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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inscriptions_composed_by_Charles_W._Eliot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inscriptions_composed_by_Charles_W._Eliot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Inscriptions composed by Charles W. Eliot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inscriptions_composed_by_Charles_W._Eliot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monuments_and_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments_and_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Monuments and memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monuments_and_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Honors and degrees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles William Eliot</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Eliot – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charles W. Eliot" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تشارلز ويليام الين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشارلز ويليام الين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BBW%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="チャールズ・W・エリオット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャールズ・W・エリオット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Eliot" title="Charles William Eliot – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Charles William Eliot" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Eliot" title="Charles William Eliot – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Charles William Eliot" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Eliot" title="Charles William Eliot – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Charles William Eliot" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_W._Eliot&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles W. Eliot">Charles W. Eliot</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American academic (1834–1926)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Charles W. Eliot" redirects here. For his grandson, the American landscape architect, see <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Eliot_II" title="Charles W. Eliot II">Charles W. Eliot II</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Charles William Eliot</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_W._Eliot_cph.3a02149.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Charles_W._Eliot_cph.3a02149.jpg/220px-Charles_W._Eliot_cph.3a02149.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Charles_W._Eliot_cph.3a02149.jpg/330px-Charles_W._Eliot_cph.3a02149.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Charles_W._Eliot_cph.3a02149.jpg/440px-Charles_W._Eliot_cph.3a02149.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1476" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Eliot <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1904</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">21st <a href="/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University" title="President of Harvard University">President of Harvard University</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1869–1909</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hill_(clergyman)" title="Thomas Hill (clergyman)">Thomas Hill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Lawrence_Lowell" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbott Lawrence Lowell">A. Lawrence Lowell</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1834-03-20</span>)</span>March 20, 1834<br /><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Massachusetts, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 22, 1926<span style="display:none">(1926-08-22)</span> (aged 92)<br /><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Harbor,_Maine" title="Northeast Harbor, Maine">Northeast Harbor, Maine</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Ellen Derby Peabody <small>(1858–1869)</small><br /> Grace Mellen Hopkinson <small>(1877–1924)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eliot_family_(United_States)" title="Eliot family (United States)">Eliot family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eliot_(landscape_architect)" title="Charles Eliot (landscape architect)">Charles Eliot</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Samuel_A._Eliot_(minister)" title="Samuel A. Eliot (minister)">Samuel A. Eliot II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Atkins_Eliot_(politician)" title="Samuel Atkins Eliot (politician)">Samuel Atkins Eliot</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">university president</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_William_Eliot_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles William Eliot's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Charles_William_Eliot_Signature.svg/128px-Charles_William_Eliot_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Charles_William_Eliot_Signature.svg/192px-Charles_William_Eliot_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Charles_William_Eliot_Signature.svg/256px-Charles_William_Eliot_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="51" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles William Eliot</b> (March 20, 1834 – August 22, 1926) was an American <a href="/wiki/Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic">academic</a> who was president of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> from 1869 to 1909, the longest term of any Harvard president.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A member of the prominent <a href="/wiki/Eliot_family_(America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliot family (America)">Eliot family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, he transformed Harvard from a respected provincial college into America's preeminent <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a>. <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> called him "the only man in the world I envy."<sup id="cite_ref-Harvard_Square_Library_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Square_Library-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_William_Eliot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eliot was born a scion of the wealthy <a href="/wiki/Eliot_family_(America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliot family (America)">Eliot family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>. He was the son of politician <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Atkins_Eliot_(politician)" title="Samuel Atkins Eliot (politician)">Samuel Atkins Eliot</a><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his wife Mary (née Lyman), and was the grandchild of banker <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_(banker)" title="Samuel Eliot (banker)">Samuel Eliot</a> and merchant Theodore Lyman of the <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Estate" title="Lyman Estate">Lyman Estate</a>. His grandfather was one of the wealthiest merchants of Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvard_Square_Library_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Square_Library-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was one of five siblings and the only boy. Eliot graduated from <a href="/wiki/Boston_Latin_School" title="Boston Latin School">Boston Latin School</a> in 1849 and from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in 1853. He was later made an honorary member of the <a href="/wiki/Hasty_Pudding_Theatricals" title="Hasty Pudding Theatricals">Hasty Pudding</a>. </p><p>Although he had high expectations and obvious scientific talents, the first fifteen years of Eliot's career were less than auspicious. He was appointed Tutor in Mathematics at Harvard in the fall of 1854, and studied chemistry with <a href="/wiki/Josiah_P._Cooke" class="mw-redirect" title="Josiah P. Cooke">Josiah P. Cooke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-appletons_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appletons-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1858, he was promoted to Assistant Professor of Mathematics and Chemistry. He taught competently, wrote some technical pieces on chemical impurities in industrial <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a>, and busied himself with schemes for the reform of Harvard's <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Scientific_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Scientific School">Lawrence Scientific School</a>. </p><p>But his real goal, appointment to the Rumford Professorship of Chemistry, eluded him. This was a particularly bitter blow because of a change in his family's economic circumstances—the financial failure of his father, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Atkins_Eliot_(politician)" title="Samuel Atkins Eliot (politician)">Samuel Atkins Eliot</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a>. Eliot had to face the fact that "he had nothing to look to but his teacher's salary and a legacy left to him by his grandfather Lyman." After a bitter struggle over the Rumford chair, Eliot left Harvard in 1863. His friends assumed that he would "be obliged to cut chemistry and go into business in order to earn a livelihood for his family." But instead, he used his grandfather's large <a href="/wiki/Legacy_(property_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legacy (property law)">legacy</a> and a small borrowed sum to spend the next two years studying the educational systems of the Old World in Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Studies_of_European_education">Studies of European education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_William_Eliot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Studies of European education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eliot's approach to investigating European education was unusual. He did not confine his attention to educational institutions, but explored the role of education in every aspect of national life. When Eliot visited <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">schools</a>, he took an interest in every aspect of institutional operation, from <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a> and methods of instruction through physical arrangements and custodial services. But his particular concern was with the relation between education and economic growth: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have given special attention to the schools here provided for the education of young men for those arts and trades which require some knowledge of scientific principles and their applications, the schools which turn out master workmen, superintendents, and designers for the numerous French industries which demand taste, skill, and special technical instruction. Such schools we need at home. I can't but think that a thorough knowledge of what France has found useful for the development of her resources, may someday enable me to be of use to my country. At this moment, it is humiliating to read the figures which exhibit the increasing importations of all sorts of manufactured goods into America. Especially will it be the interest of Massachusetts to foster by every mean in her power the manufactures which are her main strength.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Eliot understood the interdependence of education and enterprise. In a letter to his cousin Arthur T. Lyman, he discussed the value to the German chemical industry of discoveries made in university laboratories. He also recognized that, while European universities depended on government for support, American institutions would have to draw on the resources of the wealthy. He wrote to his cousin: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Every one of the famous universities of Europe was founded by Princes or privileged classes—every <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology" title="Institute of technology">Polytechnic</a> School, which I have visited in France or Germany, has been supported in the main by Government. Now this is not our way of managing these matters of education, and we have not yet found any equivalent, but republican, method of producing the like results. In our generation I hardly expect to see the institutions founded which have produced such results in Europe, and after they are established they do not begin to tell upon the national industries for ten or twenty years. The Puritans thought they must have trained ministers for the Church and they supported Harvard College—when the American people are convinced that they require more competent chemists, engineers, artists, architects, than they now have, they will somehow establish the institutions to train them. In the meantime, freedom and the American spirit of enterprise will do much for us, as in the past ....<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>While Eliot was in Europe, he was again presented with the opportunity to enter the world of active business. The <a href="/wiki/Merrimack_Manufacturing_Company" title="Merrimack Manufacturing Company">Merrimack Mills</a>, one of the largest textile mills in the United States, tendered him an invitation to become its superintendent. In spite of the urgings of his friends and the attractiveness of what for the time was the enormous salary of $5000 (plus a good house, rent free), Eliot, after giving considerable thought to the offer, turned it down. One of his biographers speculated that he surely realized by this time that he had a strong taste for organizing and administration. This post would have given it scope. He must have felt, even if dimly, that if science interested him, it was not because he was first and last a lover of her laws and generalizations, not only because the clarity and precision of science was congenial, but because science answered the questions of practical men and conferred knowledge and power upon those who would perform the labors of their generation. </p><p>During nearly two years in Europe he had found himself as much fascinated by what he could learn concerning the methods by which science could be made to help industry as by what he discovered about the organization of institutions of learning. He was thinking much about what his own young country needed, and his hopes for the United States took account of industry and commerce as well as the field of academic endeavor. To be the chief executive officer of a particular business offered only a limited range of influence; but to stand at the intersection of the realm of production and the realm of knowledge offered considerably more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crisis_in_American_colleges">Crisis in American colleges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_William_Eliot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Crisis in American colleges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1800s, American colleges, controlled by <a href="/wiki/Clergymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Clergymen">clergymen</a>, continued to embrace <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classical curricula</a> that had little relevance to an industrializing nation. Few offered courses in the sciences, modern languages, history, or political economy — and only a handful had <a href="/wiki/Graduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate school">graduate or professional schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-redis_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As businessmen became increasingly reluctant to send their sons to schools whose curricula offered nothing useful — or to donate money for their support, some educational leaders began exploring ways of making higher education more attractive. Some backed the establishment of specialized schools of science and technology, like Harvard's <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Scientific_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Scientific School">Lawrence Scientific School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale's</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Scientific_School" title="Sheffield Scientific School">Sheffield Scientific School</a>, and the newly chartered <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, about to offer its first classes in 1865. Others proposed abandoning the classical curriculum, in favor of more <a href="/wiki/Vocational" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocational">vocational</a> offerings. </p><p>Harvard was in the middle of this crisis. After three undistinguished short-term clerical Harvard presidencies in a ten-year period, Boston's business leaders, many of them Harvard alumni, were pressing for change — though with no clear idea of the kinds of changes they wanted. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_William_Eliot_ca._1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Charles_William_Eliot_ca._1865.jpg/150px-Charles_William_Eliot_ca._1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Charles_William_Eliot_ca._1865.jpg/225px-Charles_William_Eliot_ca._1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Charles_William_Eliot_ca._1865.jpg/300px-Charles_William_Eliot_ca._1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="1894" /></a><figcaption>Eliot around the time of his arrival at MIT</figcaption></figure> <p>On his return to the United States in 1865, Eliot accepted an appointment as Professor of Analytical Chemistry at the newly founded Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In that year, an important revolution occurred in the government of Harvard University. The board of overseers had hitherto consisted of the governor, lieutenant-governor, president of the state senate, speaker of the house, secretary of the board of education, and president and treasurer of the university, together with thirty other persons, and these other persons were elected by joint ballot of the two houses of the state legislature. </p><p>An opinion had long been gaining ground that it would be better for the community and the interests of learning, as well as for the university, if the power to elect the overseers were transferred from the legislature to the graduates of the college. This change was made in 1865, and at the same time the governor and other state officers ceased to form part of the board. The effect of this change was to greatly strengthen the interest of the alumni in the management of the university, and thus to prepare the way for extensive and thorough reforms. Shortly afterward Dr. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hill_(clergyman)" title="Thomas Hill (clergyman)">Thomas Hill</a> resigned the presidency, and after a considerable <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a> Eliot succeeded to that office in 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-appletons_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appletons-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Harvard_presidency">Harvard presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_William_Eliot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Harvard presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in 1869, Eliot had presented his ideas about reforming American higher education in a compelling two-part article, "The New Education," in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic Monthly">The Atlantic Monthly</a></i>, the nation's leading journal of opinion. "We are fighting a wilderness, physical and moral," Eliot declared in setting forth his vision of the American university, "for this fight we must be trained and armed."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The articles resonated powerfully with the businessmen who controlled the Harvard Corporation. Shortly after their appearance, merely 35 years old, he was elected as the youngest president in the history of the nation's oldest university. </p><p>Eliot's educational vision incorporated important elements of Unitarian and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emersonian</a> ideas about character development, framed by a pragmatic understanding of the role of higher education in economic and political leadership. His concern in "The New Education" was not merely curriculum, but the ultimate utility of education. A college education could enable a student to make intelligent choices, but should not attempt to provide specialized vocational or technical training. </p><p>Although his methods were pragmatic, Eliot's ultimate goal, like those of the secularized Puritanism of the Boston elite, was a spiritual one. The spiritual desideratum was not otherworldly. It was embedded in the material world and consisted of measurable progress of the human spirit towards mastery of human intelligence over nature — the "moral and spiritual wilderness." While this mastery depended on each individual fully realizing his capacities, it was ultimately a collective achievement and the product of institutions which established the conditions both for individual and collective achievement. Like the Union victory in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, triumph over the moral and physical wilderness and the establishment of mastery required a joining of industrial and cultural forces. </p><p>While he proposed the reform of professional schools, the development of research faculties, and, in general, a huge broadening of the curriculum, his blueprint for undergraduate education in crucial ways preserved — and even enhanced — its traditional spiritual and character education functions. Echoing Emerson, he believed that every individual mind had "its own peculiar constitution." The problem, both in terms of fully developing an individual's capacities and in maximizing his social utility, was to present him with a course of study sufficiently representative so as "to reveal to him, or at least to his teachers and parents, his capacities and tastes." An informed choice once made, the individual might pursue whatever specialized branch of knowledge he found congenial.<sup id="cite_ref-redis_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But Eliot's goal went well beyond Emersonian self-actualization for its own sake. Framed by the higher purposes of a research university in the service of the nation, specialized expertise could be harnessed to public purposes. "When the revelation of his own peculiar taste and capacity comes to a young man, let him reverently give it welcome, thank God, and take courage," Eliot declared in his inaugural address. He further stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Thereafter he knows his way to happy, enthusiastic work, and, God willing, to usefulness and success. The civilization of a people may be inferred from the variety of its tools. There are thousands of years between the stone hatchet and the machine-shop. As tools multiply, each is more ingeniously adapted to its own exclusive purpose. So with the men that make the State. For the individual, concentration, and the highest development of his own peculiar faculty, is the only prudence. But for the State, it is variety, not uniformity, of intellectual product, which is needful.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On the subject of educational reform, he declared: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As a people, we do not apply to mental activities the principle of division of labor; and we have but a halting faith in special training for high professional employments. The vulgar conceit that a Yankee can turn his hand to anything we insensibly carry into high places, where it is preposterous and criminal. We are accustomed to seeing men leap from farm or shop to court-room or pulpit, and we half believe that common men can safely use the seven-league boots of genius. What amount of knowledge and experience do we habitually demand of our lawgivers? What special training do we ordinarily think necessary for our diplomatists? — although in great emergencies the nation has known where to turn. Only after years of the bitterest experience did we come to believe the professional training of a soldier to be of value in war. This lack of faith in the prophecy of a natural bent, and in the value of a discipline concentrated upon a single object, amounts to a national danger.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Under Eliot's leadership, Harvard adopted an "elective system" which vastly expanded the range of courses offered and permitted undergraduates unrestricted choice in selecting their courses of study — with a view to enabling them to discover their "natural bents" and pursue them into specialized studies. A monumental expansion of Harvard's graduate and professional school and departments facilitated specialization, while at the same time making the university a center for advanced scientific and technological research. Accompanying this was a shift in pedagogy from recitations and lectures towards classes that put students' achievements to the test and, through a revised grading system, rigorously assessed individual performance. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Booker_Washington_and_some_of_his_distinguished_guests_LCCN2004679030.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Booker_Washington_and_some_of_his_distinguished_guests_LCCN2004679030.jpg/220px-Booker_Washington_and_some_of_his_distinguished_guests_LCCN2004679030.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Booker_Washington_and_some_of_his_distinguished_guests_LCCN2004679030.jpg/330px-Booker_Washington_and_some_of_his_distinguished_guests_LCCN2004679030.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Booker_Washington_and_some_of_his_distinguished_guests_LCCN2004679030.jpg/440px-Booker_Washington_and_some_of_his_distinguished_guests_LCCN2004679030.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3290" /></a><figcaption>With <a href="/wiki/Booker_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Booker Washington">Booker Washington</a> and other dignitaries</figcaption></figure> <p>Eliot's reforms did not go without criticism. His own kinsman <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Samuel Eliot Morison</a> in his tercentenary history of Harvard gave an opinion that is rare among historians: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It was due to Eliot's insistent pressure that the Harvard faculty abolished the Greek requirement for entrance in 1887, after dropping required Latin and Greek for freshman year. His and Harvard's reputation, the pressure of teachers trained in the new learning, and of parents wanting ‘practical’ instruction for their sons, soon had the classics on the run, in schools as well as colleges; and no equivalent to the classics, for mental training, cultural background, or solid satisfaction in after life, has yet been discovered. It is a hard saying, but Mr. Eliot, more than any other man, is responsible for the greatest educational crime of the century against American youth—depriving him of his classical heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>By contrast recent scholars such as Richard M. Freeland, emphasize that Eliot appreciated how Harvard needed to modernize: </p> <blockquote><p>Eliot believed that the traditional college, with its rigid curriculum and preoccupation with "virtue and piety," had become irrelevant to producing successful leaders for the industrial, urban nation of the late nineteenth century. Influenced by his observations of German universities, Eliot saw that conditions favored academic institutions dedicated to the secular achievements of the intellect, places that would nurture contemporary thinking on socially significant subjects and enable ambitious, talented men to demonstrate their abilities. The former objective required a faculty composed less of faithful teachers than of productive scholars for whom the campus would provide the conditions for creative work. The latter implied a shift of focus from undergraduate, liberal education to graduate work in the most important professional fields.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_football_and_other_sports">Opposition to football and other sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_William_Eliot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Opposition to football and other sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his tenure, Eliot opposed <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">football</a> and tried unsuccessfully to abolish the game at Harvard. In 1905, <i>The New York Times</i> reported that he called it "a fight whose strategy and ethics are those of war", that violation of rules cannot be prevented, that "the weaker man is considered the legitimate prey of the stronger" and that "no sport is wholesome in which ungenerous or mean acts which easily escape detection contribute to victory."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also made public objections to <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">hockey</a>. He was quoted as saying that <a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">rowing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> were the only clean sports.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eliot once said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[T]his year I'm told the team did well because one pitcher had a fine curve ball. I understand that a curve ball is thrown with a deliberate attempt to deceive. Surely this is not an ability we should want to foster at Harvard.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempted_acquisition_of_MIT">Attempted acquisition of MIT</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_William_Eliot&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Attempted acquisition of MIT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his lengthy tenure as Harvard's leader, Eliot initiated repeated attempts to acquire his former employer, the fledgling <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, and these efforts continued even after he stepped down from the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-TechRev_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TechRev-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McKay_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The much younger college had considerable financial problems during its first five decades, and had been repeatedly rescued from insolvency by various benefactors, including <a href="/wiki/George_Eastman" title="George Eastman">George Eastman</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Kodak_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Kodak Company">Eastman Kodak Company</a>. The faculty, students, and alumni of MIT often vehemently opposed merger of their school under the Harvard umbrella.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1916, MIT succeeded in moving across the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a> from crowded <a href="/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston" title="Back Bay, Boston">Back Bay, Boston</a> to larger facilities on the southern riverfront of Cambridge, but still faced the prospect of merger with Harvard,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was to begin "when the Institute will occupy its splendid new buildings in Cambridge."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1917, the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court">Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court</a> rendered a decision that effectively cancelled plans for a merger,<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and MIT eventually attained independent financial stability. During his life, Eliot had been involved in at least five unsuccessful attempts to absorb MIT into Harvard.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_William_Eliot&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On October 27, 1858, Eliot married Ellen Derby Peabody of Salem Massachusetts (1836–1869) in Boston at <a href="/wiki/Kings_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings Chapel">Kings Chapel</a>. Ellen was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Peabody" title="Ephraim Peabody">Ephraim Peabody</a> (1807-1856) and Mary Jane Derby (1807-1892), great-great-granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Elias_Hasket_Derby" title="Elias Hasket Derby">Elias Hasket Derby</a> (1739-1799), and the sister of architect <a href="/wiki/Robert_Swain_Peabody" title="Robert Swain Peabody">Robert Swain Peabody</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-roths_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roths-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had four sons, one of whom, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eliot_(landscape_architect)" title="Charles Eliot (landscape architect)">Charles Eliot</a> (November 1, 1859 – March 25, 1897) became an important <a href="/wiki/Landscape_architect" title="Landscape architect">landscape architect</a>, responsible for Boston's public park system. He married Mary Yale Pitkin, granddaughter of Rev. <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Yale" title="Cyrus Yale">Cyrus Yale</a>, members of the <a href="/wiki/Yale_(surname)" title="Yale (surname)">Yale family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale">Yale University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another son, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_A._Eliot_(minister)" title="Samuel A. Eliot (minister)">Samuel Atkins Eliot II</a> (August 24, 1862 – October 15, 1950) became a <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> minister who was the longest-serving president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Unitarian_Association" title="American Unitarian Association">American Unitarian Association</a> (1900–1927) and was the first president granted executive authority of that organization. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blueberry_Ledge_1884_%E2%80%93_Peabody_and_Stearns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Blueberry_Ledge_1884_%E2%80%93_Peabody_and_Stearns.jpg/236px-Blueberry_Ledge_1884_%E2%80%93_Peabody_and_Stearns.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Blueberry_Ledge_1884_%E2%80%93_Peabody_and_Stearns.jpg/354px-Blueberry_Ledge_1884_%E2%80%93_Peabody_and_Stearns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Blueberry_Ledge_1884_%E2%80%93_Peabody_and_Stearns.jpg/472px-Blueberry_Ledge_1884_%E2%80%93_Peabody_and_Stearns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4440" data-file-height="2903" /></a><figcaption>"Blueberry Ledge" – Eliot's cottage in Northeast Harbor, designed by <a href="/wiki/Peabody_%26_Stearns" class="mw-redirect" title="Peabody & Stearns">Peabody & Stearns</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>-winning poet <a href="/wiki/T.S._Eliot" class="mw-redirect" title="T.S. Eliot">T.S. Eliot</a> was a cousin and attended Harvard from 1906 through 1909, completing his elective undergraduate courses in three instead of the normal four years, which were the last three years of Charles' presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Ellen Derby Peabody died at the age of 33 of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, Eliot married a second wife in 1877, Grace Mellen Hopkinson (1846–1924). This second marriage did not produce any children. Grace was a close relative of Frances Stone Hopkinson, wife of Samuel Atkins Eliot II, Charles's son. </p><p>Eliot retired in 1909, having served 40 years as president, the longest term in the university's history, and was honored as Harvard's first president emeritus. He lived another 17 years, dying in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Harbor,_Maine" title="Northeast Harbor, Maine">Northeast Harbor, Maine</a>, in 1926, and was interred in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Cemetery" title="Mount Auburn Cemetery">Mount Auburn Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_William_Eliot&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Eliot, Harvard became a worldwide university, accepting its students around America using standardized <a href="/wiki/Entrance_examination" title="Entrance examination">entrance examinations</a> and hiring well-known scholars from home and abroad. Eliot was an administrative reformer, reorganizing the <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Faculty_(teaching_staff)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty (teaching staff)">faculty</a> into schools and departments and replacing recitations with <a href="/wiki/Lectures" class="mw-redirect" title="Lectures">lectures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seminars" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminars">seminars</a>. During his forty-year presidency, the university vastly expanded its facilities, with laboratories, libraries, classrooms, and athletic facilities replacing simple colonial structures. Eliot attracted the support of major donors from among the nation's growing <a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">plutocracy</a>, making it the wealthiest private university in the world. </p><p>Eliot's leadership made Harvard not only the pace-setter for other American schools, but a major figure in the reform of <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary school</a> education. Both the elite <a href="/wiki/Boarding_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Boarding schools">boarding schools</a>, most of them founded during his presidency, and the public <a href="/wiki/High_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="High schools">high schools</a> shaped their <a href="/wiki/Curricula" class="mw-redirect" title="Curricula">curricula</a> to meet Harvard's demanding standards. Eliot was a key figure in the creation of standardized admissions examinations, as a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/College_Entrance_Examination_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="College Entrance Examination Board">College Entrance Examination Board</a>. </p><p>As leader of the nation's wealthiest and best-known university, Eliot was necessarily a celebrated figure whose opinions were sought on a wide variety of matters, from <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">tax</a> policy (he offered the first coherent rationale for the charitable <a href="/wiki/Tax_exemption" title="Tax exemption">tax exemption</a>) to the intellectual welfare of the general public. </p><p>President Eliot edited the <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Classics" title="Harvard Classics">Harvard Classics</a></i>, which together are colloquially known as his Five Foot Shelf<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which were intended at the time to suggest a foundation for informed discourse, "A good substitute for a liberal education in youth to anyone who would read them with devotion, even if he could spare but fifteen minutes a day for reading."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eliot was an articulate opponent of <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a>. </p><p>During his tenure as Harvard's president he denied women's demands to be allowed the same educational opportunities as men. In response to these demands he was quoted as saying "the world “(knows) next to nothing about the natural mental capacities of the female sex.”" Regardless of Eliot's opposition, women were able to find educational instruction through the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_College#Early_history" title="Radcliffe College">Harvard Annex</a> where they could receive instruction from Harvard faculty. Within a decade this program grew to 200 female students, and resulted in the creation of <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_College" title="Radcliffe College">Radcliffe College</a>. In the aftermath of the formation of the college, Eliot, with reservations, countersigned the degrees of women who attend Radcliffe certifying the degrees received by these students are equivalent in everyway to those received by students at Harvard. He still maintained that there must be a separation of the sexes when it came to education.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Charles_Eliot_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charles_Eliot-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Eliot was president of Harvard many firsts happened when it came to the education of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>. Richard Theodore Greener was the first African American to graduate from Harvard. <a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">W.E.B. Du Bois</a> was the first African American to earn a PhD from Harvard's <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a> Department, and from Harvard overall. Also, during his presidency, Eliot saw the hiring of Harvard's first African American faculty member George F. Grant. Yet, despite these changes Eliot continued to believe in <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">anti-miscegenation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Charles_Eliot_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charles_Eliot-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike his successor, <a href="/wiki/A._Lawrence_Lowell" title="A. Lawrence Lowell">A. Lawrence Lowell</a>, Eliot opposed efforts to limit the admission of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Eliot was radically opposed to labor unions, fostering a campus climate where many Harvard students served as strikebreakers; he was called by some "the greatest labor union hater in the country."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles Eliot was a fearless crusader not only for <a href="/wiki/Educational_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Educational reform">educational reform</a>, but for many of the goals of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive movement">progressive movement</a>—whose most prominent figurehead was <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (Class of 1880) and most eloquent spokesman was <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Croly" title="Herbert Croly">Herbert Croly</a> (Class of 1889). </p><p>Eliot was also involved in philanthropy. In 1908 he joined the <a href="/wiki/General_Education_Board" title="General Education Board">General Education Board</a>, and in 1913 served on the <a href="/wiki/International_Health_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="International Health Board">International Health Board</a>, as well as serving as a trustee of the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a> from 1914 to 1917. Eliot helped found the Institute for Government Research (<a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>) and served as trustee. He acted as a founding trustee of the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a> from its beginning in 1910 until 1919. Eliot was an incorporator of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Museum_of_Fine_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Museum of Fine Arts">Boston Museum of Fine Arts</a> in 1870, and a trustee. Between 1908 and 1925 he served as the chairman of the Museum's Special Advisory Committee on Education. Served as vice president for the National Committee for Mental Hygiene from 1913 till his death.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eliot accepted election to be the first president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Social_Hygiene_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="American Social Hygiene Association">American Social Hygiene Association</a>. In 1902, he became vice president of the <a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Service_Reform_League" title="National Civil Service Reform League">National Civil Service Reform League</a>, and president of the league in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In celebration of President Eliot's 90th birthday, congratulations came in across the world and notably from two American Presidents. Woodrow Wilson said of him, “No man has ever made a deeper impression of the educational system of a country than President Eliot has upon the educational system of America,” while Theodore Roosevelt exclaimed, “He is the only man in the world I envy.”<sup id="cite_ref-Harvard_Square_Library_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Square_Library-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon his death in 1926, <i>The New York Times</i> published a full-page interview that Eliot had given as he neared the end of his life,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-Int_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-Int-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including excerpts from his writings on education, religion, democracy, labor, woman, and Americanism.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-Way_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-Way-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University" title="President of Harvard University">Harvard President</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a> Professor, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of Treasury</a> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a> now holds the Charles W. Eliot <a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Emeritus</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_Professors_at_Harvard_University" title="List of University Professors at Harvard University">University Professor</a> position at Harvard University.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inscriptions_composed_by_Charles_W._Eliot">Inscriptions composed by Charles W. Eliot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_William_Eliot&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Inscriptions composed by Charles W. Eliot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over one hundred inscriptions were composed by President Eliot, placed on buildings ranging from schools, churches, public buildings, memorial tablets, numerous monuments, and to the Library of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="poem"> <p>ON THESE HEIGHTS <br /> DURING THE NIGHT OF MARCH 4 1776,<br /> THE AMERICAN TROOPS BESIEGING BOSTON<br /> BUILT TWO REDOUBTS, <br /> WHICH MADE THE HARBOR AND TOWN <br /> UNTENABLE BY THE BRITISH FLEET AND GARRISON.<br /> ON MARCH 17 THE BRITISH FLEET<br /> CARRYING 11000 EFFECTIVE MEN<br /> AND 1000 REFUGES,<br /> DROPPED DOWN TO NANTASKET ROADS<br /> AND THENCEFORTH<br /> BOSTON WAS FREE,<br /> A STRONG BRITISH FORCE<br /> HAD BEEN EXPELLED <br /> FROM ONE OF THE UNITED AMERICAN COLONIES </p> </div> <p>(Evacuation Monument - <a href="/wiki/Dorchester_Heights" title="Dorchester Heights">Dorchester Heights</a> Monument, Boston, Massachusetts, 1902) </p> <div class="poem"> <p>TO THE MEN OF BOSTON<br /> WHO DIED FOR THEIR COUNTRY<br /> ON LAND AND SEA IN THE WAR<br /> WHICH KEPT THE UNION WHOLE,<br /> DESTROYED SLAVERY AND MAINTAINED THE CONSTITUTION.<br /> THE GRATEFUL CITY<br /> HAS BUILT THIS MONUMENT,<br /> THAT THEIR EXAMPLE MAY SPEAK <br /> TO COMING GENERATIONS </p> </div> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Soldiers_and_Sailors_Monument_(Boston)" title="Soldiers and Sailors Monument (Boston)">Soldiers and Sailors Monument (Boston)</a>, Boston Common, Massachusetts, 1877) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monuments_and_memorials">Monuments and memorials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_William_Eliot&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Monuments and memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eliot_Mountain_Plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Eliot_Mountain_Plaque.jpg/220px-Eliot_Mountain_Plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Eliot_Mountain_Plaque.jpg/330px-Eliot_Mountain_Plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Eliot_Mountain_Plaque.jpg/440px-Eliot_Mountain_Plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Eliot Mountain Memorial Plaque</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Eliot_House" title="Eliot House">Eliot House</a>, one of the seven original residential houses for undergraduates at the college, was named in honor of Eliot and opened in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-Eliot_House_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eliot_House-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Eliot_Middle_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles W. Eliot Middle School">Charles W. Eliot Middle School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Altadena,_California" title="Altadena, California">Altadena, California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eliot_Elementary_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliot Elementary School">Eliot Elementary School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa, Oklahoma</a>, Charles William Eliot Junior High School (now Eliot-Hine Middle School) in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a> were named in his honor. In 1940 the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> issued a stamp in Eliot's honor as part of their <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States#Famous_Americans_Series_of_1940" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Famous Americans Issue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asteroid <a href="/wiki/(5202)_1983_XX" class="mw-redirect" title="(5202) 1983 XX">(5202) Charleseliot</a> is named in his honor. <sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eliot Mountain was named in honor of the lifelong academic who summered on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Desert_Island,_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Desert Island, Maine">Mount Desert Island, Maine</a>, and was a key figure in the creation of <a href="/wiki/Acadia_National_Park" title="Acadia National Park">Acadia National Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honors_and_degrees">Honors and degrees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_William_Eliot&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Honors and degrees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1857 Fellow <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a></li> <li>1869 LL.D. Williams College; LL.D. Princeton University</li> <li>1870 LL.D. Yale University</li> <li>1871 Member American Philosophical Society</li> <li>1873 Member Massachusetts Historical Society</li> <li>1879 <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association_Honorary_Membership" title="American Library Association Honorary Membership">American Library Association Honorary Membership</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1902 LL.D. Johns Hopkins University</li> <li>1903 Officer <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion of Honor">Legion of Honor</a> ( France)</li> <li>1904 Corresponding Member Academy Moral and Political Science, Institute of France</li> <li>1908 Grand Officer <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy" title="Order of the Crown of Italy">Order of the Crown of Italy</a></li> <li>1909 Imperial <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">Order of the Rising Sun</a>, 1st class; Royal <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Prussian_Crown" title="Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown">Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown</a>, 1st class; Fellow <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Literature" title="Royal Society of Literature">Royal Society of Literature</a> (England); LL.D. Tulane University; LL.D. University of Missouri; LL.D. Dartmouth College; LL.D. Harvard University; MD. (hon.) Harvard University</li> <li>1911 Ph.D. (hon.) University of Breslau</li> <li>1914 <a href="/wiki/Corresponding_Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy">Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy</a>; LL.D. Brown University</li> <li>1915 Gold Medal / <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters">American Academy of Arts and Letters</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1919 <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Crown of Belgium">Order of the Crown of Belgium</a></li> <li>1923 Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Sava" title="Order of St. Sava">Order of St. Sava</a>, Serbia; LL.D. Boston University; Civic Forum Medal of Honor, New York</li> <li>1924 Roosevelt Medal for Distinguished Service; <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Legion_of_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Legion of Honor">Commander of the Legion of Honor</a> (France); LL.D. University of the State of New York<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_William_Eliot&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Training for an Effective Life</i> (1915)</li> <li><i>Educational Reform: Essays and Addresses</i> (1901)</li> <li><i>The Conflict between Individualism and Collectivism in a Democracy</i> (1910)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_William_Eliot&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology">History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Scientific_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Scientific School">Lawrence Scientific School</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_William_Eliot&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Eliot, Charles William"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Eliot,_Charles_William">"Eliot, Charles William" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 274.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eliot%2C+Charles+William&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=274&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+William+Eliot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvard_Square_Library-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_Square_Library_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_Square_Library_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_Square_Library_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/biographies/charles-w-eliot-harvard-university-president/">"Eliot, Charles W. (1834-1926)"</a>. Harvard Square Library Collection: Harvard Square Library. March 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eliot%2C+Charles+W.+%281834-1926%29&rft.place=Harvard+Square+Library+Collection&rft.pub=Harvard+Square+Library&rft.date=2024-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harvardsquarelibrary.org%2Fbiographies%2Fcharles-w-eliot-harvard-university-president%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+William+Eliot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-appletons-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-appletons_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appletons_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonFiske1900" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson" title="James Grant Wilson">Wilson, J. G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)" title="John Fiske (philosopher)">Fiske, J.</a>, eds. (1900). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Eliot, Samuel Atkins"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Eliot,_Samuel_Atkins">"Eliot, Samuel Atkins" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i>. New York: D. Appleton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eliot%2C+Samuel+Atkins&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton&rft.date=1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+William+Eliot" class="Z3988"></span> Most of this article, which starts out with a discussion of his father, is about Charles W. Eliot.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1930" class="citation book cs1">James, Henry (1930). <i>Charles W. Eliot, president of Harvard University, 1869-1909, Volume 1</i>. AMS Press. p. 130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+W.+Eliot%2C+president+of+Harvard+University%2C+1869-1909%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=AMS+Press&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+William+Eliot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1930" class="citation book cs1">James, Henry (1930). <i>Charles W. Eliot, president of Harvard University, 1869-1909, Volume 1</i>. AMS Press. p. 147.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+W.+Eliot%2C+president+of+Harvard+University%2C+1869-1909%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=AMS+Press&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+William+Eliot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-redis-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-redis_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-redis_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135733/https://sites.hks.harvard.edu/fs/phall/PDH-Governing_Class-WIP.pdf">"Rediscovering the Bourgeoisie: Higher Education and Governing Class Formation in the United States, 1870-1914"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. January 24, 2018. 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Norwood, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120709162831/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2005/is_n2_v28/ai_16351005/">"The Student as Strikebreaker: College Youth and the Crisis of Masculinity in the Early 20th Century"</a>, <i>Journal of Social History</i>, Winter 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mhanational.org/our-history">"Mental Health America"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mental+Health+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmhanational.org%2Four-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+William+Eliot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1930" class="citation book cs1">James, Henry (1930). <i>Charles W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dr.+Eliot%3A+The+Man+and+His+work+in+Review&rft.date=1926-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1926%2F08%2F29%2F98387721.html%3FpageNumber%3D182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+William+Eliot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-Way-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-Way_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1926/08/29/98387721.html?pageNumber=182">"Dr. Eliot Pointed Way to Right Living: Some of His Views on Education, Religion and Democracy"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. August 29, 1926<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dr.+Eliot+Pointed+Way+to+Right+Living%3A+Some+of+His+Views+on+Education%2C+Religion+and+Democracy&rft.date=1926-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1926%2F08%2F29%2F98387721.html%3FpageNumber%3D182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+William+Eliot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harvard.edu/about/university-professorships/">"University Professorships"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></i>. The President and Fellows of Harvard College<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+University&rft.atitle=University+Professorships&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harvard.edu%2Fabout%2Funiversity-professorships%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+William+Eliot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Presidents_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College1934" class="citation book cs1">The Presidents and Fellows of Harvard College (1934). <i>Inscriptions Written by Charles William Eliot</i>. Harvard University Press. pp. 22, 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inscriptions+Written+by+Charles+William+Eliot&rft.pages=22%2C+27&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1934&rft.au=The+Presidents+and+Fellows+of+Harvard+College&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+William+Eliot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eliot_House-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eliot_House_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101200214/http://www.eliot.harvard.edu/eliot/facilities">"Eliot House — History of Eliot House"</a>. eliot.harvard.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eliot.harvard.edu/eliot/facilities">the original</a> on January 1, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eliot+House+%E2%80%94+History+of+Eliot+House&rft.pub=eliot.harvard.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eliot.harvard.edu%2Feliot%2Ffacilities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+William+Eliot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetershamPetersham1947" class="citation book cs1">Petersham, Maud; Petersham, Miska (1947). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasstampsst2014pete"><i>America's Stamps</i></a></span>. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasstampsst2014pete/page/106">106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Stamps&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Petersham&rft.aufirst=Maud&rft.au=Petersham%2C+Miska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericasstampsst2014pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+William+Eliot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/2015/MPC_20150702.pdf">http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/2015/MPC_20150702.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alltrails.com/trail/us/maine/eliot-mountain-trail">"Eliot Mountain"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eliot+Mountain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alltrails.com%2Ftrail%2Fus%2Fmaine%2Feliot-mountain-trail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+William+Eliot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/people/charles-w-eliot.htm">"National Park Service"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fpeople%2Fcharles-w-eliot.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+William+Eliot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1992" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Judith (1992). <i>Tragedies and Triumphs: Charles W. Eliot, George B. Dorr, and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and the Founding of Acadia National Park</i>. Somesville, Maine: Port in A Storm Bookstore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tragedies+and+Triumphs%3A+Charles+W.+Eliot%2C+George+B.+Dorr%2C+and+John+D.+Rockefeller%2C+Jr.+and+the+Founding+of+Acadia+National+Park&rft.place=Somesville%2C+Maine&rft.pub=Port+in+A+Storm+Bookstore&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+William+Eliot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Library Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ala.org/awardsgrants/awards/176/all_years">Honorary Membership.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/11/21/104234036.pdf">"Gold Medal for Dr. Eliot"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gold+Medal+for+Dr.+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1915%2F11%2F21%2F104234036.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+William+Eliot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/01/28/100187381.pdf">"American Academy Honors Educator's Work for Literature"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=American+Academy+Honors+Educator%27s+Work+for+Literature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1916%2F01%2F28%2F100187381.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+William+Eliot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandletters.org/?s=charles+w+eliot&restype=all">"American Academy of Arts and Letters"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Letters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartsandletters.org%2F%3Fs%3Dcharles%2Bw%2Beliot%26restype%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+William+Eliot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_James1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a> (1930). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/charlesweliotpre0000jame"><i>Charles W. Eliot, President of Harvard University 1869-1909</i></a></span>. p. Appendix G.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+W.+Eliot%2C+President+of+Harvard+University+1869-1909&rft.pages=Appendix+G&rft.date=1930&rft.au=Henry+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcharlesweliotpre0000jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+William+Eliot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_William_Eliot&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hugh Hawkins. (1972). <i>Between Harvard and America: The Educational Leadership of Charles W. Eliot</i>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/betweenharvardam0000hawk">online</a></li> <li>Henry James. (1930). Charles W. Eliot — President of Harvard, 1869–1909. Cambridge, MA: Houghton Mifflin.</li> <li>Samuel Eliot Morison. (1936). Three Centuries of Harvard. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</li> <li>Samuel Eliot Morison (ed.). (1930). The Development of Harvard University, 1869–1929. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</li> <li>"Football is a fight, says President Eliot. Harvard's Head Vigorously Attacks the Game. Strong Prey on the Weak. Conditions Governing the Sport Dr. Eliot Describes as Hateful & Mean; Wants $2,500,000 Endowment." <i>The New York Times</i>, February 2, 1905, p. 6. Quoted material is verbatim from the <i>Times</i>, but reported by the <i>Times</i> as <i>indirect</i> quotations from Eliot.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_William_Eliot&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Charles_William_Eliot" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Charles William Eliot">Charles William Eliot</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_W._Eliot" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Charles W. 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Eliot</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Charles_William_Eliot" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Charles William Eliot">Charles William Eliot</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050520173955/http://bartleby.com/65/el/Eliot-Ch.html">Brief biography, Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Edition, 2001.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/6399">Works by Charles William Eliot</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Eliot%2C%20Charles%20William%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Eliot%2C%20Charles%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Eliot%2C%20C%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Charles%20William%20Eliot%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Charles%20W%2E%20Eliot%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22C%2E%20W%2E%20Eliot%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Charles%20William%20Eliot%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Charles%20W%2E%20Eliot%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22C%2E%20W%2E%20Eliot%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22C%2E%20William%20Eliot%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Eliot%2C%20Charles%20William%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Eliot%2C%20Charles%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Eliot%2C%20C%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Eliot%2C%20C%2E%20William%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Charles%20William%20Eliot%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Charles%20W%2E%20Eliot%22%20OR%20title%3A%22C%2E%20W%2E%20Eliot%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Charles%20William%20Eliot%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Charles%20W%2E%20Eliot%22%20OR%20description%3A%22C%2E%20W%2E%20Eliot%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Eliot%2C%20Charles%20William%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Eliot%2C%20Charles%20W%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%221834-1926%22%20AND%20Eliot%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Charles William Eliot</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/5563">Works by Charles William Eliot</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051022185624/http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~phall/dochistcontents.html">Texts of some of Eliot's most important writings</a>, along with interpretive texts</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/004539">Newspaper clippings about Charles William Eliot</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hill_(clergyman)" title="Thomas Hill (clergyman)">Thomas Hill</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University" title="President of Harvard University">President of Harvard University</a> </b><br />1869–1909 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Lawrence_Lowell" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbott Lawrence Lowell">A. Lawrence Lowell</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_University_presidents" title="Template:Harvard University presidents"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Harvard_University_presidents" title="Template talk:Harvard University presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Harvard_University_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Harvard University presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Harvard_University" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University" title="President of Harvard University"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Presidents of Harvard University</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Eaton" title="Nathaniel Eaton">Eaton</a><sup>†</sup> (1637–1639)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunster" title="Henry Dunster">Dunster</a> (1640–1654)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Chauncy" title="Charles Chauncy">Chauncy</a> (1654–1672)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hoar" title="Leonard Hoar">Hoar</a> (1672–1675)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urian_Oakes" title="Urian Oakes">Oakes</a> (1675–1681)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_(Harvard)" title="John Rogers (Harvard)">Rogers</a> (1682–1684)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Increase_Mather" title="Increase Mather">Mather</a> (1685–1701)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Willard" title="Samuel Willard">S. Willard</a>* (1701–1707)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Leverett_the_Younger" title="John Leverett the Younger">Leverett</a> (1708–1724)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wadsworth" title="Benjamin Wadsworth">Wadsworth</a> (1725–1737)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Holyoke" title="Edward Holyoke">Holyoke</a> (1737–1769)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop_(educator)" title="John Winthrop (educator)">Winthrop</a>* (1769)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Locke_(educator)" title="Samuel Locke (educator)">Locke</a> (1770–1773)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Winthrop* (1773-1774)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Langdon" title="Samuel Langdon">Langdon</a> (1774–1780)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wigglesworth_(1732%E2%80%931794)" title="Edward Wigglesworth (1732–1794)">Wigglesworth</a>* (1780-1781)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Willard" title="Joseph Willard">J. Willard</a> (1781–1804)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eliphalet_Pearson" title="Eliphalet Pearson">Pearson</a>* (1804–1806)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Webber" title="Samuel Webber">Webber</a> (1806–1810)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ware_(Unitarian)" title="Henry Ware (Unitarian)">Ware</a>* (1810)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Thornton_Kirkland" title="John Thornton Kirkland">Kirkland</a> (1810–1828)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Ware* (1828-1829)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Quincy_III" title="Josiah Quincy III">Quincy</a> (1829–1845)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a> (1846–1849)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jared_Sparks" title="Jared Sparks">Sparks</a> (1849–1853)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Walker_(Harvard)" title="James Walker (Harvard)">Walker</a> (1853–1860)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Conway_Felton" title="Cornelius Conway Felton">Felton</a> (1860–1862)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Preston_Peabody" title="Andrew Preston Peabody">Peabody</a>* (1860–1862)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hill_(clergyman)" title="Thomas Hill (clergyman)">Hill</a> (1862-1868)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Peabody* (1868–1869)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eliot</a> (1869–1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/A._Lawrence_Lowell" title="A. Lawrence Lowell">Lowell</a> (1909–1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_B._Conant" title="James B. Conant">Conant</a> (1933–1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Pusey" title="Nathan Pusey">Pusey</a> (1953–1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Derek_Bok" title="Derek Bok">Bok</a> (1971–1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Rudenstine" title="Neil Rudenstine">Rudenstine</a> (1991–2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Summers</a> (2001–2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Derek_Bok" title="Derek Bok">Bok</a>* (2006–2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Drew_Gilpin_Faust" title="Drew Gilpin Faust">Faust</a> (2007–2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bacow" title="Lawrence Bacow">Bacow</a> (2018–2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claudine_Gay" title="Claudine Gay">Gay</a> (2023–2024)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Garber" title="Alan Garber">Garber</a> (2024–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#A31F36;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #2C2A29, inset -2px -2px 0 #2C2A29;"><div><sup>†</sup> – titled as the Schoolmaster;<span class="nowrap"> </span>* indicates acting or interim president</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066447#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066447#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066447#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083396477">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/19670693">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/3643/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvCPWWDbPFb8fTvTTdfbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/116447923">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50012099">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb111052963">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb111052963">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Eliot, Charles William <1834-1926>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UBOV032683">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35061136">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0002356&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/126163">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070465274">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=160099">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000059165">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810548239105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/84257">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007301254105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14824959">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/815238">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd116447923.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/116447923">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/061781436">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582559">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sn07qt">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_William_Eliot&oldid=1257427175">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_William_Eliot&oldid=1257427175</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_Harvard_University" title="Category:Presidents of Harvard University">Presidents of Harvard University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harvard_College_alumni" title="Category:Harvard College alumni">Harvard 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