CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-disabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Opisthokonta - Wikispecies</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-disabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )specieswikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat" :"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6baa98a8-b8b3-46e6-a629-5edde64cad8c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Opisthokonta","wgTitle":"Opisthokonta","wgCurRevisionId":9719343,"wgRevisionId":9719343,"wgArticleId":127497,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with taxonavigation templates","Pages with vernacular names"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Opisthokonta","wgRelevantArticleId":127497,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikispecies","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgVisualEditor":{ "pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"personal","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":true,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":false,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q129021","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"wgSiteNoticeId":"2.0"};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready", "ext.uls.pt":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.compactlinks","ext.uls.interface","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","wikibase.sidebar.tracking","ext.dismissableSiteNotice"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles%7Cext.uls.pt%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Elaphrus_fuliginosus_Say_-_ZooKeys-245-001-g015.jpeg/1200px-Elaphrus_fuliginosus_Say_-_ZooKeys-245-001-g015.jpeg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="2100"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Elaphrus_fuliginosus_Say_-_ZooKeys-245-001-g015.jpeg/800px-Elaphrus_fuliginosus_Say_-_ZooKeys-245-001-g015.jpeg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1400"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Elaphrus_fuliginosus_Say_-_ZooKeys-245-001-g015.jpeg/640px-Elaphrus_fuliginosus_Say_-_ZooKeys-245-001-g015.jpeg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1120"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Opisthokonta - Wikispecies"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//species.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&action=edit"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikispecies.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikispecies (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//species.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikispecies Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Opisthokonta rootpage-Opisthokonta skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things"><span>Community Portal</span></a></li><li id="n-pump-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies:Village_Pump"><span>Discussions</span></a></li><li id="n-templates-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikispecies:Templates"><span>Templates</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random page [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random page</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="The place to find out"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-charter-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikispecies:Charter"><span>Charter</span></a></li><li id="n-rfc-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies:Requests_for_Comment"><span>Requests for Comment</span></a></li><li id="n-coverage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikispecies"><span>Meta-Wiki</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-lang" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B7" title="خلفيات السوط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خلفيات السوط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B7" title="خلفيات السوط – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خلفيات السوط" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opistoconts" title="Opistoconts – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Opistoconts" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokont" title="Opisthokont – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Opisthokont" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagavibursed" title="Tagavibursed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tagavibursed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%98%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پشت‌تاژکان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پشت‌تاژکان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%A4siimaiset" title="Peräsiimaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Peräsiimaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opistocontos" title="Opistocontos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Opistocontos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5" title="पृष्ठध्रुव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पृष्ठध्रुव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%94%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF" title="オピストコンタ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オピストコンタ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%84%ED%8E%B8%EB%AA%A8%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="후편모생물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="후편모생물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthoconta" title="Opisthoconta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Opisthoconta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Заднокамшични – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Заднокамшични" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opistoconte" title="Opistoconte – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Opistoconte" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Заднежгутиковые – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Заднежгутиковые" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokont" title="Opisthokont – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Opisthokont" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokont" title="Opisthokont – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Opisthokont" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opistokonty" title="Opistokonty – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Opistokonty" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokont" title="Opisthokont – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Opisthokont" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2" title="โอพิสโธคอนตา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โอพิสโธคอนตา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokont" title="Opisthokont – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Opisthokont" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Опістоконти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Опістоконти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%B4ng_roi_sau" title="Sinh vật lông roi sau – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh vật lông roi sau" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Opisthokonta" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="後鞭毛生物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="後鞭毛生物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q129021#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/specieswiki.svg" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikispecies" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/specieswiki-wordmark.svg" style="width: 7.625em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/specieswiki-tagline.svg" width="112" height="12" style="width: 7em; height: 0.75em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikispecies [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikispecies" aria-label="Search Wikispecies" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikispecies [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-uls" class="mw-list-item active user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="#" class="uls-trigger cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>English</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_species.wikimedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Opisthokonta" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Opisthokonta" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_species.wikimedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Opisthokonta" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Opisthokonta" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Edismiss\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"anonnotice\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Ctable style=\"border: 1px solid #009966;\" align=\"center\" width=\"100%\"\u003E\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Cth style=\"background-color: ; text-align: center\"\u003E\u003Cfont color=\"#006699\" size=\"3\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003ETranslation\u003C/b\u003E\u003C/font\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\u003Cfont color=\"black\" size=\"2\"\u003EWikispecies needs translators to make it more accessible. More info on \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Translation\" title=\"Special:MyLanguage/Help:Translation\"\u003Ethis page\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/font\u003E\n\u003C/th\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonavigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonavigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Taxonavigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonavigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Alternative classifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alternative_classifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alternative classifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alternative_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vischer_(1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vischer_(1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vischer (1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vischer_(1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gams_(1947)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gams_(1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Gams (1947)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gams_(1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rothmaler_(1951)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rothmaler_(1951)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Rothmaler (1951)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rothmaler_(1951)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copeland_(1956)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copeland_(1956)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Copeland (1956)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copeland_(1956)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cavalier-Smith_(1987)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cavalier-Smith_(1987)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Cavalier-Smith (1987)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cavalier-Smith_(1987)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hausmann_et_al._(2003)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hausmann_et_al._(2003)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Hausmann et al. (2003)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hausmann_et_al._(2003)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adl_et_al._(2012)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adl_et_al._(2012)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Adl <i>et al.</i> (2012)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adl_et_al._(2012)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karpov_et_al._(2014)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karpov_et_al._(2014)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Karpov et al. (2014)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karpov_et_al._(2014)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruggiero_et_al._(2015)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruggiero_et_al._(2015)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Ruggiero et al. (2015)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruggiero_et_al._(2015)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toruella_et_al._(2015)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toruella_et_al._(2015)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Toruella et al. (2015)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toruella_et_al._(2015)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vernacular_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vernacular_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vernacular names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vernacular_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Opisthokonta</span></h1> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Opisthokonta&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion about the content page (page does not exist) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Opisthokonta" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Opisthokonta" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&oldid=9719343" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Opisthokonta&id=9719343&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fspecies.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOpisthokonta"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fspecies.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOpisthokonta"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Opisthokonta"><span>Create a book</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Opisthokonta&action=show-download-screen"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Opisthokonta" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikipedia mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokont" hreflang="en"><span>Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q129021" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikispecies</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonavigation">Taxonavigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonavigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elaphrus_fuliginosus_Say_-_ZooKeys-245-001-g015.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Elaphrus_fuliginosus_Say_-_ZooKeys-245-001-g015.jpeg/220px-Elaphrus_fuliginosus_Say_-_ZooKeys-245-001-g015.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Elaphrus_fuliginosus_Say_-_ZooKeys-245-001-g015.jpeg/330px-Elaphrus_fuliginosus_Say_-_ZooKeys-245-001-g015.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Elaphrus_fuliginosus_Say_-_ZooKeys-245-001-g015.jpeg/440px-Elaphrus_fuliginosus_Say_-_ZooKeys-245-001-g015.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="2102" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Elaphrus_fuliginosus" title="Elaphrus fuliginosus">Elaphrus fuliginosus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Superregnum: <a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a><br /> Cladus: <a href="/wiki/Unikonta" title="Unikonta">Unikonta</a><br /> Cladus: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Opisthokonta</a> <br /> Cladi: <a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">Animalia</a> (regnum) - <a href="/wiki/Choanomonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Choanomonada">Choanomonada</a> - <a href="/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">Fungi</a> (regnum) - <a href="/wiki/Mesomycetozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesomycetozoa">Mesomycetozoa</a> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith, 1987, emend. Adl et al. 2005 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_classifications">Alternative classifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alternative classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vischer_(1945)"><span id="Vischer_.281945.29"></span>Vischer (1945)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vischer (1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Vischer" title="Wilhelm Vischer">Vischer, W.</a></span></span> 1945. Über einen pilzähnlichen, autotrophen Mikroorganismus, <i>Chlorochytridion</i>, einige neue Protococcales und die systematische Bedeutung der Chloroplasten. <i><a href="/wiki/ISSN_0077-6122" title="ISSN 0077-6122">Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel</a></i> 56: 41–59. <a href="/wiki/Template:Vischer,_1945" title="Template:Vischer, 1945">Reference page</a>. </li></ul> <p>Klasse <b>Opistokontae</b> (pulselloflagellat) </p> <ul><li>Monadophyta <ul><li>autotroph: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorochytridiales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlorochytridiales (page does not exist)">Chlorochytridiales</a></i> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorochytridiaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlorochytridiaceae (page does not exist)">Chlorochytridiaceae</a></i>).</li> <li>heterotroph: (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craspedomonadaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Craspedomonadaceae (page does not exist)">Craspedomonadaceae</a></i>?).</li></ul></li> <li>Metaphyta <ul><li>autotroph: -</li> <li>heterotroph: (<i><a href="/wiki/Archimycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Archimycetes">Archimycetes</a></i> sensu <a href="/wiki/Ernst_G%C3%A4umann" title="Ernst Gäumann">GÄUMANN</a> proparte?) <i><a href="/wiki/Chytridiales" title="Chytridiales">Chytridiales</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Blastocladiaceae" title="Blastocladiaceae">Blastocladiaceae</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Monoblepharidacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoblepharidacea">Monoblepharidacea</a></i>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gams_(1947)"><span id="Gams_.281947.29"></span>Gams (1947)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gams (1947)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gams, H. (1947). Die Protochlorinae als autotrophe Vorfahren von Pilzen und Tieren? <i>Mikroskopie</i>, 2, 383–7, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=pt-BR&id=Sl1GAQAAIAAJ">[1]</a>. From Leadbeater (2015) and Copeland (1956). </p><p><b>Opistokonten</b> </p> <ul><li>choanoflagellates</li> <li>chytrids</li> <li>”some uniflagellate algal monads” [Protochlorinae? <i>Pedilomonas</i>, <i>Chlorochytridion</i>?]</li> <li>metazoans</li> <li>sporozoans</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rothmaler_(1951)"><span id="Rothmaler_.281951.29"></span>Rothmaler (1951)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rothmaler (1951)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rothmaler, Werner. (1951). Die Abteilungen und Klassen der Pflanzen. <i>Feddes Rep Spec Nov Reg Veg</i> 3: 256–266, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NMsgAQAAMAAJ">[2]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fedr.19510540208/abstract">[3]</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protobionta" title="Protobionta">Protobionta</a> Rothm. (1948) – <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> Owen (1860) – <a href="/wiki/Protista" title="Protista">Protista</a> Haeckel (1866) emend. Barkley (1939) – <a href="/wiki/Protoctista" title="Protoctista">Protoctista</a> Hogg (1861) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mycophyta (page does not exist)">Mycophyta</a> Pascher (1931) – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inophyta (page does not exist)">Inophyta</a> Haeckel (1866) – <a href="/wiki/Phaeophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaeophyta">Phaeophyta</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycophytina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mycophytina (page does not exist)">Mycophytina</a> Rothm. (1949) [?] <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archimycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archimycota (page does not exist)">Archimycota</a> Rothm., nom. nov. – <a href="/wiki/Archimycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Archimycetes">Archimycetes</a> A. Fischer (1894) – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthocontae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opisthocontae (page does not exist)">Opisthocontae</a> Gams (1947) – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protochlorinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protochlorinae (page does not exist)">Protochlorinae</a> Vischer (1945) – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthophyceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opisthophyceae (page does not exist)">Opisthophyceae</a> Rothm., nom. event. – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archemycetae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archemycetae (page does not exist)">Archemycetae</a> Barkley (1939)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copeland_(1956)"><span id="Copeland_.281956.29"></span>Copeland (1956)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Copeland (1956)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Copeland, H. F. (1956). <i>The Classification of Lower Organisms</i>. Palo Alto: Pacific Books, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/classificationof00cope">[4]</a>. </p> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Protoctista" title="Protoctista">Protoctista</a> <ul><li>Phylum <b>Opisthokonta</b> <ul><li>Class Archimycetes <ul><li>Order 1. Monoblepharidalea</li> <li>Order 2. Chytridinea</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cavalier-Smith_(1987)"><span id="Cavalier-Smith_.281987.29"></span>Cavalier-Smith (1987)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cavalier-Smith (1987)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cavalier-Smith, T. (1987). The origin of fungi and pseudofungi. In: Rayner, Alan D. M. (ed.). <i>Evolutionary biology of Fungi</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 339–353. From Leadbeater (2015). </p><p><b>Opisthokonta</b> </p> <ul><li>choanoflagellates</li> <li>animals</li> <li>fungi</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hausmann_et_al._(2003)"><span id="Hausmann_et_al._.282003.29"></span>Hausmann et al. (2003)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hausmann et al. (2003)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From Hausmann, K., N. Hulsmann, R. Radek. <i>Protistology</i>. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchshandlung, Stuttgart, 2003. </p><p>Empire <a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> Chatton, 1925 (= Eukarya) </p> <ul><li>Phylum <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Opisthokonta</a> Cavalier-Smith & Chao, 1995 <ul><li>Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">Fungi</a> Nees,1817 <ul><li>Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a> de Вагу, 1863</li> <li>Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a> Barr, 1982</li> <li>Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Eumycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumycota">Eumycota</a> Cavalier-Smith, 1998 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dikaryomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dikaryomycota (page does not exist)">Dikaryomycota</a>) <ul><li>Superclass <a href="/wiki/Microspora" title="Microspora">Microspora</a> Sprague, 1982 <ul><li>Class <a href="/wiki/Microsporea" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporea">Microsporea</a> Sprague, 1982 <ul><li>Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudimicrosporia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudimicrosporia (page does not exist)">Rudimicrosporia</a> Sprague, 1977</li> <li>Subclass <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsporia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microsporia (page does not exist)">Microsporia</a> Delphy, 1963</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Superclass <a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a> Berkeley, 1857 <ul><li>Class <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeascomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeascomycota (page does not exist)">Archaeascomycota</a></li> <li>Class <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemiascomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemiascomycota (page does not exist)">Hemiascomycota</a></li> <li>Class <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euascomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euascomycota (page does not exist)">Euascomycota</a> <ul><li>Family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephridiophagidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nephridiophagidae (page does not exist)">Nephridiophagidae</a> Sprague, 1970</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Superclass <a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a> de Вагу, 1866</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Choanozoa" title="Choanozoa">Choanozoa</a> Cavalier-Smith, 1981 <ul><li>Superclass <a href="/wiki/Mesomycetozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesomycetozoa">Mesomycetozoa</a> Herr et al., 1999</li> <li>Superclass <a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellata" class="mw-redirect" title="Choanoflagellata">Choanoflagellata</a> Kent, 1880</li> <li>Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Metazoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Metazoa">Metazoa</a> Haeckel, 1874 <ul><li>Superclass <a href="/wiki/Myxozoa" title="Myxozoa">Myxozoa</a> Grassé, 1970</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adl_et_al._(2012)"><span id="Adl_et_al._.282012.29"></span>Adl <i>et al.</i> (2012)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Adl et al. (2012)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname"><a href="/wiki/Sina_M._Adl" title="Sina M. Adl">Adl, S.M.</a></span></span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname"><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Geoffrey_Brinley_Simpson" title="Alastair Geoffrey Brinley Simpson">Simpson, A.G.B.</a></span></span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_E._Lane" title="Christopher E. Lane">Lane, C.E.</a></span></span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Luke%C5%A1" title="Julius Lukeš">Lukeš, J.</a></span></span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname"><a href="/wiki/David_Bass" title="David Bass">Bass, D.</a></span></span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_S._Bowser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel S. Bowser (page does not exist)">Bowser, S.S.</a></span></span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_W._Brown" title="Matthew W. Brown">Brown, M.W.</a></span></span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabien_Burki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabien Burki (page does not exist)">Burki, F.</a></span></span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micah_Dunthorn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micah Dunthorn (page does not exist)">Dunthorn, M.</a></span></span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Hampl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Hampl (page does not exist)">Hampl, V.</a></span></span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aaron_Heiss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aaron Heiss (page does not exist)">Heiss, A.</a></span></span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mona_Hoppenrath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mona Hoppenrath (page does not exist)">Hoppenrath, M.</a></span></span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrique_Lara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrique Lara (page does not exist)">Lara, E.</a></span></span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname"><a href="/wiki/Line_Le_Gall" title="Line Le Gall">Le Gall, L.</a></span></span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Denis_H._Lynn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denis H. Lynn (page does not exist)">Lynn, D.H.</a></span></span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilary_McManus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hilary McManus (page does not exist)">McManus, H.</a></span></span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_A.D._Mitchell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward A.D. Mitchell (page does not exist)">Mitchell, E.A.D.</a></span></span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharon_E._Mozley-Stanridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sharon E. Mozley-Stanridge (page does not exist)">Mozley-Stanridge, S.E.</a></span></span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laura_W._Parfrey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laura W. Parfrey (page does not exist)">Parfrey, L.W.</a></span></span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Pawlowski" title="Jan Pawlowski">Pawlowski, J.</a></span></span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonja_Rueckert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonja Rueckert (page does not exist)">Rueckert, S.</a></span></span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laura_Shadwick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laura Shadwick (page does not exist)">Shadwick, L.</a></span></span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname"><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Lamoraal_Schoch" title="Conrad Lamoraal Schoch">Schoch, C.L.</a></span></span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname"><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Valerievich_Smirnov" title="Alexey Valerievich Smirnov">Smirnow, A.</a></span></span> & <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_W._Spiegel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick W. Spiegel (page does not exist)">Spiegel, F.W.</a></span></span> 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. <i><a href="/wiki/ISSN_1066-5234" title="ISSN 1066-5234">Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology</a></i> 59(5): 429–514. <span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="extiw" title="w:Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1550-7408.2012.00644.x">10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x</a></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -1px; display: inline-block;text-align: center;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Open access"><img alt="Open access" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/11px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/17px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/23px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span>. [Erratum: 60(3): 321. <span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="extiw" title="w:Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fjeu.12033">10.1111/jeu.12033</a></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -1px; display: inline-block;text-align: center;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Open access"><img alt="Open access" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/11px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/17px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/23px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span>.] <a href="/wiki/Template:Adl_et_al.,_2012" title="Template:Adl et al., 2012">Reference page</a>. </li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> </p> <ul><li><b>Opisthokonta</b> Cavalier-Smith 1987, emend. Adl et al. 2005 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holozoa" title="Holozoa">Holozoa</a> Lang et al. 2002 (R) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filasterea" title="Filasterea">Filasterea</a> Shalchian-Tabrizi et al. 2008 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ministeria" title="Ministeria">Ministeria</a></i> Patterson et al. 1993, emend. Tong 1997 (<a href="/wiki/Ministeriida" title="Ministeriida">Ministeriida</a> Cavalier-Smith, 1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capsaspora" title="Capsaspora">Capsaspora</a></i> Hertel et al. 2002 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Capsasporidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capsasporidae (page does not exist)">Capsasporidae</a> Cavalier-Smith 2008) (M)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosporea" title="Ichthyosporea">Ichthyosporea</a> Cavalier-Smith 1998 (<a href="/wiki/Mesomycetozoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a> Mendoza et al. 2002) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinosporidaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhinosporidaceae (page does not exist)">Rhinosporidaceae</a> Mendoza et al. 2001 (<a href="/wiki/Dermocystida" title="Dermocystida">Dermocystida</a> Cavalier-Smith 1998) (R) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amphibiocystidium" title="Amphibiocystidium">Amphibiocystidium</a> ranae, <a href="/wiki/Amphibiothecum" title="Amphibiothecum">Amphibiothecum</a> penneri, <a href="/wiki/Dermocystidium" title="Dermocystidium">Dermocystidium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhinosporidium" title="Rhinosporidium">Rhinosporidium</a> seeberi, <a href="/wiki/Sphaerothecum" title="Sphaerothecum">Sphaerothecum</a> destruens</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ichthyophonae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ichthyophonae (page does not exist)">Ichthyophonae</a> Mendoza et al. 2001 (<a href="/wiki/Ichthyophonida" title="Ichthyophonida">Ichthyophonida</a> Cavalier-Smith 1998; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoebidiidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amoebidiidae (page does not exist)">Amoebidiidae</a> Reeves 2003) (R) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abeoforma" title="Abeoforma">Abeoforma</a> whisleri, <a href="/wiki/Amoebidium" title="Amoebidium">Amoebidium</a> parasiticum, <a href="/wiki/Anurofeca" title="Anurofeca">Anurofeca</a> richardsi, <a href="/wiki/Astreptonema" title="Astreptonema">Astreptonema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caullerya" title="Caullerya">Caullerya</a> mesnili, <a href="/wiki/Creolimax" title="Creolimax">Creolimax</a> fragrantissima, <a href="/wiki/Eccrinidus" title="Eccrinidus">Eccrinidus</a> flexilis, <a href="/wiki/Enterobryus" title="Enterobryus">Enterobryus</a> oxidi, <a href="/wiki/Enteropogon_(Hibbits)" title="Enteropogon (Hibbits)">Enteropogon</a> sexuale, <a href="/wiki/Ichthyophonus" title="Ichthyophonus">Ichthyophonus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palavascia" title="Palavascia">Palavascia</a> patagonica, <a href="/wiki/Pseudoperkinsus" title="Pseudoperkinsus">Pseudoperkinsus</a> tapetis, <a href="/wiki/Psorospermium" class="mw-disambig" title="Psorospermium">Psorospermium</a> haeckeli, <a href="/wiki/Sphaeroforma" title="Sphaeroforma">Sphaeroforma</a> arctica</i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphelidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelidea">Aphelidea</a> Gromov 2000 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amoeboaphelidium" title="Amoeboaphelidium">Amoeboaphelidium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aphelidium" title="Aphelidium">Aphelidium</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoaphelidium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudoaphelidium (page does not exist)">Pseudoaphelidium</a></i> [<i><a href="/wiki/Pseudaphelidium" title="Pseudaphelidium">Pseudaphelidium</a></i>]</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corallochytrium" title="Corallochytrium">Corallochytrium</a></i> Raghu-Kumar 1987 (M)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choanomonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Choanomonada">Choanomonada</a> Kent 1880 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craspedida" title="Craspedida">Craspedida</a> Cavalier-Smith 1997, emend. Nitsche et al. 2011 <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrosiga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astrosiga (page does not exist)">Astrosiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aulomonas" title="Aulomonas">Aulomonas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Choanoeca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choanoeca (page does not exist)">Choanoeca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cladospongia_(Craspedida)" title="Cladospongia (Craspedida)">Cladospongia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Codonocladium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Codonocladium (page does not exist)">Codonocladium</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Codonosigopsis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Codonosigopsis (page does not exist)">Codonosigopsis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Codosiga" title="Codosiga">Codosiga</a></i> (junior synonym <i><a href="/wiki/Codonosiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Codonosiga">Codonosiga</a></i>), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desmarella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desmarella (page does not exist)">Desmarella</a></i> (junior synonyms <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codonodesmus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Codonodesmus (page does not exist)">Codonodesmus</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kentrosiga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kentrosiga (page does not exist)">Kentrosiga</a></i>), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dicraspedella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dicraspedella (page does not exist)">Dicraspedella</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diploeca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diploeca (page does not exist)">Diploeca</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplosiga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diplosiga (page does not exist)">Diplosiga</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplosigopsis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diplosigopsis (page does not exist)">Diplosigopsis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentia" class="mw-disambig" title="Kentia">Kentia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lagenoeca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lagenoeca (page does not exist)">Lagenoeca</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monosiga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monosiga (page does not exist)">Monosiga</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachysoeca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachysoeca (page does not exist)">Pachysoeca</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proterospongia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proterospongia (page does not exist)">Proterospongia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salpingoeca" title="Salpingoeca">Salpingoeca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salpingorhiza" title="Salpingorhiza">Salpingorhiza</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sphaeroeca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sphaeroeca (page does not exist)">Sphaeroeca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stelexomonas" title="Stelexomonas">Stelexomonas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stylochromonas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stylochromonas (page does not exist)">Stylochromonas</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthoecida" title="Acanthoecida">Acanthoecida</a> Norris 1965, emend. Cavalier-Smith 1997, emend. Nitsche et al. 2011 <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acanthoeca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acanthoeca (page does not exist)">Acanthoeca</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acanthocorbis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acanthocorbis (page does not exist)">Acanthocorbis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoenoscopa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amoenoscopa (page does not exist)">Amoenoscopa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apheloecion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apheloecion (page does not exist)">Apheloecion</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicosta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bicosta (page does not exist)">Bicosta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calliacantha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calliacantha (page does not exist)">Calliacantha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calotheca_(Protozoa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calotheca (Protozoa) (page does not exist)">Calotheca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campanoeca" title="Campanoeca">Campanoeca</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Campyloacantha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Campyloacantha (page does not exist)">Campyloacantha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conion (page does not exist)">Conion</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmoeca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmoeca (page does not exist)">Cosmoeca</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crinolina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crinolina (page does not exist)">Crinolina</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucispina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crucispina (page does not exist)">Crucispina</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaphanoeca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diaphanoeca (page does not exist)">Diaphanoeca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didymoeca" title="Didymoeca">Didymoeca</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helgoeca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helgoeca (page does not exist)">Helgoeca</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakoeca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kakoeca (page does not exist)">Kakoeca</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocosta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monocosta (page does not exist)">Monocosta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nannoeca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nannoeca (page does not exist)">Nannoeca</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parvicorbicula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parvicorbicula (page does not exist)">Parvicorbicula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platypleura" title="Platypleura">Platypleura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pleurasiga" title="Pleurasiga">Pleurasiga</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyfibula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polyfibula (page does not exist)">Polyfibula</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyoeca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polyoeca (page does not exist)">Polyoeca</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saepicula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saepicula (page does not exist)">Saepicula</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saroeca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saroeca (page does not exist)">Saroeca</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Savillea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Savillea (page does not exist)">Savillea</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinoeca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spinoeca (page does not exist)">Spinoeca</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiraloecion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiraloecion (page does not exist)">Spiraloecion</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephanacantha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephanacantha (page does not exist)">Stephanacantha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephanoeca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephanoeca (page does not exist)">Stephanoeca</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syndetophyllum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syndetophyllum (page does not exist)">Syndetophyllum</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metazoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Metazoa">Metazoa</a> Haeckel 1874 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porifera" title="Porifera">Porifera</a> Grant 1836 (<a href="/wiki/Parazoa" title="Parazoa">Parazoa</a> Sollas 1884) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicispongia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicispongia (page does not exist)">Silicispongia</a> Schmidt 1862 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicea (page does not exist)">Silicea</a> Bowerbank 1864, emend. Gray 1867) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexactinellida" title="Hexactinellida">Hexactinellida</a> Schmidt 1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demospongiae" title="Demospongiae">Demospongiae</a> Sollas 1885, emend. Borchiellini et al. 2004 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democlavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democlavia (page does not exist)">Democlavia</a> Sperling et al. 2009, emend. Morrow et al. 2012 (R)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoscleromorpha" title="Homoscleromorpha">Homoscleromorpha</a> Lévi 1973, emend. Borchiellini et al. 2004 (R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcispongia" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcispongia">Calcispongia</a> Johnston 1842 (<a href="/wiki/Calcarea" title="Calcarea">Calcarea</a> Bowerbank 1864) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcinea" title="Calcinea">Calcinea</a> Hartman 1958, emend. Borchiellini et al. 2004 (R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcaronea" title="Calcaronea">Calcaronea</a> Hartman 1958, emend. Borchiellini et al. 2004 (R)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichoplax" title="Trichoplax">Trichoplax</a></i> von Schulze 1883 (<a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a> Grell 1971) (M)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">Animalia</a> Linnaeus 1758, emend. Adl et al. 2005 (<a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a> Bütschli 1910) [including <a href="/wiki/Myxozoa" title="Myxozoa">Myxozoa</a> Grassé 1970]</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucletmycea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucletmycea (page does not exist)">Nucletmycea</a> Brown et al. 2009 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holomycota (page does not exist)">Holomycota</a> Liu et al. 2009) (R) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuclearia" title="Nuclearia">Nuclearia</a></i> Cienkowski 1865</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fonticula" title="Fonticula">Fonticula</a></i> Worley et al. 1979 (M)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rozella" title="Rozella">Rozella</a></i> Cornu 1872 (= <a href="/wiki/Rozellida" class="mw-redirect" title="Rozellida">Rozellida</a> Lara et al. 2010; <a href="/wiki/Cryptomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptomycota">Cryptomycota</a> M. D. M. Jones & T. A. Richards 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">Fungi</a> R. T. Moore 1980</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p>[Notes: M, monotypic group with only one described species; P, paraphyletic group; R, ribogroup assembled from phylogenetic studies.] </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karpov_et_al._(2014)"><span id="Karpov_et_al._.282014.29"></span>Karpov et al. (2014)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Karpov et al. (2014)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karpov, S. A., Mamkaeva, M. A., Aleoshin, V. V., Nassonova, E., Lilje, O., & Gleason, F. H. (2014). Morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of the aphelids (Aphelidea, Opisthokonta) and proposal for the new superphylum Opisthosporidia. <i>Frontiers in Microbiology</i>, 5: 112. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00112. </p><p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Opisthokonta</a> Cavalier-Smith, 1987 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holozoa" title="Holozoa">Holozoa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metazoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Metazoa">Metazoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellata" class="mw-redirect" title="Choanoflagellata">Choanoflagellata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesomycetozoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holomycota (page does not exist)">Holomycota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleariida" title="Nucleariida">Nucleariida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthosporidia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opisthosporidia (page does not exist)">Opisthosporidia</a> Karpov, Aleoshin et Mikhailov superphylum nov. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptomycota">Cryptomycota</a> (Jones et Richards, 2011), emend. Karpov et Aleoshin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphelida" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelida">Aphelida</a> Karpov, Aleoshin et Mikhailov phylum nov. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphelidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelidea">Aphelidea</a> Gromov, 2000</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsporidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporidia">Microsporidia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruggiero_et_al._(2015)"><span id="Ruggiero_et_al._.282015.29"></span>Ruggiero et al. (2015)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ruggiero et al. (2015)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M. D. & Kirk, P. M. (2015). A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. <i>PLoS ONE</i> 10(4): e0119248, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0119248">[5]</a>. </p> <ul><li>Superkingdom <a href="/wiki/Prokaryota" title="Prokaryota">Prokaryota</a> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> [= <a href="/wiki/Archaebacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaebacteria">Archaebacteria</a>]</li> <li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> [= <a href="/wiki/Eubacteria" title="Eubacteria">Eubacteria</a>]</li></ul></li> <li>Superkingdom <a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> <ul><li>Subkingdom <a href="/wiki/Eozoa" title="Eozoa">Eozoa</a> <ul><li>Infrakingdom <a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a></li> <li>Infrakingdom <a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavata</a></li></ul></li> <li>Subkingdom <a href="/wiki/Sarcomastigota" title="Sarcomastigota">Sarcomastigota</a> <ul><li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Choanozoa" title="Choanozoa">Choanozoa</a> [with <a href="/wiki/Microsporidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporidia">Microsporidia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">Animalia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">Fungi</a> constitutes "Supergroup <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Opisthokonta</a>"]</li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Microsporidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporidia">Microsporidia</a> [with <a href="/wiki/Choanozoa" title="Choanozoa">Choanozoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">Animalia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">Fungi</a> constitutes "Supergroup <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Opisthokonta</a>"]</li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Sulcozoa" title="Sulcozoa">Sulcozoa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a> <ul><li>Subkingdom <a href="/wiki/Hacrobia" title="Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a></li> <li>Subkingdom <a href="/wiki/Harosa" title="Harosa">Harosa</a> [= "Supergroup <a href="/wiki/SAR" class="mw-redirect" title="SAR">SAR</a>"] <ul><li>Infrakingdom <a href="/wiki/Halvaria" title="Halvaria">Halvaria</a> <ul><li>Superphylum <a href="/wiki/Alveolata" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a></li> <li>Superphylum <a href="/wiki/Heterokonta" title="Heterokonta">Heterokonta</a> [= "Supergroup <a href="/wiki/Stramenopiles" title="Stramenopiles">Stramenopiles</a>"]</li></ul></li> <li>Infrakingdom <a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">Fungi</a> <ul><li>Subkingdom <a href="/wiki/Dikarya" title="Dikarya">Dikarya</a> [= <a href="/wiki/Neomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Neomycota">Neomycota</a>]</li> <li>Subkingdom <a href="/wiki/Eomycota" title="Eomycota">Eomycota</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae">Plantae</a> [= <a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a>] <ul><li>Subkingdom <a href="/wiki/Biliphyta" title="Biliphyta">Biliphyta</a></li> <li>Subkingdom <a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">Animalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toruella_et_al._(2015)"><span id="Toruella_et_al._.282015.29"></span>Toruella et al. (2015)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Toruella et al. (2015)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Torruella, Guifré, et al. Phylogenomics reveals convergent evolution of lifestyles in close relatives of animals and fungi. <i>Current Biology</i> 25: 1–7, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160407054911/http://www.hawaii.edu/microbiology/donachie/publications/2015_Current_Biology.pdf">[6]</a>. </p><p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Opisthokonta</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holozoa" title="Holozoa">Holozoa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metazoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Metazoa">Metazoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellatea" title="Choanoflagellatea">Choanoflagellatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filasterea" title="Filasterea">Filasterea</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Teretosporea" title="Teretosporea">Teretosporea</a>" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosporea" title="Ichthyosporea">Ichthyosporea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyophonida" title="Ichthyophonida">Ichthyophonida</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sphaerothecum" title="Sphaerothecum">Sphaerothecum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corallochytrium" title="Corallochytrium">Corallochytrium</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holomycota (page does not exist)">Holomycota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discicristoidea" title="Discicristoidea">Discicristoidea</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fonticula" title="Fonticula">Fonticula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuclearia" title="Nuclearia">Nuclearia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsporidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporidia">Microsporidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptomycota">Cryptomycota</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rozella" title="Rozella">Rozella</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">Fungi</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname">Cavalier-Smith, T.</span></span> 2009: Megaphylogeny, cell body plans, adaptive zones: causes and timing of eukaryote basal radiations. <i>Journal of eukaryotic microbiology</i>, 56: 26–33. <span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="extiw" title="w:Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1550-7408.2008.00373.x">10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00373.x</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname">Philip, G.K.</span></span>; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname">Creevey, C.J.</span></span>; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname">McInerney, J.O.</span></span> 2005: The Opisthokonta and the Ecdysozoa May Not Be Clades: Stronger Support for the Grouping of Plant and Animal than for Animal and Fungi and Stronger Support for the Coelomata than Ecdysozoa. <i>Molecular biology and evolution</i>, 22: 1175–1184. <span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="extiw" title="w:Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsi102">10.1093/molbev/msi102</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname">Steenkamp, E.T.</span></span>; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname">Wright, J.</span></span>; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname">Baldauf, S.L.</span></span> 2006: The protistan origins of animals and fungi. <i>Molecular biology and evolution</i>, 23: 93–106. <span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="extiw" title="w:Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsj011">10.1093/molbev/msj011</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Links">Links</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Prous, Marko. The Opisthokonta and the Ecdysozoa may be clades: An update on Philip et al. (2005). Available from Nature Precedings <span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="extiw" title="w:Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnpre.2009.3306.1">10.1038/npre.2009.3306.1</a></span> (2009)</li> <li><span style="font-variant: small-caps;" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname">Wegener Parfrey, Laura</span></span> 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20130113003247/http://eutree.lifedesks.org/pages/43">Taxon page for Eukaryota. In: The ATOL eutree hypothesis</a> First Created: 2009–07-04T15:11:59Z. Last Updated: 2009–07-04T15:14:20Z.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vernacular_names">Vernacular names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vernacular names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="padding:0 10px; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-gap: 40px; -moz-column-rule: 1px solid #aaa; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-gap: 40px; -webkit-column-rule: 1px solid #aaa; column-count: 2; column-gap: 40px; column-rule: 1px solid #aaa; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; font-size:90%"><b>Ελληνικά:</b> Οπισθόκοντα<br /><b>English:</b> Opisthokont<br /><b>français:</b> Opisthocontes, opisthocontes<br /><b>日本語:</b> オピストコンタ<br /><b>македонски:</b> Заднокамшични<br /><b>Tiếng Việt:</b> Sinh vật lông roi sau<br /><b>中文:</b> 动基体类<br /></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://species.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&oldid=9719343">https://species.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&oldid=9719343</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_taxonavigation_templates" title="Category:Pages with taxonavigation templates">Pages with taxonavigation templates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_vernacular_names" title="Category:Pages with vernacular names">Pages with vernacular names</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 September 2024, at 11:06.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy.</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies:About">About Wikispecies</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/species.wikimedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//species.m.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-9chmf","wgBackendResponseTime":121,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.085","walltime":"0.141","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1754,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":16047,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2443,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":8,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":147,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 68.973 1 -total"," 53.09% 36.616 1 Template:Adl_et_al.,_2012"," 17.66% 12.181 1 Template:VN"," 13.20% 9.102 1 Template:Opisthokonta"," 9.93% 6.849 1 Template:Unikonta"," 7.74% 5.335 1 Template:Vischer,_1945"," 7.44% 5.129 34 Template:A"," 7.42% 5.117 6 Template:Doi"," 4.79% 3.302 1 Template:Eukaryota"," 4.51% 3.109 8 Template:Aut"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-7649cfcddd-pcqq9","timestamp":"20241127133332","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Opisthokonta","url":"https:\/\/species.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Opisthokonta","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q129021","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q129021","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-04-15T12:40:37Z","dateModified":"2024-09-14T11:06:13Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/37\/Elaphrus_fuliginosus_Say_-_ZooKeys-245-001-g015.jpeg","headline":"Unikonts whose flagella is located at the posterior side of the cell."}</script> </body> </html>