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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy_in_the_United_States" title="Bankruptcy in the United States">Bankruptcy in the<br />United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Bankruptcy_Court_Seal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/United_States_Bankruptcy_Court_Seal.png/100px-United_States_Bankruptcy_Court_Seal.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/United_States_Bankruptcy_Court_Seal.png/150px-United_States_Bankruptcy_Court_Seal.png 1.5x, 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Code">Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Rules_of_Bankruptcy_Procedure" title="Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure">FRBP</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Chapters</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_7,_Title_11,_United_States_Code" title="Chapter 7, Title 11, United States Code">Chapter 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_9,_Title_11,_United_States_Code" title="Chapter 9, Title 11, United States Code">Chapter 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_11,_Title_11,_United_States_Code" title="Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code">Chapter 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_12,_Title_11,_United_States_Code" title="Chapter 12, Title 11, United States Code">Chapter 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_13,_Title_11,_United_States_Code" title="Chapter 13, Title 11, United States Code">Chapter 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_15,_Title_11,_United_States_Code" title="Chapter 15, Title 11, United States Code">Chapter 15</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Aspects of bankruptcy law</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_stay" title="Automatic stay">Automatic stay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy_discharge" title="Bankruptcy discharge">Discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trustee_in_bankruptcy#United_States" title="Trustee in bankruptcy">Bankruptcy trustee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_restructuring_officer" title="Chief restructuring officer">Chief restructuring officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claim_in_bankruptcy" title="Claim in bankruptcy">Claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_test#United_States" title="Means test">Means test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debtor_in_possession" title="Debtor in possession">DIP</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style 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For the former courts in the United Kingdom, see <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Bankruptcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Bankruptcy">Court of Bankruptcy</a>.</div> <p><b>United States bankruptcy courts</b> are <a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">courts created under Article I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bb_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current system of bankruptcy courts was created by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> in 1978, effective April 1, 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> United States bankruptcy courts function as units of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="United States district courts">district courts</a> and have <a href="/wiki/Subject-matter_jurisdiction" title="Subject-matter jurisdiction">subject-matter jurisdiction</a> over <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy_in_the_United_States" title="Bankruptcy in the United States">bankruptcy cases</a>. The federal district courts have <a href="/wiki/Original_jurisdiction" title="Original jurisdiction">original</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_jurisdiction" title="Exclusive jurisdiction">exclusive jurisdiction</a> over all cases arising under the bankruptcy code, (see <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">28 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1334#a">§ 1334(a)</a></span>), and bankruptcy cases cannot be filed in <a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">state court</a>. Each of the 94 <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_judicial_district" title="United States federal judicial district">federal judicial districts</a> handles bankruptcy matters. </p><p>Technically, the United States district courts have subject matter jurisdiction over bankruptcy matters (see <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">28 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1334#a">§ 1334(a)</a></span>). However, each such district court may, by order, "refer" bankruptcy matters to the bankruptcy court (see <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">28 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/157#a">§ 157(a)</a></span>). As a practical matter, most district courts have a standing "reference" order to that effect, so that all bankruptcy cases in that district are handled, at least initially, by the bankruptcy court. In unusual circumstances, a district court may in a particular case "withdraw the reference" (i.e., take the case or a particular proceeding within the case away from the bankruptcy court and decide the matter itself) under <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">28 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/157#d">§ 157(d)</a></span>. </p><p>The overwhelming majority of all proceedings in bankruptcy are held before a United States bankruptcy judge, whose decisions are subject to appeals to the district court. In some judicial circuits, appeals may be taken to a <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy_Appellate_Panel" title="Bankruptcy Appellate Panel">Bankruptcy Appellate Panel</a> (BAP). The bankruptcy judges in each judicial district in regular active service constitute a "unit" of the applicable <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">United States district court</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">28 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/151">§ 151</a>). The bankruptcy judge is appointed for a renewable term of 14 years by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Court of Appeals">United States Court of Appeals</a> for the circuit in which the applicable district is located (see <a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">28 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/152">§ 152</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Rules_of_Bankruptcy_Procedure" title="Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure">Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure</a> (FRBP) govern <a href="/wiki/Legal_procedure" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal procedure">procedure</a> in the U.S. bankruptcy courts. </p><p>Decisions of the bankruptcy courts are not collected and published in an official <a href="/wiki/Law_report" title="Law report">reporter</a> produced by the government. Instead, the <i>de facto</i> official source for opinions of the bankruptcy courts is <i>West's Bankruptcy Reporter</i>, published privately by <a href="/wiki/Thomson_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson West">Thomson West</a>. </p><p>Bankruptcy courts appoint a trustee to represent the interests of the creditors and administer the cases. The U.S. Trustee<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appoints Chapter 7 trustees for a renewable period of 1 year, Chapter 13 trustees are "standing trustees" who administer cases in a specific geographic region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_bankruptcy_court&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bb-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bb_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscourts.gov/services-forms/bankruptcy/bankruptcy-basics/process-bankruptcy-basics">"Process - Bankruptcy Basics"</a>. <i>United States Courts</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Courts&rft.atitle=Process+-+Bankruptcy+Basics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscourts.gov%2Fservices-forms%2Fbankruptcy%2Fbankruptcy-basics%2Fprocess-bankruptcy-basics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+bankruptcy+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The U.S. bankruptcy courts were created in 1978, but were effective on April 1, 1984, under 28 USC section 151, as enacted by section 201(a) of the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978, Pub. L. No. 95-598, 92 Stat. 2549, 2657 (November 6, 1978), and section 402 (92 Stat. 2549, 2682) of the Act, as amended, <i>inter alia</i>, by section 104(a) of the Bankruptcy Amendments and Federal Judgeship Act of 1984, Pub. L. No. 98-353, 98 Stat. 336 (July 10, 1984). The reason for the delay was that the United States Supreme Court held, in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Pipeline_Construction_Co._v._Marathon_Pipeline_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipeline Co.">Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipeline Co.</a>, that the 1978 Act's grant of jurisdiction to the bankruptcy court violated the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, and corrective federal legislation was required.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110228142345/http://www.justice.gov/ust/eo/ust_org/about_ustp.htm">About the United States Trustee Program & Bankruptcy</a> (Justice.gov via archive.org)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_bankruptcy_court&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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