.<a href="#cite_note-374">[365]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Notting_hill_carnival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Notting_hill_carnival.jpg/170px-Notting_hill_carnival.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="1474"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Notting_hill_carnival.jpg/170px-Notting_hill_carnival.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Notting_hill_carnival.jpg/255px-Notting_hill_carnival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Notting_hill_carnival.jpg/340px-Notting_hill_carnival.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Scene of the annual <a href="/wiki/Notting_Hill_Carnival" title="Notting Hill Carnival">Notting Hill Carnival</a>, 2014</figcaption></figure> London is home to designers <a href="/wiki/John_Galliano" title="John Galliano">John Galliano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stella_McCartney" title="Stella McCartney">Stella McCartney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manolo_Blahnik" title="Manolo Blahnik">Manolo Blahnik</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Choo" title="Jimmy Choo">Jimmy Choo</a>, among others; its renowned art and fashion schools make it one of the four international centres of fashion. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Quant" title="Mary Quant">Mary Quant</a> designed the <a href="/wiki/Miniskirt" title="Miniskirt">miniskirt</a> in her <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Road" title="King's Road">King's Road</a> boutique in <a href="/wiki/Swinging_Sixties" title="Swinging Sixties">Swinging Sixties London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-375">[366]</a> In 2017, London was ranked the top city for luxury store openings.<a href="#cite_note-376">[367]</a> <a href="/wiki/London_Fashion_Week" title="London Fashion Week">London Fashion Week</a> takes place twice a year, in February and September; exhibitions have included <a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_Stalks_His_Victims" title="Jack the Ripper Stalks His Victims">Jack the Ripper Stalks His Victims</a>, the first collection by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_McQueen" title="Alexander McQueen">Alexander McQueen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-377">[368]</a> Londoners on the catwalk have included <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Campbell" title="Naomi Campbell">Naomi Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kate_Moss" title="Kate Moss">Kate Moss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cara_Delevingne" title="Cara Delevingne">Cara Delevingne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-378">[369]</a> London offers a great variety of cuisine as a result of its ethnically diverse population. Gastronomic centres include the Bangladeshi restaurants of <a href="/wiki/Brick_Lane" title="Brick Lane">Brick Lane</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese food">Chinese</a> restaurants of <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_London" title="Chinatown, London">Chinatown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-379">[370]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/Chinese_takeaway" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese takeaway">Chinese takeaways</a> throughout London, as are Indian restaurants which provide <a href="/wiki/English_cuisine#Indian_and_Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="English cuisine">Indian and Anglo-Indian cuisine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-380">[371]</a> Around 1860, the first <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a> shop in London was opened by Joseph Malin, a Jewish immigrant, in <a href="/wiki/Bow,_London" title="Bow, London">Bow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-London_traditions-330">[322]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Full_English_breakfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Full English breakfast">full English breakfast</a> dates from the Victorian era, and many <a href="/wiki/Cafe_(British)" title="Cafe (British)">cafes</a> in London serve a full English throughout the day.<a href="#cite_note-381">[372]</a> London has five 3-Michelin star restaurants, including <a href="/wiki/Restaurant_Gordon_Ramsay" title="Restaurant Gordon Ramsay">Restaurant Gordon Ramsay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_London" title="Chelsea, London">Chelsea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-382">[373]</a> Many hotels in London provide a traditional <a href="/wiki/Afternoon_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Afternoon tea">afternoon tea</a> service, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Caf%C3%A9_Royal#Restoration_and_conversion" title="Hotel Café Royal">Oscar Wilde Lounge</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Caf%C3%A9_Royal" title="Hotel Café Royal">Hotel Café Royal</a> in Piccadilly, and a themed tea service is also available, for example an <a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice in Wonderland</a> themed afternoon tea served at the <a href="/wiki/Egerton_House_Hotel" title="Egerton House Hotel">Egerton House Hotel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory" title="Charlie and the Chocolate Factory">Charlie and the Chocolate Factory</a> themed afternoon tea at <a href="/wiki/One_Aldwych" title="One Aldwych">One Aldwych</a> in Covent Garden.<a href="#cite_note-383">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[375]</a> The nation's most popular <a href="/wiki/Biscuit" title="Biscuit">biscuit</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dunking_(biscuit)" title="Dunking (biscuit)">dunk</a> in tea, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_digestive" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocolate digestive">chocolate digestives</a> have been manufactured by <a href="/wiki/McVitie%27s" title="McVitie's">McVitie's</a> at their <a href="/wiki/Harlesden" title="Harlesden">Harlesden</a> factory in north-west London since 1925.<a href="#cite_note-385">[376]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Restaurante_The_Swan,_Londres,_Inglaterra,_2014-08-11,_DD_113.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Restaurante_The_Swan%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-11%2C_DD_113.jpg/220px-Restaurante_The_Swan%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-11%2C_DD_113.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4073" data-file-height="3212"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 173px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Restaurante_The_Swan%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-11%2C_DD_113.jpg/220px-Restaurante_The_Swan%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-11%2C_DD_113.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Restaurante_The_Swan%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-11%2C_DD_113.jpg/330px-Restaurante_The_Swan%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-11%2C_DD_113.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Restaurante_The_Swan%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-11%2C_DD_113.jpg/440px-Restaurante_The_Swan%2C_Londres%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-11%2C_DD_113.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Globe" title="Shakespeare's Globe">Shakespeare's Globe</a> is a modern reconstruction of the Globe Theatre on the south bank of the Thames.</figcaption></figure> There is a variety of <a href="/wiki/List_of_annual_events_in_London" title="List of annual events in London">annual events</a>, beginning with the relatively new <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day_Parade" class="mw-redirect" title="New Year's Day Parade">New Year's Day Parade</a>, a fireworks display at the <a href="/wiki/London_Eye" title="London Eye">London Eye</a>; the world's second largest <a href="/wiki/Street_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Street party">street party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Notting_Hill_Carnival" title="Notting Hill Carnival">Notting Hill Carnival</a>, is held on the late <a href="/wiki/August_Bank_Holiday" title="August Bank Holiday">August Bank Holiday</a> each year. Traditional parades include November's <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor%27s_Show" title="Lord Mayor's Show">Lord Mayor's Show</a>, a centuries-old event celebrating the annual appointment of a new <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_the_City_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Mayor of the City of London">Lord Mayor of the City of London</a> with a procession along the streets of the city, and June's <a href="/wiki/Trooping_the_Colour" title="Trooping the Colour">Trooping the Colour</a>, a formal military pageant performed by regiments of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British</a> armies to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Official_Birthday" title="King's Official Birthday">King's Official Birthday</a>.<a href="#cite_note-386">[377]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Boishakhi_Mela" title="Boishakhi Mela">Boishakhi Mela</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Bengali_New_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali New Year">Bengali New Year</a> festival celebrated by the <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">British Bangladeshi</a> community. It is the largest open-air Asian festival in Europe. After the Notting Hill Carnival, it is the second-largest street festival in the United Kingdom attracting over 80,000 visitors.<a href="#cite_note-387">[378]</a> First held in 1862, the <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Flower_Show" title="Chelsea Flower Show">RHS Chelsea Flower Show</a> (run by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>) takes place in May every year.<a href="#cite_note-388">[379]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LGBT_scene">LGBT scene</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_London" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in London">LGBT culture in London</a></div> The first <a href="/wiki/Gay_bar" title="Gay bar">gay bar</a> in London in the modern sense was <a href="/wiki/The_Cave_of_the_Golden_Calf" title="The Cave of the Golden Calf">The Cave of the Golden Calf</a>, established as a night club in an underground location at 9 Heddon Street, just off <a href="/wiki/Regent_Street" title="Regent Street">Regent Street</a>, in 1912 and "which developed a reputation for sexual freedom and tolerance of same-sex relations".<a href="#cite_note-389">[380]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comptons-Of-Soho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Comptons-Of-Soho.jpg/170px-Comptons-Of-Soho.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Comptons-Of-Soho.jpg/170px-Comptons-Of-Soho.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Comptons-Of-Soho.jpg/255px-Comptons-Of-Soho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Comptons-Of-Soho.jpg/340px-Comptons-Of-Soho.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Comptons_of_Soho" title="Comptons of Soho">Comptons of Soho</a> during <a href="/wiki/Pride_in_London" title="Pride in London">London Pride</a> in 2010</figcaption></figure> While London has been an LGBT tourism destination, after <a href="/wiki/Sexual_Offences_Act_1967" title="Sexual Offences Act 1967">homosexuality was decriminalised</a> in England in 1967 gay bar culture became more visible, and from the early 1970s <a href="/wiki/Soho" title="Soho">Soho</a> (and in particular <a href="/wiki/Old_Compton_Street" title="Old Compton Street">Old Compton Street</a>) became the centre of the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_London" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in London">London LGBT community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Olson-390">[381]</a> <a href="/wiki/G-A-Y" title="G-A-Y">G-A-Y</a>, previously based at the <a href="/wiki/London_Astoria" title="London Astoria">Astoria</a>, and now <a href="/wiki/Heaven_(nightclub)" title="Heaven (nightclub)">Heaven</a>, is a long-running night club.<a href="#cite_note-391">[382]</a> Wider British cultural movements have influenced LGBT culture: for example, the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam rock</a> in the UK in the early 1970s, via <a href="/wiki/Marc_Bolan" title="Marc Bolan">Marc Bolan</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>, saw a generation of teenagers begin playing with the idea of androgyny, and the West End musical <a href="/wiki/The_Rocky_Horror_Show" title="The Rocky Horror Show">The Rocky Horror Show</a>, which debuted in London in 1973, is also widely said to have been an influence on countercultural and sexual liberation movements.<a href="#cite_note-392">[383]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Blitz_Kids" title="Blitz Kids">Blitz Kids</a> (which included <a href="/wiki/Boy_George" title="Boy George">Boy George</a>) frequented the Tuesday club-night at Blitz in <a href="/wiki/Covent_Garden" title="Covent Garden">Covent Garden</a>, helping launch the <a href="/wiki/New_Romantic" title="New Romantic">New Romantic</a> subcultural movement in the late 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-393">[384]</a> Today, the annual <a href="/wiki/Pride_in_London" title="Pride in London">London Pride Parade</a> and the <a href="/wiki/London_Lesbian_and_Gay_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival">London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival</a> are held in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Olson-390">[381]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature,_film_and_television">Literature, film and television</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/London_in_fiction" title="London in fiction">London in fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_in_film" title="London in film">London in film</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_shows_set_in_London" title="List of television shows set in London">List of television shows set in London</a>, and <a href="/wiki/London_Television_Archive" title="London Television Archive">London Television Archive</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherlock_Holmes_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sherlock_Holmes_Museum.jpg/220px-Sherlock_Holmes_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sherlock_Holmes_Museum.jpg/220px-Sherlock_Holmes_Museum.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sherlock_Holmes_Museum.jpg/330px-Sherlock_Holmes_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sherlock_Holmes_Museum.jpg/440px-Sherlock_Holmes_Museum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_Museum" title="Sherlock Holmes Museum">Sherlock Holmes Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baker_Street" title="Baker Street">Baker Street</a>, bearing the number 221B</figcaption></figure> London has been the setting for many works of literature. The pilgrims in <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>'s late 14th-century <a href="/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales" title="The Canterbury Tales">Canterbury Tales</a> set out for <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a> from London. <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> spent a large part of his life living and working in London; his contemporary <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a> was also based there, and some of his work, most notably his play <a href="/wiki/The_Alchemist_(play)" title="The Alchemist (play)">The Alchemist</a>, was set in the city.<a href="#cite_note-London_in_Literature-394">[385]</a> <a href="/wiki/A_Journal_of_the_Plague_Year" title="A Journal of the Plague Year">A Journal of the Plague Year</a> (1722) by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a> is a fictionalisation of the events of the 1665 <a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London" title="Great Plague of London">Great Plague</a>.<a href="#cite_note-London_in_Literature-394">[385]</a> The literary centres of London have traditionally been hilly <a href="/wiki/Hampstead" title="Hampstead">Hampstead</a> and (since the early 20th century) <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury" title="Bloomsbury">Bloomsbury</a>. Writers closely associated with the city are the diarist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a>, noted for his eyewitness account of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, whose representation of a foggy, snowy, grimy London of street sweepers and pickpockets has influenced people's vision of early <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> London; and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>, regarded as one of the foremost <a href="/wiki/Modernist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist literature">modernist</a> literary figures of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-London_in_Literature-394">[385]</a> Later important depictions of London from the 19th and early 20th centuries are <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> stories.<a href="#cite_note-London_in_Literature-394">[385]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a> mixed in London literary circles, and in 1886 he wrote the <a href="/wiki/Strange_Case_of_Dr_Jekyll_and_Mr_Hyde" title="Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde">Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">gothic</a> novella set in Victorian London.<a href="#cite_note-395">[386]</a> In 1898, <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>' sci-fi novel <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds" title="The War of the Worlds">The War of the Worlds</a> sees London (and southern England) invaded by Martians.<a href="#cite_note-396">[387]</a> <a href="/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon" title="Letitia Elizabeth Landon">Letitia Elizabeth Landon</a> wrote Calendar of the London Seasons in 1834. Modern writers influenced by the city include <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ackroyd" title="Peter Ackroyd">Peter Ackroyd</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/London:_The_Biography" title="London: The Biography">London: The Biography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iain_Sinclair" title="Iain Sinclair">Iain Sinclair</a>, who writes in the genre of <a href="/wiki/Psychogeography" title="Psychogeography">psychogeography</a>. In the 1940s, <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> wrote essays in the <a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">London Evening Standard</a>, including "<a href="/wiki/A_Nice_Cup_of_Tea" title="A Nice Cup of Tea">A Nice Cup of Tea</a>" (method for making tea) and "<a href="/wiki/The_Moon_Under_Water" title="The Moon Under Water">The Moon Under Water</a>" (an ideal <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pub</a>).<a href="#cite_note-397">[388]</a> The WWII <a href="/wiki/Evacuations_of_civilians_in_Britain_during_World_War_II" title="Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II">evacuation of children from London</a> is depicted in <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>' first Narnia book <a href="/wiki/The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe" title="The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe">The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe</a> (1950). On Christmas Eve 1925, <a href="/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh" title="Winnie-the-Pooh">Winnie-the-Pooh</a> debuted in London's <a href="/wiki/The_Evening_News_(London_newspaper)" title="The Evening News (London newspaper)">Evening News</a>, with the character based on a stuffed toy <a href="/wiki/A._A._Milne" title="A. A. Milne">A. A. Milne</a> bought for his son <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Robin_Milne" title="Christopher Robin Milne">Christopher Robin</a> in Harrods.<a href="#cite_note-398">[389]</a> In 1958, author <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bond" title="Michael Bond">Michael Bond</a> created <a href="/wiki/Paddington_Bear" title="Paddington Bear">Paddington Bear</a>, a refugee found in <a href="/wiki/London_Paddington_station" title="London Paddington station">Paddington station</a>. A screen adaptation, <a href="/wiki/Paddington_(film)" title="Paddington (film)">Paddington</a> (2014), features the calypso song "<a href="/wiki/London_is_the_Place_for_Me" class="mw-redirect" title="London is the Place for Me">London is the Place for Me</a>".<a href="#cite_note-399">[390]</a> Buckingham Palace features in <a href="/wiki/Roald_Dahl" title="Roald Dahl">Roald Dahl</a>'s 1982 novel <a href="/wiki/The_BFG" title="The BFG">The BFG</a>.<a href="#cite_note-400">[391]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Calendar_of_the_London_Seasons/Calendar_of_the_London_Seasons" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Calendar of the London Seasons/Calendar of the London Seasons">'Calendar of the London Seasons', by L. E. L.</a></div></div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_July_2010_(4818942309).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/London_July_2010_%284818942309%29.jpg/250px-London_July_2010_%284818942309%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/London_July_2010_%284818942309%29.jpg/250px-London_July_2010_%284818942309%29.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/London_July_2010_%284818942309%29.jpg/375px-London_July_2010_%284818942309%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/London_July_2010_%284818942309%29.jpg/500px-London_July_2010_%284818942309%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Opened in 1937, the <a href="/wiki/Odeon_Luxe_Leicester_Square" title="Odeon Luxe Leicester Square">Odeon cinema</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leicester_Square" title="Leicester Square">Leicester Square</a> hosts numerous European and world film premieres.</figcaption></figure> London has played a significant role in the film industry. Major studios within or bordering London include <a href="/wiki/Pinewood_Studios" title="Pinewood Studios">Pinewood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elstree_Studios" title="Elstree Studios">Elstree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ealing_Studios" title="Ealing Studios">Ealing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shepperton_Studios" title="Shepperton Studios">Shepperton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twickenham_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Twickenham Studios">Twickenham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Studios_Leavesden" title="Warner Bros. Studios Leavesden">Leavesden</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">Harry Potter</a> series among many notable films produced here.<a href="#cite_note-401">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-filmlondon-402">[393]</a> <a href="/wiki/Working_Title_Films" title="Working Title Films">Working Title Films</a> has its headquarters in London. A <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a> community is centred in <a href="/wiki/Soho" title="Soho">Soho</a>, and London houses six of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">visual effects</a> companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Framestore" title="Framestore">Framestore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-403">[394]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Imaginarium" title="The Imaginarium">The Imaginarium</a>, a digital performance-capture studio, was founded by <a href="/wiki/Andy_Serkis" title="Andy Serkis">Andy Serkis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-404">[395]</a> London has been the setting for films including <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Twist_(1948_film)" title="Oliver Twist (1948 film)">Oliver Twist</a> (1948), <a href="/wiki/Scrooge_(1951_film)" title="Scrooge (1951 film)">Scrooge</a> (1951), <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1953_film)" title="Peter Pan (1953 film)">Peter Pan</a> (1953), <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_One_Dalmatians" title="One Hundred and One Dalmatians">One Hundred and One Dalmatians</a> (1961), <a href="/wiki/My_Fair_Lady_(film)" title="My Fair Lady (film)">My Fair Lady</a> (1964), <a href="/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(film)" title="Mary Poppins (film)">Mary Poppins</a> (1964), <a href="/wiki/Blowup" title="Blowup">Blowup</a> (1966), <a href="/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange_(film)" title="A Clockwork Orange (film)">A Clockwork Orange</a> (1971), <a href="/wiki/The_Long_Good_Friday" title="The Long Good Friday">The Long Good Friday</a> (1980), <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Mouse_Detective" title="The Great Mouse Detective">The Great Mouse Detective</a> (1986), <a href="/wiki/Notting_Hill_(film)" title="Notting Hill (film)">Notting Hill</a> (1999), <a href="/wiki/Love_Actually" title="Love Actually">Love Actually</a> (2003), <a href="/wiki/V_for_Vendetta_(film)" title="V for Vendetta (film)">V for Vendetta</a> (2005), <a href="/wiki/Sweeney_Todd:_The_Demon_Barber_of_Fleet_Street" title="Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street">Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street</a> (2008), and <a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Speech" title="The King's Speech">The King's Speech</a> (2010). Notable actors and filmmakers from London include <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Caine" title="Michael Caine">Michael Caine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellers" title="Peter Sellers">Peter Sellers</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julie_Christie" title="Julie Christie">Julie Christie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Oldman" title="Gary Oldman">Gary Oldman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Thompson" title="Emma Thompson">Emma Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Ritchie" title="Guy Ritchie">Guy Ritchie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Rickman" title="Alan Rickman">Alan Rickman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jude_Law" title="Jude Law">Jude Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helena_Bonham_Carter" title="Helena Bonham Carter">Helena Bonham Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idris_Elba" title="Idris Elba">Idris Elba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hardy" title="Tom Hardy">Tom Hardy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Radcliffe" title="Daniel Radcliffe">Daniel Radcliffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keira_Knightley" title="Keira Knightley">Keira Knightley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riz_Ahmed" title="Riz Ahmed">Riz Ahmed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dev_Patel" title="Dev Patel">Dev Patel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kaluuya" title="Daniel Kaluuya">Daniel Kaluuya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Holland" title="Tom Holland">Tom Holland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Day-Lewis" title="Daniel Day-Lewis">Daniel Day-Lewis</a>. Post-war <a href="/wiki/Ealing_comedies" title="Ealing comedies">Ealing comedies</a> featured <a href="/wiki/Alec_Guinness" title="Alec Guinness">Alec Guinness</a>, from the 1950s <a href="/wiki/Hammer_Film_Productions" title="Hammer Film Productions">Hammer Horrors</a> starred <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lee" title="Christopher Lee">Christopher Lee</a>, films directed by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Powell" title="Michael Powell">Michael Powell</a> included the London-set early <a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">slasher</a> <a href="/wiki/Peeping_Tom_(1960_film)" title="Peeping Tom (1960 film)">Peeping Tom</a> (1960), the 1970s comedy troupe <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a> had film editing suites in Covent Garden, while since the 1990s <a href="/wiki/Richard_Curtis" title="Richard Curtis">Richard Curtis</a>'s rom-coms have featured <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Grant" title="Hugh Grant">Hugh Grant</a>. The largest cinema chain in the country, <a href="/wiki/Odeon_Cinemas" title="Odeon Cinemas">Odeon Cinemas</a> was founded in London in 1928 by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Deutsch" title="Oscar Deutsch">Oscar Deutsch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-405">[396]</a> The <a href="/wiki/BFI_IMAX" title="BFI IMAX">BFI IMAX</a> on the <a href="/wiki/South_Bank" title="South Bank">South Bank</a> is the largest cinema screen in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-406">[397]</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards" title="British Academy Film Awards">British Academy Film Awards</a> (BAFTAs) have been held in London since 1949, with the <a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Fellowship" title="BAFTA Fellowship">BAFTA Fellowship</a> the Academy's highest accolade.<a href="#cite_note-407">[398]</a> Founded in 1957, the <a href="/wiki/BFI_London_Film_Festival" title="BFI London Film Festival">BFI London Film Festival</a> takes place over two weeks every October.<a href="#cite_note-408">[399]</a> London is a major centre for television production, with studios including <a href="/wiki/Television_Centre,_London" title="Television Centre, London">Television Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/ITV_Studios" title="ITV Studios">ITV Studios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sky_Campus" title="Sky Campus">Sky Campus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fountain_Studios" title="Fountain Studios">Fountain Studios</a>; the latter hosted the original talent shows, <a href="/wiki/Pop_Idol" title="Pop Idol">Pop Idol</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_X_Factor_(British_TV_series)" title="The X Factor (British TV series)">The X Factor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Got_Talent" title="Britain's Got Talent">Britain's Got Talent</a> (the latter two created by TV personality <a href="/wiki/Simon_Cowell" title="Simon Cowell">Simon Cowell</a> who starred as a judge in all three shows), before each format was exported around the world.<a href="#cite_note-409">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[401]</a> Formerly a franchise of ITV, <a href="/wiki/Thames_Television" title="Thames Television">Thames Television</a> featured comedians such as <a href="/wiki/Benny_Hill" title="Benny Hill">Benny Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson" title="Rowan Atkinson">Rowan Atkinson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mr._Bean" title="Mr. Bean">Mr. Bean</a> was first screened by Thames), while <a href="/wiki/Talkback_(production_company)" title="Talkback (production company)">Talkback</a> produced <a href="/wiki/Da_Ali_G_Show" title="Da Ali G Show">Da Ali G Show</a> which featured <a href="/wiki/Sacha_Baron_Cohen" title="Sacha Baron Cohen">Sacha Baron Cohen</a> as <a href="/wiki/Ali_G" title="Ali G">Ali G</a>.<a href="#cite_note-411">[402]</a> Many television shows have been set in London, including the popular television soap opera <a href="/wiki/EastEnders" title="EastEnders">EastEnders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-412">[403]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums,_art_galleries_and_libraries">Museums, art galleries and libraries</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kensington_Museums_aerial_2011_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kensington_Museums_aerial_2011_b.jpg/240px-Kensington_Museums_aerial_2011_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2513" data-file-height="1749"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 167px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kensington_Museums_aerial_2011_b.jpg/240px-Kensington_Museums_aerial_2011_b.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kensington_Museums_aerial_2011_b.jpg/360px-Kensington_Museums_aerial_2011_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kensington_Museums_aerial_2011_b.jpg/480px-Kensington_Museums_aerial_2011_b.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Albertopolis" title="Albertopolis">Albertopolis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Albert_Memorial" title="Albert Memorial">Albert Memorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art" title="Royal College of Art">Royal College of Art</a> are visible near the top; <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a> at the lower end; <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music" title="Royal College of Music">Royal College of Music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum,_London" title="Science Museum, London">Science Museum</a> lying in between.</figcaption></figure> London is <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_London" title="List of museums in London">home to many museums</a>, galleries, and other institutions, many of which are free of admission charges and are major <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">tourist attractions</a> as well as playing a research role. The first of these to be established was the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury" title="Bloomsbury">Bloomsbury</a>, in 1753.<a href="#cite_note-413">[404]</a> Originally containing antiquities, natural history specimens, and the national library, the museum now has 7 million artefacts from around the globe. In 1824, the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a> was founded to house the British national collection of Western paintings; this now occupies a prominent position in <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a>.<a href="#cite_note-414">[405]</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_libraries" title="List of largest libraries">second largest library</a> in the world, and the <a href="/wiki/National_library" title="National library">national library</a> of the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-415">[406]</a> There are many other research libraries, including the <a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Library" title="Wellcome Library">Wellcome Library</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dana_Library_and_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dana Library and Research Centre">Dana Centre</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Academic_library" title="Academic library">university libraries</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/British_Library_of_Political_and_Economic_Science" title="British Library of Political and Economic Science">British Library of Political and Economic Science</a> at <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">LSE</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London_Abdus_Salam_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial College London Abdus Salam Library">Abdus Salam Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maughan_Library" title="Maughan Library">Maughan Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_House_Libraries" title="Senate House Libraries">Senate House Libraries</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-416">[407]</a> In the latter half of the 19th century the locale of <a href="/wiki/South_Kensington" title="South Kensington">South Kensington</a> was developed as "<a href="/wiki/Albertopolis" title="Albertopolis">Albertopolis</a>", a cultural and scientific quarter. Three major national museums are there: the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/London_Science_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="London Science Museum">Science Museum</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a> was founded in 1856 to house depictions of figures from British history; its holdings now comprise the world's most extensive collection of portraits.<a href="#cite_note-417">[408]</a> The national gallery of British art is at <a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a>, originally established as an annexe of the National Gallery in 1897. The Tate Gallery, as it was formerly known, also became a major centre for modern art. In 2000, this collection moved to <a href="/wiki/Tate_Modern" title="Tate Modern">Tate Modern</a>, a new gallery housed in the former <a href="/wiki/Bankside_Power_Station" title="Bankside Power Station">Bankside Power Station</a> which is accessed by pedestrians north of the Thames via the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Bridge,_London" title="Millennium Bridge, London">Millennium Bridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-418">[409]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Albert_Hall.001_-_London.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Royal_Albert_Hall.001_-_London.JPG/220px-Royal_Albert_Hall.001_-_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Royal_Albert_Hall.001_-_London.JPG/220px-Royal_Albert_Hall.001_-_London.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Royal_Albert_Hall.001_-_London.JPG/330px-Royal_Albert_Hall.001_-_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Royal_Albert_Hall.001_-_London.JPG/440px-Royal_Albert_Hall.001_-_London.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a> hosts concerts and musical events, including the classical music festival <a href="/wiki/BBC_Proms" title="BBC Proms">The Proms</a> which are held every summer, as well as cinema screenings of films accompanied with live orchestral music.</figcaption></figure> London is one of the major classical and <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> capitals of the world and hosts major music corporations, such as <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group International</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a>, and countless bands, musicians and industry professionals. The city is also home to many orchestras and concert halls, such as the <a href="/wiki/Barbican_Arts_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbican Arts Centre">Barbican Arts Centre</a> (principal base of the <a href="/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra" title="London Symphony Orchestra">London Symphony Orchestra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/London_Symphony_Chorus" title="London Symphony Chorus">London Symphony Chorus</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Southbank_Centre" title="Southbank Centre">Southbank Centre</a> (<a href="/wiki/London_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="London Philharmonic Orchestra">London Philharmonic Orchestra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philharmonia_Orchestra" title="Philharmonia Orchestra">Philharmonia Orchestra</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cadogan_Hall" title="Cadogan Hall">Cadogan Hall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Royal Philharmonic Orchestra">Royal Philharmonic Orchestra</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Proms" class="mw-redirect" title="The Proms">The Proms</a>).<a href="#cite_note-London's_Concerts-367">[358]</a> The Proms, an eight-week summer season of daily orchestral classical music first held in 1895, ends with the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Proms#Last_Night_of_the_Proms" title="BBC Proms">Last Night of the Proms</a>. London's two main opera houses are the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a> and the <a href="/wiki/London_Coliseum" title="London Coliseum">London Coliseum</a> (home to the <a href="/wiki/English_National_Opera" title="English National Opera">English National Opera</a>).<a href="#cite_note-London's_Concerts-367">[358]</a> The UK's largest <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a> is at the Royal Albert Hall. Other significant instruments are in cathedrals and major churches—the church bells of <a href="/wiki/St_Clement_Danes" title="St Clement Danes">St Clement Danes</a> feature in the 1744 <a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme">nursery rhyme</a> "<a href="/wiki/Oranges_and_Lemons" title="Oranges and Lemons">Oranges and Lemons</a>".<a href="#cite_note-419">[410]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatoire">conservatoires</a> are within the city: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music" title="Royal Academy of Music">Royal Academy of Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music" title="Royal College of Music">Royal College of Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guildhall_School_of_Music_and_Drama" title="Guildhall School of Music and Drama">Guildhall School of Music and Drama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity College of Music">Trinity Laban</a>. The record label <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a> was formed in the city in 1931, and an early employee for the company, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Blumlein" title="Alan Blumlein">Alan Blumlein</a>, created <a href="/wiki/Stereo_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereo sound">stereo sound</a> that year.<a href="#cite_note-420">[411]</a> Guitar amp engineer <a href="/wiki/Jim_Marshall_(businessman)" title="Jim Marshall (businessman)">Jim Marshall</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Amplification" title="Marshall Amplification">Marshall Amplification</a> in London in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-421">[412]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbey_Rd_Studios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Abbey_Rd_Studios.jpg/250px-Abbey_Rd_Studios.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Abbey_Rd_Studios.jpg/250px-Abbey_Rd_Studios.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Abbey_Rd_Studios.jpg/375px-Abbey_Rd_Studios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Abbey_Rd_Studios.jpg/500px-Abbey_Rd_Studios.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios" title="Abbey Road Studios">Abbey Road Studios</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abbey_Road,_London" title="Abbey Road, London">Abbey Road</a></figcaption></figure> London has numerous venues for rock and pop concerts, including the world's busiest indoor venue, <a href="/wiki/The_O2_Arena" title="The O2 Arena">the O2 Arena</a>,<a href="#cite_note-422">[413]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Arena" title="Wembley Arena">Wembley Arena</a>, as well as many mid-sized venues, such as <a href="/wiki/Brixton_Academy" title="Brixton Academy">Brixton Academy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Apollo" title="Hammersmith Apollo">Hammersmith Apollo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_Bush_Empire" title="Shepherd's Bush Empire">Shepherd's Bush Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-London's_Concerts-367">[358]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/Music_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Music festivals">music festivals</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Festival" title="Wireless Festival">Wireless Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lovebox_Festival" title="Lovebox Festival">Lovebox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a>'s <a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time_(concerts)" title="British Summer Time (concerts)">British Summer Time</a>, are held in London.<a href="#cite_note-423">[414]</a> The city is home to the original <a href="/wiki/Hard_Rock_Cafe" title="Hard Rock Cafe">Hard Rock Cafe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios" title="Abbey Road Studios">Abbey Road Studios</a>, where <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> recorded many of their hits. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, musicians and groups like <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">the Who</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Kinks" title="The Kinks">the Kinks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Richard" title="Cliff Richard">Cliff Richard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Maiden" title="Iron Maiden">Iron Maiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deep_Purple" title="Deep Purple">Deep Purple</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._Rex_(band)" title="T. Rex (band)">T. Rex</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Police" title="The Police">the Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Costello" title="Elvis Costello">Elvis Costello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dire_Straits" title="Dire Straits">Dire Straits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat_Stevens" title="Cat Stevens">Cat Stevens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac" title="Fleetwood Mac">Fleetwood Mac</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Cure" title="The Cure">the Cure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madness_(band)" title="Madness (band)">Madness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_Club" title="Culture Club">Culture Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dusty_Springfield" title="Dusty Springfield">Dusty Springfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phil_Collins" title="Phil Collins">Phil Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rod_Stewart" title="Rod Stewart">Rod Stewart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Status_Quo_(band)" title="Status Quo (band)">Status Quo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sade_(band)" title="Sade (band)">Sade</a>, derived their sound from the streets and rhythms of London.<a href="#cite_note-424">[415]</a><a href="#cite_note-425">[416]</a> London was instrumental in the development of <a href="/wiki/Punk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Punk music">punk music</a>, with groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Clash" title="The Clash">the Clash</a>, and fashion designer <a href="/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood" title="Vivienne Westwood">Vivienne Westwood</a> all based in the city.<a href="#cite_note-426">[417]</a> Other artists to emerge from the London music scene include <a href="/wiki/George_Michael" title="George Michael">George Michael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kate_Bush" title="Kate Bush">Kate Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seal_(musician)" title="Seal (musician)">Seal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees" title="Siouxsie and the Banshees">Siouxsie and the Banshees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bush_(British_band)" title="Bush (British band)">Bush</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spice_Girls" title="Spice Girls">Spice Girls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamiroquai" title="Jamiroquai">Jamiroquai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blur_(band)" title="Blur (band)">Blur</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Prodigy" title="The Prodigy">the Prodigy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorillaz" title="Gorillaz">Gorillaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumford_%26_Sons" title="Mumford & Sons">Mumford & Sons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coldplay" title="Coldplay">Coldplay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dido_(singer)" title="Dido (singer)">Dido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amy_Winehouse" title="Amy Winehouse">Amy Winehouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adele" title="Adele">Adele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Smith_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Smith (singer)">Sam Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Sheeran" title="Ed Sheeran">Ed Sheeran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leona_Lewis" title="Leona Lewis">Leona Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellie_Goulding" title="Ellie Goulding">Ellie Goulding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dua_Lipa" title="Dua Lipa">Dua Lipa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Florence_and_the_Machine" title="Florence and the Machine">Florence and the Machine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scene-427">[418]</a> Artists from London played a prominent role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">synth-pop</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Gary_Numan" title="Gary Numan">Gary Numan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depeche_Mode" title="Depeche Mode">Depeche Mode</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pet_Shop_Boys" title="Pet Shop Boys">Pet Shop Boys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eurythmics" title="Eurythmics">Eurythmics</a>; the latter's "<a href="/wiki/Sweet_Dreams_(Are_Made_of_This)" title="Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)">Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)</a>" was recorded in the attic of their north London home, heralding a trend for home recording methods.<a href="#cite_note-428">[419]</a> Artists from London with a Caribbean influence include <a href="/wiki/Hot_Chocolate" title="Hot Chocolate">Hot Chocolate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Ocean" title="Billy Ocean">Billy Ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_II_Soul" title="Soul II Soul">Soul II Soul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eddy_Grant" title="Eddy Grant">Eddy Grant</a>, with the latter fusing <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>, soul and samba with rock and pop.<a href="#cite_note-429">[420]</a> London is also a centre for urban music. In particular the genres <a href="/wiki/UK_garage" title="UK garage">UK garage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">drum and bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubstep" title="Dubstep">dubstep</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grime_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grime (music)">grime</a> evolved in the city from the foreign genres of <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, and reggae, alongside local <a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">drum and bass</a>. Urban acts from London include <a href="/wiki/Stormzy" title="Stormzy">Stormzy</a>, <a href="/wiki/M.I.A._(rapper)" title="M.I.A. (rapper)">M.I.A.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jay_Sean" title="Jay Sean">Jay Sean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rita_Ora" title="Rita Ora">Rita Ora</a>. Music station <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_1Xtra" title="BBC Radio 1Xtra">BBC Radio 1Xtra</a> was set up to support the rise of local <a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban contemporary">urban contemporary</a> music both in London and in the rest of the United Kingdom. The <a href="/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry" title="British Phonographic Industry">British Phonographic Industry</a>'s annual popular music awards, the <a href="/wiki/Brit_Awards" title="Brit Awards">Brit Awards</a>, are held in London.<a href="#cite_note-430">[421]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Recreation">Recreation</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_open_spaces">Parks and open spaces</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Parks_and_open_spaces_in_London" title="Parks and open spaces in London">Parks and open spaces in London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Parks_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Parks of London">Royal Parks of London</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Greater_London" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Greater London">List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Greater London</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_local_nature_reserves_in_Greater_London" title="List of local nature reserves in Greater London">List of local nature reserves in Greater London</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyde_Park_London_from_the_air.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hyde_Park_London_from_the_air.jpg/240px-Hyde_Park_London_from_the_air.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hyde_Park_London_from_the_air.jpg/240px-Hyde_Park_London_from_the_air.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hyde_Park_London_from_the_air.jpg/360px-Hyde_Park_London_from_the_air.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hyde_Park_London_from_the_air.jpg/480px-Hyde_Park_London_from_the_air.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Gardens" title="Kensington Gardens">Kensington Gardens</a> in the foreground) has been a popular public space since it opened in 1637.</figcaption></figure> A 2013 report by the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a> said that London is the "greenest city" in Europe with 35,000 acres (14,164 hectares) of public parks, woodlands and gardens.<a href="#cite_note-431">[422]</a> The largest parks in the <a href="/wiki/Central_London" title="Central London">central area of London</a> are three of the eight <a href="/wiki/Royal_Parks_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Parks of London">Royal Parks</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a> and its neighbour <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Gardens" title="Kensington Gardens">Kensington Gardens</a> in the west, and <a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Park" title="Regent's Park">Regent's Park</a> to the north.<a href="#cite_note-432">[423]</a> Hyde Park in particular is popular for <a href="#Sport">sports</a> and sometimes hosts open-air concerts. Regent's Park contains <a href="/wiki/London_Zoo" title="London Zoo">London Zoo</a>, the world's oldest scientific zoo, and is near <a href="/wiki/Madame_Tussauds" title="Madame Tussauds">Madame Tussauds</a> wax museum.<a href="#cite_note-Tussauds-433">[424]</a> <a href="/wiki/Primrose_Hill" title="Primrose Hill">Primrose Hill</a> is a popular spot from which to view the city skyline.<a href="#cite_note-434">[425]</a> Close to Hyde Park are smaller Royal Parks, <a href="/wiki/Green_Park" title="Green Park">Green Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._James%27s_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="St. James's Park">St. James's Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-435">[426]</a> A number of large parks lie outside the city centre, including <a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Heath" title="Hampstead Heath">Hampstead Heath</a> and the remaining Royal Parks of <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Park" title="Greenwich Park">Greenwich Park</a> to the southeast, and <a href="/wiki/Bushy_Park" title="Bushy Park">Bushy Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Park" title="Richmond Park">Richmond Park</a> (the largest) to the southwest. <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Park" title="Hampton Court Park">Hampton Court Park</a> is also a royal park, but, because it contains a palace, it is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Historic_Royal_Palaces" title="Historic Royal Palaces">Historic Royal Palaces</a>, unlike the eight <a href="/wiki/Royal_Parks_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Parks of London">Royal Parks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-436">[427]</a> Close to Richmond Park is <a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens" title="Kew Gardens">Kew Gardens</a>, which has the world's largest collection of living plants. In 2003, the gardens were put on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization">UNESCO</a> list of <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-437">[428]</a> There are also parks administered by London's borough Councils, including <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Park,_London" title="Victoria Park, London">Victoria Park</a> in the <a href="/wiki/East_End" class="mw-redirect" title="East End">East End</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battersea_Park" title="Battersea Park">Battersea Park</a> in the centre. Some more informal, semi-natural open spaces also exist, including <a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Heath" title="Hampstead Heath">Hampstead Heath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest" title="Epping Forest">Epping Forest</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Epping-438">[429]</a> both controlled by the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-439">[430]</a> Hampstead Heath incorporates <a href="/wiki/Kenwood_House" title="Kenwood House">Kenwood House</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Stately_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Stately home">stately home</a> and a popular location in the summer months when classical musical concerts are held by the lake.<a href="#cite_note-440">[431]</a> Epping Forest is a popular venue for various outdoor activities, including mountain biking, walking, horse riding, golf, angling, and orienteering.<a href="#cite_note-Epping-438">[429]</a> Three of the UK's most-visited theme parks, <a href="/wiki/Thorpe_Park" title="Thorpe Park">Thorpe Park</a> near Staines-upon-Thames, <a href="/wiki/Chessington_World_of_Adventures" title="Chessington World of Adventures">Chessington World of Adventures</a> in Chessington and <a href="/wiki/Legoland_Windsor_Resort" title="Legoland Windsor Resort">Legoland Windsor</a>, are located within 20 miles (32 km) of London.<a href="#cite_note-441">[432]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Walking">Walking</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse_Ride,_Wimbledon_Common_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692221.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Horse_Ride%2C_Wimbledon_Common_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692221.jpg/220px-Horse_Ride%2C_Wimbledon_Common_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692221.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Horse_Ride%2C_Wimbledon_Common_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692221.jpg/220px-Horse_Ride%2C_Wimbledon_Common_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692221.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Horse_Ride%2C_Wimbledon_Common_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692221.jpg/330px-Horse_Ride%2C_Wimbledon_Common_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692221.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Horse_Ride%2C_Wimbledon_Common_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692221.jpg/440px-Horse_Ride%2C_Wimbledon_Common_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692221.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Horse Ride is a <a href="/wiki/Tree_tunnel" title="Tree tunnel">tree tunnel</a> (route overhung by trees) on the western side of <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_Common" title="Wimbledon Common">Wimbledon Common</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Walking_in_London" title="Walking in London">Walking is a popular recreational activity in London</a>. Areas that provide for walks include <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_Common" title="Wimbledon Common">Wimbledon Common</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest" title="Epping Forest">Epping Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Park" title="Hampton Court Park">Hampton Court Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Heath" title="Hampstead Heath">Hampstead Heath</a>, the eight <a href="/wiki/Royal_Parks" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Parks">Royal Parks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regents_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Regents Canal">Regents Canal</a> Walk, canals, and disused railway tracks.<a href="#cite_note-:0-442">[433]</a> Access to canals and rivers has improved recently, including the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Path" title="Thames Path">Thames Path</a>, some 28 miles (45 km) of which is within <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a>, and The <a href="/wiki/Wandle_Trail" title="Wandle Trail">Wandle Trail</a> along the <a href="/wiki/River_Wandle" title="River Wandle">River Wandle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-443">[434]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Long-distance_path" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-distance path">long-distance paths</a>, linking green spaces, have also been created, including the <a href="/wiki/Capital_Ring" title="Capital Ring">Capital Ring</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Green_Chain_Walk" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Chain Walk">Green Chain Walk</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Outer_Orbital_Path" title="London Outer Orbital Path">London Outer Orbital Path</a> ("Loop"), <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Walkway" title="Jubilee Walkway">Jubilee Walkway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lea_Valley_Walk" title="Lea Valley Walk">Lea Valley Walk</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales_Memorial_Walk" title="Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk">Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-442">[433]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_London" title="Sport in London">Sport in London</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Football_in_London" title="Football in London">Football in London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_London" title="Rugby union in London">Rugby union in London</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg/215px-Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2926" data-file-height="1885"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 215px;height: 139px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg/215px-Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="215" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg/323px-Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg/430px-Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Wembley_Stadium" title="Wembley Stadium">Wembley Stadium</a>, home of the England <a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">men</a> and <a href="/wiki/England_women%27s_national_football_team" title="England women's national football team">women's football team</a> and the <a href="/wiki/FA_Cup_Final" title="FA Cup Final">FA Cup Final</a>, has a seating capacity of 90,000. It is the UK's biggest stadium.<a href="#cite_note-Wembley-444">[435]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Centre_Court_Wimbledon_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Centre_Court_Wimbledon_1.jpg/215px-Centre_Court_Wimbledon_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="75" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 215px;height: 75px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Centre_Court_Wimbledon_1.jpg/215px-Centre_Court_Wimbledon_1.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="215" data-height="75" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Centre_Court_Wimbledon_1.jpg/323px-Centre_Court_Wimbledon_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Centre_Court_Wimbledon_1.jpg/430px-Centre_Court_Wimbledon_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Centre_Court" title="Centre Court">Centre Court</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a>. Held every June and July, Wimbledon is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and the only major played on grass.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Twickenham_stadium_-_Cup_finals_day_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2966637.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Twickenham_stadium_-_Cup_finals_day_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2966637.jpg/215px-Twickenham_stadium_-_Cup_finals_day_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2966637.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="577"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 215px;height: 155px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Twickenham_stadium_-_Cup_finals_day_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2966637.jpg/215px-Twickenham_stadium_-_Cup_finals_day_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2966637.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="215" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Twickenham_stadium_-_Cup_finals_day_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2966637.jpg/323px-Twickenham_stadium_-_Cup_finals_day_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2966637.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Twickenham_stadium_-_Cup_finals_day_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2966637.jpg/430px-Twickenham_stadium_-_Cup_finals_day_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2966637.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium" title="Twickenham Stadium">Twickenham</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team" title="England national rugby union team">England national rugby union team</a>, has a capacity of 82,000 seats.</div></div></div></div></div> London has hosted the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympics</a> three times: in <a href="/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics" title="1908 Summer Olympics">1908</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics" title="1948 Summer Olympics">1948</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012</a>, making it the first city to host the modern Games three times.<a href="#cite_note-IOC-42">[35]</a> The city was also the host of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">British Empire Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/1934_British_Empire_Games" title="1934 British Empire Games">1934</a>.<a href="#cite_note-london_175-445">[436]</a> In 2017, London hosted the <a href="/wiki/2017_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2017 World Championships in Athletics">World Championships in Athletics</a> for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-446">[437]</a> London's <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom#Popularity" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">most popular sport</a> is <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, and it has seven clubs in the <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Premier_League" title="2023–24 Premier League">2023–24 season</a>: <a href="/wiki/Arsenal_F.C." title="Arsenal F.C.">Arsenal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brentford_F.C." title="Brentford F.C.">Brentford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_F.C." title="Chelsea F.C.">Chelsea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C." title="Crystal Palace F.C.">Crystal Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fulham_F.C." title="Fulham F.C.">Fulham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C." title="Tottenham Hotspur F.C.">Tottenham Hotspur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C." title="West Ham United F.C.">West Ham United</a>.<a href="#cite_note-london_176-447">[438]</a> Other professional men's teams in London are <a href="/wiki/AFC_Wimbledon" title="AFC Wimbledon">AFC Wimbledon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barnet_F.C." title="Barnet F.C.">Barnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromley_F.C." title="Bromley F.C.">Bromley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C." title="Charlton Athletic F.C.">Charlton Athletic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagenham_%26_Redbridge_F.C." title="Dagenham & Redbridge F.C.">Dagenham & Redbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leyton_Orient_F.C." title="Leyton Orient F.C.">Leyton Orient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millwall_F.C." title="Millwall F.C.">Millwall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C." title="Queens Park Rangers F.C.">Queens Park Rangers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sutton_United_F.C." title="Sutton United F.C.">Sutton United</a>. Four London-based teams are in the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Super_League" title="Women's Super League">Women's Super League</a>: <a href="/wiki/Arsenal_W.F.C." title="Arsenal W.F.C.">Arsenal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_F.C._Women" title="Chelsea F.C. Women">Chelsea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C._Women" title="Tottenham Hotspur F.C. Women">Tottenham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C._Women" title="West Ham United F.C. Women">West Ham United</a>. Two <a href="/wiki/Premiership_Rugby" title="Premiership Rugby">Premiership Rugby</a> union teams are based in Greater London: <a href="/wiki/Harlequin_F.C." title="Harlequin F.C.">Harlequins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saracens_F.C." title="Saracens F.C.">Saracens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-448">[439]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ealing_Trailfinders_Rugby_Club" title="Ealing Trailfinders Rugby Club">Ealing Trailfinders</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Scottish_F.C." title="London Scottish F.C.">London Scottish</a> play in the <a href="/wiki/RFU_Championship" title="RFU Championship">RFU Championship</a>; other rugby union clubs in the city include <a href="/wiki/Richmond_F.C." title="Richmond F.C.">Richmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosslyn_Park_F.C." title="Rosslyn Park F.C.">Rosslyn Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westcombe_Park_RFC" title="Westcombe Park RFC">Westcombe Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blackheath_F.C." title="Blackheath F.C.">Blackheath</a>. <a href="/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium" title="Twickenham Stadium">Twickenham Stadium</a> in south-west London hosts home matches for the <a href="/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team" title="England national rugby union team">England national rugby union team</a>.<a href="#cite_note-musiccap-449">[440]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> is more popular in the north of England, the sport has one professional club in London – the <a href="/wiki/London_Broncos" title="London Broncos">London Broncos</a> who play in the <a href="/wiki/Super_League" title="Super League">Super League</a>. One of London's best-known annual sports competitions is the <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_Championships" title="Wimbledon Championships">Wimbledon Tennis Championships</a>, held at the <a href="/wiki/All_England_Lawn_Tennis_and_Croquet_Club" title="All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club">All England Club</a> in the south-western suburb of <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon,_London" title="Wimbledon, London">Wimbledon</a> since 1877.<a href="#cite_note-450">[441]</a> Played in late June to early July, it is the oldest tennis tournament in the world and widely considered the most prestigious.<a href="#cite_note-451">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-452">[443]</a> London has two <a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">Test cricket</a> grounds which host the <a href="/wiki/England_cricket_team" title="England cricket team">England cricket team</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s" title="Lord's">Lord's</a> (home of <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County_Cricket_Club" title="Middlesex County Cricket Club">Middlesex C.C.C.</a>) and <a href="/wiki/The_Oval" title="The Oval">the Oval</a> (home of <a href="/wiki/Surrey_County_Cricket_Club" title="Surrey County Cricket Club">Surrey C.C.C.</a>). Lord's has hosted four finals of the <a href="/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup" title="Cricket World Cup">Cricket World Cup</a> and is known as the Home of Cricket.<a href="#cite_note-453">[444]</a> In golf, the <a href="/wiki/Wentworth_Club" title="Wentworth Club">Wentworth Club</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Water" title="Virginia Water">Virginia Water</a>, Surrey on the south-west fringes of London, while the closest venue to London that is used as one of the courses for <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Championship" title="The Open Championship">the Open Championship</a>, the oldest major and tournament in golf, is <a href="/wiki/Royal_St_George%27s_Golf_Club" title="Royal St George's Golf Club">Royal St George's</a> in Sandwich, Kent.<a href="#cite_note-454">[445]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Palace" title="Alexandra Palace">Alexandra Palace</a> in north London hosts the <a href="/wiki/PDC_World_Darts_Championship" title="PDC World Darts Championship">PDC World Darts Championship</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Masters_(snooker)" title="Masters (snooker)">Masters</a> <a href="/wiki/Snooker" title="Snooker">snooker</a> tournament. Other key annual events are the mass-participation <a href="/wiki/London_Marathon" title="London Marathon">London Marathon</a><a href="#cite_note-455">[446]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_Boat_Race" class="mw-redirect" title="University Boat Race">University Boat Race</a> on the Thames contested between <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Boat_Club" title="Oxford University Boat Club">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Boat_Club" title="Cambridge University Boat Club">Cambridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-456">[447]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_London" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people from London">List of people from London</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster,_London_-_May_2007_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/16px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="427"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/16px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="16" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/24px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/33px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:London" title="Portal:London">London portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/48px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/64px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_England" title="Outline of England">Outline of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_London" title="Outline of London">Outline of London</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">London region</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/London_metropolitan_area" title="London metropolitan area">London metropolitan area</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈlʌndən/</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">LUN-dən</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> London is socially considered a city due to its physical and cultural signifance. However, it has not been legally granted by the Crown as having <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> See also: <a href="/wiki/Independent_city#National_capitals" title="Independent city">Independent city § National capitals</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> The Greater London Authority consists of the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> and the <a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a>. The London Mayor is distinguished from the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor of London</a>, who heads the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a> running the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">European Statistical Agency</a> (Eurostat), London had the largest <a href="/wiki/Larger_Urban_Zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Larger Urban Zones">Larger Urban Zone</a> in the EU. Eurostat uses the sum of the populations of the contiguous urban core and the surrounding commuting zone as its definition. </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> Imperial College London was a constituent college of the University of London between 1908 and 2007. Degrees during this time were awarded by the federal university; however, the college now issues its own degrees. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto1-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/no1poultry_molas_2007/">Number 1 Poultry (ONE 94), Museum of London Archaeology, 2013</a>. 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Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22492-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22492-1"><bdi>978-0-631-22492-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=London&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopaedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22492-1&rft.aulast=Vince&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenton1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Stenton" title="Frank Stenton">Stenton, Frank</a> (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 538–539. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280139-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280139-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280139-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E538-%3C%2Fspan%3E539&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280139-5&rft.aulast=Stenton&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-london_015-57"><a href="#cite_ref-london_015_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbeji2011" class="citation web cs1">Ibeji, Mike (17 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/1066_06.shtml">"History – 1066 – King William"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090922053048/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/1066_06.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%E2%80%93+1066+%E2%80%93+King+William&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.aulast=Ibeji&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fnormans%2F1066_06.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-london_016-58"><a href="#cite_ref-london_016_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTinniswood" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Tinniswood" title="Adrian Tinniswood">Tinniswood, Adrian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/architecture_02.shtml">"A History of British Architecture — White Tower"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090213124332/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/architecture_02.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+British+Architecture+%E2%80%94+White+Tower&rft.pub=BBC&rft.aulast=Tinniswood&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Farchitecture_02.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-london_017-59"><a href="#cite_ref-london_017_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080311032051/http://www.parliament.uk/about/history/building.cfm">"UK Parliament — Parliament: The building"</a>. UK Parliament. 9 November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/history/building.cfm">the original</a> on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Parliament+%E2%80%94+Parliament%3A+The+building&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft.date=2007-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fbuilding.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-london_019-60"><a href="#cite_ref-london_019_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofieldVince2003" class="citation book cs1">Schofield, John; <a href="/wiki/Alan_Vince" title="Alan Vince">Vince, Alan</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qu7QLC7g7VgC&pg=PA26">Medieval Towns: The Archaeology of British Towns in Their European Setting</a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6002-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6002-8"><bdi>978-0-8264-6002-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Towns%3A+The+Archaeology+of+British+Towns+in+Their+European+Setting&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-6002-8&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Vince%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQu7QLC7g7VgC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbeji2011" class="citation web cs1">Ibeji, Mike (10 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/black_01.shtml">"BBC – History – British History in depth: Black Death"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430191039/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/black_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93+British+History+in+depth%3A+Black+Death&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-03-10&rft.aulast=Ibeji&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fmiddle_ages%2Fblack_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-london_020-62"><a href="#cite_ref-london_020_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/richard_ii_king.shtml">"Richard II (1367–1400)"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430191132/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/richard_ii_king.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+II+%281367%E2%80%931400%29&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Frichard_ii_king.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobs-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1906" class="citation web cs1">Jacobs, Joseph (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5764-england">"England"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=England&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F5764-england&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mundill2010-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Mundill2010_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMundill2010" class="citation cs2">Mundill, Robin R. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingsjewsmoneyma00mund">"The King's Jews"</a>, Continuum, London, pp. 88–99, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-186-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-186-2"><bdi>978-1-84725-186-2</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2010282921">2010282921</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/466343661">466343661</a>, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24816680M">24816680M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Continuum&rft.atitle=The+King%27s+Jews&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F466343661&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2010282921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24816680M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-84725-186-2&rft.aulast=Mundill&rft.aufirst=Robin+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingsjewsmoneyma00mund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pevsner-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pevsner_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pevsner_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPevsner1962" class="citation book cs1">Pevsner, Nikolaus (1 January 1962). London – The Cities of London and Westminster. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CLHU5">B0000CLHU5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+%E2%80%93+The+Cities+of+London+and+Westminster&rft.pages=48&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1962-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000CLHU5%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Pevsner&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-66"><a href="#cite_ref-EB_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Steelyard,_Merchants_of_the">"Steelyard, Merchants of the" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Steelyard%2C+Merchants+of+the&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPounds1973" class="citation book cs1">Pounds, Normal J. G. (1973). An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.–A.D. 1330. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 430. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139163552">10.1017/CBO9781139163552</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139163552" title="Special:BookSources/9781139163552"><bdi>9781139163552</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Geography+of+Europe+450+B.C.%E2%80%93A.D.+1330&rft.pages=430&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139163552&rft.isbn=9781139163552&rft.aulast=Pounds&rft.aufirst=Normal+J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsay1986" class="citation book cs1">Ramsay, George Daniel (1986). 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Jennings. pp. 80–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1277223903" title="Special:BookSources/978-1277223903"><bdi>978-1277223903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Sir+Thomas+Gresham%2C+Founder+of+the+Royal+Exchange%3A+Including+Notices+of+Many+of+His+Contemporaries.+With+Illustrations%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.pub=R.+Jennings&rft.date=1839&rft.isbn=978-1277223903&rft.aulast=Burgon&rft.aufirst=John+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestage.co.uk/long-reads/from-pandemics-to-puritans-when-theatre-shut-down-through-history-and-how-it-recovered">"From pandemics to puritans: when theatre shut down through history and how it recovered"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flora+London+Marathon+2008&rft.pub=London+Marathon+Ltd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.london-marathon.co.uk%2Fsite%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-456"><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theboatrace.org/">"The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race — Official Website"</a>. The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430162037/http://www.theboatrace.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2011. 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London: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-942258-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-942258-7"><bdi>978-0-09-942258-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London%3A+The+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-09-942258-7&rft.aulast=Ackroyd&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2001" class="citation book cs1">Mills, David (2001). Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280106-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280106-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280106-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45406491">45406491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+London+Place+Names&rft.pub=Oxford+Paperbacks&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45406491&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280106-7&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> London at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/London" class="extiw" title="c:London">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:London" class="extiw" title="n:Category:London">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/London" class="extiw" title="q:London">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/London" class="extiw" title="b:London">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/London" class="extiw" title="voy:London">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitlondon.com/">VisitLondon.com</a> – official tourism site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/">Museum of London</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/place.aspx?region=1">London</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_History_Online" title="British History Online">British History Online</a>, with links to numerous authoritative online sources</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00546w3">"London"</a>, In Our Time, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Peter Ackroyd, Claire Tomalin and Iain Sinclair (28 September 2000)</li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/175342">London</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">London at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/London" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/London">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="14" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/London" class="extiw" title="c:London">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:London" class="extiw" title="n:Category:London">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/London" class="extiw" title="q:London">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="18" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/London" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/London">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 17px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/London" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/London">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" 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href="/w/index.php?title=London&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 5 February 2025, at 10:12 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londen" title="Londen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Londen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%88%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B0%E1%8A%95" title="ለንደን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ለንደን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontoo" title="Lontoo – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Lontoo" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8" title="लंदन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="लंदन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunden" title="Lunden – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Lunden" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="لندن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لندن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%95%DC%98%DC%A2" title="ܠܘܢܕܘܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܘܢܕܘܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Լոնտոն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լոնտոն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londro" title="Londro – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Londro" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%A8" title="লণ্ডন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লণ্ডন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="लण्डन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="लण्डन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3ndyre" title="Lóndyre – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Lóndyre" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="لندن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لندن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%A8" title="লন্ডন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লন্ডন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BBn-tun" title="Lûn-tun – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lûn-tun" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лондан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лондан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лёндан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лёндан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8" title="लंदन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लंदन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ལོན་ཊོན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལོན་ཊོན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londrez" title="Londrez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Londrez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lond%C3%BDn" title="Londýn – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Londýn" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llundain" title="Llundain – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llundain" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="لندن – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لندن" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8D%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ލަންޑަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ލަންޑަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooh_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bikin_Haal%CA%BC%C3%A1" title="Tooh Dineʼé Bikin Haalʼá – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tooh Dineʼé Bikin Haalʼá" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="लण्डन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="लण्डन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Λονδίνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λονδίνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2ndra" title="Lòndra – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Lòndra" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Лондон ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Лондон ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londono" title="Londono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Londono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londri" title="Londri – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Londri" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="لندن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لندن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londen" title="Londen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Londen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londre" title="Londre – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Londre" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londain" title="Londain – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Londain" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunnin" title="Lunnin – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lunnin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunnainn" title="Lunnainn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Lunnainn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6" title="倫敦 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="倫敦" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="لندن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="لندن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%A8" title="લંડન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લંડન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD" title="𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌽 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌽" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B9n-t%C3%BBn" title="Lùn-tûn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lùn-tûn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%B0%EB%8D%98" title="런던 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="런던" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landan" title="Landan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Landan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%81kana" title="Lākana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Lākana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Լոնդոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լոնդոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8" title="लंदन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लंदन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILondon" title="ILondon – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ILondon" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F" title="לונדון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לונדון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C9%94ndr%C9%A9" title="Lɔndrɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Lɔndrɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲಂಡನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಂಡನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ლონდონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლონდონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8E%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8E%D9%86" title="لَندَن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="لَندَن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londin" title="Londin – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Londin" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loundres" title="Loundres – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Loundres" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonn" title="Lonn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lonn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonn" title="Lonn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lonn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ລອນດອນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລອນດອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Londinium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londona" title="Londona – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Londona" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonas" title="Londonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Londonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londe" title="Londe – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Londe" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3nd%C9%9Bl%C9%9B" title="Lóndɛlɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lóndɛlɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/london" title="london – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="london" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundra" title="Lundra – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lundra" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="लन्डन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लन्डन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4nd%C3%B4na" title="Lôndôna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lôndôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BB" title="ലണ്ടൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലണ്ടൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81nana" title="Rānana – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rānana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="लंडन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लंडन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ლონდონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლონდონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="لندن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لندن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="لندن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لندن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B9ng-d%C5%ADng" title="Lùng-dŭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lùng-dŭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="လန်ဒန်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လန်ဒန်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodoni" title="Lodoni – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Lodoni" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londen" title="Londen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Londen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londen" title="Londen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Londen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="लन्डन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लन्डन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8" title="लन्दन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लन्दन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%B3" title="ロンドン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロンドン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/London/mo" title="London/mo – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="London/mo" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres_(Anglat%C3%A8rra)" title="Londres (Anglatèrra) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Londres (Anglatèrra)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%A8" title="ଲଣ୍ଡନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲଣ୍ଡନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landan" title="Landan – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Landan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%A8" title="ਲੰਡਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੰਡਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="لندن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لندن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="لندن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لندن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landan" title="Landan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Landan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%8D" title="ឡុងដ៍ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឡុងដ៍" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londe" title="Londe – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Londe" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/lizuk_a_lundun" title="lizuk a lundun – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="lizuk a lundun" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landen" title="Landen – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Landen" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londyn" title="Londyn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Londyn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Λονδίνο – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Λονδίνο" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunrun" title="Lunrun – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Lunrun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon-tun" title="Lon-tun – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Lon-tun" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonetona" title="Lonetona – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Lonetona" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="लन्डन् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लन्डन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="لندن – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="لندن" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunnon" title="Lunnon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lunnon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ලන්ඩන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලන්ඩන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%DA%8A%D9%86" title="لنڊن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لنڊن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lond%C3%BDn" title="Londýn – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Londýn" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Лондонъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Лондонъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%8Dnd%C5%8Dn" title="Lōndōn – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Lōndōn" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%86" title="لەندەن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لەندەن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontoo" title="Lontoo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lontoo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="இலண்டன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலண்டன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lun%E1%B8%8Dun" title="Lunḍun – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Lunḍun" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londre" title="Londre – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Londre" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="လၼ်ႇတၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="လၼ်ႇတၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="లండన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లండన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres" title="Londres – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Londres" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ลอนดอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลอนดอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonitoni" title="Lonitoni – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Lonitoni" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AB%E1%8E%B4_%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%B1" title="ᎫᎴ ᏗᏍᎪᏂᎯᏱ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎫᎴ ᏗᏍᎪᏂᎯᏱ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лондон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="لندن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لندن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%87%D9%86" title="لوندۇن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="لوندۇن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunzdunh" title="Lunzdunh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Lunzdunh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ondra" title="Łondra – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łondra" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%A2n_%C4%90%C3%B4n" title="Luân Đôn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Luân Đôn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londe" title="Londe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Londe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6" title="倫敦 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="倫敦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londn" title="Londn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Londn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londar" title="Londar – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Londar" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="伦敦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伦敦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9F" title="לאנדאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לאנדאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%8Dnd%E1%BB%8Dnu" title="Lọndọnu – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Lọndọnu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6" title="倫敦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="倫敦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra" title="Londra – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Londra" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londen" title="Londen – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Londen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londons" title="Londons – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Londons" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="伦敦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伦敦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londen" title="Londen – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Londen" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="London" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 February 2025, at 10:12 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a 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