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Język arabski – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia

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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Zaloguj się</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Więcej opcji" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Narzędzia osobiste" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Narzędzia osobiste</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu użytkownika" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_pl.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=pl"><span>Wspomóż Wikipedię</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Utw%C3%B3rz_konto&amp;returnto=J%C4%99zyk+arabski" title="Zachęcamy do stworzenia konta i zalogowania, ale nie jest to obowiązkowe."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Utwórz konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Zaloguj&amp;returnto=J%C4%99zyk+arabski" title="Zachęcamy do zalogowania się, choć nie jest to obowiązkowe. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Spis treści" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Spis treści</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Fonologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Fonologia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fonologia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Przełącz podsekcję Fonologia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fonologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-System_spółgłoskowy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_spółgłoskowy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>System spółgłoskowy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_spółgłoskowy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_samogłoskowy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_samogłoskowy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>System samogłoskowy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_samogłoskowy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sylaba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sylaba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Sylaba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sylaba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Akcent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akcent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Akcent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akcent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morfologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morfologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Morfologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morfologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wybrane_zwroty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wybrane_zwroty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Wybrane zwroty</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wybrane_zwroty-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Przełącz podsekcję Wybrane zwroty</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wybrane_zwroty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liczebniki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liczebniki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Liczebniki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liczebniki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialekty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialekty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dialekty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialekty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zobacz_też" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zobacz_też"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Zobacz też</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zobacz_też-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linki_zewnętrzne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linki_zewnętrzne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Linki zewnętrzne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linki_zewnętrzne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Język arabski</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 248 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-248" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">248 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Arab" title="Basa Arab – aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Basa Arab" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Хьэрыпыбзэ – kabardyjski" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хьэрыпыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Арапыбзэ – adygejski" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Арапыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adygejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabies" title="Arabies – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Arabies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_Sprache" title="Arabische Sprache – szwajcarski niemiecki" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Arabische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="szwajcarski niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%93%E1%88%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%8A%9B" title="ዓረብኛ – amharski" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዓረብኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiakiel%C3%A2" title="Arabiakielâ – inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Arabiakielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="अरबी – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अरबी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Arabisc sprǣc – staroangielski" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Arabisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="staroangielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Араб бызшәа – abchaski" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Араб бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abchaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="medal"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة العربية – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة العربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_arabe" title="Idioma arabe – aragoński" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma arabe" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%A5%DC%AA%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ – aramejski" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Արաբերէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արաբերէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabo" title="Arabo – franko-prowansalski" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Arabo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="franko-prowansalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="আৰবী ভাষা – asamski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আৰবী ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabe" title="Árabe – asturyjski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Árabe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अरबी भाषा – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="अरबी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arave%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Araveñe&#039;ẽ – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Araveñe&#039;ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="ГӀараб мацӀ – awarski" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀараб мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="awarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fr%C9%99b_dili" title="Ərəb dili – azerbejdżański" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ərəb dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdżański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="عرب دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عرب دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Arab" title="Basa Arab – balijski" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Arab" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="আরবি ভাষা – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আরবি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Arab" title="Basa Arab – banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Basa Arab" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-la-pek-g%C3%AD" title="A-la-pek-gí – minnański" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="A-la-pek-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Arab" title="Basa Arab – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Basa Arab" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobry artykuł"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Ғәрәп теле – baszkirski" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғәрәп теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baszkirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Арабская мова – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арабская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Арабская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Арабская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अरबी भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अरबी भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Arabe" title="Tataramon na Arabe – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Arabe" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Арабски език – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арабски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_Sproch" title="Arabische Sproch – bawarski" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Arabische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bawarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨ་རབ་སྐད། – tybetański" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨ་རབ་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tybetański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapski_jezik" title="Arapski jezik – bośniacki" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Arapski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bośniacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabeg" title="Arabeg – bretoński" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arabeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Араб хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Араб хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80rab" title="Àrab – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àrab" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Арап чĕлхи – czuwaski" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Арап чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="czuwaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inarabigo" title="Inarabigo – cebuański" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Inarabigo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C5%A1tina" title="Arabština – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arabština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiarabu" title="Chiarabu – njandża" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Chiarabu" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="njandża" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiarabhu" title="Chiarabhu – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chiarabhu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_%C3%A0raba" title="Lingua àraba – korsykański" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua àraba" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsykański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabeg" title="Arabeg – walijski" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Arabeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisk_(sprog)" title="Arabisk (sprog) – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arabisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لعربية – marokański arabski" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لعربية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="marokański arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A1bagiella" title="Arábagiella – północnolapoński" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Arábagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="północnolapoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_Sprache" title="Arabische Sprache – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arabische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%A2%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%84%DE%A8" title="ޢަރަބި – malediwski" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޢަރަބި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="malediwski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81s%C3%A1%C3%AD_Bizaad" title="Ásáí Bizaad – nawaho" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ásáí Bizaad" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="nawaho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabska_r%C4%9Bc" title="Arabska rěc – dolnołużycki" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Arabska rěc" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="dolnołużycki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabia_keel" title="Araabia keel – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Araabia keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Αραβική γλώσσα – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αραβική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areb" title="Areb – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Areb" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Arabic" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Арабонь кель – erzja" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Арабонь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_%C3%A1rabe" title="Idioma árabe – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma árabe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araba_lingvo" title="Araba lingvo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Araba lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabi" title="Arabi – estremadurski" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Arabi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estremadurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiera" title="Arabiera – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arabiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="زبان عربی – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان عربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbii_bhasa" title="Arbii bhasa – hindi fidżyjskie" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Arbii bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidżyjskie" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Arabiskt mál – farerski" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Arabiskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="farerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabe" title="Arabe – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arabe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabysk" title="Arabysk – zachodniofryzyjski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Arabysk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zachodniofryzyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Araibis" title="An Araibis – irlandzki" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Araibis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabish" title="Arabish – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Arabish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_dili" title="Arab dili – gagauski" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Arab dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagauski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabais" title="Arabais – szkocki gaelicki" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Arabais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="szkocki gaelicki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_%C3%A1rabe" title="Lingua árabe – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua árabe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Ӏарбий мотт – inguski" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ӏарбий мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="inguski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="阿拉伯語 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="阿拉伯語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="અરબી ભાષા – gudżarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અરબી ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudżarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0_%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 – gocki" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gocki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82-l%C3%A2-pak-ng%C3%AE" title="Â-lâ-pak-ngî – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Â-lâ-pak-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Арабмудин келн – kałmucki" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Арабмудин келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kałmucki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9E%8D%EC%96%B4" title="아랍어 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아랍어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larabci" title="Larabci – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Larabci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_%CA%BBAlapia" title="ʻŌlelo ʻAlapia – hawajski" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo ʻAlapia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Արաբերեն – ormiański" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արաբերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ormiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अरबी भाषा – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अरबी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Arabšćina – górnołużycki" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Arabšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="górnołużycki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapski_jezik" title="Arapski jezik – chorwacki" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arapski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab – gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bahasa Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiana_linguo" title="Arabiana linguo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Arabiana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Arabic" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Arabiko" title="Pagsasao nga Arabiko – ilokano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Arabiko" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilokano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_arabe" title="Lingua arabe – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua arabe" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%95%8B%E1%95%95" title="ᐊᕋᕕ – inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐊᕋᕕ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Араббаг æвзаг – osetyjski" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Араббаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C3%ADska" title="Arabíska – islandzki" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Arabíska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_araba" title="Lingua araba – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua araba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ערבית – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ערבית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Arab" title="Basa Arab – jawajski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Arab" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jawajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C9%A9%C9%A9_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%80_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಅರಬ್ಬೀ ಭಾಷೆ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅರಬ್ಬೀ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Араб тил – karaczajsko-bałkarski" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Араб тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karaczajsko-bałkarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="არაბული ენა – gruziński" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არაბული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruziński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8E%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عَربی زَبان – kaszmirski" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="عَربی زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kaszmirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Араб тілі – kazachski" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Араб тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazachski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabek" title="Arabek – kornijski" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Arabek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icyarabu" title="Icyarabu – kinya-ruanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Icyarabu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinya-ruanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiarabu" title="Kiarabu – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiarabu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Араб кыв – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Араб кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilabu" title="Kilabu – kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kilabu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab" title="Arab – kreolski haitański" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Arab" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="kreolski haitański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab" title="Arab – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Arab" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_ereb%C3%AE" title="Zimanê erebî – kurdyjski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê erebî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_arab" title="Lingaz arab – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz arab" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_ar%C3%A1biga" title="Lingua arábiga – ladyński" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua arábiga" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladyński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Аьраб маз – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Аьраб маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%9A" title="ພາສາອາຣັບ – laotański" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາອາຣັບ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laotański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Arabica" title="Lingua Arabica – łaciński" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Arabica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="łaciński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C4%81bu_valoda" title="Arābu valoda – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arābu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabesch" title="Arabesch – luksemburski" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Arabesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Араб чӀал – lezgijski" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Араб чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezgijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C5%B3_kalba" title="Arabų kalba – litewski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arabų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_%C3%A0raba" title="Lengua àraba – liguryjski" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua àraba" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguryjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisch" title="Arabisch – limburski" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Arabisch" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liarabi" title="Liarabi – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Liarabi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabi_(lingua)" title="Arabi (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Arabi (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruabien_kieli" title="Aruabien kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Aruabien kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/rabybau" title="rabybau – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="rabybau" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_araba" title="Lengua araba – lombardzki" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua araba" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_nyelv" title="Arab nyelv – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arab nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C3%A2sa_Arab" title="Bhâsa Arab – madurski" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bhâsa Arab" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अरबी भाषा – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अरबी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Арапски јазик – macedoński" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Арапски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_arabo" title="Fiteny arabo – malgaski" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny arabo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="അറബി ഭാഷ – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അറബി ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_G%C4%A7arbija" title="Lingwa Għarbija – maltański" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Għarbija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_%C4%80rapi" title="Reo Ārapi – maoryjski" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Ārapi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maoryjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अरबी भाषा – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अरबी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="არაბული ნინა – megrelski" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="არაბული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="megrelski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%89" title="لغه عربى – egipski arabski" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه عربى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egipski arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="عربی – mazanderański" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="عربی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="medal"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9B_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯑꯔꯥꯕꯤꯛ ꯂꯣꯟ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯔꯥꯕꯤꯛ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Arab" title="Bahaso Arab – minangkabu" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Arab" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80-l%C3%A1-b%C3%A1ik-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Ā-lá-báik-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ā-lá-báik-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Арабонь кяль – moksza" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Арабонь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Араб хэл – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Араб хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အာရပ်ဘာသာစကား – birmański" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာရပ်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisch" title="Arabisch – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arabisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabies" title="Arabies – dolnosaksoński" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Arabies" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="dolnosaksoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अरबी भाषा – nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अरबी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अरबी भाषा – newarski" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अरबी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="アラビア語 – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラビア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Ӏаьрбийн мотт – czeczeński" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏаьрбийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="czeczeński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabisk_spriak" title="Araabisk spriak – północnofryzyjski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Araabisk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="północnofryzyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erabek" title="Erabek – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Erabek" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisk" title="Arabisk – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arabisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisk" title="Arabisk – norweski (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arabisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norweski (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabe" title="Arabe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Arabe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabum" title="Arabum – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Arabum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabi" title="Arabi – oksytański" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arabi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksytański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afaan_Arabaa" title="Afaan Arabaa – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Afaan Arabaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_tili" title="Arab tili – uzbecki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arab tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅਰਬੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – pendżabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਰਬੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendżabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="عربی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عربی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabe" title="Árabe – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Árabe" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="عربي ژبه – paszto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عربي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paszto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabik_languij" title="Arabik languij – jamajski" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Arabik languij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="jamajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Араб кыв – komi-permiacki" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Араб кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permiacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8B" title="ភាសាអារ៉ាប់ – khmerski" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាអារ៉ាប់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabe" title="Arabe – pikardyjski" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Arabe" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="pikardyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_ar%C3%A0bica" title="Lenga aràbica – piemoncki" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga aràbica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemoncki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabsche_Spraak" title="Araabsche Spraak – dolnoniemiecki" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Araabsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="dolnoniemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_%C3%A1rabe" title="Língua árabe – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua árabe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_tili" title="Arab tili – karakałpacki" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Arab tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakałpacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap_tili" title="Arap tili – krymskotatarski" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Arap tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krymskotatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_Sprooch" title="Arabische Sprooch – gwara kolońska" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Arabische Sprooch" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="gwara kolońska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_arab%C4%83" title="Limba arabă – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba arabă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawiya_simi" title="Arawiya simi – keczua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Arawiya simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="keczua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Арабскый язык – rusiński" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Арабскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Арабский язык – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арабский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Арааб тыла – jakucki" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Арааб тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakucki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/u_kamu_nu_Alapo" title="u kamu nu Alapo – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="u kamu nu Alapo" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अरबीभाषा – sanskryt" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अरबीभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskryt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عربی زبان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="عربی زبان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_%C3%A0raba" title="Limba àraba – sardyński" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba àraba" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardyński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Arabic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searabia" title="Searabia – sotho północny" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Searabia" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho północny" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_arabe" title="Gjuha arabe – albański" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha arabe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_%C3%A0rabba" title="Lingua àrabba – sycylijski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua àrabba" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sycylijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="අරාබි භාෂාව – syngaleski" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අරාබි භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="syngaleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arabic language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="عربي ٻولي – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عربي ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C4%8Dina" title="Arabčina – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arabčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Arabščina – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arabščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Аравьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – cerkiewnosłowiański" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Аравьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="cerkiewnosłowiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabsk%C5%8F_godka" title="Arabskŏ godka – śląski" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Arabskŏ godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="śląski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabi" title="Carabi – somalijski" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Carabi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="زمانی عەرەبی – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی عەرەبی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Арапски језик – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Арапски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapski_jezik" title="Arapski jezik – serbsko-chorwacki" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arapski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbsko-chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Arab" title="Basa Arab – sundajski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Arab" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_kieli" title="Arabian kieli – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arabian kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiska" title="Arabiska – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arabiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Arabe" title="Wikang Arabe – tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Arabe" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="அரபு மொழி – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரபு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Ta%C9%9B%E1%B9%9Babt" title="Tutlayt Taɛṛabt – tashelhiyt" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt Taɛṛabt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tashelhiyt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_ta%C9%9Brabt" title="Tutlayt taɛrabt – kabylski" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayt taɛrabt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Гарәп теле – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гарәп теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%BD%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%A2%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89" title="ၽႃႇသႃႇဢႃႇရပ်ႉ – szan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၽႃႇသႃႇဢႃႇရပ်ႉ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="szan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="అరబ్బీ భాష – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అరబ్బీ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="ภาษาอาหรับ – tajski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอาหรับ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D3%A3" title="Забони арабӣ – tadżycki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони арабӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadżycki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%B8%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%88%E1%8F%AF_%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎠᎸᎠᎳᏈᏯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ – czirokeski" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎸᎠᎳᏈᏯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="czirokeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/He%C3%A9v%C8%A7hevetan%C3%A9v%C8%AFhk%C4%97ha%27etanetse" title="Heévȧhevetanévȯhkėha&#039;etanetse – czejeński" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Heévȧhevetanévȯhkėha&#039;etanetse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="czejeński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ಅರಬ್ಬಿ ಬಾಸೆ – tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಅರಬ್ಬಿ ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap%C3%A7a" title="Arapça – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arapça" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap_dili" title="Arap dili – turkmeński" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Arap dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmeński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%CC%B1ra%CC%B1ba_(a%CC%B1lyem)" title="La̱ra̱ba (a̱lyem) – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="La̱ra̱ba (a̱lyem)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Араб дыл – tuwiński" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Араб дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuwiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Араб кыл – udmurcki" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Араб кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurcki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Арабська мова – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арабська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عربی زبان – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عربی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ئەرەب تىلى – ujgurski" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەرەب تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ujgurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahahlahboh" title="Vahahlahboh – czuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vahahlahboh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="czuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_araba" title="Łéngua araba – wenecki" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua araba" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="wenecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araban_kel%27" title="Araban kel&#039; – wepski" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Araban kel&#039;" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="wepski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_%E1%BA%A2_R%E1%BA%ADp" title="Tiếng Ả Rập – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Ả Rập" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larab" title="Larab – wolapik" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Larab" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="wolapik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabia_kiil" title="Araabia kiil – võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Araabia kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabe_(lingaedje)" title="Arabe (lingaedje) – waloński" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Arabe (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="waloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alijunaiki_Tutko" title="Alijunaiki Tutko – wayúu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Alijunaiki Tutko" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="wayúu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="阿拉伯語 – chiński klasyczny" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="阿拉伯語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="chiński klasyczny" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroabiesche_toale" title="Aroabiesche toale – zachodnioflamandzki" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Aroabiesche toale" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="zachodnioflamandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inarabo" title="Inarabo – waraj" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Inarabo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waraj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="阿拉伯语 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿拉伯语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9" title="אראביש – jidysz" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אראביש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidysz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_L%C3%A1r%C3%BAb%C3%A1w%C3%A1" title="Èdè Lárúbáwá – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Lárúbáwá" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%96%87" title="阿拉伯文 – kantoński" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿拉伯文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebki" title="Erebki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Erebki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araobisch" title="Araobisch – zelandzki" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Araobisch" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zelandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabu_kalba" title="Arabu kalba – żmudzki" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Arabu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="żmudzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="阿拉伯语 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿拉伯语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Arab" title="Basa Arab – betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Basa Arab" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Arab" title="Saro Arab – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Arab" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Arab" title="Jaku Arab – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Arab" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Arab" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fr%C9%99bi_zyvon" title="Ərəbi zyvon – tałyski" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ərəbi zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="tałyski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%84%E2%B5%95%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ – standardowy marokański tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="standardowy marokański tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13955#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Wygląd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r75281693">.mw-parser-output table.jezyk.infobox>tbody>tr>.naglowek{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;padding:2px;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .maf-info{font-size:90%;text-align:left;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .wwikipedii tr{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)}.mw-parser-output .wwikipedii th{vertical-align:middle;width:30px;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .wwikipedii td{vertical-align:middle;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center}</style> <table class="infobox jezyk"> <caption class="naglowek"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r65781301">.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-ikona{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0;font-size:7px;max-width:40px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-tekst{flex-grow:1}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-1{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-2{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-3{font-style:italic;font-size:90%}</style><div class="iboxt-1"><span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;اللغة العربية&#8206;</span><br /><span lang="ar-Latn">al-ʻarabiyya</span></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Obszar </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Kraje_arabskie" title="Kraje arabskie">kraje arabskie</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <th>Liczba mówiących </th> <td> <p>225–285 mln </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pismo" title="Pismo">Pismo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet">alfabet</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_arabski" title="Alfabet arabski">arabskie</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="naglowek" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Klasyfikacja_j%C4%99zyk%C3%B3w" title="Klasyfikacja języków">Klasyfikacja genetyczna</a> </th></tr> <tr class="tree"> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_afroazjatyckie" title="Języki afroazjatyckie">Języki afroazjatyckie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_semickie" title="Języki semickie">Języki semickie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyki_po%C5%82udniowo-zachodnio-semickie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Języki południowo-zachodnio-semickie (strona nie istnieje)">Języki płd.-zach.-semickie</a></li> <li>Język arabski</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="naglowek" colspan="2">Status oficjalny </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_urz%C4%99dowy" title="Język urzędowy">język urzędowy</a> </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Algieria" title="Algieria">Algieria</a>,<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Saudyjska" title="Arabia Saudyjska">Arabia Saudyjska</a>,<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Bahrajn" title="Bahrajn">Bahrajn</a>,<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/22px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/33px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/44px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Czad" title="Czad">Czad</a>,<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/22px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/33px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/44px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BCibuti" title="Dżibuti">Dżibuti</a>,<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/22px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/33px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/44px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt">Egipt</a>,<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/22px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/33px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/44px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Erytrea" title="Erytrea">Erytrea</a>,<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/33px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/44px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a>,<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/22px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/33px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/44px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen">Jemen</a>,<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Jordania" title="Jordania">Jordania</a>,<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/22px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/33px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/44px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Katar" title="Katar">Katar</a>,<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Komory" title="Komory">Komory</a>,<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Kuwejt" title="Kuwejt">Kuwejt</a>,<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/22px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/33px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/44px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Liban" title="Liban">Liban</a>,<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/22px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/33px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/44px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Libia" title="Libia">Libia</a>,<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/22px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/33px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/44px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko">Maroko</a>,<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>,<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/22px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/33px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/44px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>,<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/22px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/33px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/44px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Palestyna_(pa%C5%84stwo)" title="Palestyna (państwo)">Palestyna</a>,<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>,<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>,<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>,<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Tunezja" title="Tunezja">Tunezja</a>,<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Zjednoczone_Emiraty_Arabskie" title="Zjednoczone Emiraty Arabskie">Zjednoczone Emiraty Arabskie</a><br />oraz dodatkowo w<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Organizacja_Narod%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych" title="Organizacja Narodów Zjednoczonych">ONZ</a> (obok pięciu głównych, jeden z języków ZO ONZ) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Organ regulujący </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akademia_J%C4%99zyka_Arabskiego&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Akademia Języka Arabskiego (strona nie istnieje)">Akademia Języka Arabskiego</a> </td></tr> <tr class="iboxs"> <th><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> </th> <td>1 bezpieczny<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20672086" class="extiw" title="d:Q20672086">↗</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="naglowek" colspan="2">Kody języka </th></tr> <tr> <th>ISO 639-1 </th> <td>AR </td></tr> <tr> <th>ISO 639-2 </th> <td>ARA </td></tr> <tr> <th>ISO 639-3 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ara">ara</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a> </th> <td>ar </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/arab1395">arab1395</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ara">ara</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>GOST 7.75–97 </th> <td>ара 050 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL</a> </th> <td>ABV </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="naglowek">Występowanie </td></tr> <tr class="grafika iboxs"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Arabic_Varieties_Map-2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ilustracja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Arabic_Varieties_Map-2023.svg/240px-Arabic_Varieties_Map-2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Arabic_Varieties_Map-2023.svg/360px-Arabic_Varieties_Map-2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Arabic_Varieties_Map-2023.svg/480px-Arabic_Varieties_Map-2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2051" data-file-height="1151" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="naglowek">W Wikipedii </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table class="iboxtab wwikipedii"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#f8f8f8; color:black; text-align:center; border-top:0px; padding-bottom:0.5em;">Zobacz też: <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_(mowa)" title="Język (mowa)">język</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_%C5%9Bwiata" title="Języki świata">języki świata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/25px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span> </th> <td><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ar:">Wikipedia w języku arabskim</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/25px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/38px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/50px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="122" data-file-height="117" /></span></span> </th> <td><a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/S%C5%82ownik_j%C4%99zyka_arabskiego" class="extiw" title="wikt:Słownik języka arabskiego">Słownik języka arabskiego</a><br />w <a href="/wiki/Wikis%C5%82ownik" title="Wikisłownik">Wikisłowniku</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="maf-info"><b>Ta strona zawiera symbole fonetyczne <a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzynarodowy_alfabet_fonetyczny" title="Międzynarodowy alfabet fonetyczny">MAF</a>.</b> Bez właściwego wsparcia renderowania wyświetlane mogą być puste prostokąty lub inne symbole zamiast znaków <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unikodu</a>. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Język arabski</b> – język z rodziny <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_semickie" title="Języki semickie">języków semickich</a>, w której zaliczany jest do grupy języków południowo-zachodnich według klasycznego podziału, bądź grupy języków zachodnich, centralnych według podziału Hetzrona i Voigta<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>. Zapisywany jest <a href="/wiki/Alfabet_arabski" title="Alfabet arabski">alfabetycznym pismem arabskim</a> typu <a href="/wiki/Abd%C5%BCad" title="Abdżad">abdżad</a>, od strony prawej do lewej. </p><p>Powstanie literackiego języka arabskiego datuje się na VII wiek n.e., co związane jest z narodzinami <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islamu</a> oraz powstaniem imperium muzułmańskiego. Jest to tak zwany klasyczny język arabski, który przekształcił się następnie w literacki język arabski. Początków języka arabskiego należy jednak upatrywać dużo wcześniej - w VIII wieku p.n.e., a jego rozwój można podzielić na następujące etapy: język protoarabski z dialektami staroarabskimi, <a href="/wiki/Klasyczny_j%C4%99zyk_arabski" title="Klasyczny język arabski">arabski klasyczny</a> i arabski literacki<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>. </p><p>Język protoarabski znany jest z licznych transkrypcji datowanych na okres od VI wieku p.n.e. do VI wieku n.e.. Zachowane inskrypcje pozwalają wydzielić dwa typy dialektów: protoarabskie i staroarabskie. Do zapisu tego języka używano wówczas <a href="/wiki/Pismo_po%C5%82udniowoarabskie" title="Pismo południowoarabskie">pisma południowoarabskiego epigraficznego</a>. Wyjątkiem byli <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samudejczycy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Samudejczycy (strona nie istnieje)">Samudejczycy</a>, używający <a href="/wiki/Alfabet_aramejski" title="Alfabet aramejski">pisma aramejskiego</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Klasyczny_j%C4%99zyk_arabski" title="Klasyczny język arabski">Klasyczny język arabski</a> jako język świętej księgi <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islamu</a> – <a href="/wiki/Koran" title="Koran">Koranu</a> oraz język literatury i kultury arabsko-muzułmańskiej odegrał ważną rolę cywilizacyjną. Wraz z ekspansją <a href="/wiki/Religia" title="Religia">religii</a> zwiększał się wpływ i zasięg terytorialny samego języka literackiego. </p><p>W XIX wieku, w okresie <i><a href="/wiki/Nahda" title="Nahda">an-Nahdy</a></i> (odrodzenia Arabów), z języka klasycznego wykształcił się współczesny język arabski (zwany w j. angielskim <i>Modern Standard Arabic</i>, <i>MSA</i>), który stał się instrumentem nowej literatury i kultury arabskiej. Używany jest głównie w formie pisanej, wtórnie w mowie (np. w telewizji). Od klasycznego języka arabskiego różni się niewiele, wyłącznie w zakresie pewnego słownictwa oraz niektórych struktur gramatycznych, uznawanych obecnie za przestarzałe. </p><p>Oprócz <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_standardowy" title="Język standardowy">języka standardowego</a> w krajach arabskich w powszechnym użyciu są <a href="/wiki/Dialekty_j%C4%99zyka_arabskiego" title="Dialekty języka arabskiego">dialekty lokalne</a>. Współwystępowanie standardu literackiego i dialektów jako środków komunikacji zarezerwowanych dla różnych sfer społecznych określa się mianem <a href="/wiki/Dyglosja" title="Dyglosja">dyglosji</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fonologia">Fonologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyk_arabski&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Fonologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyk_arabski&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Fonologia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System_spółgłoskowy"><span id="System_sp.C3.B3.C5.82g.C5.82oskowy"></span>System spółgłoskowy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyk_arabski&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: System spółgłoskowy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyk_arabski&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: System spółgłoskowy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Zasób spółgłosek w klasycznym języku arabskim </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_wargowa" title="Spółgłoska wargowa">Wargowe</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_z%C4%99bowa" title="Spółgłoska zębowa">Międzyzębowe</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_z%C4%99bowa" title="Spółgłoska zębowa">Zębowe</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_zadzi%C4%85s%C5%82owa" title="Spółgłoska zadziąsłowa">Zadziąsłowe</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_podniebienna" title="Spółgłoska podniebienna">Podniebienne</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_mi%C4%99kkopodniebienna" title="Spółgłoska miękkopodniebienna">Miękko-<br />podniebienne</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_j%C4%99zyczkowa" title="Spółgłoska języczkowa">Języczkowe</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_faryngalna" title="Spółgłoska faryngalna">Gardłowe</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_krtaniowa" title="Spółgłoska krtaniowa">Krtaniowe</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;">czyste </th> <th style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;"><a href="/wiki/Faryngalizacja" title="Faryngalizacja">faryngalizowane</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_zwarta" title="Spółgłoska zwarta">Zwarte</a> </th> <th style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;"><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BAwi%C4%99czno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Dźwięczność">Bezdźwięczne</a> </th> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>t [<span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_zwarta_z%C4%99bowa_bezd%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska zwarta zębowa bezdźwięczna">t̪</a></span>]</td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">ṭ</span> [<span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_zwarta_z%C4%99bowa_bezd%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska zwarta zębowa bezdźwięczna">t̪</a><a href="/wiki/Faryngalizacja" title="Faryngalizacja">ˁ</a></span>]</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_zwarta_mi%C4%99kkopodniebienna_bezd%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska zwarta miękkopodniebienna bezdźwięczna">k</a></span></td> <td><span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_zwarta_j%C4%99zyczkowa_bezd%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska zwarta języczkowa bezdźwięczna">q</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">ʾ</span> [<span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Zwarcie_krtaniowe" title="Zwarcie krtaniowe">ʔ</a></span>] </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;"><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BAwi%C4%99czno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Dźwięczność">Dźwięczne</a> </th> <td><span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_zwarta_dwuwargowa_d%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska zwarta dwuwargowa dźwięczna">b</a></span></td> <td></td> <td>d [<span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_zwarta_z%C4%99bowa_d%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska zwarta zębowa dźwięczna">d̪</a></span>]</td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">ḍ</span> [<span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_zwarta_z%C4%99bowa_d%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska zwarta zębowa dźwięczna">d̪</a><a href="/wiki/Faryngalizacja" title="Faryngalizacja">ˁ</a></span>]</td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">ǧ</span> [<span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_zwarto-szczelinowa_zadzi%C4%85s%C5%82owa_d%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska zwarto-szczelinowa zadziąsłowa dźwięczna">ʤ</a></span>]</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_szczelinowa" title="Spółgłoska szczelinowa">Szczelinowe</a> </th> <th style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;">Bezdźwięczne </th> <td><span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_szczelinowa_wargowo-z%C4%99bowa_bezd%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska szczelinowa wargowo-zębowa bezdźwięczna">f</a></span> </td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">ṯ</span> [<span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_szczelinowa_mi%C4%99dzyz%C4%99bowa_bezd%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska szczelinowa międzyzębowa bezdźwięczna">θ</a></span>]</td> <td><span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_szczelinowa_dzi%C4%85s%C5%82owa_bezd%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska szczelinowa dziąsłowa bezdźwięczna">s</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">ṣ</span> [<span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_szczelinowa_dzi%C4%85s%C5%82owa_bezd%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska szczelinowa dziąsłowa bezdźwięczna">s</a><a href="/wiki/Faryngalizacja" title="Faryngalizacja">ˁ</a></span>]</td> <td>š [<span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_szczelinowa_zadzi%C4%85s%C5%82owa_bezd%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska szczelinowa zadziąsłowa bezdźwięczna">ʃ</a></span>]</td> <td></td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">ḫ</span> [<span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_szczelinowa_mi%C4%99kkopodniebienna_bezd%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska szczelinowa miękkopodniebienna bezdźwięczna">x</a></span>]</td> <td></td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">ḥ</span> [<span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_szczelinowa_gard%C5%82owa_bezd%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska szczelinowa gardłowa bezdźwięczna">ħ</a></span>]</td> <td><span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_szczelinowa_krtaniowa_bezd%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska szczelinowa krtaniowa bezdźwięczna">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;">Dźwięczne </th> <td></td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">ḏ</span> [<span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_szczelinowa_mi%C4%99dzyz%C4%99bowa_d%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska szczelinowa międzyzębowa dźwięczna">ð</a></span>]</td> <td><span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_szczelinowa_dzi%C4%85s%C5%82owa_d%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska szczelinowa dziąsłowa dźwięczna">z</a></span></td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">ẓ</span> [<span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_szczelinowa_mi%C4%99dzyz%C4%99bowa_d%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska szczelinowa międzyzębowa dźwięczna">ð</a><a href="/wiki/Faryngalizacja" title="Faryngalizacja">ˁ</a></span>]</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ġ [<span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_szczelinowa_mi%C4%99kkopodniebienna_d%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska szczelinowa miękkopodniebienna dźwięczna">ɣ</a></span>]</td> <td> </td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">ʿ</span> [<span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_szczelinowa_gard%C5%82owa_d%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska szczelinowa gardłowa dźwięczna">ʕ</a></span>]</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_nosowa" title="Spółgłoska nosowa">Nosowe</a> </th> <td><span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_nosowa_dwuwargowa_d%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska nosowa dwuwargowa dźwięczna">m</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_nosowa_dzi%C4%85s%C5%82owa_d%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska nosowa dziąsłowa dźwięczna">n</a></span></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_dr%C5%BC%C4%85ca" title="Spółgłoska drżąca">Drżące</a> </th> <td> </td> <td></td> <td><span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_dr%C5%BC%C4%85ca_dzi%C4%85s%C5%82owa_d%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska drżąca dziąsłowa dźwięczna">r</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_p%C3%B3%C5%82otwarta" title="Spółgłoska półotwarta">Półotwarte</a> </th> <td><span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_p%C3%B3%C5%82otwarta_wargowo-mi%C4%99kkopodniebienna" title="Spółgłoska półotwarta wargowo-miękkopodniebienna">w</a></span></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_boczna_dzi%C4%85s%C5%82owa_d%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska boczna dziąsłowa dźwięczna">l</a></span></td> <td><span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_p%C3%B3%C5%82otwarta_podniebienna_d%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska półotwarta podniebienna dźwięczna">j</a></span></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>W czasach Mahometa spółgłoski [<span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_zwarta_z%C4%99bowa_d%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska zwarta zębowa dźwięczna">d̪</a><a href="/wiki/Faryngalizacja" title="Faryngalizacja">ˁ</a></span>] i [<span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_zwarto-szczelinowa_zadzi%C4%85s%C5%82owa_d%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska zwarto-szczelinowa zadziąsłowa dźwięczna">ʤ</a></span>] brzmiały najprawdopodobniej jak [<span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_boczna_szczelinowa_dzi%C4%85s%C5%82owa_d%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska boczna szczelinowa dziąsłowa dźwięczna">ɮ</a><a href="/wiki/Faryngalizacja" title="Faryngalizacja">ˁ</a></span>] i [<span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_zwarta_podniebienna_d%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska zwarta podniebienna dźwięczna">ɟ</a></span>]. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System_samogłoskowy"><span id="System_samog.C5.82oskowy"></span>System samogłoskowy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyk_arabski&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: System samogłoskowy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyk_arabski&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: System samogłoskowy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>W języku arabskim występują trzy fonemy samogłoskowe: /æ/ (w transkrypcji <i>a</i>), /i/ i /u/. <a href="/wiki/Iloczas" title="Iloczas">Krótkie i długie</a> samogłoski są różnymi <a href="/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem">fonemami</a>. Samogłoska /æ/ jest realizowana jako [<span title="To jest transkrypcja fonetyczna IPA" class="IPA nounderlines" style="font-family: &#39;Cambria&#39;,&#39;DejaVu Sans&#39;,&#39;Doulos SIL&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,&#39;Arial Unicode MS&#39;,&#39;Adobe Pi Std&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,&#39;Chrysanthi Unicode&#39;,Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,&#39;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans&#39;,&#39;Bitstream Cyberbit&#39;,&#39;Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro&#39;,&#39;Matrix Unicode&#39;,sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Samog%C5%82oska_otwarta_tylna_niezaokr%C4%85glona" title="Samogłoska otwarta tylna niezaokrąglona">ɑ</a></span>] po spółgłoskach gardłowych i faryngalizowanych. Istnieją dwa <a href="/wiki/Dyftong" title="Dyftong">dyftongi</a>: /æj/ i /æw/, w języku potocznym często realizowane jako [e:] i [o:]. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sylaba">Sylaba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyk_arabski&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edytuj sekcję: Sylaba" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyk_arabski&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Sylaba"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>W języku arabskim dopuszczalne są pojedyncze spółgłoski nagłosowe i zbitki najwyżej dwóch spółgłosek w śródgłosie i wygłosie. Rozpowszechnione w językach europejskich wyrazy takie jak <i>wstęp</i> są niemożliwe w arabskim. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Akcent"><a href="/wiki/Akcent_wyrazowy" title="Akcent wyrazowy">Akcent</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyk_arabski&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edytuj sekcję: Akcent" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyk_arabski&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Akcent"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Akcentowana jest pierwsza od końca <a href="/wiki/Iloczas" title="Iloczas">długa sylaba</a>. Jeśli wszystkie sylaby są krótkie, akcent pada na pierwszą sylabę. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morfologia">Morfologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyk_arabski&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edytuj sekcję: Morfologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyk_arabski&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Morfologia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Struktura wyrazów w języku arabskim opiera się na <a href="/wiki/Alternacja_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)" title="Alternacja (językoznawstwo)">rdzeniu trójspółgłoskowym</a> i nieciągłych <a href="/wiki/Formant_(morfologia)" title="Formant (morfologia)">afiksach</a>. Na przykład od rdzenia <i>k-t-b</i> można utworzyć wyrazy takie jak: </p> <ul><li><span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;كتاب&#8206;</span> <i>kitāb</i> „książka”</li> <li><span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;كاتب&#8206;</span> <i>kātib</i> „pisarz”</li> <li><span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;مكتوب&#8206;</span> <i>maktūb</i> „zapisane”</li> <li><span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;كتب&#8206;</span> <i>kataba</i> „on napisał”, także „pisać”.</li></ul> <p>Język arabski posiada rozbudowany system odmiany czasownika<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>. Istnieją dwa <a href="/wiki/Aspekt_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)" title="Aspekt (językoznawstwo)">aspekty</a> (dokonany i niedokonany) i pięć <a href="/wiki/Tryb_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)" title="Tryb (językoznawstwo)">trybów</a>: orzekający, przypuszczający, rozkazujący, życzący i energetyczny (używany do podkreślenia pewności, np. <i>jaktubu</i> „on z pewnością pisze”). Podobnie jak w innych językach afroazjatyckich, <a href="/wiki/Przedrostek" title="Przedrostek">przedrostki</a> i <a href="/wiki/Przyrostek" title="Przyrostek">przyrostki</a> są używane do oznaczenia <a href="/wiki/Osoba_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)" title="Osoba (językoznawstwo)">osoby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liczba_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)" title="Liczba (językoznawstwo)">liczby</a> i <a href="/wiki/Rodzaj_gramatyczny" title="Rodzaj gramatyczny">rodzaju</a>. </p><p>Poniżej zaprezentowano odmianę czasownika <i>fa<span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">ʿ</span>ala</i> (robić): </p> <dl><dd><b>Czas teraźniejszy</b></dd></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Osoba </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Liczba_pojedyncza" title="Liczba pojedyncza">Liczba pojedyncza</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Liczba_podw%C3%B3jna" title="Liczba podwójna">Liczba podwójna</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Liczba_mnoga" title="Liczba mnoga">Liczba mnoga</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>1. </th> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">afʿalu</span> (<span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;أَفْعَلُ&#8206;</span>) </td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">nafʿalu</span> (<span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;نَفْعَلُ&#8206;</span>) </td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">nafʿalu</span> (<span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;نَفْعَلُ&#8206;</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2. (r. męski) </th> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">tafʿalu</span> (<span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;تَفْعَلُ&#8206;</span>) </td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">tafʿalāni</span> (<span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;تَفْعَلَانِ&#8206;</span>) </td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">tafʿalūna</span> (<span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;تَفْعَلُونَ&#8206;</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2. (r. żeński) </th> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">tafʿalīna</span> (<span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;تَفْعَلِينَ&#8206;</span>) </td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">tafʿalāni</span> (<span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;تَفْعَلَانِ&#8206;</span>) </td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">tafʿalna</span> (<span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;تَفْعَلْنَ&#8206;</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>3. (r. męski) </th> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">yafʿalu</span> (<span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;يَفْعَلُ&#8206;</span>) </td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">yafʿalāni</span> (<span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;يَفْعَلَانِ&#8206;</span>) </td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">yafʿalūna</span> (<span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;يَفْعَلُونَ&#8206;</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>3. (r. żeński) </th> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">tafʿalu</span> (<span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;تَفْعَلُ&#8206;</span>) </td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">tafʿalāni</span> (<span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;تَفْعَلَانِ&#8206;</span>) </td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">yafʿalna</span> (<span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;يَفْعَلْنَ&#8206;</span>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><b>Czas przeszły</b></dd></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Osoba </th> <th>Liczba pojedyncza </th> <th>Liczba podwójna </th> <th>Liczba mnoga </th></tr> <tr> <th>1. </th> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">faʿaltu</span> </td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">faʿalnā</span> </td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">faʿalnā</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2. (r. męski) </th> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">faʿalta</span> </td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">faʿaltumā</span> </td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">faʿaltum</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2. (r. żeński) </th> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">faʿalti</span> </td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">faʿaltumā</span> </td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">faʿaltunna</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3. (r. męski) </th> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">faʿala</span> </td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">faʿalā</span> </td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">faʿalū</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3. (r. żeński) </th> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">faʿalat</span> </td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">faʿalatā</span> </td> <td><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">faʿalna</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ponadto, do czasownika mogą dołączać się (postpozycja) zaimki oznaczające <a href="/wiki/Dope%C5%82nienie_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)" title="Dopełnienie (językoznawstwo)">dopełnienie</a>, np. <span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;ﺭأﻳﻨﺎﻫﻢ&#8206;</span> <i><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">raʾaynāhum</span></i> „my widzieliśmy ich”. </p><p>Rzeczowniki odmieniają się przez przypadki – wyróżniamy <a href="/wiki/Mianownik_(przypadek)" title="Mianownik (przypadek)">mianownik</a> (końcówka <i>-u</i>), <a href="/wiki/Dope%C5%82niacz_(przypadek)" title="Dopełniacz (przypadek)">dopełniacz</a> (końcówka <i>-i</i>) i <a href="/wiki/Biernik" title="Biernik">biernik</a> (końcówka <i>-a</i>), a także <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stan_konstrukcji&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stan konstrukcji (strona nie istnieje)">stan konstrukcji</a> (bez końcówki). Istnieją trzy liczby: pojedyncza, podwójna i mnoga. Regularna liczba mnoga ma końcówkę <i>-ūn</i> w mianowniku i <i>-īn</i> w dopełniaczu i bierniku. Wiele rzeczowników tworzy jednak liczbę mnogą w sposób nieregularny (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%81amana_liczba_mnoga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Łamana liczba mnoga (strona nie istnieje)">łamana liczba mnoga</a>), np. <span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;ربّ&#8206;</span> (<i>rabb</i>) „władca”, ale <span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;أرباب&#8206;</span> (<i><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">ʾ</span>arbāb</i>) „władcy”. </p><p>Język arabski odróżnia rzeczowniki określone (z przedrostkiem <i><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">ʾ</span>al</i>, asymilowanym do następujących spółgłosek <i><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">t, ṯ, d, ḏ, r, z, s, š, ṣ, ḍ, ṭ, ẓ, n</span></i>) i nieokreślone (z <i>-n</i> po końcówce przypadka). Po końcówce przypadka rodzajnik <i><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">ʾ</span>al</i> występuje w formie <i>l</i>. </p><p>Istnieje gramatyczny rodzaj żeński, tworzony przez dodanie do rzeczownika męskiego <i>-at-</i> przed końcówką przypadka lub <i>-a</i> w stanie konstrukcji. Niektóre wyrazy, takie jak <i>fulk</i> „łódź”, <i>šams</i> „słońce”, czy <i>umm</i> „matka”, są rodzaju żeńskiego mimo braku końcówki. </p><p>Podstawowy szyk zdania to <a href="/wiki/VSO" title="VSO">VSO</a>. Wyraz określający następuje zawsze po wyrazie określanym, tak jak w innych językach semickich, np. <i>kitābu l-muqaddas</i> „Biblia”, dosłownie „księga święta”. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wybrane_zwroty">Wybrane zwroty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyk_arabski&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edytuj sekcję: Wybrane zwroty" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyk_arabski&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Wybrane zwroty"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tak – <span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">na‘am</span> – <span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;نعم&#8206;</span></li> <li>Nie – <span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">lā</span> – <span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;لا&#8206;</span></li> <li>Dzień dobry – <span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">ṣabāḥu l-ḫajri</span> – <span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;صباح الخير&#8206;</span></li> <li>Dobry wieczór – <span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">masāʾu l-ḫajri</span> – <span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;مساء الخير&#8206;</span></li> <li>Pokój wam – <span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">as-salāmu ‘alaykum</span> – <span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;السلام عليكم&#8206;</span></li> <li>Do widzenia – <span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">ma‘a s-salāmati</span> – <span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;مع السلامة&#8206;</span></li> <li>Jak się czujesz? – <span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">kayfa ḥāluka</span> (do mężczyzny), <span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">kayfa ḥāluki</span> (do kobiety) – <span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;كيف حالك&#8206;</span></li> <li>Witam – <span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">marḥaban</span> – <span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;مرحبا&#8206;</span></li> <li>Dziękuję – <span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">šukran</span> – <span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;شكرا&#8206;</span></li> <li>Przepraszam – <span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">āsifun</span> – <span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;آسف&#8206;</span></li> <li>Jak się nazywasz? – <span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">ma (i)smuka?</span> (do mężczyzny), <span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">ma (i)smuki?</span> (do kobiety) – „i” nie jest tu wymawiane – <span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;ما اسمك&#8206;</span></li> <li>Nie rozumiem – <span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">lā afham</span> – <span style="font-style: normal;" lang="ar">&#8207;لا أفهم&#8206;</span></li> <li>Bóg jest wielki – alllah 'akbar – الله أكبر</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liczebniki">Liczebniki</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyk_arabski&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edytuj sekcję: Liczebniki" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyk_arabski&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Liczebniki"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>/ ١ – <span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">wāḥid</span> – واحد</li> <li>/ ٢ – <span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">iṯnān</span> – إثنان</li> <li>/ ٣ – <span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">ṯalāṯa</span> – ثلاثة</li> <li>/ ٤ – <span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">'arba‘a</span> – أربعة</li> <li>/ ٥ – <span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">ḫamsa</span> – خمسة</li> <li>/ ٦ – <span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">sitta</span> – ستّة</li> <li>/ ٧ – <span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">sab‘a</span> – سبعة</li> <li>/ ٨ – <span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">ṯamāniya</span> – ثمانية</li> <li>/ ٩ – <span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">tis‘a</span> – تسعة</li> <li>/ ١٠ – <span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Code2001, Code2002, Free Serif, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream CyberBase, Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Grande, Free Sans, Microsoft Sans Serif, Lucida Sans Unicode">`ašara</span> – عشرة</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialekty">Dialekty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyk_arabski&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edytuj sekcję: Dialekty" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyk_arabski&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Dialekty"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em"><span class="nomobile navigation-not-searchable"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/16px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/24px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/32px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span>&#160;</span><i>Osobny artykuł: <a href="/wiki/Dialekty_j%C4%99zyka_arabskiego" title="Dialekty języka arabskiego">Dialekty języka arabskiego</a>.</i></div> <p>Dialekty języka arabskiego, często bardzo różniące się od języka klasycznego, używane są jedynie w mowie. Sporadycznie wykorzystuje się zapis języka mówionego w dramatach, dialogach książkowych czy komiksach. Posługuje się nimi ludność w <a href="/wiki/Afryka_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocna" title="Afryka Północna">Afryce Północnej</a> i na <a href="/wiki/Bliski_Wsch%C3%B3d" title="Bliski Wschód">Bliskim Wschodzie</a>. Pomiędzy tymi dialektami występują duże różnice, utrudniające porozumienie osobom pochodzącym z różnych rejonów świata arabskiego. Niekiedy mówi się wręcz o językach arabskich, porównując sytuację do epoki formowania się <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_roma%C5%84skie" title="Języki romańskie">języków romańskich</a> z lokalnych dialektów <a href="/wiki/%C5%81acina" title="Łacina">łaciny</a> ludowej (patrz <a href="/wiki/Dyglosja" title="Dyglosja">dyglosja</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zobacz_też"><span id="Zobacz_te.C5.BC"></span>Zobacz też</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyk_arabski&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edytuj sekcję: Zobacz też" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyk_arabski&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Zobacz też"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_arabski_rejonu_Zatoki_Perskiej" title="Język arabski rejonu Zatoki Perskiej">język arabski rejonu Zatoki Perskiej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabizm" title="Arabizm">arabizm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraje_arabskie" title="Kraje arabskie">kraje arabskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfry_arabskie_(w_krajach_arabskich)" title="Cyfry arabskie (w krajach arabskich)">cyfry używane w krajach arabskich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaligrafia_arabska" title="Kaligrafia arabska">kaligrafia arabska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Manzur" title="Ibn Manzur">Ibn Manzur</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyk_arabski&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyk_arabski&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">J. Danecki:&#32;<i>Klasyczny język arabski</i>.&#32;Warszawa&#58;&#32;1998,&#32;s.&#32;12–14.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Klasyczny+j%C4%99zyk+arabski&amp;rft.au=J.+Danecki&amp;rft.place=Warszawa&amp;rft.pages=12%E2%80%9314"></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">J. Danecki:&#32;<i>Klasyczny język arabski</i>.&#32;Warszawa&#58;&#32;1998,&#32;s.&#32;19.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Klasyczny+j%C4%99zyk+arabski&amp;rft.au=J.+Danecki&amp;rft.place=Warszawa&amp;rft.pages=19"></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal doi nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Charles A.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Charles A." style="display:none">Ch.A.</span>&#160;</span><span class="cite-lastname">Ferguson</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none">&#160;<span class="cite-name-full">Charles A.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Charles A.">Ch.A.</span></span>, <i>Diglossia</i>, „Word”, 15 (2), 1959, s.&#160;325–340, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>:&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1959.11659702">10.1080/00437956.1959.11659702</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft.gengre=article&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.date=1959&amp;rft.atitle=Diglossia&amp;rft.jtitle=Word&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1959.11659702" style="display:none">&#160;</span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book doi nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Ernest C.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Ernest C." style="display:none">E.C.</span>&#160;</span><span class="cite-lastname">Migliazza</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none">&#160;<span class="cite-name-full">Ernest C.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Ernest C.">E.C.</span></span>, <i>Yanomama Diglossia</i>, [w:] <span class="cite-name-full">William C.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="William C." style="display:none">W.C.</span>&#160;<span class="cite-lastname">McCormack</span>, <span class="cite-name-full">Stephen A.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Stephen A." style="display:none">S.A.</span>&#160;<span class="cite-lastname">Wurm</span> (red.), <i>Approaches to Language: Anthropological Issues</i>, The Hague–Paris: Mouton Publishers, 1978 (World Anthropology), s.&#160;561–580, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>:&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110800036.561">10.1515/9783110800036.561</a>, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/0202900738" title="Specjalna:Książki/0202900738">ISBN&#160;<span class="isbn">0-202-90073-8</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9027976600" title="Specjalna:Książki/9027976600">ISBN&#160;<span class="isbn">90-279-7660-0</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9783110800036" title="Specjalna:Książki/9783110800036">ISBN&#160;<span class="isbn">978-3-11-080003-6</span></a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft.gengre=bookitem&amp;rft.place=The+Hague%E2%80%93Paris&amp;rft.series=World+Anthropology&amp;rft.atitle=Yanomama+Diglossia&amp;rft.aufirst=Ernest+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Migliazza&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.isbn=0-202-90073-8&amp;rft.pub=Mouton+Publishers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.btitle=Approaches+to+Language%3A+Anthropological+Issues&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110800036.561" style="display:none">&#160;</span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>, zob. s. 561.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520170434/http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~lacina/page9.html">O języku arabskim</a>.&#32;[dostęp 2011-05-02].&#32;[zarchiwizowane z <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~lacina/page9.html">tego adresu</a>&#32;(2013-05-20)].</cite></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linki_zewnętrzne"><span id="Linki_zewn.C4.99trzne"></span>Linki zewnętrzne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyk_arabski&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edytuj sekcję: Linki zewnętrzne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyk_arabski&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Linki zewnętrzne"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox noprint plainlinks" cellpadding="4" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; width:30px;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/28px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/42px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/56px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td style="line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; flex:unset;">Zobacz publikację<br /><b><a href="https://pl.wikibooks.org/wiki/arabski" class="extiw" title="b:arabski">arabski</a></b> w&#160;Wikibooks </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox noprint plainlinks" cellpadding="4" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; width:30px;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> </td> <td style="line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; flex:unset;"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arabic_language?uselang=pl"><strong>Zobacz multimedia</strong> związane z tematem: <em>Język arabski</em></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox noprint plainlinks" cellpadding="4" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; width:30px;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/28px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/42px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/56px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="122" data-file-height="117" /></span></span> </td> <td style="line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; flex:unset;"><a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/arabski" class="extiw" title="wikt:arabski"><strong>Zobacz hasło</strong> <em>arabski</em> w&#160;Wikisłowniku</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012221218/http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~lacina/">Strona o języku arabskim</a>.&#32;staff.amu.edu.pl.&#32;[zarchiwizowane z <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~lacina/">tego adresu</a>&#32;(2007-10-12)].</cite></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arabic.tripod.com/">Arabic online</a> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74983602">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid 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Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:J%C4%99zyki_semickie&amp;action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption"><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_semickie" title="Języki semickie">Języki semickie</a></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content"><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">współczesne</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_amharski" title="Język amharski">amharski</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">arabski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_aramejski" title="Język aramejski">aramejski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_argobba" title="Język argobba">argobba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_dahalik" title="Język dahalik">dahalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darid%C5%BCa" title="Daridża">daridża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_gurage" title="Język gurage">gurage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_harari" title="Język harari">harari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_hebrajski" title="Język hebrajski">hebrajski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_judeoarabski" title="Język judeoarabski">judeoarabski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_malta%C5%84ski" title="Język maltański">maltański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_mandejski" title="Język mandejski">mandejski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_tigre" title="Język tigre">tigre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_tigrinia" title="Język tigrinia">tigrinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_turoyo" title="Język turoyo">turoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_wsp%C3%B3%C5%82czesny_po%C5%82udniowoarabski" title="Język współczesny południowoarabski">współczesny południowoarabski</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">wymarłe</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_prasemicki" title="Język prasemicki">prasemicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_akadyjski" title="Język akadyjski">akadyjski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_amonicki" title="Język amonicki">amonicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_amorycki" title="Język amorycki">amorycki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_eblaicki" title="Język eblaicki">eblaicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_fenicki" title="Język fenicki">fenicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_gafat" title="Język gafat">gafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_gyyz" title="Język gyyz">gyyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_moabicki" title="Język moabicki">moabicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_po%C5%82udniowoarabski_epigraficzny" title="Język południowoarabski epigraficzny">południowoarabski epigraficzny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_punicki" title="Język punicki">punicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_syryjski" title="Język syryjski">syriacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_ugarycki" title="Język ugarycki">ugarycki</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-fehlt"><div><a href="/wiki/Kontrola_autorytatywna" title="Kontrola autorytatywna">Kontrola autorytatywna</a>&#160;(<span class="description">język</span>):</div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85006306">sh85006306</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4241223-7">4241223-7</a></span></li><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_NDL_Authorities" class="extiw" title="de:Web NDL Authorities">NDL</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560295">00560295</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_Universitaire_de_Documentation" title="Système Universitaire de Documentation">SUDOC</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/027219623">027219623</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centralna_Biblioteka_Narodowa_we_Florencji" title="Centralna Biblioteka Narodowa we Florencji">BNCF</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=6095">6095</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Republiki_Czeskiej" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Republiki Czeskiej">NKC</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ph118564">ph118564</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Izraela" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Izraela">J9U</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007294709605171">987007294709605171</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a>:</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_PWN_(internetowa)" title="Encyklopedia PWN (internetowa)">PWN</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3870569.html">3870569</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Britannica</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arabic-language">topic/Arabic-language</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P3219" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P3219">Universalis</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/arabe-monde-langue/">arabe-monde-langue</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">NE.se</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/lång/arabiska">arabiska</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" title="Store norske leksikon">SNL</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4342&amp;url_prefix=https://snl.no/&amp;id=arabisk">arabisk</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Źródło: „<a dir="ltr" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Język_arabski&amp;oldid=75219191">https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Język_arabski&amp;oldid=75219191</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Kategorie" title="Specjalna:Kategorie">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Islam" title="Kategoria:Islam">Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:J%C4%99zyk_arabski" title="Kategoria:Język arabski">Język arabski</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:J%C4%99zyki_Algierii" title="Kategoria:Języki Algierii">Języki Algierii</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:J%C4%99zyki_Bahrajnu" title="Kategoria:Języki Bahrajnu">Języki Bahrajnu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:J%C4%99zyki_Czadu" title="Kategoria:Języki Czadu">Języki Czadu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:J%C4%99zyki_Komor%C3%B3w" title="Kategoria:Języki Komorów">Języki Komorów</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:J%C4%99zyki_D%C5%BCibuti" title="Kategoria:Języki Dżibuti">Języki Dżibuti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:J%C4%99zyki_Erytrei" title="Kategoria:Języki Erytrei">Języki Erytrei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:J%C4%99zyki_Gibraltaru" title="Kategoria:Języki Gibraltaru">Języki Gibraltaru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:J%C4%99zyki_Iraku" title="Kategoria:Języki Iraku">Języki Iraku</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:J%C4%99zyki_Jordanii" title="Kategoria:Języki Jordanii">Języki Jordanii</a></li><li><a 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title="Kategoria:Języki Izraela">Języki Izraela</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:J%C4%99zyki_Somalilandu" title="Kategoria:Języki Somalilandu">Języki Somalilandu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:J%C4%99zyki_Sahary_Zachodniej" title="Kategoria:Języki Sahary Zachodniej">Języki Sahary Zachodniej</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:J%C4%99zyki_Cypru_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocnego" title="Kategoria:Języki Cypru Północnego">Języki Cypru Północnego</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Ukryta kategoria: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Szablon_cytowania_u%C5%BCywa_p%C3%B3l_opisowych" title="Kategoria:Szablon cytowania używa pól opisowych">Szablon cytowania używa pól opisowych</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Tę stronę ostatnio edytowano 12 lis 2024, 19:35.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst 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126.446 1 Szablon:Szablon_nawigacyjny"," 9.09% 89.088 1 Szablon:Przypisy"," 8.54% 83.767 1 Szablon:Kontrola_autorytatywna"," 5.60% 54.954 1 Szablon:Infobox_tytuł"," 4.90% 48.008 35 Szablon:K"," 4.75% 46.527 2 Szablon:Cytuj"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.353","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5815734,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = nil\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = function#1,\n}\nfilters = table#1 {\n}\nsnaktype = nil\n#prop A = 1\n\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = nil\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = function#1,\n}\nfilters = table#1 {\n}\nsnaktype = nil\nJednostka nie zawiera poszukiwanej właściwości 'P3823'\n\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = nil\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = function#1,\n}\nfilters = table#1 {\n}\nsnaktype = nil\nJednostka nie zawiera poszukiwanej właściwości 'P1629'\n\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = nil\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = function#1,\n}\nfilters = table#1 {\n}\nsnaktype = nil\nJednostka nie zawiera poszukiwanej właściwości 'P1629'\n\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = nil\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = function#1,\n}\nfilters = table#1 {\n}\nsnaktype = nil\n#prop A = 1\n\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = nil\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = function#1,\n}\nfilters = table#1 {\n}\nsnaktype = nil\nJednostka nie zawiera poszukiwanej właściwości 'P1629'\n\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = nil\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = function#1,\n}\nfilters = table#1 {\n}\nsnaktype = nil\nJednostka nie zawiera poszukiwanej właściwości 'P1798'\n\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = nil\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = function#1,\n}\nfilters = table#1 {\n}\nsnaktype = nil\nJednostka nie zawiera poszukiwanej właściwości 'P1629'\n\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = nil\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = function#1,\n}\nfilters = table#1 {\n}\nsnaktype = nil\nJednostka nie zawiera poszukiwanej właściwości 'P221'\n\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = nil\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = 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