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About: Economies of scale
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title="Switch to /sparql endpoint"><i class="bi-box-arrow-up-right"></i> Sparql Endpoint </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <div style="margin-bottom: 60px"></div> <!-- /navbar --> <!-- page-header --> <section> <div class="container-xl"> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <h1 id="title" class="display-6"><b>About:</b> <a href="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Economies_of_scale">Economies of scale</a> </h1> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <div class="text-muted"> <span class="text-nowrap">An Entity of Type: <a href="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Thing">Thing</a>, </span> <span class="text-nowrap">from Named Graph: <a href="http://dbpedia.org">http://dbpedia.org</a>, </span> <span class="text-nowrap">within Data Space: <a href="http://dbpedia.org">dbpedia.org</a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row pt-2"> <div class="col-xs-9 col-sm-10"> <p class="lead">In microeconomics, economies of scale are the cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to their scale of operation, and are typically measured by the amount of output produced per unit of time. A decrease in cost per unit of output enables an increase in scale. At the basis of economies of scale, there may be technical, statistical, organizational or related factors to the degree of market control. This is just a partial description of the concept.</p> </div> <div class="col-xs-3 col-sm-2"> <a href="#" class="thumbnail"> <img src="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Economies_of_scale.svg?width=300" alt="thumbnail" class="img-fluid" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <!-- page-header --> <!-- property-table --> <section> <div class="container-xl"> <div class="row"> <div class="table-responsive"> <table class="table table-hover table-sm table-light"> <thead> <tr> <th class="col-xs-3 ">Property</th> <th class="col-xs-9 px-3">Value</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="odd"><td class="col-2"><a class="uri" href="http://dbpedia.org/ontology/abstract"><small>dbo:</small>abstract</a> </td><td class="col-10 text-break"><ul> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="dbo:abstract" lang="ca" >L'economia d'escala, en microeconomia, és el conjunt d'avantatges que obté un negoci gràcies a la seva expansió. Són factors que fan que el cost per unitat del productor disminueixin a mesura que la quantitat de producció s'incrementa.Es refereix al poder que té una empresa quan arriba a un nivell òptim de producció per anar produint més amb menys cost, és a dir, a mesura que la producció en una empresa creix (sabates, xiclets, bastons, capses de llumins...), els seus costos per unitat produïda es redueixen. Com més produeix, menys li costa produir cada unitat. En altres paraules, es refereix al fet que si en una funció de producció s'augmenta la quantitat de tots els inputs utilitzats en un percentatge, l'output produït pot augmentar en aquest mateix percentatge o bé augmentar en major o menor quantitat que el mateix percentatge. Si augmenta en el mateix, estaríem davant economies constants d'escala, si fos a més, serien economies creixents d'escala, si fos en menys, en economies decreixents d'escala. Normalment, quan es diuen simplement "economies d'escala", es refereixen a les creixents, ja que aquestes denoten una funció bastant avantatjosa des del punt de vista econòmic, perquè significa que la producció resulta més econòmica de mitjana com més gran és l'ocupació de tots els recursos. Resultaria, per exemple, més barat per unitat produir 400 unitats que 200, si augmentem en la mateixa quantitat tots els recursos emprats per a això (i el preu de cada recurs per unitat no canviés) Per analitzar el fenomen de les economies d'escala se sol considerar la relació entre els augments de producció (output) causats pels augments en els factors de producció (inputs). Què passa quan una empresa, per exemple, dobla la quantitat que utilitza d'inputs (el doble de treballadors, el doble de capital…)? Si el resultat és que la producció augmenta més que el doble, llavors es diu que l'empresa està caracteritzada per economies creixents d'escala. Aquesta és una situació de cert interès en economia, ja que implica que es pot produir amb menors costos a mesura que augmenta el nivell de producció. Això està molt estretament lligat a la , en la mesura que en un procés productiu afectat d'economies d'escala creixents, una sola empresa més gran produeix amb un menor cost que dues empreses més petites. Si no es té una economia d'escala no es pot treballar en mercat, perquè no és un mercat competent (hi ha una empresa que ha aconseguit el seu procés de fabricació òptim, aconseguint reduir el seu cost marginal). La solució per a això són les , fixades pels reguladors a partir del que costa de mitjana produir un producte; en aquests casos, el cost mitjà és més alt que el cost marginal. Les són el contrari.</span><small> (ca)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="dbo:abstract" lang="cs" >Úspory z rozsahu (angl. economies of scale) jsou pojem z oboru mikroekonomie, pod kterým se rozumí výhody, které skýtá provoz či výroba ve větším měřítku. Takových výhod může být mnoho, mezi typické patří: * Snižování podílu fixních nákladů vzhledem k nákladům celkovým. Je-li například pro výrobu v oboru zapotřebí koupit drahý stroj, pak firma, která vyrábí na dvě směny, má z hlediska jednoho výrobku a onoho stroje menší náklady, než firma, kde stroj pracuje jen polovinu času. * Lepší dělba práce ve firmě s více pracovníky. Každý se může specializovat na omezenější podúkol, v kterém se zdokonaluje, zrychluje a získává větší spolehlivost, zatímco ve firmě s méně pracovníky by se musel věnovat několika fázím výroby. * Možnost získat lepší ceny u svých dodavatelů pro firmu s větší nákupní silou. Úspory z rozsahu přirozeně existují a představují faktor posilující vznik přirozených monopolů, stejně jako posilují například vznik monoměst, zahraniční obchod i globalizaci. Jejich opakem jsou , tedy náklady stoupající s rostoucím objemem výroby.</span><small> (cs)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="dbo:abstract" lang="ar" >في الاقتصاد الجزئي، وفورات الحجم هي مزايا التكلفة التي تحصل عليها الشركات بسبب حجم عملها (يقاس عادة بحجم الإنتاج المحقق)، فتتناقص تكلفة إنتاج وحدة إضافية من السلعة كلما زاد حجم الإنتاج. تنطبق وفورات الحجم على مجموعة متنوعة من المواقف التنظيمية والتجارية وعلى مستويات مختلفة، على مستوى الإنتاج مثلًا أو المعمل أو على مستوى المؤسسة بأكملها. عندما يبدأ متوسط التكاليف في الانخفاض مع زيادة الإنتاج، تحدث وفورات الحجم. لبعض وفورات الحجم، مثل التكلفة الرأسمالية لمرافق التصنيع والخسائر بالاحتكاك في النقل والمعدات الصناعية، أساسٌ مادي أو هندسي. مصدر آخر لاقتصاديات الحجم هو إمكانية شراء المدخلات بتكلفة أقل لكل وحدة إذا اشتريناها بكميات كبيرة. يُنسب هذا المفهوم الاقتصادي إلى آدم سميث وفكرة الحصول على عائدات إنتاج أكبر من خلال استخدام تقسيم العمل. والضد من وفورات الحجم هو تبذيرات الحجم. غالبًا ما يكون لوفورات الحجم حدود، مثل اجتياز نقطة التصميم المثالية، التي تبدأ بعدها تكاليف إنتاج كل وحدة إضافية في الازدياد. تشمل الحدود الشائعة تجاوز إمدادات المواد الخام القريبة، مثل الخشب في صناعة الخشب واللب والورق. هناك حد شائع لإنتاج البضائع بتكلفة منخفضة وهو إشباع السوق الإقليمية، وبالتالي يضطر المنتج لشحن بضاعته لمسافات غير مجدية اقتصاديًا ليتمكن من تصريفها. تشمل الحدود الأخرى استخدام الطاقة بكفاءة أقل أو وجود معدل أعلى من العيوب في الإنتاج. عادة ما يكون المنتجون الكبار فعالين على المدى الطويل من إنتاج نفس الصنف، وبالتالي يجدون أنه من المكلف تبديل الأصناف المنتجة بشكل متكرر، لذلك يتجنبون السلع التخصصية على الرغم من أن لديها هوامش ربحية أعلى. غالبًا ما تظل منشآت التصنيع الأصغر (عادة ما تكون أكبر سنًا ايضًا) قابلة للحياة عن طريق التغيير من الإنتاج على مستوى السلع الأساسية إلى الإنتاج على مستوى المنتجات المتخصصة. يجب أن تتميز وفورات الحجم بوفورات ناشئة عن زيادة في إنتاج معملٍ معين. عندما يُشغَّل المصنع دون طاقته الإنتاجية المثلى، تؤدي الزيادات في درجة استخدامه إلى انخفاض متوسط إجمالي تكلفة الإنتاج. لكن هذا الأمر، أي الوفورات في إنتاج مختلفٌ عن وفورات الحجم كما لاحظ نيكولاس جورجيسكو-روجن (1966) ونيكولاس كالدور (1972).</span><small> (ar)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="dbo:abstract" lang="el" >Οικονομίες κλίμακας είναι ένας όρος των οικονομικών, που αναφέρεται στην μείωση του κόστους που επιτυγχάνει μια επιχείρηση αυξάνοντας την ποσότητα του παραγόμενου προϊόντος και χαρακτηρίζει την παραγωγή ενός οποιουδήποτε προϊόντος.Ένα προϊόν παρουσιάζει (θετικές) οικονομίες κλίμακας στην παραγωγή του, όταν η αύξηση όλων των εισροών κατά Χ, αυξάνει την τελική παραγωγή κατά περισσότερο από Χ. Για παράδειγμα: αν ένα εργοστάσιο φτιάχνει 2 μολύβια την ημέρα, τότε, φτιάχνοντας ένα όμοιο εργοστάσιο δίπλα του θα αυξήσει την παραγωγή σε περισσότερα από 4 μολύβια την ημέρα.</span><small> (el)</small></span></li> <li><span class="literal"><span property="dbo:abstract" lang="en" >In microeconomics, economies of scale are the cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to their scale of operation, and are typically measured by the amount of output produced per unit of time. A decrease in cost per unit of output enables an increase in scale. At the basis of economies of scale, there may be technical, statistical, organizational or related factors to the degree of market control. This is just a partial description of the concept. Economies of scale apply to a variety of the organizational and business situations and at various levels, such as a production, plant or an entire enterprise. When average costs start falling as output increases, then economies of scale occur.Some economies of scale, such as capital cost of manufacturing facilities and friction loss of transportation and industrial equipment, have a . The economic concept dates back to Adam Smith and the idea of obtaining larger production returns through the use of division of labor. Diseconomies of scale are the opposite. Economies of scale often have limits, such as passing the optimum design point where costs per additional unit begin to increase. Common limits include exceeding the nearby raw material supply, such as wood in the lumber, pulp and paper industry. A common limit for a low cost per unit weight commodities is saturating the regional market, thus having to ship product uneconomic distances. Other limits include using energy less efficiently or having a higher defect rate. Large producers are usually efficient at long runs of a product grade (a commodity) and find it costly to switch grades frequently. They will, therefore, avoid specialty grades even though they have higher margins. Often smaller (usually older) manufacturing facilities remain viable by changing from commodity-grade production to specialty products. Economies of scale must be distinguished from economies stemming from an increase in the production of a given plant. When a plant is used below its optimal production capacity, increases in its degree of utilization bring about decreases in the total average cost of production. As noticed, among the others, by Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (1966) and Nicholas Kaldor (1972) these economies are not economies of scale.</span><small> (en)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="dbo:abstract" lang="de" >Als Skaleneffekt (englisch economies of scale) wird in der Produktionstheorie, der Betriebswirtschaftslehre und in der Mikroökonomie die Abhängigkeit der Produktionsmenge pro Zeitspanne von der Menge der eingesetzten Produktionsfaktoren definiert.</span><small> (de)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="dbo:abstract" lang="es" >En microeconomía, se entiende por economía de escala la capacidad que posee una empresa en producir mayor cantidad de productos a un menor coste de producción, debido a que a medida que la producción en una empresa crece, sus costos se reducen. Existen factores que hacen que el costo medio de un producto por unidad descienda a medida que la escala de la producción aumenta. El concepto de "economías de escala" sirve para el largo plazo, y hace referencia a las reducciones en el costo unitario a medida que aumentan el tamaño de una instalación y los niveles de utilización de inputs. Frente al concepto anterior, las deseconomías de escala son lo contrario. Las fuentes habituales de reducción de costos para economías de escala son el inventario (comprar a gran escala los materiales a través de contratos a largo plazo), la gestión (aumentar la especialización de los gestores), el financiamiento (obtener costes de interés menores en la financiación de los bancos), la mercadotecnia y la tecnología (beneficiarse de los rendimientos de escala en la función de producción). Cada uno de estos factores reduce el de la producción al desplazar la hacia abajo y hacia la derecha. Las economías de escala también se derivan, parcialmente, del proceso de . El concepto de economías de escala es útil a la hora de explicar fenómenos del mundo real como los patrones de comercio internacional o el número de empresas en un mercado. Las economías de escala también juegan un importante rol en el "monopolio natural".</span><small> (es)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="dbo:abstract" lang="ga" >Mar thoradh ar mhéadú sa , feictear barainneachtaí scála go minic, agus meánchostas níos ísle in aghaidh an aonaid dá bharr sin. Mar shampla, sa bhliain 2015, cheannaigh British Airways an aerlíne Éireannach, Aer Lingus, chun barainneachtaí scála a chruthú agus acmhainní a tharraingt le chéile.</span><small> (ga)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="dbo:abstract" lang="in" >Keekonomian skala (Bahasa Inggris: economies of scale) adalah fenomena turunnya per unit dari suatu perusahaan yang terjadi bersamaan dengan meningkatnya jumlah produksi (output). Istilah keekonomian skala sering kali dicampuradukan dengan istilah Pengembalian Skala (return to scale). Keekonomian skala membahas hubungan antara biaya produksi (per unit) dengan jumlah produksi (output), sedangkan 'pengembalian skala' membahas hubungan antara jumlah produksi (output) dengan faktor-faktor produksi. Namun kedua fenomena tersebut saling berhubungan: pengembalian skala yang terjadi dari sisi biaya produksi merupakan keekonomian skala.</span><small> (in)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="dbo:abstract" lang="fr" >Une économie d'échelle correspond à la baisse du coût unitaire d'un produit qu'obtient une entreprise en accroissant la quantité de sa production. On parlera ainsi d'économie d'échelle si chaque bien produit coûte moins cher à produire lorsque les quantités produites (économies d'échelle par rapport au coût de production) ou vendues (économies d'échelle par rapport au coût de revient) augmentent. Quoique proche, c'est une notion distincte des rendements d'échelle : les économies d'échelle mettent ici en relation le coût de production unitaire en fonction des quantités produites tandis que les rendements d'échelle mettent en relation les quantités produites en fonction du volume de facteurs mis en œuvre. Un rendement d'échelle croissant correspond ainsi à une économie d'échelle en ce qui concerne le coût de production.</span><small> (fr)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="dbo:abstract" lang="ko" >규모의 경제(規模의 經濟, economies of scale)는 투입규모가 커질수록 장기평균비용이 줄어드는 현상을 말하며 생산량을 증가시킴에 따라 평균비용이 감소하는 현상을 의미한다. 규모의 이익이라고도 한다.</span><small> (ko)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="dbo:abstract" lang="nl" >Schaalvoordeel is het economische voordeel dat gerealiseerd wordt door op grotere schaal te opereren. In het algemeen dalen de gemiddelde kosten per eenheid output bij een toenemende schaal omdat vaste kosten gespreid worden over meer eenheden output. De operationele efficiëntie is vaak ook groter bij toenemende schaal, wat ook weer tot lagere variabele kosten leidt. Als de gemiddelde kosten toenemen bij een groter wordende schaal, spreekt men van schaalnadeel. Uit empirisch onderzoek blijkt dat in het algemeen geldt dat de gemiddeldekostencurve eerst een dalend verloop heeft. Vanaf een bepaald punt verloopt de lijn vlak en, als een bedrijf te groot wordt, verloopt hij soms weer stijgend en treden er dus schaalnadelen op. Er wordt daarom ook wel gesproken over een U-vormig verloop of een L-vormig verloop van de curve, afhankelijk van het laatste deel van de lijn. Schaalnadelen kunnen bijvoorbeeld verklaard worden door capaciteitsproblemen of bureaucratie. Het punt waar de curve vlak begint te lopen wordt de Minimum Efficient Scale genoemd en geeft de schaalgrootte aan waarna de gemiddelde kosten gelijk blijven of weer stijgen. Schaalvoordelen mogen niet verward worden met synergievoordelen. Schaalvoordelen ontstaan door het vergroten van de productiecapaciteit, synergievoordelen ontstaan door één productiefaciliteit voor twee producten te gebruiken. Wanneer een industrie wordt gekenmerkt door schaalvoordelen, kan dit leiden tot een monopolie of oligopolie. Alleen grote bedrijven kunnen dan voordelig produceren waardoor de toetredingsbarrières voor nieuwe marktspelers hoog zijn.</span><small> (nl)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="dbo:abstract" lang="ja" >規模の経済（きぼのけいざい、英: economies of scale）とは、生産関数の各生産要素をすべて一定割合で変化させた場合の生産量の変化を指す。狭義には、以下で述べる規模に関して収穫逓増を指す。 簡単化のため生産関数Y は労働L と資本K の2変数にのみ依存すると仮定し、Y =F (L , K ) と記述する。このとき、生産関数は生産の規模をλ倍させたときの生産量F (λL , λK ) ともとの生産量Y のλ倍との大小関係によって * 規模に関して収穫逓増： が成立する場合 * 規模に関して収穫一定： が成立する場合。すなわち生産関数が労働と資本の1次同次関数で表せる。 * 規模に関して収穫逓減： が成立する場合 の3種類に分類される。 理論的な分析では、議論の複雑化を避けるために、規模に関して収穫一定を想定する場合が多い。一般的には、生産関数はある一定水準までは規模に関して収穫逓増であるが、それ以降は収穫逓減であると考えられている。</span><small> (ja)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="dbo:abstract" lang="pl" >Korzyści skali – pojęcie z zakresu mikroekonomii oznaczające występujące w długim okresie zjawisko obniżania przeciętnych kosztów całkowitych w miarę zwiększania skali produkcji i wprowadzania nowych technologii, określane są również jako rosnące przychody względem skali. Najważniejszym powodem występowania korzyści skali jest rozkładanie się kosztów stałych przedsiębiorstwa na większą liczbę wyprodukowanych jednostek. O tym, jak duże są korzyści skali i jak długo przedsiębiorstwo może je osiągać, decydują wynikające ze specyfiki firmy czynniki technologiczne, ekonomiczne i organizacyjne, które w dużym stopniu wpływają na przebieg krzywej długookresowych kosztów przeciętnych. Uzyskiwanie korzyści skali jest jedną z koncepcji wyjaśniających dominację dużych przedsiębiorstw w gospodarce światowej. Jest to jeden z powodów łączenia się przedsiębiorstw oraz powstawania oligopoli.</span><small> (pl)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="dbo:abstract" lang="it" >La locuzione economie di scala (economies of scale) è usata in economia per indicare la relazione esistente tra aumento della scala di produzione (di un'impresa, di un'unità produttiva o di un impianto) e diminuzione del costo unitario del prodotto.Il costo unitario è dato dal costo totale diviso per la quantità prodotta e corrisponde al costo medio. Alla base di economie di scala vi possono essere fattori tecnici, statistici, organizzativi o connessi al grado di controllo del mercato.</span><small> (it)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="dbo:abstract" lang="ru" >Эффе́кт масшта́ба (англ. economies of scale) — снижение затрат на единицу продукции при укрупнении производства, связано с изменением стоимости единицы продукции в зависимости от масштабов её производства в долгосрочном периоде. Экономией на масштабе могут воспользоваться компании любого размера, увеличив объём своей операционной деятельности. Наиболее распространёнными методами являются (получение оптовых скидок), менеджмент (используется специализация менеджеров), финансы (получение менее дорогих кредитов), маркетинг (распространение затрат на рекламу для большего ассортимента продукции). Использование любого из этих факторов снижает долгосрочные средние затраты (англ. long run average cost, LRAC) сдвигая на графике вниз и вправо кривую краткосрочных средних затрат (англ. short-run average total cost, SRATC).</span><small> (ru)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="dbo:abstract" lang="pt" >Economia de escala é aquela que organiza o processo produtivo de maneira que se alcance a máxima utilização dos fatores produtivos envolvidos no processo, procurando como resultado baixos custos de produção e o incremento de bens e serviços. Ela ocorre quando a expansão da capacidade de produção de uma empresa ou indústria provoca um aumento na quantidade total produzida sem um aumento proporcional no custo de produção. Como resultado, o custo médio do produto tende a ser menor com o aumento da produção. Mais especificamente, existem economias de escala se, quando se aumentam os fatores produtivos (trabalhadores, máquinas, etc.), a produção aumenta mais do que proporcionalmente. Por exemplo, se forem duplicados todos os fatores produtivos, a produção mais do que duplicará. Numa função produção com dois inputs' (trabalho e capital, L e K respectivamente) têm-se economias de escala se: para 'a' constante e maior que 1. Sendo assim, os custos médios serão decrescentes. Em empresas com grande escala de produção, normalmente grandes empresas, o investimento inicial (custo fixo) é difundido sobre o crescente número de unidades de produção. Desta forma, estas empresas possuiriam vantagens sobre as pequenas, com custos médios ainda altos, o que poderia favorecer monopólios. "Existe economia de escala quando a expansão da capacidade de produção de uma firma ou indústria causa um aumento dos custos totais de produção menor que, proporcionalmente, os do produto. Como resultado, os custos médios de produção caem, a longo prazo" (Bannock et alii, 1977). "Aquela que organiza o processo produtivo de maneira que se alcance, através da busca do tamanho ótimo, a máxima utilização dos fatores que intervêm em tal processo. Como resultado, baixam-se os custos de produção e incrementam-se os bens e serviços" (SAHOP, 1978). "Ganhos que se verificam no produto e/ou nos seus custos, quando se aumenta a dimensão de uma fábrica, de uma loja ou de uma indústria" (Seldon & Pennance, 1977).</span><small> (pt)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="dbo:abstract" lang="sv" >Stordriftsfördelar är de minskande styckkostnader som ofta uppkommer genom storskalig produktion, såsom massproduktion av såväl varor som tjänster vilket då leder till att företag kan sälja till lägre priser eller ta ut högre vinster. Stordriftsfördelarna minskas av att behovet av administration ökar med organisationens storlek, varför små organisationer ibland kan vara effektivare. Den genomsnittliga kostnaden minskar ofta när antalet producerade enheter ökar. Det finns två typer av stordriftsfördelar som resulterar i en sådan tilltagande skalavkastning: * Interna stordriftsfördelar, där den genomsnittliga kostnaden beror på storleken av företaget eller dess produktion av den aktuella produkten * Externa stordriftsfördelar, där den genomsnittliga kostnaden beror på storleken av industrisektorn som helhet En bransch där stordriftsfördelarna är så framträdande att den mest lönsamt kan drivas av en enda aktör, kan betraktas som ett naturligt monopol. Stordriftsfördelar används naturligt inom företagsfinansiering.</span><small> (sv)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="dbo:abstract" lang="uk" >Ефе́кт масшта́бу (англ. Economies of Scale) — зміна витрат виробництва на одиницю продукції в результаті збільшення обсягів виробництва. Розглядається в довгостроковому періоді.</span><small> (uk)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="dbo:abstract" lang="zh" >规模经济（Economies of scale）在微观经济学中是指扩大生产规模引起增加的现象，是长期平均总成本随产量增加而减少的特性。规模经济反映的是生产要素的集中程度同经济效益之间的关系。 规模经济的优越性在于： 1. * 能够实现产品规格的统一和标准化。 2. * 通过大量购入原材料，而使单位购入成本下降。 3. * 有利于管理人员和工程技术人员的专业化和精简。 4. * 有利于新产品开发。 5. * 具有较强的竞争力。 6. * 充分利用规模经济，对于提高企业乃至整个国民经济的效益，具有重大意义。 隨著產量的增加，長期平均總成本下降的特性。但这并不仅仅意味着生产规模越大越好，因为规模经济追求的是能获取最佳经济效益的生产规模。一旦企业生产规模扩大到超过一定的规模，边际效益却会逐渐下降，甚至跌破趋向零，乃至变成负值，引发规模不经济现象。</span><small> (zh)</small></span></li> </ul></td></tr><tr class="even"><td class="col-2"><a class="uri" href="http://dbpedia.org/ontology/thumbnail"><small>dbo:</small>thumbnail</a> </td><td class="col-10 text-break"><ul> <li><span class="literal"><a class="uri" rel="dbo:thumbnail" resource="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Economies_of_scale.svg?width=300" 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href="http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/hypernym"><small>gold:</small>hypernym</a> </td><td class="col-10 text-break"><ul> <li><span class="literal"><a class="uri" rel="gold:hypernym" resource="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Advantages" prefix="gold: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/" href="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Advantages"><small>dbr</small>:Advantages</a></span></li> </ul></td></tr><tr class="odd"><td class="col-2"><a class="uri" href="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type"><small>rdf:</small>type</a> </td><td class="col-10 text-break"><ul> <li><span class="literal"><a class="uri" rel="rdf:type" resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Thing" href="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Thing"><small>owl</small>:Thing</a></span></li> </ul></td></tr><tr class="even"><td class="col-2"><a class="uri" href="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment"><small>rdfs:</small>comment</a> </td><td class="col-10 text-break"><ul> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:comment" lang="el" >Οικονομίες κλίμακας είναι ένας όρος των οικονομικών, που αναφέρεται στην μείωση του κόστους που επιτυγχάνει μια επιχείρηση αυξάνοντας την ποσότητα του παραγόμενου προϊόντος και χαρακτηρίζει την παραγωγή ενός οποιουδήποτε προϊόντος.Ένα προϊόν παρουσιάζει (θετικές) οικονομίες κλίμακας στην παραγωγή του, όταν η αύξηση όλων των εισροών κατά Χ, αυξάνει την τελική παραγωγή κατά περισσότερο από Χ. Για παράδειγμα: αν ένα εργοστάσιο φτιάχνει 2 μολύβια την ημέρα, τότε, φτιάχνοντας ένα όμοιο εργοστάσιο δίπλα του θα αυξήσει την παραγωγή σε περισσότερα από 4 μολύβια την ημέρα.</span><small> (el)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:comment" lang="de" >Als Skaleneffekt (englisch economies of scale) wird in der Produktionstheorie, der Betriebswirtschaftslehre und in der Mikroökonomie die Abhängigkeit der Produktionsmenge pro Zeitspanne von der Menge der eingesetzten Produktionsfaktoren definiert.</span><small> (de)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:comment" lang="ga" >Mar thoradh ar mhéadú sa , feictear barainneachtaí scála go minic, agus meánchostas níos ísle in aghaidh an aonaid dá bharr sin. Mar shampla, sa bhliain 2015, cheannaigh British Airways an aerlíne Éireannach, Aer Lingus, chun barainneachtaí scála a chruthú agus acmhainní a tharraingt le chéile.</span><small> (ga)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:comment" lang="in" >Keekonomian skala (Bahasa Inggris: economies of scale) adalah fenomena turunnya per unit dari suatu perusahaan yang terjadi bersamaan dengan meningkatnya jumlah produksi (output). Istilah keekonomian skala sering kali dicampuradukan dengan istilah Pengembalian Skala (return to scale). Keekonomian skala membahas hubungan antara biaya produksi (per unit) dengan jumlah produksi (output), sedangkan 'pengembalian skala' membahas hubungan antara jumlah produksi (output) dengan faktor-faktor produksi. Namun kedua fenomena tersebut saling berhubungan: pengembalian skala yang terjadi dari sisi biaya produksi merupakan keekonomian skala.</span><small> (in)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:comment" lang="ko" >규모의 경제(規模의 經濟, economies of scale)는 투입규모가 커질수록 장기평균비용이 줄어드는 현상을 말하며 생산량을 증가시킴에 따라 평균비용이 감소하는 현상을 의미한다. 규모의 이익이라고도 한다.</span><small> (ko)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:comment" lang="ja" >規模の経済（きぼのけいざい、英: economies of scale）とは、生産関数の各生産要素をすべて一定割合で変化させた場合の生産量の変化を指す。狭義には、以下で述べる規模に関して収穫逓増を指す。 簡単化のため生産関数Y は労働L と資本K の2変数にのみ依存すると仮定し、Y =F (L , K ) と記述する。このとき、生産関数は生産の規模をλ倍させたときの生産量F (λL , λK ) ともとの生産量Y のλ倍との大小関係によって * 規模に関して収穫逓増： が成立する場合 * 規模に関して収穫一定： が成立する場合。すなわち生産関数が労働と資本の1次同次関数で表せる。 * 規模に関して収穫逓減： が成立する場合 の3種類に分類される。 理論的な分析では、議論の複雑化を避けるために、規模に関して収穫一定を想定する場合が多い。一般的には、生産関数はある一定水準までは規模に関して収穫逓増であるが、それ以降は収穫逓減であると考えられている。</span><small> (ja)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:comment" lang="it" >La locuzione economie di scala (economies of scale) è usata in economia per indicare la relazione esistente tra aumento della scala di produzione (di un'impresa, di un'unità produttiva o di un impianto) e diminuzione del costo unitario del prodotto.Il costo unitario è dato dal costo totale diviso per la quantità prodotta e corrisponde al costo medio. Alla base di economie di scala vi possono essere fattori tecnici, statistici, organizzativi o connessi al grado di controllo del mercato.</span><small> (it)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:comment" lang="uk" >Ефе́кт масшта́бу (англ. Economies of Scale) — зміна витрат виробництва на одиницю продукції в результаті збільшення обсягів виробництва. Розглядається в довгостроковому періоді.</span><small> (uk)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:comment" lang="zh" >规模经济（Economies of scale）在微观经济学中是指扩大生产规模引起增加的现象，是长期平均总成本随产量增加而减少的特性。规模经济反映的是生产要素的集中程度同经济效益之间的关系。 规模经济的优越性在于： 1. * 能够实现产品规格的统一和标准化。 2. * 通过大量购入原材料，而使单位购入成本下降。 3. * 有利于管理人员和工程技术人员的专业化和精简。 4. * 有利于新产品开发。 5. * 具有较强的竞争力。 6. * 充分利用规模经济，对于提高企业乃至整个国民经济的效益，具有重大意义。 隨著產量的增加，長期平均總成本下降的特性。但这并不仅仅意味着生产规模越大越好，因为规模经济追求的是能获取最佳经济效益的生产规模。一旦企业生产规模扩大到超过一定的规模，边际效益却会逐渐下降，甚至跌破趋向零，乃至变成负值，引发规模不经济现象。</span><small> (zh)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:comment" lang="ar" >في الاقتصاد الجزئي، وفورات الحجم هي مزايا التكلفة التي تحصل عليها الشركات بسبب حجم عملها (يقاس عادة بحجم الإنتاج المحقق)، فتتناقص تكلفة إنتاج وحدة إضافية من السلعة كلما زاد حجم الإنتاج. تنطبق وفورات الحجم على مجموعة متنوعة من المواقف التنظيمية والتجارية وعلى مستويات مختلفة، على مستوى الإنتاج مثلًا أو المعمل أو على مستوى المؤسسة بأكملها. عندما يبدأ متوسط التكاليف في الانخفاض مع زيادة الإنتاج، تحدث وفورات الحجم. لبعض وفورات الحجم، مثل التكلفة الرأسمالية لمرافق التصنيع والخسائر بالاحتكاك في النقل والمعدات الصناعية، أساسٌ مادي أو هندسي.</span><small> (ar)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:comment" lang="ca" >L'economia d'escala, en microeconomia, és el conjunt d'avantatges que obté un negoci gràcies a la seva expansió. Són factors que fan que el cost per unitat del productor disminueixin a mesura que la quantitat de producció s'incrementa.Es refereix al poder que té una empresa quan arriba a un nivell òptim de producció per anar produint més amb menys cost, és a dir, a mesura que la producció en una empresa creix (sabates, xiclets, bastons, capses de llumins...), els seus costos per unitat produïda es redueixen. Com més produeix, menys li costa produir cada unitat. Les són el contrari.</span><small> (ca)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:comment" lang="cs" >Úspory z rozsahu (angl. economies of scale) jsou pojem z oboru mikroekonomie, pod kterým se rozumí výhody, které skýtá provoz či výroba ve větším měřítku. Takových výhod může být mnoho, mezi typické patří: Úspory z rozsahu přirozeně existují a představují faktor posilující vznik přirozených monopolů, stejně jako posilují například vznik monoměst, zahraniční obchod i globalizaci. Jejich opakem jsou , tedy náklady stoupající s rostoucím objemem výroby.</span><small> (cs)</small></span></li> <li><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:comment" lang="en" >In microeconomics, economies of scale are the cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to their scale of operation, and are typically measured by the amount of output produced per unit of time. A decrease in cost per unit of output enables an increase in scale. At the basis of economies of scale, there may be technical, statistical, organizational or related factors to the degree of market control. This is just a partial description of the concept.</span><small> (en)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:comment" lang="es" >En microeconomía, se entiende por economía de escala la capacidad que posee una empresa en producir mayor cantidad de productos a un menor coste de producción, debido a que a medida que la producción en una empresa crece, sus costos se reducen. El concepto de economías de escala es útil a la hora de explicar fenómenos del mundo real como los patrones de comercio internacional o el número de empresas en un mercado. Las economías de escala también juegan un importante rol en el "monopolio natural".</span><small> (es)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:comment" lang="fr" >Une économie d'échelle correspond à la baisse du coût unitaire d'un produit qu'obtient une entreprise en accroissant la quantité de sa production. On parlera ainsi d'économie d'échelle si chaque bien produit coûte moins cher à produire lorsque les quantités produites (économies d'échelle par rapport au coût de production) ou vendues (économies d'échelle par rapport au coût de revient) augmentent.</span><small> (fr)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:comment" lang="nl" >Schaalvoordeel is het economische voordeel dat gerealiseerd wordt door op grotere schaal te opereren. In het algemeen dalen de gemiddelde kosten per eenheid output bij een toenemende schaal omdat vaste kosten gespreid worden over meer eenheden output. De operationele efficiëntie is vaak ook groter bij toenemende schaal, wat ook weer tot lagere variabele kosten leidt. Als de gemiddelde kosten toenemen bij een groter wordende schaal, spreekt men van schaalnadeel.</span><small> (nl)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:comment" lang="pl" >Korzyści skali – pojęcie z zakresu mikroekonomii oznaczające występujące w długim okresie zjawisko obniżania przeciętnych kosztów całkowitych w miarę zwiększania skali produkcji i wprowadzania nowych technologii, określane są również jako rosnące przychody względem skali. Najważniejszym powodem występowania korzyści skali jest rozkładanie się kosztów stałych przedsiębiorstwa na większą liczbę wyprodukowanych jednostek.</span><small> (pl)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:comment" lang="pt" >Economia de escala é aquela que organiza o processo produtivo de maneira que se alcance a máxima utilização dos fatores produtivos envolvidos no processo, procurando como resultado baixos custos de produção e o incremento de bens e serviços. Ela ocorre quando a expansão da capacidade de produção de uma empresa ou indústria provoca um aumento na quantidade total produzida sem um aumento proporcional no custo de produção. Como resultado, o custo médio do produto tende a ser menor com o aumento da produção. Mais especificamente, existem economias de escala se, quando se aumentam os fatores produtivos (trabalhadores, máquinas, etc.), a produção aumenta mais do que proporcionalmente. Por exemplo, se forem duplicados todos os fatores produtivos, a produção mais do que duplicará. Numa função prod</span><small> (pt)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:comment" lang="sv" >Stordriftsfördelar är de minskande styckkostnader som ofta uppkommer genom storskalig produktion, såsom massproduktion av såväl varor som tjänster vilket då leder till att företag kan sälja till lägre priser eller ta ut högre vinster. Stordriftsfördelarna minskas av att behovet av administration ökar med organisationens storlek, varför små organisationer ibland kan vara effektivare. Den genomsnittliga kostnaden minskar ofta när antalet producerade enheter ökar. Det finns två typer av stordriftsfördelar som resulterar i en sådan tilltagande skalavkastning:</span><small> (sv)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:comment" lang="ru" >Эффе́кт масшта́ба (англ. economies of scale) — снижение затрат на единицу продукции при укрупнении производства, связано с изменением стоимости единицы продукции в зависимости от масштабов её производства в долгосрочном периоде.</span><small> (ru)</small></span></li> </ul></td></tr><tr class="odd"><td class="col-2"><a class="uri" href="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label"><small>rdfs:</small>label</a> </td><td class="col-10 text-break"><ul> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:label" lang="ar" >وفورات الحجم</span><small> (ar)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:label" lang="ca" >Economia d'escala</span><small> (ca)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:label" lang="cs" >Úspory z rozsahu</span><small> (cs)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:label" lang="de" >Skaleneffekt</span><small> (de)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:label" lang="el" >Οικονομίες κλίμακας</span><small> (el)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:label" lang="es" >Economía de escala</span><small> (es)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:label" lang="ga" >Barainneachtaí scála</span><small> (ga)</small></span></li> <li><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:label" lang="en" >Economies of scale</span><small> (en)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:label" lang="in" >Keekonomian skala</span><small> (in)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:label" lang="it" >Economie di scala</span><small> (it)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:label" lang="fr" >Économie d'échelle</span><small> (fr)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:label" lang="ko" >규모의 경제</span><small> (ko)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:label" lang="ja" >規模の経済</span><small> (ja)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:label" lang="nl" >Schaalvoordeel</span><small> (nl)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:label" lang="pl" >Korzyści skali</span><small> (pl)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:label" lang="pt" >Economia de escala</span><small> (pt)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:label" lang="ru" >Эффект масштаба</span><small> (ru)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:label" lang="sv" >Stordriftsfördel</span><small> (sv)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:label" lang="uk" >Ефект масштабу</span><small> (uk)</small></span></li> <li style="display:none;"><span class="literal"><span property="rdfs:label" lang="zh" >规模经济</span><small> (zh)</small></span></li> </ul></td></tr><tr class="even"><td class="col-2"><a class="uri" href="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs"><small>owl:</small>sameAs</a> </td><td class="col-10 text-break"><ul> <li><span class="literal"><a class="uri" rel="owl:sameAs" resource="http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/m.025rpxs" href="http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/m.025rpxs"><small>freebase</small>:Economies of scale</a></span></li> <li><span class="literal"><a class="uri" rel="owl:sameAs" 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