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What is a DOI?
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-us"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="ahrefs-site-verification" content="a4d19d13d080685e48094a2591188be35d7b5db05918a5eb84828500a14f3c5e"> <title>What is a DOI?</title> <link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.0.2/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" integrity="sha384-EVSTQN3/azprG1Anm3QDgpJLIm9Nao0Yz1ztcQTwFspd3yD65VohhpuuCOmLASjC" crossorigin="anonymous"> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.0.2/dist/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js" integrity="sha384-MrcW6ZMFYlzcLA8Nl+NtUVF0sA7MsXsP1UyJoMp4YLEuNSfAP+JcXn/tWtIaxVXM" crossorigin="anonymous"> </script> <script type = "text/javascript" src = "https://www.gstatic.com/charts/loader.js"> </script> <script type = "text/javascript"> google.charts.load('current', { 'packages': ['corechart','line','table', 'geochart'] }); </script> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.6.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/fontawesome-free-6.5.1/css/fontawesome.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/fontawesome-free-6.5.1/css/solid.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/fontawesome-free-6.5.1/css/brands.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href='https://www.doi.org/css/style.css?v=sha512-IxT%2fJiVK0BF8k8aJk0ZkHiYh8CMuo6%2bgm3hUrJ%2b0lcfTQ78dHB5RPYdzgX8MxJHFc1uq1ujEXoTn3zvmkhtA3w%3d%3d' > <link rel="icon" sizes="48x48" href="/images/favicons/favicon.ico"> <link rel="icon" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="192x192" href="/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="512x512" href="/images/favicons/android-chrome-512x512.png"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="row"> <div class="col logo"> <a href="https://www.doi.org/"><img class="header-logo" src="/images/logos/ header_logo_cropped_registered.svg" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="navigation-container"> <div class="nav"> <nav> <input type="checkbox" name="" id=""> <div class="hamburger-lines"> <span class="line line1"></span> <span class="line line2"></span> <span class="line line3"></span> </div> <ul class="menu-items"> <li> <span class='nolink'>The Foundation</span> <i class="fa-solid fa-fw fa-angle-down"></i> <ul class="submenu"> <li><a href="/the-foundation/about-us/">About Us</a> <li><a href="/the-foundation/board-and-governance/">Board & Governance</a> <li><a href="/the-foundation/sustainability/">Sustainability</a> </ul> </li> <li> <span class='nolink'>The Community</span> <i class="fa-solid fa-fw fa-angle-down"></i> <ul class="submenu"> <li><a href="/the-community/what-are-registration-agencies/">What are Registration Agencies?</a> <li><a href="/the-community/existing-registration-agencies/">Existing Registration Agencies</a> <li><a href="/the-community/who-are-the-members-and-users/">Who Are The Members and Users?</a> </ul> </li> <li> <span class='nolink'>The Identifier</span> <i class="fa-solid fa-fw fa-angle-down"></i> <ul class="submenu"> <li><a href="/the-identifier/what-is-a-doi/">What is a DOI?</a> <li><a href="/the-identifier/resources/handbook/">DOI Handbook</a> <li><a href="/the-identifier/resources/">Resources</a> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </header> <main aria-role="main"> <header class="homepage-header"> </header> <div class="doi"> <section class="single-top"> <div class="row"> <div class="col left" style="background-image:url()"> <div class="circle-wrapper"> <div class="circle"></div> <div class="texts"> <h1>The Identifier</h1> <h2>What is<br />a DOI?</h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col right"> <div> <div class="maintext">A DOI is a digital identifier of an object, any object — physical, digital, or abstract. DOIs solve a common problem: keeping track of things. Things can be matter, material, content, or activities.</div> <div class="subtext"><p>A DOI is a unique number made up of a prefix and a suffix separated by a forward slash. This is an example of one: <code>10.1000/182</code>. It is resolvable using our proxy server by displaying it as a link: https://doi.org/10.1000/182.</p> <p>Designed to be used by humans as well as machines, DOIs identify objects persistently. They allow things to be uniquely identified and accessed reliably. You know what you have, where it is, and others can track it too.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="graphics-what"> <h2 class="title">WHAT ARE THEY?</h2> <div class="graphics-wrapper"> <div class='circle-line'> <svg height="100%" width="100%"> <line class='path line' x1="50%" y1="10%" x2="50%" y2="90%" fill="none" stroke="#FAB70C" stroke-width="6" /> <circle class='path circle' cx="50%" cy="10%" r="5" /> <circle class='path circle' cx="50%" cy="37%" r="5" /> <circle class='path circle' cx="50%" cy="63%" r="5" /> <circle class='path circle' cx="50%" cy="90%" r="5" /> </svg> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="cloud left"> <div class="image"> <img src="/images/doi/cloud.svg" /> </div> <div class="texts"> <div class="main"> A digital identifier of any object </div> <div class="sub"> Physical, digital, or abstract </div> </div> </div> <div></div> </div> <div class="row"> <div></div> <div class="laptop right"> <div class="image"> <img src="/images/doi/laptop.svg" /> </div> <div class="texts"> <div class="main"> Designed to be used by machines </div> <div class="sub"> (As well as humans) </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="persistent left"> <div class="image"> <img src="/images/doi/persistent.svg" /> </div> <div class="texts"> <div class="main"> Persistent identifiers </div> <div class="sub"> A long-lasting reference to an object or to information about an object </div> </div> </div> <div></div> </div> <div class="row"> <div></div> <div class="example right"> <div class="texts"> <div class="main"> Here's an example </div> <div class="sub"> <span class='doi-example'>https://doi.org/10.1000/182</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="how-many"> <div class="row titlerow"> <h2 class="title">How many are being resolved?</h2> </div> <div class="row numbers left"> <div class="col"> <span id='resolutions_clock_rate' class='bignumber'></span> <span class='subtext'>Average resolution rate over last 24 hours</span> </div> <div class="col"> <span id='resolutions_clock_count' class='bignumber'></span> <span class='subtext'>Total DOI resolutions to date (all time)</span> </div> </div> <div class="row numbers right"> <div class="col"> <span id='bot_percent' class='bignumber'></span> <span class='subtext' id="bot_percent_text">of the resolutions performed in **MONTH** were from bots (it’s not always possible to reliably identify them)</span> </div> <div class="col"> <span id='content_negotiation_percent' class='bignumber'></span> <span class='subtext' id="content_negotiation_text">of the resolutions performed in **MONTH** used content negotiation</span> </div> </div> <div id="el"></div> </section> <section class="graphics-why"> <div class="row"> <h2 class="title">Why are they important?</h2> </div> <div class="graphics-wrapper"> <div class='circle-line-lower'> <svg height="100%" width="100%"> <line class='path line' x1="50%" y1="10%" x2="50%" y2="90%" fill="none" stroke="#FAB70C" stroke-width="6" /> <circle class='path circle' cx="50%" cy="10%" r="5" /> <circle class='path circle' cx="50%" cy="37%" r="5" /> <circle class='path circle' cx="50%" cy="63%" r="5" /> <circle class='path circle' cx="50%" cy="90%" r="5" /> </svg> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="waypoint left"> <div class="image"> <img src="/images/doi/location.png" /> </div> <div class="texts"> <div class="main"> They help to keep track of things </div> <div class="sub"> Solving a common problem. Knowing what’s what, now and in the future. </div> </div> </div> <div></div> </div> <div class="row"> <div></div> <div class="arrowright right"> <div class="image"> <img src="/images/doi/grey_arrow.png" /> </div> <div class="texts"> <div class="main"> The DOI is actionable </div> <div class="sub"> When you use it something useful will happen </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="search left"> <div class="image"> <img src="/images/doi/search.png" /> </div> <div class="texts"> <div class="main"> They help you find what you need </div> <div class="sub"> Wherever it is at any given moment in time </div> </div> </div> <div></div> </div> <div class="row"> <div></div> <div class="resolve right"> <div class="image"> <img src="/images/doi/atom.png" /> </div> <div class="texts"> <div class="main"> They’re free to resolve </div> <div class="sub"> And always will be </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="what-is"> <div class="row"> <div class="col left"> <h2 class='title'>WHAT IS THE</h2> <img class='what-is-logo' src="/images/logos/DOI Logo-Landscape RGB cropped.svg" /> </div> <div class="col right"> <div class='bullet-wrapper'> <span class='index' style='background-color: #5c7292;'>1</span> <span class='text'>A not for profit organisation that governs the DOI system</span> </div> <div class='bullet-wrapper'> <span class='index' style='background-color: #707070;'>2</span> <span class='text'>We comply with ISO 26324, which defines the syntax for a DOI name</span> </div> <div class='bullet-wrapper'> <span class='index' style='background-color: #b3453d;'>3</span> <span class='text'>We had $884k operating costs in 2021*</span> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="benefits"> <div class="row"> <div class="col heading"> <h2>THE BENEFITS: WHAT PROBLEMS CAN DOIS SOLVE?</h2> </div> </div> <div class="row benefit-wrappers"> <div class="col"> <div class="icon"><i class='fa-solid fa-fw fa-circle-info'></i></div> <h3 class="title">KNOWING WHAT’S WHAT, NOW AND IN THE FUTURE</h3> <div class="text">The DOI is a persistent identifier, it is a long-lasting reference to an object or to information about an object. The object can be anything physical, digital, or abstract. Keeping track of objects like this over time is a problem. And that’s what the DOI is designed to solve.</div> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="icon"><i class='fa-solid fa-fw fa-location-dot'></i></div> <h3 class="title">FINDING WHAT YOU NEED, WHEREVER IT IS OR HAS MOVED TO</h3> <div class="text">The DOI is not only persistent but it is “actionable” which means that you use it and something useful will happen. For instance, you can plug it into a web browser and be taken to an object. We call this resolving the DOI. Here is a chart of the resolutions over time:</div> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="icon"><i class='fa-solid fa-fw fa-expand'></i></div> <h3 class="title">FILLING IN PAST GAPS</h3> <div class="text">In many sectors, a reliable archive is important and denoting the provenance of a record is imperative. Metadata, applications, and services associated with DOIs can be updated without having to change the DOI itself, so for instance as new information becomes available, past records can be updated even decades after they were first created.</div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="growth-graph"> <div class="row title"> <h3>GROWTH OVER TIME</h3> <p>The number of DOI resolutions per month over time; the yellow line shows the best fit exponential</p> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col graph"> <div id="doi-resolutions"></div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="home-infos"> <div class="row"> <div class="col" > <h3 class="title">HOW CAN I RESOLVE A DOI?</h3> <div class="maintext">The DOI System will look up the unique string and redirect you or your machine to the object that it points to. This is most often a URL to a web page, but it can be a link to a database record, for instance.</div> </div> <div class="col" > <div class="maintext">Sometimes there are multiple links behind a DOI (we call this multiple resolution) and users will be redirected to the appropriate one.</div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="how-get" style="background-image: url(/images/dot-pattern.svg);"> <div class="row"> <div class="col left"> <h2 class="title">HOW CAN I GET A DOI?</h2> <div class="content"><p>You need to work with one of our <a href="/the-community/existing-registration-agencies">DOI Registration Agencies</a> who offer services that allow you to register a DOI or many DOIs and metadata specialised to their communities. You can contact any of them to see how they can help you.</p> <h3 id="what-is-the-doi-handbook">What is the DOI Handbook?</h3> <p>The DOI Handbook is the main source of information about the DOI® System. You can find the latest version here: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1000/182">https://doi.org/10.1000/182</a>.</p> <h3 id="dois-and-the-handle-system">DOIs and the Handle system</h3> <p>We use Handle System technology for the resolution part of the DOI System. We believe it is the best infrastructure available today for managing digital objects. The Handle System was developed by CNRI and is currently administered and maintained by the DONA Foundation</p> <p>In order to guarantee persistence, the DOI Foundation has built a social infrastructure on top of the technical infrastructure of the Handle System. Persistence is a function of organizations, not of technology; a persistent identifier system requires a persistent organization, agreed policies and defined processes. <a href="/the-community/existing-registration-agencies">Read more about our Registration Agencies’ committments</a>.</p> </div> </div> <div class="col right"> </div> </div> </section> <section class="hits-graph"> <div class="row title"> <h3>TOTAL DOIS</h3> <p>The cumulative number of DOI registered in the DOI System over time; the yellow line shows the best fit 3 degree polynomia</p> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col graph"> <div id="total-dois"></div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="standards"> <div class="row"> <div class="col left"> <h2 class="title">DOI AND STANDARDS (ISO 26324)</h2> <div class="content">We believe that standardization provides a further guarantee of good governance and persistence. The DOI system has been standardized through the International Standards Organization, as ISO 26324, Digital Object Identifier System. The Standard was approved in November 2010, published in May 2012 and revised in 2022. The history is described here . The Standard specifies the syntax and the functional components of the DOI System, plus the general principles for the creation, registration and administration of DOI names. The Standard is careful not to stipulate any specific technologies.</div> </div> <div class="col right"> <img src="/images/doi/Final_ISO_Grey-2015-Registered-sign.png" /> </div> </div> </section> <section class="map-graph"> <div class="row title"> <h3>RESOLUTIONS TO DATE PER COUNTRY</h3> <p>Darker shades show higher number of total resolutions by country for the last complete month. <br> Mousing over the map will show individual country totals</p> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col graph"> <div id="world_map"></div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="standards visualisations"> <div class="row"> <div class="content"><em>The data used to create the visualisations on this page can be obtained <a href='https://doi.org/api/handles/10.1000/1000?type=DOI_COUNTS&type=DOI_RESOLUTIONS&auth'>here</a>.</em></div> </div> </section> <div class="sticky-socials"> <ul class="socials-side"> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/DOI_Foundation"><i class='fa-brands fa-fw fa-twitter'></i></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/doi-foundation-inc/"><i class='fa-brands fa-fw fa-linkedin'></i></a></li> <li><a href="mailto:info@doi.org"><i class='fa-solid fa-fw fa-envelope'></i></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </main> <script> const observer = new IntersectionObserver(entries => { entries.forEach(entry => { const square = entry.target.querySelector('.path.line'); 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const RESOLUTIONS_CLOCK_UPDATE_INTERVAL = 500; let resolutionsClockIntervalId = null; let doiResolutions = null; let counts = null; let mapMode = "logScale"; async function getDoiValueAsJson(doi, type) { let url = 'https://doi.org/api/handles/' + doi + '?type=' + type + "&auth"; const response = await fetch(url); let handleRecord = await response.json(); let handleValue = handleRecord.values[0]; let valueJson = handleValue.data.value; let result = JSON.parse(valueJson); console.log("Fetching stats"); return result; } async function fetchStats() { doiResolutions = await getDoiValueAsJson('10.1000/1000', 'DOI_RESOLUTIONS'); counts = await getDoiValueAsJson('10.1000/1000', 'DOI_COUNTS'); console.log("Stats loaded"); renderResults(doiResolutions,counts); setTimeout(fetchStats, STATS_REFRESH_INTERVAL); } fetchStats(); function renderResults(doiResolutions,counts) { renderResolutionsClock(doiResolutions); renderResolutionsBotPercent(doiResolutions); renderResolutionsConnegPercent(doiResolutions); renderResolutionsUptime(doiResolutions); google.charts.load('current', { 'packages': ['corechart','line','table','geochart'] }); try{ google.charts.setOnLoadCallback(renderResolutionsChart(doiResolutions)); google.charts.setOnLoadCallback(renderTotalHandlesChart(counts)); google.charts.setOnLoadCallback(renderResolutionsMap(doiResolutions)); } catch(err) { } } function renderResolutionsUptime(doiResolutions) { try { let uptimeElement = document.getElementById('uptime_percent'); let uptimePercent = doiResolutions.uptime.uptimePercentage; let uptimeText = uptimePercent + "%"; uptimeElement.textContent = uptimeText; } catch { } } function renderResolutionsMap(doiResolutions) { try { let mode = mapMode; let resolutionsByCountry = convertResolutionsByCountryForGoogleMap(doiResolutions.resolutionsByCountryLastMonth, mode); var data = google.visualization.arrayToDataTable(resolutionsByCountry); var options = { backgroundColor: 'transparent', colorAxis: {colors: ['white', '#5C7392']}, legend: 'none' }; var chart = new google.visualization.GeoChart(document.getElementById('world_map')); chart.draw(data, options); } catch { } } function convertResolutionsByCountryForGoogleMap(resolutionsByCountry, mode) { let result = []; let columns = ['Country', 'Resolutions']; result.push(columns); let count = 0; for (let country of resolutionsByCountry) { let code = country.countryCode; let rawValue = parseInt(country.resolutions); let formattedValue = "" + rawValue; let value = Math.log(rawValue); let item = { v: value, f: formattedValue }; let row = [code, item]; result.push(row); count++; } return result; } function renderResolutionsClock(doiResolutions) { let resolutionsTotalAndRate = doiResolutions.resolutionsTotalAndRate; let clockElement = document.getElementById('resolutions_clock_count'); let rateElement = document.getElementById('resolutions_clock_rate'); let ratePerSecond = resolutionsTotalAndRate.resolutionsPerSecondLast24Hours; let incrementPerMs = ratePerSecond / 1000; rateElement.textContent = ratePerSecond + "/second" let start = new Date(resolutionsTotalAndRate.asOfTimestamp); let currentCount = calculateResolutionsClock(start, incrementPerMs, resolutionsTotalAndRate.allTime); clockElement.textContent = getClockText(currentCount); clearInterval(resolutionsClockIntervalId); resolutionsClockIntervalId = setInterval(function() { let currentCount = calculateResolutionsClock(start, incrementPerMs, resolutionsTotalAndRate.allTime); let clockText = getClockText(currentCount); clockElement.textContent = clockText; }, RESOLUTIONS_CLOCK_UPDATE_INTERVAL); } function calculateResolutionsClock(start, incrementPerMs, initialCount) { let timeSinceStartMs = Date.now() - start; let increment = Math.round(incrementPerMs * timeSinceStartMs); let currentCount = initialCount + increment; return currentCount; } function getClockText(count) { let clockText = count.toLocaleString("en-US"); return clockText; } function renderTotalHandlesChart(counts) { let totalDois = convertTotalDoisDataForGoogleCharts(counts); var data = google.visualization.arrayToDataTable(totalDois); var options = { chartArea: {'height': '80%'}, backgroundColor: 'transparent', responsive: true, height:600, colors: ['#5C7392'], title: 'Total DOIs', legend: { position: 'bottom' }, trendlines: { 0: { type: 'exponential', color: '#FAB70C', tooltip: false } } }; var chart = new google.visualization.LineChart(document.getElementById('total-dois')); chart.draw(data, options); } function convertTotalDoisDataForGoogleCharts(monthlyCounts) { let result = []; let columns = ["Date", "Total DOIs"]; result.push(columns); for (let month in monthlyCounts) { let value = monthlyCounts[month].doiCount; let row = [new Date(month), value]; result.push(row); } return result; } function renderResolutionsChart(doiResolutions) { let monthlyResolutions = doiResolutions.monthlyResolutions; monthLabels = []; resolutions = []; both = []; var data = new google.visualization.DataTable(); data.addColumn('date', 'date'); data.addColumn('number', 'resolutions'); for (var key in monthlyResolutions) { if (!monthlyResolutions[key].isIncompleteMonth) { if(key.substr(5)=='01') { monthLabels.push(key.substr(0,4)); } else { monthLabels.push(""); } resolutions.push(monthlyResolutions[key].resolutions) both.push([key, monthlyResolutions[key].resolutions ]) ; datestring = key + "-01"; 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botPercentElement.textContent = botPercentContent; botPercentTextElement.textContent = botPercentTextContent; botPercentTextElement.style.opacity=1; } catch { } } function replaceWildCards(theString, find, replace) { return theString.replace(find, replace); } function reformatMonth(monthYear) { const months = [ 'January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December' ] let d = new Date(monthYear); let year = d.getFullYear(); let monthName = months[d.getUTCMonth()]; return monthName + " " + year; } function renderResolutionsConnegPercent(doiResolutions) { try { let connegPercentElement = document.getElementById('content_negotiation_percent'); let connegPercentTextElement = document.getElementById('content_negotiation_text'); let connegPercent = doiResolutions.connegPercent.connegPercent; let month = reformatMonth(doiResolutions.connegPercent.month); let connegPercentContent = connegPercent + "%"; let connegPercentTextContent = replaceWildCards(connegPercentTextElement.textContent,"**MONTH**", month); connegPercentElement.textContent = connegPercentContent; connegPercentTextElement.textContent = connegPercentTextContent; connegPercentTextElement.style.opacity=1; } catch { } } </script> <footer> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <a href="https://www.doi.org/"><img class='footer-logo' src="/images/logos/ footer_logo_cropped_registered.svg" /></a> </div> <div class="col"> <ul> <li><a href="/the-identifier/resources/">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/the-foundation/board-and-governance/">Governing Board</a></li> <li><a href="https://doi.statuspage.io/">Status page</a></li> <li><a href="mailto:info@doi.org">Email us</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col"> <ul> <li><a href="/the-identifier/resources/handbook">The DOI Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.iso.org/standard/81599.html">ISO 26324</a></li> <li><a href="/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/resources/130718-trademark-policy.pdf">Trademarks (PDF)</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col copyright"> <p>Copyright © 2022 DOI Foundation. <i class='fa-brands fa-fw fa-creative-commons'></i><i class='fa-brands fa-fw fa-creative-commons-by'></i> The content of this site is licensed under a <a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/' title='Creative Commons' target='_blank'>Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.</p><p>DOI®, DOI.ORG®, and shortDOI® are trademarks of the DOI Foundation.</p> </div> <div class="col socials"> <ul class="socials-footer"> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/DOI_Foundation"><i class='fa-brands fa-fw fa-twitter'></i></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/doi-foundation-inc/"><i class='fa-brands fa-fw fa-linkedin'></i></a></li> <li><a href="mailto:info@doi.org"><i class='fa-solid fa-fw fa-envelope'></i></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer> <script src="/js/script.js"></script> </body> </html>