Sensors | Special Issue : Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control

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This special issue belongs to the section "<a href="/journal/sensors/sections/chemicalsensors">Chemical Sensors</a>".<span data-section-id="9"></span></p> <p style="padding:0.5em 0;"> <span class="si-deadline"> Deadline for manuscript submissions: <b>closed (31 December 2010)</b> | Viewed by 271582 </span> <br/> </p> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="sharingLinks"> <h2>Share This Special Issue</h2> <div class="social-media-links" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#ad928bccc0dd96ded8cfc7c8ced990ebdfc2c0889f9de0e9fde4889eec889f9d889f9fe9c4dfc8ced9889f9dccc3c9889f9de4c3c9c4dfc8ced9889f9dfec8c3dec4c3ca889f9dc2cb889f9de2c9c2df889f9dccc3c9889f9dfbe2eede889f9dccc3c9889f9df9c5c8c4df889f9deec2c3d9dfc2c18bdcd8c2d9968bccc0dd96cfc2c9d490feddc8cec4ccc1889f9de4deded8c8889f9df9c4d9c1c8889eec889f9de9c4dfc8ced9889f9dccc3c9889f9de4c3c9c4dfc8ced9889f9dfec8c3dec4c3ca889f9dc2cb889f9de2c9c2df889f9dccc3c9889f9dfbe2eede889f9dccc3c9889f9df9c5c8c4df889f9deec2c3d9dfc2c1889dec889decfac8cfdec4d9c8889eec889f9dc5d9d9ddde889eec889feb889febdadada83c0c9ddc483cec2c0889febdec4889feb9a959d889dec889decead8c8ded9889f9de8c9c4d9c2df889eec889dec889dece3ccc0c8889eec889f9dfddfc2cb83889f9de9df83889f9de6c480e5d4d8c3889f9de6c4c0889dececcbcbc4c1c4ccd9c4c2c3889eec889f9de9c8ddccdfd9c0c8c3d9889f9dc2cb889f9deec4dbc4c1889f9d889f9b889f9de8c3dbc4dfc2c3c0c8c3d9ccc1889f9de8c3cac4c3c8c8dfc4c3ca889fee889f9de5ccc3d4ccc3ca889f9df8c3c4dbc8dfdec4d9d4889fee889f9d9f9f9f889f9dfaccc3cadec4c0c3c480ffc2889fee889f9dfec8c2d8c1889f9d9d999a9b9e889fee889f9dffc8ddd8cfc1c4ce889f9dc2cb889f9de6c2dfc8cc889dec889dec" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Direct+and+Indirect+Sensing+of+Odor+and+VOCs+and+Their+Control&hashtags=mdpisensors&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2Fsi%2F780&via=Sensors_MDPI" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); 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air quality & environmental engineering; material engineering; coordination polymers; metal-organic frameworks (mofs)"> <div class="editor-div__content smaller-pictures"> <div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop230' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> <div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/data/editors/editor_230.png?1722230806" style= "width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name"> Prof. Dr. Ki-Hyun Kim </span></div></div> </div> <div id="profile-card-drop230" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="profile-card__title "> <div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/data/editors/editor_230.png?1722230806" style= "width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name"> Prof. Dr. Ki-Hyun Kim </span></div></div> </div> <div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/77936?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a> <a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Ki-Hyun%20Kim" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Ki-Hyun%20Kim&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ki-Hyun%20Kim" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a> </div> </div> <br class="show-for-small-only" /> <a title="Highly Cited - Clarivate Analytics (formerly Thomson Reuters) 2023, 2022, 2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href=" https://recognition.webofsciencegroup.com/awards/highly-cited/2020/ "> <i class="material-icons yellow-star">grade</i> </a> <a class="inline-spacer toEncode emailCaptcha" href="" data-editor-id="230">E-Mail</a> <a class="inline-spacer" href="http://civil.hanyang.ac.kr/eng/staff_view01.html?id_no=73&PHPSESSID=8320f1b708f5a15e2fe138bb30360252" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Website</a> <br/> <i>Guest Editor</i><br> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="editor-div__content smaller-pictures"> Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea<br> <b>Interests:</b> environmental & biomedical monitoring; air quality & environmental engineering; material engineering; coordination polymers; metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)<br> <a href="#" id="editor_contrib_230" onclick="div_toggle(this.id); return false;">Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals</a> <div id="div_editor_contrib_230" style="display: none"> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/odorous_compounds"> <i>Sensors</i>: Monitoring of Odorous Compounds in the Environment</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/toxic_metal"> <i>Sensors</i>: Sensing of Toxic and Hazardous Metals in Various Environmental Media</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/odor_detection"> <i>Sensors</i>: Odor Detection: Electronic Nose, Olfactometer, and Advanced Instrumentation</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/ssfso"> <i>Sensors</i>: Sensing of Scent, Fragrance, Smell, and Odor Emissions from Biota Sources</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/sensing-pollution"> <i>Sensors</i>: Modern Technologies for Sensing Pollution in Air, Water, and Soil</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/Materials_SensingApplications"> <i>Sensors</i>: The Use of New and/or Improved Materials for Sensing Applications</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/environments/special_issues/VOC"> <i>Environments</i>: Volatile Organic Compounds in Environment</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/environments/special_issues/odor"> <i>Environments</i>: Odor and VOCs: Human Perception, Sensing, and Treatment</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/MOFVSA"> <i>Sensors</i>: Metal-Organic Frameworks for Various Sensing Applications</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/applsci/special_issues/Advanced_or_Conventional_Materials_as_Sorbent"> <i>Applied Sciences</i>: Advanced or Conventional Materials as Sorbent</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/NEBM"> <i>Sensors</i>: Nanomaterials for Environmental and Biological Monitoring</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/applsci/special_issues/Conventional_Materials_as_Sorbent"> <i>Applied Sciences</i>: Advanced or Conventional Materials as Sorbent Ⅱ</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/nanomaterials/special_issues/mof_based"> <i>Nanomaterials</i>: MOF-Based Nanostructured Materials: Synthesis and Applications</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/SAHE6A0M7Q"> <i>Sensors</i>: Metal-Organic Frameworks Based Advanced Sensors for Pollutant Detection</a><br> Topics: <a href="/topics/Metals_Metal_Oxide">Synthesis and Applications of Nanostructured Metals and Metal Oxides</a><br> Topics: <a href="/topics/Advanced_Nanomaterials_for_Sensing">Advanced Nanomaterials for Sensing Applications</a><br> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2><a name="info"></a>Special Issue Information</h2> <div> <p>Dear Colleagues,</p> <p>In recent years, the frequency of odor and VOC pollution has been rising steadily to result in a change in our understanding of pollution in the urban environment. As a result, this type of pollution began to exert direct impacts on human health and nuisance at levels of pollution previously considered non-effective. More efforts are hence desirable to improve our application of sensing techniques to the detection and accurate evaluation of odorous compounds, characterization of odor pollution including human odor, and the direction of legislative and technical efforts to control various odorants. In this special issue, researchers are invited to present articles emphasizing more than one of the following subjects: (1) the measurement (sampling and/or sensing) techniques for odorants and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), (2) quantitative/qualitative analysis of human odor released from human body or excretion, and (3) legislative and/or technical efforts to control odor and VOCs in industry or livelihood facilities.</p> <p>Prof. Dr. Ki-Hyun Kim<br /> <em>Guest Editor</em></p> </div> <h2><a name="keywords"></a>Keywords</h2> <div><ul> <li>odor/VOC monitoring</li> <li>direct method</li> <li>indirect method</li> <li>malodor</li> <li>nuisance</li> <li>olfactory sensing</li> </ul></div> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><h2><a name="benefits"></a>Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue</h2> <ul> <li>Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.</li> <li>Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. 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return false;">Ok</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div style="clear: both"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item type-section" id=Research> <h2>Research</h2> <div style="margin-top: 15px;"> <p>Jump to: <a href="#Review">Review</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="12406" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 892 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/11/5/5270/pdf?version=1403315120" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="FT-IR-cPAS—New Photoacoustic Measurement Technique for Analysis of Hot Gases: A Case Study on VOCs" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/11/5/5270">FT-IR-cPAS—New Photoacoustic Measurement Technique for Analysis of Hot Gases: A Case Study on VOCs</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Christian Bernd Hirschmann</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Niina Susanna Koivikko</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jussi Raittila</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jussi Tenhunen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Satu Ojala</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Katariina Rahkamaa-Tolonen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ralf Marbach</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sarah Hirschmann</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Riitta Liisa Keiski</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2011</b>, <em>11</em>(5), 5270-5289; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505270">https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505270</a> - 16 May 2011 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/11/5/5270#metrics">Cited by 13</a> | Viewed by 12681 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This article describes a new photoacoustic FT-IR system capable of operating at elevated temperatures. The key hardware component is an optical-readout cantilever microphone that can work up to 200 °C. All parts in contact with the sample gas were put into a heated <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/5/5270/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This article describes a new photoacoustic FT-IR system capable of operating at elevated temperatures. The key hardware component is an optical-readout cantilever microphone that can work up to 200 °C. All parts in contact with the sample gas were put into a heated oven, incl. the photoacoustic cell. The sensitivity of the built photoacoustic system was tested by measuring 18 different VOCs. At 100 ppm gas concentration, the univariate signal to noise ratios (1σ, measurement time 25.5 min, at highest peak, optical resolution 8 cm<sup>−1</sup>) of the spectra varied from minimally 19 for o-xylene up to 329 for butyl acetate. The sensitivity can be improved by multivariate analyses over broad wavelength ranges, which effectively co-adds the univariate sensitivities achievable at individual wavelengths. The multivariate limit of detection (3σ, 8.5 min, full useful wavelength range), <em>i.e.</em>, the best possible inverse analytical sensitivity achievable at optimum calibration, was calculated using the SBC method and varied from 2.60 ppm for dichloromethane to 0.33 ppm for butyl acetate. Depending on the shape of the spectra, which often only contain a few sharp peaks, the multivariate analysis improved the analytical sensitivity by 2.2 to 9.2 times compared to the univariate case. Selectivity and multi component ability were tested by a SBC calibration including 5 VOCs and water. The average cross selectivities turned out to be less than 2% and the resulting inverse analytical sensitivities of the 5 interfering VOCs was increased by maximum factor of 2.2 compared to the single component sensitivities. Water subtraction using SBC gave the true analyte concentration with a variation coefficient of 3%, although the sample spectra (methyl ethyl ketone, 200 ppm) contained water from 1,400 to 100k ppm and for subtraction only one water spectra (10k ppm) was used. The developed device shows significant improvement to the current state-of-the-art measurement methods used in industrial VOC measurements. <a href="/1424-8220/11/5/5270">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/odor_sensing ">Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/5/5270/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev12406"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next12406"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next12406" data-cycle-prev="#prev12406" data-cycle-progressive="#images12406" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-12406-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-05270/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-05270-ag-1024.png?1431603389" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images12406" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-12406-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-05270/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-05270f1-1024.png?1403315121'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-12406-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-05270/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-05270f2-1024.png?1403315122'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-12406-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-05270/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-05270f3-1024.png?1403315124'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-12406-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-05270/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-05270f4-1024.png?1403315124'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-12406-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-05270/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-05270f5-1024.png?1403315124'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-12406-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-05270/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-05270f6-1024.png?1403315125'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-12406-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-05270/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-05270f7-1024.png?1403315125'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-12406-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-05270/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-05270f8-1024.png?1403315126'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-12406-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-05270/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-05270f9-1024.png?1403315128'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-12406-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-05270/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-05270-ag-1024.png?1431603389" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/5/5270'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-05270/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-05270f1-1024.png?1403315121" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Schematic set up of the VOC vapor generator.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/5/5270'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-05270/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-05270f2-1024.png?1403315122" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Complex background subtraction strategy at one, arbitrary wavenumber illustrated with vectors in the complex plain. The measured signal with analyte in the cell (grey) contains the signal from both analyte and cell. The measured signal from dry N<sub>2</sub> (red) only contains the signal from the cell. The desired pure analyte signal (blue) results from the complex background subtraction of the measured cell signal from the measured sample signal.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/5/5270'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-05270/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-05270f3-1024.png?1403315124" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the background subtraction performed as complex and magnitude as an example of toluene at 100 ppm. To make this figure well arranged, the result spectrum of the complex subtraction is plotted with an offset of +0.005 PAI and the result spectrum for the magnitude subtraction with +0.05 PAI.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/5/5270'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-05270/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-05270f4-1024.png?1403315124" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Two extreme cases for multivariate data analysis: spectra of perchloroethylene (PCE) and <span class="html-italic">p</span>-xylene. Perchloroethylene shows one fine absorption band, which does not gain that much from multivariate data analysis. <span class="html-italic">Vice versa</span>, <span class="html-italic">p</span>-xylene gains from multivariate analysis, because its spectrum has tiny but several absorption bands, from which one is relatively broad.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/5/5270'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-05270/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-05270f5-1024.png?1403315124" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Selectivity experiment: Spectra of the five VOCs and water.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/5/5270'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-05270/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-05270f6-1024.png?1403315125" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Selectivity experiment: b-vectors of the five calibrations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/5/5270'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-05270/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-05270f7-1024.png?1403315125" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Sample spectrum, b-vector and result calculation: A schematic demonstration. The upper graph shows the sample spectrum (analyte and interferent spectra plotted separate), in the middle the b-vector for the analyte acetone and the lower graph the resulting cumulative sum of the vector multiplication of b-vector and sample spectrum (accumulation starts from 500 cm<sup>−1</sup>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/5/5270'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-05270/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-05270f8-1024.png?1403315126" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Demonstration of water overlapping with the analyte: If the pure MEK sample (blue) contains water (green), the measured spectra will be the sum of both (red).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/5/5270'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-05270/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-05270f9-1024.png?1403315128" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Water subtraction experiment: MEK concentration was always 200 ppm while the water concentration were 1,400, 4,200, 12k, 35k and 100k ppm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/5/5270'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="12213" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 677 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/11/5/4609/pdf?version=1403314762" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="An Electronic-Nose Sensor Node Based on a Polymer-Coated Surface Acoustic Wave Array for Wireless Sensor Network Applications" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/11/5/4609">An Electronic-Nose Sensor Node Based on a Polymer-Coated Surface Acoustic Wave Array for Wireless Sensor Network Applications</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kea-Tiong Tang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Cheng-Han Li</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shih-Wen Chiu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2011</b>, <em>11</em>(5), 4609-4621; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s110504609">https://doi.org/10.3390/s110504609</a> - 28 Apr 2011 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/11/5/4609#metrics">Cited by 22</a> | Viewed by 10519 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study developed an electronic-nose sensor node based on a polymer-coated surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor array. The sensor node comprised an SAW sensor array, a frequency readout circuit, and an Octopus II wireless module. The sensor array was fabricated on a large <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/5/4609/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study developed an electronic-nose sensor node based on a polymer-coated surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor array. The sensor node comprised an SAW sensor array, a frequency readout circuit, and an Octopus II wireless module. The sensor array was fabricated on a large <em>K</em><sup>2</sup> 128° YX LiNbO3 sensing substrate. On the surface of this substrate, an interdigital transducer (IDT) was produced with a Cr<em>/</em>Au film as its metallic structure. A mixed-mode frequency readout application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) was fabricated using a TSMC 0.18 μm process. The ASIC output was connected to a wireless module to transmit sensor data to a base station for data storage and analysis. This sensor node is applicable for wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. <a href="/1424-8220/11/5/4609">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/odor_sensing ">Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/5/4609/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev12213"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next12213"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next12213" data-cycle-prev="#prev12213" data-cycle-progressive="#images12213" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-12213-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04609/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04609f1-1024.png?1403314762" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p></p></div><script id="images12213" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-12213-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04609/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04609f2-1024.png?1403314762'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-12213-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04609/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04609f3-1024.png?1403314764'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-12213-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04609/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04609f4-1024.png?1403314766'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-12213-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04609/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04609f5-1024.png?1403314766'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-12213-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04609/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04609f6-1024.png?1403314766'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-12213-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04609/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04609f7-1024.png?1403314768'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-12213-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04609/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04609f8-1024.png?1403314769'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-12213-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04609/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04609f9-1024.png?1403314771'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-12213-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04609/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04609f1-1024.png?1403314762" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Block diagram of SAW sensor node.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/5/4609'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04609/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04609f2-1024.png?1403314762" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p><b>(A)</b> The SAW device was fabricated using the standard photolithography process. <b>(B)</b> An enlarged optical image of interdigital transducers (IDTs). <b>(C)</b> Optical image of the SAW chip.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/5/4609'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04609/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04609f3-1024.png?1403314764" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p><b>(A)</b> The schematic array circuit and <b>(B)</b> The photo of a SAW array with 2 × 2 non-continuous working oscillators and SAW chips.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/5/4609'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04609/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04609f4-1024.png?1403314766" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Seven polymer formulas selected as the sensitive films.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/5/4609'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04609/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04609f5-1024.png?1403314766" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Block diagram of the mixed-signal interface chip.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/5/4609'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04609/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04609f6-1024.png?1403314766" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Schematic of digital frequency readout circuit.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/5/4609'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04609/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04609f7-1024.png?1403314768" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Gas experimental setup.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/5/4609'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04609/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04609f8-1024.png?1403314769" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Typical sensor response (gas: ethanol, membrane: PNVP).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/5/4609'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04609/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04609f9-1024.png?1403314771" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Die photo of this low-power mixed-signal SAW interface ASIC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/5/4609'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="11965" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 381 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/11/4/4060/pdf?version=1403314619" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Bromocresol Green/Mesoporous Silica Adsorbent for Ammonia Gas Sensing via an Optical Sensing Instrument" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/11/4/4060">Bromocresol Green/Mesoporous Silica Adsorbent for Ammonia Gas Sensing via an Optical Sensing Instrument</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yu-Chang Chang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hsunling Bai</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shou-Nan Li</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chun-Nan Kuo</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2011</b>, <em>11</em>(4), 4060-4072; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s110404060">https://doi.org/10.3390/s110404060</a> - 6 Apr 2011 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/11/4/4060#metrics">Cited by 51</a> | Viewed by 12386 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> A meso-structured Al-MCM-41 material was impregnated with bromocresol green (BG) dye and then incorporated into a UV-Vis DRA spectroscopic instrument for the online detection of ammonia gas. The absorption response of the Al-MCM-41/BG ammonia sensing material was very sensitive at the optical absorption <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/4/4060/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> A meso-structured Al-MCM-41 material was impregnated with bromocresol green (BG) dye and then incorporated into a UV-Vis DRA spectroscopic instrument for the online detection of ammonia gas. The absorption response of the Al-MCM-41/BG ammonia sensing material was very sensitive at the optical absorption wavelength of 630 nm. A high linear correlation was achieved for ppmv and sub-ppmv levels of ammonia gas. The response time for the quantitative detection of ammonia gas concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 2.0 ppmv was only a few minutes. The lower detection limit achieved was 0.185 ppmv. The color change process was fully reversible during tens of cycling tests. These features together make this mesoporous Al-MCM-41 material very promising for optical sensing applications. <a href="/1424-8220/11/4/4060">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/odor_sensing ">Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/4/4060/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev11965"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next11965"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next11965" data-cycle-prev="#prev11965" data-cycle-progressive="#images11965" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-11965-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04060/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04060-ag-1024.png?1431602986" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images11965" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-11965-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04060/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04060f1-1024.png?1403314620'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-11965-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04060/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04060f2-1024.png?1403314620'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-11965-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04060/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04060f3-1024.png?1403314620'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-11965-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04060/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04060f4-1024.png?1403314620'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-11965-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04060/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04060f5-1024.png?1403314620'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-11965-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04060/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04060f6-1024.png?1403314620'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-11965-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04060/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04060f7-1024.png?1403314620'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-11965-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04060/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04060f8-1024.png?1403314620'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-11965-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04060/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04060f9-1024.png?1403314620'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-11965-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04060/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04060-ag-1024.png?1431602986" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/4/4060'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04060/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04060f1-1024.png?1403314620" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of a UV-Vis DRA spectroscopic instrument for NH<sub>3</sub> sensing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/4/4060'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04060/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04060f2-1024.png?1403314620" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Powder X-ray diffraction pattern of Al-MCM-41(50) and dye impregnated Al-MCM-41(50)/BG.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/4/4060'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04060/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04060f3-1024.png?1403314620" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p><b>N</b>itrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms of dye impregnated Al-MCM-41(50).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/4/4060'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04060/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04060f4-1024.png?1403314620" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Transmission electron micrographs of dye-impregnated Al-MCM-41(50).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/4/4060'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04060/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04060f5-1024.png?1403314620" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>UV-Vis Spectrograms of Al-MCM-41(50)/BG as time proceeded for adsorbing NH<sub>3</sub>. The ammonia gas concentration was 5 ppmv.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/4/4060'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04060/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04060f6-1024.png?1403314620" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Time response on the absorbance difference of the Al-MCM-41(50)/BG for monitoring 4.3 ppmv NH<sub>3</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/4/4060'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04060/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04060f7-1024.png?1403314620" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Reversibility tests of the Al-MCM-41(50)/BG material in the absorbance difference for sensing 1.0 ppmv NH<sub>3</sub> after 20 min of NH<sub>3</sub> adsorption.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/4/4060'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04060/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04060f8-1024.png?1403314620" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Calibration curve of the Al-MCM-41(50)/BG for sensing sub-ppmv of NH<sub>3</sub> gas concentration. The test time was 5 min for all NH<sub>3</sub> concentrations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/4/4060'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04060/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04060f9-1024.png?1403314620" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the correlation coefficient (R) as a function of NH<sub>3</sub> sensing time using different amounts of Al-MCM-41(50)/BG materials.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/4/4060'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="11964" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 290 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/11/4/4043/pdf?version=1403314619" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Detection, Composition and Treatment of Volatile Organic Compounds from Waste Treatment Plants" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/11/4/4043">Detection, Composition and Treatment of Volatile Organic Compounds from Waste Treatment Plants</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xavier Font</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Adriana Artola</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Antoni Sánchez</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2011</b>, <em>11</em>(4), 4043-4059; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s110404043">https://doi.org/10.3390/s110404043</a> - 6 Apr 2011 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/11/4/4043#metrics">Cited by 63</a> | Viewed by 14785 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Environmental policies at the European and global level support the diversion of wastes from landfills for their treatment in different facilities. Organic waste is mainly treated or valorized through composting, anaerobic digestion or a combination of both treatments. Thus, there are an increasing <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/4/4043/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Environmental policies at the European and global level support the diversion of wastes from landfills for their treatment in different facilities. Organic waste is mainly treated or valorized through composting, anaerobic digestion or a combination of both treatments. Thus, there are an increasing number of waste treatment plants using this type of biological treatment. During waste handling and biological decomposition steps a number of gaseous compounds are generated or removed from the organic matrix and emitted. Different families of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) can be found in these emissions. Many of these compounds are also sources of odor nuisance. In fact, odors are the main source of complaints and social impacts of any waste treatment plant. This work presents a summary of the main types of VOC emitted in organic waste treatment facilities and the methods used to detect and quantify these compounds, together with the treatment methods applied to gaseous emissions commonly used in composting and anaerobic digestion facilities. <a href="/1424-8220/11/4/4043">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/odor_sensing ">Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/4/4043/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev11964"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next11964"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next11964" data-cycle-prev="#prev11964" data-cycle-progressive="#images11964" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-11964-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04043/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04043-ag-1024.png?1431602985" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images11964" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-11964-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04043/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04043f1-1024.png?1403314619'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-11964-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04043/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04043-ag-1024.png?1431602985" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/4/4043'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-04043/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-04043f1-1024.png?1403314619" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Scheme of a biofilter.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/4/4043'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="11839" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 291 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/11/4/3667/pdf?version=1403314563" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Hedonic Judgments of Chemical Compounds Are Correlated with Molecular Size" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/11/4/3667">Hedonic Judgments of Chemical Compounds Are Correlated with Molecular Size</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Manuel Zarzo</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2011</b>, <em>11</em>(4), 3667-3686; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s110403667">https://doi.org/10.3390/s110403667</a> - 25 Mar 2011 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/11/4/3667#metrics">Cited by 45</a> | Viewed by 10519 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Different psychophysical works have reported that, when a wide range of odors is assessed, the hedonic dimension is the most salient. Hence, pleasantness is the most basic attribute of odor perception. Recent studies suggest that the molecular size of a given odorant is <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/4/3667/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Different psychophysical works have reported that, when a wide range of odors is assessed, the hedonic dimension is the most salient. Hence, pleasantness is the most basic attribute of odor perception. Recent studies suggest that the molecular size of a given odorant is positively correlated with its hedonic character. This correlation was confirmed in the present study, but further basic molecular features affecting pleasantness were identified by means of multiple linear regression for the compounds contained in five chemical sets. For three of them, hedonic judgments are available in the literature. For a further two chemical sets, hedonic scores were estimated from odor character descriptions based on numerical profiles. Generally speaking, fairly similar equations were obtained for the prediction of hedonic judgments in the five chemical sets, with R<sup>2</sup> values ranging from 0.46 to 0.71. The results suggest that larger molecules containing oxygen are more likely to be perceived as pleasant, while the opposite applies to carboxylic acids and sulfur compounds. <a href="/1424-8220/11/4/3667">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/odor_sensing ">Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/4/3667/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev11839"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next11839"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next11839" data-cycle-prev="#prev11839" data-cycle-progressive="#images11839" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-11839-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-03667/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-03667-ag-1024.png?1431602959" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images11839" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-11839-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-03667/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-03667f1-1024.png?1403314563'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-11839-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-03667/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-03667f2-1024.png?1403314563'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-11839-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-03667/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-03667-ag-1024.png?1431602959" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/4/3667'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-03667/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-03667f1-1024.png?1403314563" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Plot of fitted regression analysis of p<sub>1</sub> (loadings in the formation of the first principal component of Dravnieks’ Atlas) <span class="html-italic">versus</span> HT<sub>D84</sub> (hedonic tones proposed by [<a href="#b34-sensors-11-03667" class="html-bibr">34</a>]). The fitted curve corresponds to <a href="#FD4" class="html-disp-formula">Equation (4)</a>. The four highest residuals (filled points) are moderate outliers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/4/3667'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-03667/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-03667f2-1024.png?1403314563" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Results from the PCA performed with the database obtained by Amoore and Venstrom [<a href="#b39-sensors-11-03667" class="html-bibr">39</a>]. Prior to the analysis, variables were transformed for normality, and then mean-centered and scaled to unit variance. <b>(A)</b> Loading plot (p<sub>2</sub> <span class="html-italic">vs.</span> p<sub>1</sub>) and <b>(B)</b> score plot (t<sub>2</sub> <span class="html-italic">vs.</span> t<sub>1</sub>) for the first and second principal components. White squares represent the samples that were described with highest scores as floral, and so on, according to the caption (the pungent category does not appear because none of the samples was primarily described as pungent).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/4/3667'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="11727" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 291 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/11/3/3267/pdf?version=1403314494" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Optical Sensor for Diverse Organic Vapors at ppm Concentration Ranges" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/11/3/3267">Optical Sensor for Diverse Organic Vapors at ppm Concentration Ranges</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>J. Christopher Thomas</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>John E. Trend</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Neal A. Rakow</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Michael S. Wendland</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Richard J. Poirier</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dora M. Paolucci</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2011</b>, <em>11</em>(3), 3267-3280; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s110303267">https://doi.org/10.3390/s110303267</a> - 17 Mar 2011 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/11/3/3267#metrics">Cited by 27</a> | Viewed by 11265 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> A broadly responsive optical organic vapor sensor is described that responds to low concentrations of organic vapors without significant interference from water vapor. Responses to several classes of organic vapors are highlighted, and trends within classes are presented. The relationship between molecular properties <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/3/3267/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> A broadly responsive optical organic vapor sensor is described that responds to low concentrations of organic vapors without significant interference from water vapor. Responses to several classes of organic vapors are highlighted, and trends within classes are presented. The relationship between molecular properties (vapor pressure, boiling point, polarizability, and refractive index) and sensor response are discussed. <a href="/1424-8220/11/3/3267">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/odor_sensing ">Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/3/3267/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev11727"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next11727"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next11727" data-cycle-prev="#prev11727" data-cycle-progressive="#images11727" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-11727-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-03267/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-03267f1-1024.png?1403314494" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p></p></div><script id="images11727" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-11727-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-03267/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-03267f2-1024.png?1403314494'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-11727-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-03267/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-03267f3-1024.png?1403314494'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-11727-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-03267/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-03267f4-1024.png?1403314494'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-11727-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-03267/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-03267f5-1024.png?1403314494'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-11727-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-03267/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-03267f6-1024.png?1403314494'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-11727-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-03267/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-03267f7-1024.png?1403314495'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-11727-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-03267/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-03267f8-1024.png?1403314495'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-11727-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-03267/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-03267f9-1024.png?1403314495'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-11727-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-03267/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-03267f1-1024.png?1403314494" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p><b>(a)</b> Optical indicator construction: a microporous dielectric material is sandwiched between two reflective layers to create a reflective interference filter. The bottom layer is made permeable to organic vapors. Values of <b><span class="html-italic">λ<sub>max</sub></span></b> for which constructive interference occurs are shown in the equation. <b>(b)</b> A thin film of intrinsically-microporous polymer (PIM-1) depicted constitutes the microporous layer in the sensor.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/3/3267'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-03267/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-03267f2-1024.png?1403314494" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Example of linearization of data for m-xylene, demonstrating the absence of simple Langmuir behavior.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/3/3267'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-03267/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-03267f3-1024.png?1403314494" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Example of linearization of data for 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, showing closer adherence to simple Langmuir behavior.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/3/3267'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-03267/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-03267f4-1024.png?1403314494" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Response of current sensor to increasing relative humidities depicting a Type III isotherm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/3/3267'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-03267/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-03267f5-1024.png?1403314494" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Response of sensor to linear hydrocarbons at various concentrations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/3/3267'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-03267/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-03267f6-1024.png?1403314494" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Response of sensor to aromatic hydrocarbons at various concentrations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/3/3267'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-03267/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-03267f7-1024.png?1403314495" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Response of sensor to alcohols at various concentrations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/3/3267'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-03267/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-03267f8-1024.png?1403314495" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Response of sensor to ketones at various concentrations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/3/3267'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-03267/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-03267f9-1024.png?1403314495" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Response of sensor to acetates at various concentrations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/3/3267'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="11605" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 266 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/11/3/2992/pdf?version=1403314443" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Gas-to-Particle Conversion in Surface Discharge Nonthermal Plasmas and Its Implications for Atmospheric Chemistry" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/11/3/2992">Gas-to-Particle Conversion in Surface Discharge Nonthermal Plasmas and Its Implications for Atmospheric Chemistry</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hyun-Ha Kim</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Atsushi Ogata</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2011</b>, <em>11</em>(3), 2992-3003; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s110302992">https://doi.org/10.3390/s110302992</a> - 7 Mar 2011 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/11/3/2992#metrics">Cited by 11</a> | Viewed by 8362 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This paper presents some experimental data on gas-to-particle conversion of benzene using nonthermal plasma (NTP) technology and discusses the possibility of its technical application in atmospheric chemistry. Aerosol measurement using a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) revealed that the parts of benzene molecules were <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/3/2992/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This paper presents some experimental data on gas-to-particle conversion of benzene using nonthermal plasma (NTP) technology and discusses the possibility of its technical application in atmospheric chemistry. Aerosol measurement using a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) revealed that the parts of benzene molecules were converted into a nanometer-sized aerosol. Aerosol formation was found to be highly related with the missing part in carbon balance. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the aerosols formed in synthetic humid air are the collection of nanoparticles. The carbonyl band (C=O) was found to be an important chemical constituent in the aerosol. The potential of the NTP as an accelerated test tool in studying secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from VOCs will be also addressed. <a href="/1424-8220/11/3/2992">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/odor_sensing ">Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/3/2992/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev11605"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next11605"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next11605" data-cycle-prev="#prev11605" data-cycle-progressive="#images11605" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-11605-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02992/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02992f1-1024.png?1403314444" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p></p></div><script id="images11605" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-11605-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02992/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02992f2-1024.png?1403314444'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-11605-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02992/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02992f3-1024.png?1403314444'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-11605-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02992/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02992f4-1024.png?1403314444'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-11605-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02992/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02992f5-1024.png?1403314444'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-11605-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02992/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02992f6-1024.png?1403314444'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-11605-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02992/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02992f1-1024.png?1403314444" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of the experimental setup <b>(a)</b> and differential mobility analyzer (DMA) and Faraday cup (FC) for aerosol measurement <b>(b)</b>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/3/2992'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02992/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02992f2-1024.png?1403314444" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Benzene removal in the surface discharge plasma reactor; <b>(a)</b> removal efficiency, <b>(b)</b> carbon balance.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/3/2992'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02992/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02992f3-1024.png?1403314444" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Size distribution of aerosol according to specific input energy to the plasma reactor. (204 ppm benzene in humid air).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/3/2992'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02992/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02992f4-1024.png?1403314444" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Influence of benzene concentration on the number concentration of aerosols (humid air). The figures in parentheses indicate the peak size.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/3/2992'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02992/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02992f5-1024.png?1403314444" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>FE-SEM photos of the aerosol; <b>(a)</b> and <b>(b)</b> humid air, <b>(c)</b> and <b>(d)</b> humid N<sub>2</sub>. Benzene concentration was about 250 ppmv.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/3/2992'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02992/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02992f6-1024.png?1403314444" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Chemical analysis of aerosol using DRIFT spectrometer; <b>(a)</b> in air <b>(b)</b> in N<sub>2</sub>. Benzene concentration was about 250 ppmv.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/3/2992'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="11302" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 757 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/11/2/2129/pdf?version=1403314308" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Olfaction and Hearing Based Mobile Robot Navigation for Odor/Sound Source Search" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/11/2/2129">Olfaction and Hearing Based Mobile Robot Navigation for Odor/Sound Source Search</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kai Song</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qi Liu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qi Wang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2011</b>, <em>11</em>(2), 2129-2154; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s110202129">https://doi.org/10.3390/s110202129</a> - 11 Feb 2011 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/11/2/2129#metrics">Cited by 30</a> | Viewed by 13075 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Bionic technology provides a new elicitation for mobile robot navigation since it explores the way to imitate biological senses. In the present study, the challenging problem was how to fuse different biological senses and guide distributed robots to cooperate with each other for <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/2/2129/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Bionic technology provides a new elicitation for mobile robot navigation since it explores the way to imitate biological senses. In the present study, the challenging problem was how to fuse different biological senses and guide distributed robots to cooperate with each other for target searching. This paper integrates smell, hearing and touch to design an odor/sound tracking multi-robot system. The olfactory robot tracks the chemical odor plume step by step through information fusion from gas sensors and airflow sensors, while two hearing robots localize the sound source by time delay estimation (TDE) and the geometrical position of microphone array. Furthermore, this paper presents a heading direction based mobile robot navigation algorithm, by which the robot can automatically and stably adjust its velocity and direction according to the deviation between the current heading direction measured by magnetoresistive sensor and the expected heading direction acquired through the odor/sound localization strategies. Simultaneously, one robot can communicate with the other robots via a wireless sensor network (WSN). Experimental results show that the olfactory robot can pinpoint the odor source within the distance of 2 m, while two hearing robots can quickly localize and track the olfactory robot in 2 min. The devised multi-robot system can achieve target search with a considerable success ratio and high stability. <a href="/1424-8220/11/2/2129">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/odor_sensing ">Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/2/2129/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev11302"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next11302"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next11302" data-cycle-prev="#prev11302" data-cycle-progressive="#images11302" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-11302-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02129/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02129-ag-1024.png?1431602842" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images11302" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-11302-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02129/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02129f1-1024.png?1403314308'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-11302-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02129/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02129f2-1024.png?1403314309'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-11302-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02129/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02129f3-1024.png?1403314309'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-11302-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02129/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02129f4-1024.png?1403314310'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-11302-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02129/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02129f5-1024.png?1403314310'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-11302-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02129/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02129f6-1024.png?1403314311'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-11302-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02129/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02129f7-1024.png?1403314312'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-11302-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02129/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02129f8-1024.png?1403314312'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-11302-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02129/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02129f9-1024.png?1403314312'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-11302-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02129/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02129-ag-1024.png?1431602842" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/2/2129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02129/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02129f1-1024.png?1403314308" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of multi-robot system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/2/2129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02129/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02129f2-1024.png?1403314309" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Photograph of olfactory robot.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/2/2129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02129/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02129f3-1024.png?1403314309" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Concentration gradient curves of plume model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/2/2129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02129/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02129f4-1024.png?1403314310" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Block diagram of multi-sensor fusion step-by step search algorithm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/2/2129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02129/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02129f5-1024.png?1403314310" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Photograph of hearing robot.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/2/2129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02129/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02129f6-1024.png?1403314311" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Flowchart of TDE.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/2/2129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02129/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02129f7-1024.png?1403314312" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Geometry relations among M<sub>i</sub>, M<sub>j</sub> and S.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/2/2129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02129/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02129f8-1024.png?1403314312" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Closed-loop control diagram of hearing robot for sound search.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/2/2129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-02129/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-02129f9-1024.png?1403314312" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Photograph of the experimental environment.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/2/2129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="11128" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 335 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/11/2/1405/pdf?version=1403314156" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Averaging Effect of Odorant Mixing as Determined by Air Dilution Sensory Tests: A Case Study on Reduced Sulfur Compounds" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/11/2/1405">The Averaging Effect of Odorant Mixing as Determined by Air Dilution Sensory Tests: A Case Study on Reduced Sulfur Compounds</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ki-Hyun Kim</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2011</b>, <em>11</em>(2), 1405-1417; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s110201405">https://doi.org/10.3390/s110201405</a> - 26 Jan 2011 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/11/2/1405#metrics">Cited by 41</a> | Viewed by 9559 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> To learn more about the effects of mixing different odorants, a series of air dilution sensory (ADS) tests were conducted using four reduced sulfur compounds [RSC: hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S), methanethiol (CH<sub>3</sub>SH), dimethylsulfide (DMS), and dimethyldisulfide (DMDS)] at varying concentration <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/2/1405/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> To learn more about the effects of mixing different odorants, a series of air dilution sensory (ADS) tests were conducted using four reduced sulfur compounds [RSC: hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S), methanethiol (CH<sub>3</sub>SH), dimethylsulfide (DMS), and dimethyldisulfide (DMDS)] at varying concentration levels. The tests were initially conducted by analyzing samples containing single individual RSCs at a wide range of concentrations. The resulting data were then evaluated to define the empirical relationship for each RSC between the dilution-to-threshold (D/T) ratio and odor intensity (OI) scaling. Based on the relationships defined for each individual RSC, the D/T ratios were estimated for a synthetic mixture of four RSCs. The effect of mixing was then examined by assessing the relative contribution of each RSC to those estimates with the aid of the actually measured D/T values. This stepwise test confirmed that the odor intensity of the synthetic mixture is not governed by the common theoretical basis (e.g., rule of additivity, synergism, or a stronger component model) but is best represented by the averaged contribution of all RSC components. The overall results of this study thus suggest that the mixing phenomenon between odorants with similar chemical properties (like RSC family) can be characterized by the averaging effect of all participants. <a href="/1424-8220/11/2/1405">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/odor_sensing ">Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/2/1405/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev11128"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next11128"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next11128" data-cycle-prev="#prev11128" data-cycle-progressive="#images11128" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-11128-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-01405/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-01405f1-1024.png?1403314156" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p></p></div><script id="images11128" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-11128-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-01405/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-01405f2-1024.png?1403314156'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-11128-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-01405/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-01405f3-1024.png?1403314156'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-11128-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-01405/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-01405f1-1024.png?1403314156" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Schematic of the two-stage approaches for the comparison of D/T ratios between measured and predicted values.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/2/1405'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-01405/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-01405f2-1024.png?1403314156" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Relationship between odor intensity [by equations in <a href="#t2-sensors-11-01405" class="html-table">Table 2(A)</a> and the measured D/T ratio of 4 reduced sulfur compounds (RSCs)].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/2/1405'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-01405/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-01405f3-1024.png?1403314156" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Correlation analysis of log (D/T) values between measured values of log (M<sub>4</sub>) and 4 types of statistical derivatives with prime symbol (M<sub>4</sub>’).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/2/1405'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="10976" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 721 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/11/1/949/pdf?version=1403314098" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Characterization of Carbonyl Compounds in the Ambient Air of an Industrial City in Korea" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/11/1/949">Characterization of Carbonyl Compounds in the Ambient Air of an Industrial City in Korea</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Young-Kyo Seo</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sung-Ok Baek</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2011</b>, <em>11</em>(1), 949-963; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s110100949">https://doi.org/10.3390/s110100949</a> - 17 Jan 2011 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/11/1/949#metrics">Cited by 22</a> | Viewed by 10076 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The purpose of this study was to characterize spatial and temporal variations of carbonyl compounds in Gumi city, where a number of large electronic-industrial complexes are located. Carbonyl samples were collected at five sites in the Gumi area: three industrial, one commercial, and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/1/949/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The purpose of this study was to characterize spatial and temporal variations of carbonyl compounds in Gumi city, where a number of large electronic-industrial complexes are located. Carbonyl samples were collected at five sites in the Gumi area: three industrial, one commercial, and one residential area. Sampling was carried out throughout a year from December 2003 to November 2004. At one industrial site, samples were taken every six days, while those of the other sites were for seven consecutive days in every season. Each sample was collected for 150 minutes and at intervals of three times a day (morning, afternoon, and evening). A total of 476 samples were analyzed to determine 15 carbonyl compounds by the USEPA TO-11A (DNPH-cartridge/HPLC) method. In general, acetaldehyde appeared to be the most abundant compound, followed by formaldehyde, and acetone+acrolein. Mean concentrations of acetaldehyde were two to three times higher in the industrial sites than in the other sites, with its maximum of 77.7 ppb. In contrast, ambient levels of formaldehyde did not show any significant difference between the industrial and non-industrial groups. Its concentrations peaked in summer probably due to the enhanced volatilization and photochemical reactivity. These results indicate significant emission sources of acetaldehyde in the Gumi industrial complexes. Mean concentrations of organic solvents (such as acetone+acrolein and methyl ethyl ketone) were also significantly high in industrial areas. In conclusion, major sources of carbonyl compounds, including acetaldehyde, are strongly associated with industrial activities in the Gumi city area. <a href="/1424-8220/11/1/949">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/odor_sensing ">Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/1/949/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev10976"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next10976"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next10976" data-cycle-prev="#prev10976" data-cycle-progressive="#images10976" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-10976-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-00949/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-00949f1-1024.png?1403314098" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p></p></div><script id="images10976" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-10976-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-00949/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-00949f2-1024.png?1403314099'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-10976-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-00949/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-00949f3-1024.png?1403314099'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-10976-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-00949/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-00949f1-1024.png?1403314098" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Locations of Gumi city and five sampling sites in the city.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/1/949'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-00949/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-00949f2-1024.png?1403314099" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Comparison of concentration distributions for each sampling site; GD: the 1st industrial site; GP: the 2nd industrial site; IN: the 3rd industrial site; WP: commercial site; HG: residential site.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/1/949'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-00949/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-00949f3-1024.png?1403314099" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Seasonal concentrations of carbonyl compounds in the 1st industrial site.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/1/949'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="10958" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-10958" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-10958" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-10958" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/1424-8220/11/1/886/s1?version=1403314091"> Supplementary File 1 (PDF, 489 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 762 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/11/1/886/pdf?version=1403314091" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Porphyrin-Embedded Silicate Materials for Detection of Hydrocarbon Solvents" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/11/1/886">Porphyrin-Embedded Silicate Materials for Detection of Hydrocarbon Solvents</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Brandy J. Johnson</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nicole E. Anderson</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paul T. Charles</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anthony P. Malanoski</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Brian J. Melde</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mansoor Nasir</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jeffrey R. Deschamps</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2011</b>, <em>11</em>(1), 886-904; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s110100886">https://doi.org/10.3390/s110100886</a> - 14 Jan 2011 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/11/1/886#metrics">Cited by 30</a> | Viewed by 12144 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The development of porphyrin-embedded mesoporous organosilicate materials for application to the detection of volatile hydrocarbon solvents is described. Design of the receptor and optical indicator construct begins with parallel selection of the porphyrin indicator and design of the mesoporous sorbent. For the porphyrin <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/1/886/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The development of porphyrin-embedded mesoporous organosilicate materials for application to the detection of volatile hydrocarbon solvents is described. Design of the receptor and optical indicator construct begins with parallel selection of the porphyrin indicator and design of the mesoporous sorbent. For the porphyrin indicator, high binding affinity and strong changes in spectrophotometric character upon target interaction are desired. The sorbent should provide high target binding capacity and rapid binding kinetics. A number of porphyrin/metalloporphyrin variants and organosilicate sorbents were evaluated to determine the characteristics of their interaction with the targets, benzene, toluene, and hexane. The selected porphyrin candidates were covalently immobilized within a benzene-bridged sorbent. This construct was applied to the detection of targets using both fluorescence- and reflectance-based protocols. The use of red, green, and blue (RGB) color values from the constructs in a highly simplified detection scheme is described. <a href="/1424-8220/11/1/886">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/odor_sensing ">Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/1/886/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev10958"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next10958"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next10958" data-cycle-prev="#prev10958" data-cycle-progressive="#images10958" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-10958-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-00886/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-00886-ag-1024.png?1431602751" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images10958" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-10958-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-00886/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-00886f1-1024.png?1403314091'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-10958-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-00886/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-00886f2-1024.png?1403314091'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-10958-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-00886/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-00886f3-1024.png?1403314091'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-10958-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-00886/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-00886f4-1024.png?1403314091'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-10958-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-00886/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-00886f5-1024.png?1403314091'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-10958-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-00886/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-00886f6-1024.png?1403314093'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-10958-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-00886/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-00886f7-1024.png?1403314093'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-10958-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-00886/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-00886f8-1024.png?1403314093'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-10958-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-00886/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-00886-ag-1024.png?1431602751" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/1/886'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-00886/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-00886f1-1024.png?1403314091" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Structures of the porphyrin parent compound and those porphyrins used in the presented studies; from left to right: porphine; 5-mono(4-carboxyphenyl)-10, 15,20-triphenyl porphine (C<sub>1</sub>TPP); meso-tri(4-sulfonatophenyl)mono(4-carboxyphenyl) porphine (C<sub>1</sub>S<sub>3</sub>TPP); and meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl) porphine (C<sub>4</sub>TPP). Metal complex formation occurs through interaction of the central nitrogen atoms indicated here with an ‘X’.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/1/886'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-00886/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-00886f2-1024.png?1403314091" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Synthesis of organosilicate sorbents.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/1/886'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-00886/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-00886f3-1024.png?1403314091" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Structural characterization. Panel A, nitrogen sorption isotherms (BP2 offset by 325 cm<sup>3</sup>/g). Panel B, pore size distributions. Panel C, XRD spectra. B100 (blue), BP2 (red), OTS (black).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/1/886'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-00886/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-00886f4-1024.png?1403314091" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Binding kinetics from vapor phase. Shown here are the kinetics of benzene binding for each of the organosilicate materials. Benzene (53 mg) was allowed to diffuse within a volume of 125 mL for the indicated time (20 °C). Panel A, B100 (black), OTS (red), and BP2 (gray). Panel B, DEB (orange), Ph1 (green), PhE1 (blue), and TM1 (purple).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/1/886'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-00886/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-00886f5-1024.png?1403314091" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Changes in the porphyrin absorbance characteristics upon interaction with targets. Panel A, absorbance spectra of MnC<sub>1</sub>TPP (4 μM) in the absence (black) and presence of benzene (red), toluene (blue), and hexanes (green) (200 mM, in 95% methanol). Panel B, difference spectra calculated as post-exposure minus pre-exposure absorbance from Panel A. In this spectrum, the distance between the peak position and the trough position (Δλ) and the difference between the peak height and the trough depth (ΔI) are indicated for the benzene interaction. Panel C, difference spectra resulting from the exposure of ZnC<sub>4</sub>TPP (3.3 μM) to varying concentrations of toluene. Panel D, concentration dependence of the interaction between ZnC<sub>4</sub>TPP and the three targets. Results for additional metalloporphyrins are provided in <a href="#SD1" class="html-supplementary-material">Supporting Information, Figure S3</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/1/886'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-00886/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-00886f6-1024.png?1403314093" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Interaction of targets with FeC<sub>1</sub>TPP-embedded B100. Panel A, fluorescence excitation and emission spectra for the FeC<sub>1</sub>TPP-embedded B100 material (2 mg) in the absence (blue) and presence of 3.5 mg (gray), 5.3 mg (black), and 12 mg (red) benzene. Panel B, difference fluorescence spectra for exposure of the material to benzene. Panel C, binding isotherms for the interaction of FeC<sub>1</sub>TPP-embedded B100 with benzene (425 and 414 nm) and hexanes (417 and 415 nm) based on the peak/trough difference in intensity. Results for additional metalloporphyrins are provided in <a href="#SD1" class="html-supplementary-material">Supporting Information, Figures S4</a> through <a href="#SD1" class="html-supplementary-material">S9</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/1/886'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-00886/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-00886f7-1024.png?1403314093" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Interaction of FeC<sub>1</sub>TPP-embedded B100 with targets. Shown here are scanner images of the material following exposure to varying concentrations of benzene. Also shown are simulated images generated based on average RGB values for FeC<sub>1</sub>TPP-embedded B100 following exposure to varying target concentrations and the dependence of RGB image color values on target concentration for the interaction of benzene with FeC1TPP-embedded B100 (red circles = R, blue triangles = B, green squares = G). Complete data for other materials/targets is presented in the <a href="#SD1" class="html-supplementary-material">Supporting Information, Figures S4</a> through <a href="#SD1" class="html-supplementary-material">S9</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/1/886'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-11-00886/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-11-00886f8-1024.png?1403314093" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Reflectance spectra. Shown here are the reflectance spectra generated for MnC<sub>4</sub>TPP-embedded B100 (black, Panel A) and C<sub>1</sub>TPP-embedded B100 (black, Panel B) from the RGB values using the algorithm. Also shown are the spectra observed following exposure (2.4 g/g) of the materials to benzene (red), toluene (blue), and hexane (green). Panel C shows the change in the reflectance spectrum for FeC<sub>1</sub>TPP-embedded B100 as the concentration of benzene is increased from 0 to 2.4 g/g. Panel D presents difference spectra to highlight the variations specific to each target (benzene (red), toluene (blue), and hexane (green)) on interaction with C<sub>1</sub>TPP-embedded B100. Complete reflectance spectra sets for other materials/targets are presented in the <a href="#SD1" class="html-supplementary-material">Supporting Information, Figures S11</a> to <a href="#SD1" class="html-supplementary-material">S16</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/11/1/886'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="10276" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 480 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/10/11/10467/pdf?version=1403313301" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Local Weighted Nearest Neighbor Algorithm and a Weighted and Constrained Least-Squared Method for Mixed Odor Analysis by Electronic Nose Systems" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/10/11/10467">A Local Weighted Nearest Neighbor Algorithm and a Weighted and Constrained Least-Squared Method for Mixed Odor Analysis by Electronic Nose Systems</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kea-Tiong Tang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yi-Shan Lin</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jyuo-Min Shyu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2010</b>, <em>10</em>(11), 10467-10483; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s101110467">https://doi.org/10.3390/s101110467</a> - 18 Nov 2010 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/10/11/10467#metrics">Cited by 15</a> | Viewed by 9148 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> A great deal of work has been done to develop techniques for odor analysis by electronic nose systems. These analyses mostly focus on identifying a particular odor by comparing with a known odor dataset. However, in many situations, it would be more practical <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/11/10467/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> A great deal of work has been done to develop techniques for odor analysis by electronic nose systems. These analyses mostly focus on identifying a particular odor by comparing with a known odor dataset. However, in many situations, it would be more practical if each individual odorant could be determined directly. This paper proposes two methods for such odor components analysis for electronic nose systems. First, a K-nearest neighbor (KNN)-based local weighted nearest neighbor (LWNN) algorithm is proposed to determine the components of an odor. According to the component analysis, the odor training data is firstly categorized into several groups, each of which is represented by its centroid. The examined odor is then classified as the class of the nearest centroid. The distance between the examined odor and the centroid is calculated based on a weighting scheme, which captures the local structure of each predefined group. To further determine the concentration of each component, odor models are built by regressions. Then, a weighted and constrained least-squares (WCLS) method is proposed to estimate the component concentrations. Experiments were carried out to assess the effectiveness of the proposed methods. The LWNN algorithm is able to classify mixed odors with different mixing ratios, while the WCLS method can provide good estimates on component concentrations. <a href="/1424-8220/10/11/10467">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/odor_sensing ">Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/11/10467/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev10276"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next10276"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next10276" data-cycle-prev="#prev10276" data-cycle-progressive="#images10276" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-10276-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-10467/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-10467f1-1024.png?1403313301" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p></p></div><script id="images10276" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-10276-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-10467/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-10467f2-1024.png?1403313301'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-10276-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-10467/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-10467f3-1024.png?1403313301'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-10276-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-10467/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-10467f4-1024.png?1403313301'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-10276-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-10467/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-10467f5-1024.png?1403313301'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-10276-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-10467/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-10467f6-1024.png?1403313301'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-10276-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-10467/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-10467f7-1024.png?1403313301'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-10276-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-10467/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-10467f1-1024.png?1403313301" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>A schematic plot of the normalized data set of mixed odors consists of three odor components: A, B and C. The data points are partitioned into seven component sets according to the contained odor components: A, B, C, AB, BC, CA, and ABC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/11/10467'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-10467/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-10467f2-1024.png?1403313301" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>A schematic plot of the experimental setup for data collection.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/11/10467'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-10467/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-10467f3-1024.png?1403313301" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>The normalized odor patterns of three vaporized solvents with different concentrations: (a) methanol, (b) ethanol and (c) acetone.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/11/10467'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-10467/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-10467f4-1024.png?1403313301" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>The response of each sensor over three vaporized solvents: <b>(a)</b> methanol, <b>(b)</b> ethanol and <b>(c)</b> acetone, under different concentrations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/11/10467'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-10467/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-10467f5-1024.png?1403313301" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>The projections of <b>(a)</b> PCA and <b>(b)</b> LDA over the testing set.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/11/10467'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-10467/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-10467f6-1024.png?1403313301" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>The estimated errors of the CLS method and the proposed WCLS over the testing dataset for <b>(a)</b> pure odors, <b>(b)</b> mixed odors (two components), and <b>(c)</b> mixed odors (three components).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/11/10467'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-10467/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-10467f7-1024.png?1403313301" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>The root mean squared error of all the estimated results in <a href="#t6-sensors-10-10467" class="html-table">Tables 6</a>–<a href="#t8-sensors-10-10467" class="html-table">8</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/11/10467'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="9877" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 1221 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/10/10/9179/pdf?version=1403313116" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Development of a Portable Electronic Nose System for the Detection and Classification of Fruity Odors" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/10/10/9179">Development of a Portable Electronic Nose System for the Detection and Classification of Fruity Odors</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kea-Tiong Tang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shih-Wen Chiu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chih-Heng Pan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hung-Yi Hsieh</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yao-Sheng Liang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ssu-Chieh Liu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2010</b>, <em>10</em>(10), 9179-9193; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s101009179">https://doi.org/10.3390/s101009179</a> - 15 Oct 2010 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/10/10/9179#metrics">Cited by 102</a> | Viewed by 16607 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In this study, we have developed a prototype of a portable electronic nose (E-Nose) comprising a sensor array of eight commercially available sensors, a data acquisition interface PCB, and a microprocessor. Verification software was developed to verify system functions. Experimental results indicate that <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/10/9179/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In this study, we have developed a prototype of a portable electronic nose (E-Nose) comprising a sensor array of eight commercially available sensors, a data acquisition interface PCB, and a microprocessor. Verification software was developed to verify system functions. Experimental results indicate that the proposed system prototype is able to identify the fragrance of three fruits, namely lemon, banana, and litchi. <a href="/1424-8220/10/10/9179">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/odor_sensing ">Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/10/9179/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev9877"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next9877"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next9877" data-cycle-prev="#prev9877" data-cycle-progressive="#images9877" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-9877-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09179/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09179-ag-1024.png?1431601916" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images9877" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-9877-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09179/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09179f1-1024.png?1403313117'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-9877-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09179/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09179f2-1024.png?1403313117'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-9877-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09179/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09179f3-1024.png?1403313117'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-9877-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09179/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09179f4-1024.png?1403313117'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-9877-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09179/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09179f5-1024.png?1403313117'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-9877-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09179/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09179f6-1024.png?1403313117'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-9877-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09179/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09179f7-1024.png?1403313117'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-9877-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09179/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09179f8-1024.png?1403313118'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-9877-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09179/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09179f9-1024.png?1403313118'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-9877-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09179/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09179-ag-1024.png?1431601916" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/10/9179'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09179/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09179f1-1024.png?1403313117" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Block diagram of the proposed E-Nose system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/10/9179'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09179/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09179f2-1024.png?1403313117" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p><b>(a)</b> Block diagram of the interface PCB; <b>(b)</b> Basic architecture of the IPC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/10/9179'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09179/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09179f3-1024.png?1403313117" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>The data acquisition interface.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/10/9179'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09179/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09179f4-1024.png?1403313117" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>The gas testing setup for the proposed E-Nose system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/10/9179'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09179/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09179f5-1024.png?1403313117" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Pictures of experimental apparatus <b>(a)</b> 4-neck bottle chamber, gas pump, interface circuit, and the 8051 board; <b>(b)</b> control keyboard and LCD display.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/10/9179'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09179/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09179f6-1024.png?1403313117" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Fruit pattern of <b>(a)</b> banana, <b>(b)</b> lemon, and <b>(c)</b> litchi.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/10/9179'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09179/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09179f7-1024.png?1403313117" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>The PCA result of lemon, banana, and litchi.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/10/9179'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09179/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09179f8-1024.png?1403313118" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Fruit pattern of longan.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/10/9179'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09179/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09179f9-1024.png?1403313118" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>The PCA result of lemon, banana, litchi, and longan.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/10/9179'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="9824" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 214 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/10/10/9127/pdf?version=1403313106" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Electronic Nose Breathprints Are Independent of Acute Changes in Airway Caliber in Asthma" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/10/10/9127">Electronic Nose Breathprints Are Independent of Acute Changes in Airway Caliber in Asthma</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zsofia Lazar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Niki Fens</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jan van der Maten</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marc P. van der Schee</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ariane H. Wagener</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Selma B. de Nijs</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Erica Dijkers</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Peter J. Sterk</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2010</b>, <em>10</em>(10), 9127-9138; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s101009127">https://doi.org/10.3390/s101009127</a> - 12 Oct 2010 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/10/10/9127#metrics">Cited by 36</a> | Viewed by 12807 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Molecular profiling of exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOC) by electronic nose technology provides breathprints that discriminate between patients with different inflammatory airway diseases, such as asthma and COPD. However, it is unknown whether this is determined by differences in airway caliber. We hypothesized <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/10/9127/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Molecular profiling of exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOC) by electronic nose technology provides breathprints that discriminate between patients with different inflammatory airway diseases, such as asthma and COPD. However, it is unknown whether this is determined by differences in airway caliber. We hypothesized that breathprints obtained by electronic nose are independent of acute changes in airway caliber in asthma. Ten patients with stable asthma underwent methacholine provocation (Visit 1) and sham challenge with isotonic saline (Visit 2). At Visit 1, exhaled air was repetitively collected pre-challenge, after reaching the provocative concentration (PC<sub>20</sub>) causing 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV<sub>1</sub>) and after subsequent salbutamol inhalation. At Visit 2, breath was collected pre-challenge, post-saline and post-salbutamol. At each occasion, an expiratory vital capacity was collected after 5 min of tidal breathing through an inspiratory VOC-filter in a Tedlar bag and sampled by electronic nose (Cyranose 320). Breathprints were analyzed with principal component analysis and individual factors were compared with mixed model analysis followed by pairwise comparisons. Inhalation of methacholine led to a 30.8 ± 3.3% fall in FEV<sub>1</sub> and was followed by a significant change in breathprint (p = 0.04). Saline inhalation did not induce a significant change in FEV<sub>1</sub>,<sub> </sub>but altered the breathprint (p = 0.01). However, the breathprint obtained after the methacholine provocation was not significantly different from that after saline challenge (p = 0.27). The molecular profile of exhaled air in patients with asthma is altered by nebulized aerosols, but is not affected by acute changes in airway caliber. Our data demonstrate that breathprints by electronic nose are not confounded by the level of airway obstruction. <a href="/1424-8220/10/10/9127">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/odor_sensing ">Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/10/9127/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev9824"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next9824"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next9824" data-cycle-prev="#prev9824" data-cycle-progressive="#images9824" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-9824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09127/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09127-ag-1024.png?1431601907" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images9824" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-9824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09127/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09127f1-1024.png?1403313106'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-9824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09127/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09127f2-1024.png?1403313107'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-9824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09127/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09127f3-1024.png?1403313107'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-9824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09127/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09127f4-1024.png?1403313107'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-9824-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09127/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09127-ag-1024.png?1431601907" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/10/9127'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09127/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09127f1-1024.png?1403313106" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p><b>(a)</b> FEV<sub>1</sub> measurements at baseline, after methacholine (Post-MCh) inhalation and post-salbutamol (Post-salb). <b>(b)</b> Breathprints at baseline, after methacholine inhalation and post-salbutamol are presented by plotting Factor 2 (red line) and 3 (blue line). *p &lt; 0.05, **p &lt; 0.01, *** p &lt; 0.001 <span class="html-italic">vs.</span> baseline; <sup>###</sup>p &lt; 0.001 <span class="html-italic">vs.</span> post-methacholine. The data are shown in the table below the figure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/10/9127'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09127/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09127f2-1024.png?1403313107" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p><b>(a)</b> FEV<sub>1</sub> measurements at baseline, after saline inhalation and post-salbutamol (post-salb). <b>(b)</b> Breathprints at baseline, after saline inhalation and post-salbutamol are presented by plotting Factor 2 (red line) and 3 (blue line). *p &lt; 0.05, **p &lt; 0.01 <span class="html-italic">vs.</span> baseline; <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0.05, <sup>###</sup>p &lt; 0.001 <span class="html-italic">vs.</span> post-saline. The data are shown in the table below the figure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/10/9127'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09127/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09127f3-1024.png?1403313107" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p><b>(a)</b> Changes in FEV<sub>1</sub> after the inhalation of methacholine (MCh; orange line) or isotonic saline (black line). <b>(b)</b> Changes in breathprints induced by methacholine or saline inhalation as the change (delta) in Factor 2 (red line) and 3 (blue line); for all deltas: p &gt; 0.05. <sup>§§§</sup>p &lt; 0.001 post-methacholine <span class="html-italic">vs.</span> post-saline.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/10/9127'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-09127/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-09127f4-1024.png?1403313107" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Baseline breathprints are unchanged in asthmatic patients. Pre-challenge baseline breathprints at the two visits are shown by plotting Factor 2 (red line) and Factor 3 (blue line); for all factors: p &gt; 0.05. The attached table shows the data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/10/9127'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="9565" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 320 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/10/9/8536/pdf?version=1403313018" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Recovery of Agricultural Odors and Odorous Compounds from Polyvinyl Fluoride Film Bags" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/10/9/8536">Recovery of Agricultural Odors and Odorous Compounds from Polyvinyl Fluoride Film Bags</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>David B. Parker</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zena L. Perschbacher-Buser</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>N. Andy Cole</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jacek A. Koziel</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2010</b>, <em>10</em>(9), 8536-8552; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s100908536">https://doi.org/10.3390/s100908536</a> - 13 Sep 2010 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/10/9/8536#metrics">Cited by 56</a> | Viewed by 13515 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Accurate sampling methods are necessary when quantifying odor and volatile organic compound emissions at agricultural facilities. The commonly accepted methodology in the U.S. has been to collect odor samples in polyvinyl fluoride bags (PVF, brand name Tedlar®) and, subsequently, analyze with human panelists <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/9/8536/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Accurate sampling methods are necessary when quantifying odor and volatile organic compound emissions at agricultural facilities. The commonly accepted methodology in the U.S. has been to collect odor samples in polyvinyl fluoride bags (PVF, brand name Tedlar®) and, subsequently, analyze with human panelists using dynamic triangular forced-choice olfactometry. The purpose of this research was to simultaneously quantify and compare recoveries of odor and odorous compounds from both commercial and homemade PVF sampling bags. A standard gas mixture consisting of p-cresol (40 µg m<sup>−3</sup>) and seven volatile fatty acids: acetic (2,311 µg m<sup>−3</sup>), propionic (15,800 µg m<sup>−3</sup>), isobutyric (1,686 µg m<sup>−3</sup>), butyric (1,049 µg m<sup>−3</sup>), isovaleric (1,236 µg m<sup>−3</sup>), valeric (643 µg m<sup>−3</sup>), and hexanoic (2,158 µg m<sup>−3</sup>) was placed in the PVF bags at times of 1 h, 1 d, 2 d, 3 d, and 7 d prior to compound and odor concentration analyses. Compound concentrations were quantified using sorbent tubes and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Odor concentration, intensity, and hedonic tone were measured using a panel of trained human subjects. Compound recoveries ranged from 2 to 40% after 1 h and 0 to 14% after 7 d. Between 1 h and 7 d, odor concentrations increased by 45% in commercial bags, and decreased by 39% in homemade bags. Minimal changes were observed in intensity and hedonic tone over the same time period. These results suggest that PVF bags can bias individual compound concentrations and odor as measured by dynamic triangular forced-choice olfactometry. <a href="/1424-8220/10/9/8536">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/odor_sensing ">Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/9/8536/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev9565"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next9565"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next9565" data-cycle-prev="#prev9565" data-cycle-progressive="#images9565" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-9565-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-08536/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-08536-ag-1024.png?1431601852" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images9565" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-9565-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-08536/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-08536f1-1024.png?1403313019'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-9565-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-08536/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-08536f2-1024.png?1403313019'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-9565-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-08536/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-08536f3-1024.png?1403313019'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-9565-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-08536/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-08536-ag-1024.png?1431601852" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/9/8536'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-08536/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-08536f1-1024.png?1403313019" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Average recovery of eight VOCs over a period of 168-h (7-d) since time of filling for homemade (H) and commercial (C) Tedlar PVF bags.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/9/8536'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-08536/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-08536f2-1024.png?1403313019" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>An example of the poor correlation between the sum of calculated odor activity values for eight compounds (OAV<sub>SUM</sub>, from <a href="#t5-sensors-10-08536" class="html-table">Table 5</a>) and odor concentration (DT, from <a href="#t6-sensors-10-08536" class="html-table">Table 6</a>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/9/8536'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-08536/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-08536f3-1024.png?1403313019" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>An example of how odor concentration (DT) as measured by laboratory dynamic triangular forced-choice olfactometry (DTFCO) changes with time in homemade (H) and commercial (C) Tedlar PVF bags, starting at time 1-h post filling. Homemade bags exhibited a linear relationship with time, while commercial bags exhibited a quadratic relationship.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/9/8536'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="9460" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 301 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/10/9/8185/pdf?version=1403312964" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Odours Influence Visually Induced Emotion: Behavior and Neuroimaging" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/10/9/8185">Odours Influence Visually Induced Emotion: Behavior and Neuroimaging</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Peter Walla</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lüder Deecke</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2010</b>, <em>10</em>(9), 8185-8197; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s100908185">https://doi.org/10.3390/s100908185</a> - 1 Sep 2010 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/10/9/8185#metrics">Cited by 11</a> | Viewed by 12364 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The present study was conducted to investigate the influence of olfaction on subjective valence intensity ratings of visual presentations. Pictures of five different categories (<em>baby, flower, erotic, fear and disgust</em>) were presented each being associated with five different odour conditions [no <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/9/8185/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The present study was conducted to investigate the influence of olfaction on subjective valence intensity ratings of visual presentations. Pictures of five different categories (<em>baby, flower, erotic, fear and disgust</em>) were presented each being associated with five different odour conditions [no odour, low and high concentrations of phenylethyl alcohol (positive odour) and low and high concentrations of hydrogen sulphide (negative odour)]. Study participants had to rate the emotional content of each picture with respect to valence and intensity while brain activities were recorded with a whole-cortex magnetoencephalograph (MEG). A significant interaction between odour condition and picture category with respect to rating performance was found. In particular, positive valence intensity ratings related to <em>flowers</em> were increased in positive and negative odour conditions. Negative valence intensity ratings related to <em>disgusting</em> pictures were also increased in positive and negative odour conditions. The only decrease was found in the <em>baby</em> category in the high concentration negative odour condition. No behavioural effects were found for the categories <em>erotic</em> and <em>fear</em>. Around 300 ms after stimulus onset odour-related brain activity effects were found for all picture categories. On the other hand, around 700 ms after stimulus onset odour-related brain activity effects occurred only in the <em>flower</em>, <em>fear</em> and <em>disgust</em> picture categories. We interpret that early information processing demonstrates more pronounced olfactory and visually induced emotion interaction than later information processing. Since the early time window more likely reflects subconscious information processing we interpret that interaction between olfaction and visually induced emotion mostly occurs below the level of consciousness. Later, rather conscious information processing, seems to be differently influenced by simultaneous olfaction depending on the kind of emotion elicited through the sense of vision. <a href="/1424-8220/10/9/8185">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/odor_sensing ">Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/9/8185/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev9460"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next9460"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next9460" data-cycle-prev="#prev9460" data-cycle-progressive="#images9460" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-9460-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-08185/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-08185-ag-1024.png?1431601819" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images9460" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-9460-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-08185/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-08185f1-1024.png?1403312965'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-9460-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-08185/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-08185f2-1024.png?1403312965'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-9460-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-08185/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-08185f3-1024.png?1403312965'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-9460-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-08185/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-08185-ag-1024.png?1431601819" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/9/8185'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-08185/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-08185f1-1024.png?1403312965" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Example pictures for each category.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/9/8185'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-08185/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-08185f2-1024.png?1403312965" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Bar diagrams for each picture category demonstrating differences in valence intensity rating for all olfactory conditions in relation to olfactory control.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/9/8185'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-08185/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-08185f3-1024.png?1403312965" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Comparison of MEG curves reflecting olfactory control during picture processing <span class="html-italic">versus</span> high concentration positive odour during picture processing for three picture categories which were associated with significant differences. Note that later brain activities between about 400 ms to 800 ms after stimulus onset are obviously different between the two olfactory conditions in each of these picture categories.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/9/8185'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="9346" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 666 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/10/8/7843/pdf?version=1403312921" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Characteristics of Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Measured in Shanghai, China" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/10/8/7843">Characteristics of Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Measured in Shanghai, China</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chang-Jie Cai</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fu-Hai Geng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xue-Xi Tie</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qiong Yu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Li Peng</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Guang-Qiang Zhou</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2010</b>, <em>10</em>(8), 7843-7862; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s100807843">https://doi.org/10.3390/s100807843</a> - 20 Aug 2010 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/10/8/7843#metrics">Cited by 56</a> | Viewed by 16643 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> To better understand the characteristics of ambient abundance of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Shanghai, one of the biggest metropolis of China, VOCs were measured with a gas chromatography system equipped with a mass-selective detector (GC/MSD) from July 2006 to February 2010. An <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/8/7843/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> To better understand the characteristics of ambient abundance of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Shanghai, one of the biggest metropolis of China, VOCs were measured with a gas chromatography system equipped with a mass-selective detector (GC/MSD) from July 2006 to February 2010. An intensive measurement campaign was conducted (eight samples per day with a 3 hour interval) during May 2009. The comparison of ambient VOCs collected in different regions of Shanghai shows that the concentrations are slightly higher in the busy commercial area (28.9 ppbv at Xujiaui) than in the urban administrative area (24.3 ppbv at Pudong). However, during the intensive measurement period, the concentrations in the large steel industrial area (28.7 ppbv at Baoshan) were much higher than in the urban administrative area (18 ppbv at Pudong), especially for alkanes, alkenes, and toluene. The seasonal variations of ambient VOC concentrations measured at the Xujiahui sampling site indicate that the VOC concentrations are significantly affected by meteorological conditions (such as<em> </em>wind direction and precipitation). In addition, although alkanes are the most abundant VOCs at the Xujiahui measurement site, the most important VOCs contributing to ozone formation potential (OFP) are aromatics, accounting for 57% of the total OFP. The diurnal variations of VOC concentrations show that VOC concentrations are higher on weekdays than in weekends at the Xujiahui sampling site, suggesting that traffic condition and human activities have important impacts on VOC emissions in Shanghai. The evidence also shows that the major sources of isoprene are mainly resulted from gasoline evaporation at a particular time (06:00–09:00) in the busy commercial area. The results gained from this study provide useful information for better understanding the characteristics of ambient VOCs and the sources of VOCs in Shanghai. <a href="/1424-8220/10/8/7843">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/odor_sensing ">Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/8/7843/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev9346"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next9346"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next9346" data-cycle-prev="#prev9346" data-cycle-progressive="#images9346" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-9346-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07843/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07843f1-1024.png?1403312922" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p></p></div><script id="images9346" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-9346-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07843/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07843f2-1024.png?1403312923'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-9346-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07843/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07843f3-1024.png?1403312923'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-9346-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07843/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07843f4-1024.png?1403312924'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-9346-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07843/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07843f5-1024.png?1403312924'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-9346-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07843/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07843f6-1024.png?1403312924'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-9346-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07843/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07843f7-1024.png?1403312925'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-9346-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07843/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07843f8a-1024.png?1403312925'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-9346-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07843/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07843f8b-1024.png?1403312925'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-9346-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07843/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07843f9-1024.png?1403312925'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-9346-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07843/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07843f1-1024.png?1403312922" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of the Gas Chromatography/Mass-Selective Detection (GC/MSD) system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/8/7843'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07843/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07843f2-1024.png?1403312923" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Typical chromatogram of total VOCs obtained from 06:00 to 09:00 on 2 December 2009 at the Xujiahui sampling site.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/8/7843'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07843/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07843f3-1024.png?1403312923" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Locations of the sampling sites (stars) and the possible pollutant sources in Shanghai (different colors indicate different pollutant sources).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/8/7843'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07843/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07843f4-1024.png?1403312924" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Measured VOCs in the morning (06:00–09:00) for different VOC groups (alkane, alkene, aromatic, halohydrocarbone, alcohol, ester, ketone, and ether) during July 2007–February 2010.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/8/7843'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07843/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07843f5-1024.png?1403312924" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>(a) Comparison of the total VOC concentrations in the morning (06:00–09:00) at two sampling sites (Xujiahui and Pudong) during 2009; (b) The measured VOC in the morning (06:00–09:00) for different VOC groups (alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, halohydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ketones, and ethers) at two sampling sites (Xujiahui and Pudong) during 2009.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/8/7843'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07843/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07843f6-1024.png?1403312924" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>(a) Comparison of the total VOC concentrations during the whole day (8 samples per day) at 2 sampling sites (Pudong and Baoshan) during May, 2009 (b) The measured VOC during the whole day for different VOC groups (alkane, alkene, aromatic, halohydrocarbone, alcohol, ester, ketone, and ether) at 2 sampling sites (Pudong and Baoshan) during May, 2009.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/8/7843'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07843/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07843f7-1024.png?1403312925" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>(a) Measured seasonal variations of VOC concentrations at the Xujiahui site averaged from 2006 to 2010. (b) Seasonal variations of VOC propylene-equivalent concentrations (ppbC).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/8/7843'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07843/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07843f8a-1024.png?1403312925" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Rose diagrams of wind directions in different months at the Xujiahui site.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/8/7843'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07843/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07843f8b-1024.png?1403312925" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Rose diagrams of wind directions in different months at the Xujiahui site.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/8/7843'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07843/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07843f9-1024.png?1403312925" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Contributions to ozone formation by different VOC groups (alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, and others).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/8/7843'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="9164" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 154 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/10/8/7287/pdf?version=1403312818" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Experimental Demonstration of Masking Phenomena between Competing Odorants via an Air Dilution Sensory Test" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/10/8/7287">Experimental Demonstration of Masking Phenomena between Competing Odorants via an Air Dilution Sensory Test</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ki-Hyun Kim</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2010</b>, <em>10</em>(8), 7287-7302; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s100807287">https://doi.org/10.3390/s100807287</a> - 3 Aug 2010 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/10/8/7287#metrics">Cited by 52</a> | Viewed by 10213 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> To simulate the occurrence of masking phenomena with the aid of an air dilution sensory (ADS) test, two types of odorant mixtures were prepared: (1) M<sub>2</sub> with two individual odorants [H<sub>2</sub>S and acetaldehyde (AA)] and (2) M<sub>6</sub> with six <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/8/7287/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> To simulate the occurrence of masking phenomena with the aid of an air dilution sensory (ADS) test, two types of odorant mixtures were prepared: (1) M<sub>2</sub> with two individual odorants [H<sub>2</sub>S and acetaldehyde (AA)] and (2) M<sub>6</sub> with six individual odorants (H<sub>2</sub>S and five aldehydes). The test results derived for samples containing single individual odorants at a wide range of concentrations are initially used to define the empirical relationship between the dilution-to-threshold (D/T) ratio and odor intensity (OI) scaling. Based on these relationships, the D/T ratios were estimated for each odorant with the same intensity as the synthetic mixture. The relative contribution of each odorant to such mixture is then assessed by comparing the estimated and measured D/T values. This stepwise test confirmed the dominance of certain compounds at a given OI rating. In the case of M<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>S showed sensitive detection at high OI range, while AA did so at low end. The pattern of a competing relationship is also seen consistently from M<sub>6</sub> between AA (low) and <em>iso</em>-valeraldehyde (IA: high OI range). The overall results thus suggest that the masking phenomena between strong odorants should proceed under competing relationships, if released at the same time. <a href="/1424-8220/10/8/7287">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/odor_sensing ">Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/8/7287/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev9164"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next9164"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next9164" data-cycle-prev="#prev9164" data-cycle-progressive="#images9164" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-9164-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07287/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07287f1-1024.png?1403312818" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p></p></div><script id="images9164" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-9164-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07287/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07287f2-1024.png?1403312818'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-9164-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07287/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07287f3-1024.png?1403312818'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-9164-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07287/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07287f4-1024.png?1403312818'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-9164-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07287/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07287f1-1024.png?1403312818" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Schematic of the two-stage approaches for (1) the estimation of empirical relationships between D/T ratio and odor intensity of individual odorants and (2) the application of such relationships to mixed odorants.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/8/7287'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07287/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07287f2-1024.png?1403312818" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Relationship between odor intensity and dilution-to-threshold (D/T) ratio derived for six target compounds.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/8/7287'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07287/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07287f3-1024.png?1403312818" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the D/T ratios for M<sub>2</sub> between measured (D/T(M<sub>2</sub>(M))) and estimated values with various combinations (D/T(M<sub>2</sub>(E))); (a) individual compound and (b) artificial combinations. Letters of M and E in the parenthesis denote measured and estimated, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/8/7287'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07287/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07287f4-1024.png?1403312818" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the D/T ratios for M<sub>6</sub> between measured (D/T(M<sub>6</sub>(M))) and estimated values with various combinations (D/T(M<sub>6</sub>(E))); (a) individual compound and (b) artificial combinations. Letters of M and E in the parenthesis denote measured and estimated, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/8/7287'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="9098" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 308 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/10/8/7122/pdf?version=1403312772" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Automated Signal Processing Applied to Volatile-Based Inspection of Greenhouse Crops" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/10/8/7122">Automated Signal Processing Applied to Volatile-Based Inspection of Greenhouse Crops</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Roel Jansen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jan Willem Hofstee</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Harro Bouwmeester</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Eldert van Henten</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2010</b>, <em>10</em>(8), 7122-7133; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s100807122">https://doi.org/10.3390/s100807122</a> - 28 Jul 2010 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/10/8/7122#metrics">Cited by 19</a> | Viewed by 11078 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Gas chromatograph–mass spectrometers (GC-MS) have been used and shown utility<strong> </strong>for volatile-based inspection of greenhouse crops. However, a widely recognized difficulty associated with GC-MS application is the large and complex data generated by this instrument. As a consequence, experienced analysts are often required <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/8/7122/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Gas chromatograph–mass spectrometers (GC-MS) have been used and shown utility<strong> </strong>for volatile-based inspection of greenhouse crops. However, a widely recognized difficulty associated with GC-MS application is the large and complex data generated by this instrument. As a consequence, experienced analysts are often required to process this data in order to determine the concentrations of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of interest. Manual processing is time-consuming, labour intensive and may be subject to errors due to fatigue. The objective of this study was to assess whether or not GC-MS data can also be automatically processed in order to determine the concentrations of crop health associated VOCs in a greenhouse. An experimental dataset that consisted of twelve data files was processed both manually and automatically to address this question. Manual processing was based on simple peak integration while the automatic processing relied on the algorithms implemented in the MetAlign<sup>TM </sup>software package. The results of automatic processing of the experimental dataset resulted in concentrations similar to that after manual processing. These results demonstrate that GC-MS data can be automatically processed in order to accurately determine the concentrations of crop health associated VOCs in a greenhouse. When processing GC-MS data automatically, noise reduction, alignment, baseline correction and normalisation are required. <a href="/1424-8220/10/8/7122">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/odor_sensing ">Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/8/7122/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev9098"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next9098"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next9098" data-cycle-prev="#prev9098" data-cycle-progressive="#images9098" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-9098-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07122/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07122-ag-1024.png?1431601727" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images9098" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-9098-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07122/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07122f1-1024.png?1403312773'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-9098-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07122/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07122f2-1024.png?1403312773'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-9098-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07122/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07122f3-1024.png?1403312773'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-9098-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07122/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07122f4-1024.png?1403312773'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-9098-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07122/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07122f5-1024.png?1403312773'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-9098-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07122/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07122-ag-1024.png?1431601727" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/8/7122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07122/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07122f1-1024.png?1403312773" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Typical chromatographic profiles obtained from analysing the air in a greenhouse. Data were obtained in week nr. 6; before (A), and directly after (B) damage of tomato plants (TIC = total ion current).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/8/7122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07122/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07122f2-1024.png?1403312773" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Three dimensional gas chromatography—mass spectrometry data display. Data were obtained in week nr. 6 before damage of tomato plants. Light grey colours represent low intensities of the corresponding <span class="html-italic">m/z</span> values while dark grey colours represent high intensities of the corresponding <span class="html-italic">m/z</span> values. (<span class="html-italic">m/z</span> = mass-to-charge ratio)</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/8/7122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07122/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07122f3-1024.png?1403312773" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Impression of data pre-processing for signals that represent the concentration of (1) 2-carene, (2) <span class="html-italic">α</span>-phellandrene, (3) limonene, and (4) <span class="html-italic">β</span>-phellandrene. Provided are: (A) unprocessed data of sample nr. 1 and nr. 2; (B) baseline corrected, scaled, noise reduced and aligned data of sample nr. 1; (C) baseline corrected, scaled, noise reduced and aligned data of sample nr. 2. TIC = total ion current.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/8/7122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07122/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07122f4-1024.png?1403312773" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Differences in scan numbers for signals representing volatile organic compounds detected in gas chromatography—mass spectrometry analysis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/8/7122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-10-07122/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-10-07122f5-1024.png?1403312773" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Time course of the concentration of 2-carene after manual and automatic processing of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry data. The data points have been offset to allow comparison.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/10/8/7122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item type-section" id=Review> <h2>Review</h2> <div style="margin-top: 15px;"> <p>Jump to: <a href="#Research">Research</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="12448" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 196 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/11/5/5469/pdf?version=1403315193" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Cognitive Facilitation Following Intentional Odor Exposure" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/11/5/5469">Cognitive Facilitation Following Intentional Odor Exposure</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andrew J. Johnson</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2011</b>, <em>11</em>(5), 5469-5488; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505469">https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505469</a> - 19 May 2011 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/11/5/5469#metrics">Cited by 48</a> | Viewed by 11833 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This paper reviews evidence that, in addition to incidental olfactory pollutants, intentional odor delivery can impact cognitive operations both positively and negatively. Evidence for cognitive facilitation/interference is reviewed alongside four potential explanations for odor-induced effects. It is concluded that the pharmacological properties of <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/5/5469/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This paper reviews evidence that, in addition to incidental olfactory pollutants, intentional odor delivery can impact cognitive operations both positively and negatively. Evidence for cognitive facilitation/interference is reviewed alongside four potential explanations for odor-induced effects. It is concluded that the pharmacological properties of odors can induce changes in cognition. However, these effects can be accentuated/attenuated by the shift in mood following odor exposure, expectancy of cognitive effects, and cues to behavior via the contextual association with the odor. It is proposed that greater consideration is required in the intentional utilization of odors within both industrial and private locations, since differential effects are observed for odors with positive hedonic qualities. <a href="/1424-8220/11/5/5469">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/odor_sensing ">Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="12407" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 429 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/11/5/5290/pdf?version=1403315130" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Odour Detection Methods: Olfactometry and Chemical Sensors" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/11/5/5290">Odour Detection Methods: Olfactometry and Chemical Sensors</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Magda Brattoli</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gianluigi De Gennaro</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Valentina De Pinto</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Annamaria Demarinis Loiotile</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sara Lovascio</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Michele Penza</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2011</b>, <em>11</em>(5), 5290-5322; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505290">https://doi.org/10.3390/s110505290</a> - 16 May 2011 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/11/5/5290#metrics">Cited by 198</a> | Viewed by 29721 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The complexity of the odours issue arises from the sensory nature of smell. From the evolutionary point of view olfaction is one of the oldest senses, allowing for seeking food, recognizing danger or communication: human olfaction is a protective sense as it allows <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/5/5290/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The complexity of the odours issue arises from the sensory nature of smell. From the evolutionary point of view olfaction is one of the oldest senses, allowing for seeking food, recognizing danger or communication: human olfaction is a protective sense as it allows the detection of potential illnesses or infections by taking into account the odour pleasantness/unpleasantness. Odours are mixtures of light and small molecules that, coming in contact with various human sensory systems, also at very low concentrations in the inhaled air, are able to stimulate an anatomical response: the experienced perception is the odour. Odour assessment is a key point in some industrial production processes (<em>i.e.</em>, food, beverages, <em>etc</em>.) and it is acquiring steady importance in unusual technological fields (<em>i.e.</em>, indoor air quality); this issue mainly concerns the environmental impact of various industrial activities (<em>i.e.</em>, tanneries, refineries, slaughterhouses, distilleries, civil and industrial wastewater treatment plants, landfills and composting plants) as sources of olfactory nuisances, the top air pollution complaint. Although the human olfactory system is still regarded as the most important and effective “analytical instrument” for odour evaluation, the demand for more objective analytical methods, along with the discovery of materials with chemo-electronic properties, has boosted the development of sensor-based machine olfaction potentially imitating the biological system. This review examines the state of the art of both human and instrumental sensing currently used for the detection of odours. The olfactometric techniques employing a panel of trained experts are discussed and the strong and weak points of odour assessment through human detection are highlighted. The main features and the working principles of modern electronic noses (E-Noses) are then described, focusing on their better performances for environmental analysis. Odour emission monitoring carried out through both the techniques is finally reviewed in order to show the complementary responses of human and instrumental sensing. <a href="/1424-8220/11/5/5290">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/odor_sensing ">Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/5/5290/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-12407-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" 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$(".link-journal-menu").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).find('span').toggle(); $(this).next("ul").toggleClass("active"); $("#social-media-links").toggle(); $("#journal-alerts").toggle(); }); $(".link-journal-browser").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).find('span').toggle(); $(this).next("div").toggleClass('show-for-medium-up'); }); }); </script>   <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="marketing"> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments); },s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='//static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js', a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script'); // Insert Twitter Pixel ID and Standard Event data below twq('init','o2pip'); twq('track','PageView'); </script>  </body> </html>

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Sensors | Special Issue : Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control