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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ancient history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Medieval history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Modern history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geographic distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnographic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnographic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ethnographic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnographic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assimilation_and_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assimilation_and_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Assimilation and immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assimilation_and_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Russians</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 115 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" > 115 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Урысхэр – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Урысхэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Урысхэр – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Урысхэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russe" title="Russe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Russe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="روس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusos" title="Rusos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rusos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblu_rusu" title="Pueblu rusu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pueblu rusu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="ГӀурусал – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀурусал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslar" title="Ruslar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ruslar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="روسلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روسلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="রুশ জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রুশ জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%8D%CD%98-se-a-l%C3%A2ng" title="Lō͘-se-a-lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lō͘-se-a-lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8B%D2%AB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Урыҫтар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Урыҫтар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Рускія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рускія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Расейцы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Расейцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Руснаци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Руснаци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusi" title="Rusi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rusi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Ородууд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ородууд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russos" title="Russos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Russos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%80%C4%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Вырăссем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вырăссем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusov%C3%A9" title="Rusové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rusové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwsiaid" title="Rwsiaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rwsiaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russere" title="Russere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Russere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russen" title="Russen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venelased" title="Venelased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Venelased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8E%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Ρώσοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρώσοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%82" title="Рузт – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Рузт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_ruso" title="Pueblo ruso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo ruso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusoj" title="Rusoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rusoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errusiar" title="Errusiar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errusiar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="مردم روس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم روس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russes" title="Russes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Russes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russen" title="Russen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Russen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAisigh" title="Rúisigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rúisigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslar" title="Ruslar – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Ruslar" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_ruso" title="Pobo ruso – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo ruso" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Эрсий – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Эрсий" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B2-l%C3%B2%CC%A4-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%82-ng%C3%ACn" title="Ngò-lò̤-sṳ̂-ngìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngò-lò̤-sṳ̂-ngìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8" title="러시아인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러시아인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ռուսներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուսներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="रूसी लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रूसी लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusi" title="Rusi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rusi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Rusia" title="Suku Rusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruusiq" title="Uruusiq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Uruusiq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Уырыссаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Уырыссаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russi" title="Russi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Russi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9D" title="רוסים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוסים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Оруслула – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Оруслула" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="რუსები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუსები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Орыстар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Орыстар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BBs" title="Rûs – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rûs" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Орустар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Орустар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusc" title="Rusc – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Rusc" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Оьрус – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Оьрус" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russi" title="Russi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Russi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krievi" title="Krievi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krievi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Урусар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Урусар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusai" title="Rusai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rusai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3sse" title="Rósse – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Rósse" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroszok" title="Oroszok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oroszok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Руси – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Руси" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosiana_(vahoaka)" title="Rosiana (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rosiana (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="რუსეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რუსეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="روس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Rusia" title="Orang Rusia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B2%CC%A4-l%C3%B2%CC%A4-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86-n%C3%A8%CC%A4ng" title="Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆-nè̤ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆-nè̤ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Руст – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Руст" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Оросууд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Оросууд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russen_(volk)" title="Russen (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Russen (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="ロシア人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシア人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Оьрсий – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Оьрсий" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russere" title="Russere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Russere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russarar" title="Russarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Russarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%88" title="Руш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Руш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslar" title="Ruslar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ruslar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95" title="ਰੂਸੀ ਲੋਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੂਸੀ ਲੋਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="روسی لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روسی لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosjanie" title="Rosjanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rosjanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russos" title="Russos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Russos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslar" title="Ruslar – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ruslar" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C8%99i" title="Ruși – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ruși" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Русы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Русы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Русские – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Русские" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%83%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Нууччалар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Нууччалар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roushies" title="Roushies – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Roushies" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%C3%ABt" title="Rusët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rusët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians" title="Russians – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Russians" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusi" title="Rusi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rusi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusi" title="Rusi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rusi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Роусьсци – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Роусьсци" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ڕووسەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕووسەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Руси – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Руси" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusi" title="Rusi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rusi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Rusia" title="Urang Rusia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Urang Rusia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4l%C3%A4iset" title="Venäläiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venäläiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryssar" title="Ryssar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ryssar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Руслар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Руслар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ชาวรัสเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวรัสเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Русҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Русҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslar" title="Ruslar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ruslar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a 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ethnic group. For other meanings, see <a href="/wiki/Russian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Russian (disambiguation)">Russian</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. 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Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Russians%22">"Russians"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Russians%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Russians%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Russians%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Russians%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Russians%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (August 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Russians</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: русские</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 135 million [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Russian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Map_of_the_Russian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/260px-Map_of_the_Russian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Map_of_the_Russian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/390px-Map_of_the_Russian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Map_of_the_Russian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/520px-Map_of_the_Russian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Russia   105,620,179 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-census2021-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_diaspora" title="Russian diaspora">Diaspora</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Germany</th><td class="infobox-data">approx. 7,500,000 (including <a href="/wiki/Russian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Jews">Russian Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia,_Ukraine_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union">Russian Germans</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Ukraine</th><td class="infobox-data">7,170,000 (2018) (including <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Національний_склад_населення-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Kazakhstan</th><td class="infobox-data">2,983,317 (2024 government est.)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="infobox-data">3,072,756 (2009) (including Russian Jews and Russian Germans)<a href="#cite_note-census1-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Uzbekistan</th><td class="infobox-data">720,324 (2019)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Belarus</th><td class="infobox-data">706,992 (2019)<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Canada</th><td class="infobox-data">622,445 (2016) (Russian ancestry, excluding Russian Germans)<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Other countries</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Latvia</th><td class="infobox-data">454,350 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Kyrgyzstan</th><td class="infobox-data">352,960 (2018)<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Estonia</th><td class="infobox-data">315,252 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Argentina</th><td class="infobox-data">300,000 (2018)<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Moldova</th><td class="infobox-data">201,218 (2014)<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="infobox-data">200,000<a href="#cite_note-russieinfo.com-16">[16]</a> to 500,000<a href="#cite_note-russieinfo.com-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Turkmenistan</th><td class="infobox-data">150,000 (2012)<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Lithuania</th><td class="infobox-data">129,797 (2017)<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Italy</th><td class="infobox-data">120,459<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Azerbaijan</th><td class="infobox-data">119,300 (2009)<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Finland</th><td class="infobox-data">90,801 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Spain</th><td class="infobox-data">72,234 (2017)<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Australia</th><td class="infobox-data">67,055 (2006)<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Turkey</th><td class="infobox-data">50,000–100,000 (2019)<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Poland</th><td class="infobox-data">40,000 (2019)<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Romania</th><td class="infobox-data">36,397 (2002) (<a href="/wiki/Lipovans" title="Lipovans">Lipovans</a>)<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Czech Republic</th><td class="infobox-data">35,759 (2016)<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Tajikistan</th><td class="infobox-data">35,000 (2010)<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">South Korea</th><td class="infobox-data">30,098 (2016)<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Georgia</th><td class="infobox-data">26,453 (2014)<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Hungary</th><td class="infobox-data">21,518 (2016)<a href="#cite_note-KSH-33">[33]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Sweden</th><td class="infobox-data">20,187 (2016)<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">China</th><td class="infobox-data">15,609 (2000)<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Bulgaria</th><td class="infobox-data">15,595 (2002)<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Armenia</th><td class="infobox-data">14,076 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Greece</th><td class="infobox-data">13,635 (2002)<<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Serbia</th><td class="infobox-data">10,486 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Slovakia</th><td class="infobox-data">8,116 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">India</th><td class="infobox-data">6,000–15,000 (2011)<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Denmark</th><td class="infobox-data">7,686 (2019)<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">New Zealand</th><td class="infobox-data">5,979 (2013)<<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian Sign Language</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodoxy">Russian Orthodoxy</a>), minority <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2008ydna-45">[45]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Russians (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: русские, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: russkiye <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈruskʲɪje]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/84\/Ru-%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5.ogg\/Ru-%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Ru-%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5.ogg/Ru-%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5.ogg" title="File:Ru-русские.ogg">ⓘ</a>) are an <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> native to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. Their <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a> is <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, the most spoken <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic language</a>. The majority of Russians adhere to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a>, ever since the formation of the Russian identity in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. By total numbers, they are the largest <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European nation</a>. Genetic studies show that Russians are closely related to <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">Latvians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2008ydna-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalyarchukDerenko2004877–900-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovskyRootsi2008236–50-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovsky201223-48">[48]</a> They were formed from East Slavic tribes, and their cultural ancestry is based in <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>. The Russian word for the Russians is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Rus%27,_Russia_and_Ruthenia" title="Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia">people of Rus' and the territory of Rus'</a>. Russians share many historical and cultural traits with other European peoples, and especially with other East Slavic ethnic groups, specifically <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>. The vast majority of Russians live in native Russia, but notable minorities are scattered throughout other <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Belarus" title="Russians in Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Russians in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Moldova" title="Russians in Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Ukraine" title="Russians in Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Russians in the Baltic states">Baltic states</a>. A large <a href="/wiki/Russian_diaspora" title="Russian diaspora">Russian diaspora</a> (sometimes including Russian-speaking non-Russians), estimated at 25 million people,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> has developed all over the world, with notable numbers in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Germany" title="Russians in Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Brazilians" title="Russian Brazilians">Brazil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Canadians" title="Russian Canadians">Canada</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnonym">Ethnonym</h2></div> There are two <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> words which are commonly translated into English as "Russians". One is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:русский">русские</a> (russkiye), which in modern Russia most often means "ethnic Russians". The other one is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:россиянин">россияне</a> (rossiyane), derived from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Россия">Россия</a> (Rossiya, Russia), which denotes "people of Russia", regardless of ethnicity or religious affiliation. In daily usage, those terms are often mixed up, and since <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> became president, the ethnic term русские has supplanted the non-ethnic term.<a href="#cite_note-KappelerBrothers-50">[50]</a>: 26  The name of the Russians derives from the early medieval <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a>, a group of <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> merchants and warriors who relocated from across the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> and played an important part in the foudation of the first <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="East Slavic peoples">East Slavic</a> state that later became the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The idea of a single "<a href="/wiki/All-Russian_nation" title="All-Russian nation">all-Russian nation</a>" encompassing the <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavic peoples</a>, or a "triune nation" of three brotherly "<a href="/wiki/Great_Russia" title="Great Russia">Great Russian</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Little_Russia" title="Little Russia">Little Russian</a>" (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a>), and "<a href="/wiki/White_Ruthenia" title="White Ruthenia">White Russian</a>" (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusian</a>) peoples became the official doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> from the beginning of the 19th century onwards.<a href="#cite_note-KappelerBrothers-50">[50]</a>: 25–26  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Russians" title="Old Russians">Old Russians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg/220px-East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg/330px-East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg/440px-East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavic</a> tribes and peoples, 8th–9th century</figcaption></figure> The ancestors of modern Russians are the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Slavic peoples">Slavic tribes</a>, whose original home is thought by some scholars to have been the wooded areas of the <a href="/wiki/Pinsk_Marshes" title="Pinsk Marshes">Pinsk Marshes</a>, one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The East Slavs gradually settled Western Russia with <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> included in two waves: one moving from <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> toward present-day <a href="/wiki/Suzdal" title="Suzdal">Suzdal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murom" title="Murom">Murom</a> and another from <a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a> toward <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rostov,_Yaroslavl_Oblast" title="Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast">Rostov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Christian-54">[54]</a> Prior to the Slavic migration in the 6-7th centuries, the Suzdal-Murom and Novgorod-Rostov areas were populated by <a href="/wiki/Finnic_peoples" title="Finnic peoples">Finnic peoples</a>,<a href="#cite_note-backus-55">[55]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Meryans" title="Meryans">Merya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Muromians" class="mw-redirect" title="Muromians">Muromians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Meshchera" class="mw-redirect" title="Meshchera">Meshchera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> From the 7th century onwards, the East Slavs slowly assimilated the native Finnic peoples,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> so that by year 1100, the majority of the population in Western Russia was Slavic-speaking.<a href="#cite_note-Christian-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-backus-55">[55]</a> Recent genetic studies confirm the presence of a Finnic substrate in modern Russian population.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Outside archaeological remains, little is known about the predecessors to Russians in general prior to 859 AD, when the <a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a> starts its records.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> By 600 AD, the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> are believed to have split linguistically into <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">southern</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">western</a>, and eastern branches.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_history">Medieval history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebedev_baptism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lebedev_baptism.jpg/220px-Lebedev_baptism.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lebedev_baptism.jpg/330px-Lebedev_baptism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lebedev_baptism.jpg/440px-Lebedev_baptism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Kievans" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of Kievans">Baptism of Kievans</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Klavdy_Lebedev" title="Klavdy Lebedev">Klavdy Lebedev</a></figcaption></figure> The Rus' state was established in northern Russia in the year 862,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> which was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Staraya Ladoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a> became the first major cities of the new union of immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> with the Slavs and <a href="/wiki/Finnic_peoples" title="Finnic peoples">Finns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In 882, the prince <a href="/wiki/Oleg_the_Wise" title="Oleg the Wise">Oleg</a> seized <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, thereby uniting the northern and southern lands of the <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a> under one authority. The state <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">adopted Christianity</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in 988. <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> ultimately disintegrated as a state as a result of in-fighting between members of the princely family that ruled it collectively.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> After the 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> became a political and cultural center. Moscow has become a center for the <a href="/wiki/Collector_of_Russian_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Collector of Russian lands">unification of Russian lands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> By the end of the 15th century, Moscow united the northeastern and northwestern Russian principalities, overthrew the "Mongol yoke" in 1480,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> and would be transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> after <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan IV</a> was crowned tsar in 1547.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B8_1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B8_1867.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B8_1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B8_1867.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B8_1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B8_1867.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B8_1867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption>Grandma's Fairy Tales, by <a href="/wiki/Vassily_Maximov" title="Vassily Maximov">Vassily Maximov</a></figcaption></figure> In 1721, Tsar <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> renamed his state as the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, hoping to associate it with historical and cultural achievements of ancient Rus' – in contrast to his policies oriented towards Western Europe. The state now extended from the eastern borders of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, and became a <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a>; and one of the most powerful states in Europe after the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">victory over Napoleon</a>. Peasant revolts were common, and all were fiercely suppressed. The Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a> <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">abolished</a> <a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">Russian serfdom</a> in 1861, but the peasants fared poorly and revolutionary pressures grew. In the following decades, reform efforts such as the <a href="/wiki/Stolypin_reform" title="Stolypin reform">Stolypin reforms</a> of 1906–1914, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1906" title="Russian Constitution of 1906">constitution of 1906</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma_(Russian_Empire)" title="State Duma (Russian Empire)">State Duma</a> (1906–1917) attempted to open and liberalize the economy and political system, but the Emperors refused to relinquish <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">autocratic rule</a> and resisted sharing their power. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_of_Russians_by_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Percentage_of_Russians_by_region.svg/220px-Percentage_of_Russians_by_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Percentage_of_Russians_by_region.svg/330px-Percentage_of_Russians_by_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Percentage_of_Russians_by_region.svg/440px-Percentage_of_Russians_by_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of ethnic Russians by <a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">federal subjects</a> of Russia according to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2010)">2010 census</a>:<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  above 80%</div></figcaption></figure> A combination of economic breakdown, <a href="/wiki/Russia_in_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia in World War I">war-weariness</a>, and discontent with the autocratic system of government triggered <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">revolution in Russia in 1917</a>. The <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">overthrow of the monarchy</a> initially brought into office a coalition of liberals and moderate socialists, but their failed policies led to <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">seizure of power</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> on 25 October 1917 (7 November <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">New Style</a>). In 1922, Soviet Russia, along with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Ukraine">Soviet Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Belarus">Soviet Belarus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasian SFSR">Transcaucasian SFSR</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty on the Creation of the USSR">Treaty on the Creation of the USSR</a>, officially merging all four republics to form the Soviet Union as a country. Between 1922 and 1991, the history of Russia became essentially the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">history of the Soviet Union</a>, effectively an ideologically based state roughly conterminous with the Russian Empire before the 1918 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Russia%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>. From its first years, government in the Soviet Union based itself on the one-party rule of the Communists, as the Bolsheviks called themselves, beginning in March 1918. The approach to the building of socialism, however, varied over different periods in Soviet history: from the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">mixed economy</a> and diverse society and culture of the 1920s through the <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">command economy and repressions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> era to the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">"era of stagnation"</a> from the 1960s to the 1980s. The actions of the Soviet government caused the death of millions of citizens in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Soviet famine of 1930–1933">famine of 1930–1933</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">attack</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the ensuing <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">war</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, again claimed <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">millions of lives</a>. Millions of Russian civilians and <a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> were killed or starved to death during Nazi Germany's genocidal policies called the <a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Hunger Plan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a>, including one million civilian casualties during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a>. After the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Western Allies</a>, the Soviet Union became a <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpower</a> opposing Western countries during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. By the mid-1980s, with Soviet economic and political weaknesses becoming acute, Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> embarked on major reforms; these culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, leaving Russia again alone and marking the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">post-Soviet</a> Russian period. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> renamed itself the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> and became one of <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Protocol" title="Lisbon Protocol">several successors to the Soviet Union</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Russians_in_post-Soviet_states" title="Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states">Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_diaspora" title="Russian diaspora">Russian diaspora</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russians_ethnic_94.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Russians_ethnic_94.jpg/200px-Russians_ethnic_94.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Russians_ethnic_94.jpg/300px-Russians_ethnic_94.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Russians_ethnic_94.jpg/400px-Russians_ethnic_94.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2077" data-file-height="1396" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic Russians in former Soviet Union states in 1994</figcaption></figure> Ethnic Russians historically migrated within the areas of the former <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, though they were sometimes encouraged to re-settle in borderland areas by the Tsarist and later Soviet government.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Sometimes ethnic Russian communities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lipovans" title="Lipovans">Lipovans</a> who settled in the <a href="/wiki/Danube_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube delta">Danube delta</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Doukhobor" class="mw-redirect" title="Doukhobor">Doukhobors</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, emigrated as religious dissidents fleeing the central authority.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eglise_notre_dame_de_l_assomption_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Eglise_notre_dame_de_l_assomption_7.jpg/220px-Eglise_notre_dame_de_l_assomption_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Eglise_notre_dame_de_l_assomption_7.jpg/330px-Eglise_notre_dame_de_l_assomption_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Eglise_notre_dame_de_l_assomption_7.jpg/440px-Eglise_notre_dame_de_l_assomption_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve-des-Bois_Russian_Cemetery" title="Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery">Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery</a> in Paris, the resting place of many eminent <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">Russian émigrés</a> after 1917</figcaption></figure> There are also small Russian communities in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> — including <a href="/wiki/Lipovans" title="Lipovans">Lipovans</a> in the Danube delta<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> — Central European nations such as <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, as well as Russians settled in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. These communities identify themselves to varying degrees as Russians, citizens of these countries, or both.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Significant numbers of Russians emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Beach,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighton Beach, Brooklyn">Brighton Beach, Brooklyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Beach,_Staten_Island" title="South Beach, Staten Island">South Beach, Staten Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> are examples of large communities of recent Russian and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Jews">Russian-Jewish</a> immigrants. Other examples are <a href="/wiki/Sunny_Isles_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunny Isles Beach">Sunny Isles Beach</a>, a northern suburb of <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Hollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="West Hollywood">West Hollywood</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> area.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution</a> in 1917, many Russians who were identified with the <a href="/wiki/White_army" class="mw-redirect" title="White army">White army</a> moved to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> — most of them settling in <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> By the 1930s, Harbin had 100,000 Russians. Many of these Russians moved back to the Soviet Union after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Today, a large group in northern China still speak Russian as a second language. <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Russians_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Russians in China">Russians (eluosizu)</a> are one of the <a href="/wiki/Nationalities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalities of China">56 ethnic groups</a> officially recognized by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> (as the Russ); there are approximately 15,600 Russian Chinese living mostly in northern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, and also in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_Russian_census" title="2021 Russian census">2021 Russian census</a>, the number of ethnic Russians in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> decreased by nearly 5.43 million, from roughly 111 million people in 2010 to approximately 105.5 million in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnographic_groups">Ethnographic groups</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE,_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_1962_%D0%B3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%2C_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_1962_%D0%B3.JPG/220px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%2C_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_1962_%D0%B3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%2C_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_1962_%D0%B3.JPG/330px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%2C_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_1962_%D0%B3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%2C_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_1962_%D0%B3.JPG/440px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%2C_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_1962_%D0%B3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2872" data-file-height="1948" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lipovans" title="Lipovans">Lipovans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a></figcaption></figure> Among Russians, a number of <a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_group" title="Ethnographic group">ethnographic groups</a> stand out, such as: the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Russian_dialects" title="Northern Russian dialects">Northern Russians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russian_dialects" title="Southern Russian dialects">Southern Russians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Goryuns" title="Goryuns">Goryuns</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kamchadals" title="Kamchadals">Kamchadals</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polekhs" title="Polekhs">Polekhs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_China" title="Russians in China">Russian Chinese</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Siberians" title="Siberians">Siberians</a> (Siberiaks), <a href="/wiki/Starozhily" class="mw-redirect" title="Starozhily">Starozhily</a>, some groupings of <a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamenschik" title="Kamenschik">Kamenschiks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipovans" title="Lipovans">Lipovans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semeiskie" title="Semeiskie">Semeiskie</a>), and others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexandrovVlasovaPolishchuk1997107–123-75">[75]</a> The main ones are the Northern and Southern Russian groups. At the same time, the proposal of the ethnographer <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Konstantinovich_Zelenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitry Konstantinovich Zelenin">Dmitry Zelenin</a> in his major work of 1927 Russian (East Slavic) Ethnography to consider them as separate East Slavic peoples<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZelenin1991§§_1–4-76">[76]</a> did not find support in scientific circles.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Russia's Arctic coastline had been explored and settled by <a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a>, Russian settlers from <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> inhabited sparsely populated areas in the <a href="/wiki/Don_(river)" title="Don (river)">Don</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terek_(river)" title="Terek (river)">Terek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ural_(river)" title="Ural (river)">Ural</a> river basins, and played an important role in the historical and cultural development of parts of Russia.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Russians" title="Genetic studies on Russians">Genetic studies on Russians</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comb_Ceramic_culture#Genetics" title="Comb Ceramic culture">Comb Ceramic culture § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture#Eastern_Europe_and_Finland" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture § Eastern Europe and Finland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fatyanovo%E2%80%93Balanovo_culture#Genetics" title="Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture">Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture § Genetics</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Russians#Disputed" title="Talk:Russians">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>. (March 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_Cosmos_%D0%BD%D0%B0_Geek_Picnic_2018_SPb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/%D0%97%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_Cosmos_%D0%BD%D0%B0_Geek_Picnic_2018_SPb.jpg/220px-%D0%97%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_Cosmos_%D0%BD%D0%B0_Geek_Picnic_2018_SPb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/%D0%97%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_Cosmos_%D0%BD%D0%B0_Geek_Picnic_2018_SPb.jpg/330px-%D0%97%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_Cosmos_%D0%BD%D0%B0_Geek_Picnic_2018_SPb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/%D0%97%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_Cosmos_%D0%BD%D0%B0_Geek_Picnic_2018_SPb.jpg/440px-%D0%97%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_Cosmos_%D0%BD%D0%B0_Geek_Picnic_2018_SPb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="1826" /></a><figcaption>Russian people in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Petersburg">Saint-Petersburg</a>.</figcaption></figure> In accordance with the 2008 research results of Russian and Estonian geneticists, two groups of Russians are distinguished: the northern and southern populations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovskyRootsi2008236–50-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovsky201224-79">[79]</a> Central and Southern Russians, to which the majority of Russian populations belong, according to <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a> R1a, are included in the general "East European" <a href="/wiki/Gene_cluster" title="Gene cluster">gene cluster</a> with the rest <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a> (Poles, Czechs and Slovaks), as well as the non-Slavic <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalyarchukDerenko2004877–900-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovskyRootsi2008236–50-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovsky201223-48">[48]</a> Genetically, East Slavs are quite similar to West Slavs; such genetic similarity is somewhat unusual for genetics with such a wide settlement of the Slavs, especially Russians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovsky201213-80">[80]</a> The high unity of the <a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">autosomal</a> markers of the East Slavic populations and their significant differences from the neighboring Finnic, Turkic and Caucasian peoples were revealed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovskyRootsi2008236–50-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalyarchukDerenko2004877–900-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Russian_dialects" title="Northern Russian dialects">Northern Russians</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mtDNA</a>, Y chromosome and autosomal marker CCR5de132, are included in the "North European" gene cluster (the <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finnic_peoples" title="Baltic Finnic peoples">Baltic Finnic peoples</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovskyRootsi2008236–50-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovsky201226-81">[81]</a> Consequently, the already existing biologo-genetic studies have made all hypotheses about the mixing of the Russians with non-Slavic ethnic groups or their "non-Slavism" obsolete or pseudoscientific. At the same time, the long-standing identification of the Northern Russian and Southern Russian ethnographic groups by ethnologists was confirmed. The previous conclusions of physical anthropologists,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESankina200098-82">[82]</a> historians and linguists (see, in particular, the works of the academician <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Yanin" title="Valentin Yanin">Valentin Yanin</a>) about the proximity of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Slavs" title="Novgorod Slavs">Novgorod Slavs</a> and their language not to the East, but to west <a href="/wiki/Lechites" title="Lechites">Baltic Slavs</a>. As can be seen from <a href="/wiki/Genetic_resources" title="Genetic resources">genetic resources</a>, the contemporary Northern Russians also are genetically close of all Slavic peoples only to the Poles and similar to the Balts. However, this does not mean the northern Russians origin from the Balts or the Poles, more likely, that all the peoples of the Nordic gene pool are descendants of <a href="/wiki/Western_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hunter-Gatherer">Paleo-European</a> population, which has remained around <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovskyRootsi2008236–50-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovsky201226-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assimilation_and_immigration">Assimilation and immigration</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ARussians&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+27+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Russians">making an edit request</a><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russians&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> . (May 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Russians have sometimes found it useful to emphasize their self-perceived ability to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilate</a> other people <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">to the Russian ethnicity</a> - and as a historic great power with imperial expansionist tendencies the Russian state has sometimes encouraged Russian-centred monoculturalism. Steppe peoples, Tatars, Baltic Germans, Lithuanians and native Siberians in <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Rus'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscovy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Muscovy (disambiguation)">Muscovy</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> could in theory become "Russians" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: русские) simply by accepting <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodoxy">Russian Orthodoxy</a> as their faith.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The attitude of ready inclusivity is summed up in the popular phrase (sometimes attributed to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III of Russia</a>) - Хочешь быть русским - будь им! (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr>  You want to be Russian - be that!).<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official</a> and the predominantly spoken language in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> It is the most-spoken native language in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia,<a href="#cite_note-language-88">[88]</a> as well as the world's most widely spoken <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-language-88">[88]</a> Russian is the third-most used language on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> after <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> and is one of two official languages aboard the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> as well as one of the six <a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_the_United_Nations" title="Official languages of the United Nations">official languages of the United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Culture of Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Kustodiev_-_Shrovetide_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Boris_Kustodiev_-_Shrovetide_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Boris_Kustodiev_-_Shrovetide_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Boris_Kustodiev_-_Shrovetide_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Boris_Kustodiev_-_Shrovetide_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Boris_Kustodiev_-_Shrovetide_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Boris_Kustodiev_-_Shrovetide_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8077" data-file-height="3764" /></a><figcaption>Russian artist <a href="/wiki/Boris_Kustodiev" title="Boris Kustodiev">Boris Kustodiev</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Maslenitsa" title="Maslenitsa">Maslenitsa</a>, 1916</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg/220px-L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg/330px-L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg/440px-L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2167" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>'s (1828–1910) notable works include the novels <a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina" title="Anna Karenina">Anna Karenina</a>, often cited as pinnacles of <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">realist</a> fiction.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian literature</a> is considered to be among the world's most influential and developed.<a href="#cite_note-literature1-92">[92]</a> It can be traced to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, when epics and chronicles in <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a> were composed.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> By the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, literature had grown in importance, with works from <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Mikhail Lomonosov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Fonvizin" title="Denis Fonvizin">Denis Fonvizin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gavrila_Derzhavin" title="Gavrila Derzhavin">Gavrila Derzhavin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Nikolay Karamzin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-literature-94">[94]</a> From the early 1830s, during the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Golden Age of Russian Poetry</a>, literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry, prose and drama.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> permitted a flowering of poetic talent: <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Vasily Zhukovsky</a> and later his protégé <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a> came to the fore.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Following Pushkin's footsteps, a new generation of poets were born, including <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Mikhail Lermontov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Nekrasov" title="Nikolay Nekrasov">Nikolay Nekrasov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Konstantinovich_Tolstoy" title="Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy">Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Fyodor Tyutchev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afanasy_Fet" title="Afanasy Fet">Afanasy Fet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-literature-94">[94]</a> The first great Russian novelist was <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Nikolai Gogol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Then came <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Turgenev" title="Ivan Turgenev">Ivan Turgenev</a>, who mastered both short stories and novels.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> soon became internationally renowned. <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Goncharov" title="Ivan Goncharov">Ivan Goncharov</a> is remembered mainly for his novel <a href="/wiki/Oblomov" title="Oblomov">Oblomov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin</a> wrote prose satire,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Leskov" title="Nikolai Leskov">Nikolai Leskov</a> is best remembered for his shorter fiction.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In the second half of the century <a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Anton Chekhov</a> excelled in short stories and became a leading dramatist.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Other important 19th-century developments included the fabulist <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Krylov" title="Ivan Krylov">Ivan Krylov</a>,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> non-fiction writers such as the critic <a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Vissarion Belinsky</a>,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> and playwrights such as <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Griboyedov" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Griboyedov">Aleksandr Griboyedov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Ostrovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Ostrovsky">Aleksandr Ostrovsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The beginning of the 20th century ranks as the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Silver Age of Russian Poetry">Silver Age of Russian Poetry</a>. This era had poets such as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Blok" title="Alexander Blok">Alexander Blok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Anna Akhmatova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Balmont" title="Konstantin Balmont">Konstantin Balmont</a>,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marina_Tsvetaeva" title="Marina Tsvetaeva">Marina Tsvetaeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Vladimir Mayakovsky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Osip_Mandelstam" title="Osip Mandelstam">Osip Mandelstam</a>. It also produced some first-rate novelists and short-story writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Kuprin" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Kuprin">Aleksandr Kuprin</a>, Nobel Prize winner <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bunin" title="Ivan Bunin">Ivan Bunin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Andreyev" title="Leonid Andreyev">Leonid Andreyev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Zamyatin" title="Yevgeny Zamyatin">Yevgeny Zamyatin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Merezhkovsky" title="Dmitry Merezhkovsky">Dmitry Merezhkovsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Andrei Bely</a>.<a href="#cite_note-literature-94">[94]</a> After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Russian literature split into Soviet and <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">white émigré</a> parts. In the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a> became the predominant trend in Russia. Its leading figure was <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a>, who laid the foundations of this style.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Mikhail Bulgakov</a> was one of the leading writers of the Soviet era.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Ostrovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Ostrovsky">Nikolay Ostrovsky</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/How_the_Steel_Was_Tempered" title="How the Steel Was Tempered">How the Steel Was Tempered</a> has been among the most successful works of Russian literature. Influential émigré writers include <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Some writers dared to oppose Soviet ideology, such as Nobel Prize-winning novelist <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a>, who wrote about life in the Gulag camps.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_philosophers" title="List of Russian philosophers">List of Russian philosophers</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Russian_philosophy" title="Russian philosophy">Russian philosophy</a> has been greatly influential. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a> is known as one of the fathers of <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> is referred to as the father of <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a> was the most important theorist of <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">anarcho-communism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin" title="Mikhail Bakhtin">Mikhail Bakhtin</a>'s writings have significantly inspired scholars.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a> gained international following as the leading theoretician of <a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a>, and co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, a major revolutionary, developed a variant of communism known as <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, on the other hand, founded <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zinoviev" title="Alexander Zinoviev">Alexander Zinoviev</a> was a prominent philosopher in the second half of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Russia" title="Science and technology in Russia">Science and technology in Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dmitri_Mendeleev_(1834%E2%80%931907).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Dmitri_Mendeleev_%281834%E2%80%931907%29.jpg/220px-Dmitri_Mendeleev_%281834%E2%80%931907%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Dmitri_Mendeleev_%281834%E2%80%931907%29.jpg/330px-Dmitri_Mendeleev_%281834%E2%80%931907%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Dmitri_Mendeleev_%281834%E2%80%931907%29.jpg/440px-Dmitri_Mendeleev_%281834%E2%80%931907%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> (1837–1906) is best known for formulating the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic Law">Periodic Law</a> and creating a version of the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table of elements</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_inventions_and_technology_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records">Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_scientists" title="List of Russian scientists">List of Russian scientists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_inventors" title="List of Russian inventors">List of Russian inventors</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Mikhail Lomonosov</a> proposed the <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_mass" title="Conservation of mass">conservation of mass</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical reactions">chemical reactions</a>, discovered the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">atmosphere of Venus</a>, and founded modern <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Since the times of <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Lobachevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Lobachevsky">Nikolay Lobachevsky</a>, who pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Non-Euclidean_geometry" title="Non-Euclidean geometry">non-Euclidean geometry</a>, and a prominent tutor <a href="/wiki/Pafnuty_Chebyshev" title="Pafnuty Chebyshev">Pafnuty Chebyshev</a>, Russian <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_mathematicians" title="List of Russian mathematicians">mathematicians</a> became among the world's most influential.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Mendeleev" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitry Mendeleev">Dmitry Mendeleev</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a>, the main framework of modern <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sofya_Kovalevskaya" title="Sofya Kovalevskaya">Sofya Kovalevskaya</a> was a pioneer among <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women_in_mathematics#19th_Century" title="Timeline of women in mathematics">women in mathematics</a> in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Perelman" title="Grigori Perelman">Grigori Perelman</a> was offered the first ever Clay <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Prize_Problems" title="Millennium Prize Problems">Millennium Prize Problems</a> Award for his final proof of the <a href="/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_conjecture" title="Poincaré conjecture">Poincaré conjecture</a> in 2002, as well as the Fields Medal in 2006, both of which he declined.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Popov</a> was among the <a href="/wiki/Invention_of_radio" title="Invention of radio">inventors of radio</a>,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Basov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Basov">Nikolai Basov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Alexander Prokhorov</a> were co-inventors of <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">maser</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Zhores Alferov</a> contributed significantly to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Heterojunction" title="Heterojunction">modern heterostructure physics and electronics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Losev" title="Oleg Losev">Oleg Losev</a> made crucial contributions in the field of <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductor junction">semiconductor junctions</a>, and discovered <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diodes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vernadsky" title="Vladimir Vernadsky">Vladimir Vernadsky</a> is considered one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">geochemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">biogeochemistry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiogeology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> is known for his groundbreaking research in <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a> is known chiefly for his work in <a href="/wiki/Classical_conditioning" title="Classical conditioning">classical conditioning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Lev Landau</a> made fundamental contributions to many areas of <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Vavilov" title="Nikolai Vavilov">Nikolai Vavilov</a> was best known for having identified the <a href="/wiki/Vavilov_center" title="Vavilov center">centers</a> of origin of <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">cultivated</a> plants.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Many famous Russian scientists and inventors were <a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Émigrés">émigrés</a>. <a href="/wiki/Igor_Sikorsky" title="Igor Sikorsky">Igor Sikorsky</a> was an <a href="/wiki/List_of_aviation_pioneers" title="List of aviation pioneers">aviation pioneer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zworykin" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Zworykin">Vladimir Zworykin</a> was the inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Iconoscope" title="Iconoscope">iconoscope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kinescope" title="Kinescope">kinescope</a> television systems.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a> was the central figure in the field of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a> for his work in shaping the <a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">modern synthesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Gamow" title="George Gamow">George Gamow</a> was one of the foremost advocates of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> theory.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky" title="Konstantin Tsiolkovsky">Konstantin Tsiolkovsky</a> is called the father of theoretical <a href="/wiki/Astronautics" title="Astronautics">astronautics</a>, whose works had inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers, such as <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Glushko" title="Valentin Glushko">Valentin Glushko</a>, and many others.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a>: 6–7, 333  In 1961, the first human trip into space was successfully made by <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a>. In 1963, <a href="/wiki/Valentina_Tereshkova" title="Valentina Tereshkova">Valentina Tereshkova</a> became the first and youngest <a href="/wiki/Women_in_space" title="Women in space">woman in space</a>, having flown a solo mission on <a href="/wiki/Vostok_6" title="Vostok 6">Vostok 6</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In 1965, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Alexei Leonov</a> became the first human to conduct a <a href="/wiki/Spacewalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacewalk">spacewalk</a>, exiting the <a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">space capsule</a> during <a href="/wiki/Voskhod_2" title="Voskhod 2">Voskhod 2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Music of Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_composers" title="List of Russian composers">List of Russian composers</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portr%C3%A4t_des_Komponisten_Pjotr_I._Tschaikowski_(1840-1893).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portr%C3%A4t_des_Komponisten_Pjotr_I._Tschaikowski_%281840-1893%29.jpg/190px-Portr%C3%A4t_des_Komponisten_Pjotr_I._Tschaikowski_%281840-1893%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portr%C3%A4t_des_Komponisten_Pjotr_I._Tschaikowski_%281840-1893%29.jpg/285px-Portr%C3%A4t_des_Komponisten_Pjotr_I._Tschaikowski_%281840-1893%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portr%C3%A4t_des_Komponisten_Pjotr_I._Tschaikowski_%281840-1893%29.jpg/380px-Portr%C3%A4t_des_Komponisten_Pjotr_I._Tschaikowski_%281840-1893%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2466" /></a><figcaption>The classic ballet of <a href="/wiki/Swan_Lake" title="Swan Lake">Swan Lake</a> was composed by <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a> (1840–1893) </figcaption></figure> Until the 18th century, music in Russia consisted mainly of church music and folk songs and dances.<a href="#cite_note-Music-140">[140]</a> In the 19th century, it was defined by the tension between classical composer <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Mikhail Glinka</a> along with other members of <a href="/wiki/The_Mighty_Handful" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mighty Handful">The Mighty Handful</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Musical_Society" title="Russian Musical Society">Russian Musical Society</a> led by composers <a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Anton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Rubinstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Rubinstein">Nikolay Rubinstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Music-140">[140]</a> The later tradition of <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a>, one of the greatest composers of the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic era</a>, was continued into the 20th century by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a>, one of the last great champions of the Romantic style of European classical music.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> World-renowned composers of the 20th century include <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Alexander Scriabin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">Alexander Glazunov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sviridov" title="Georgy Sviridov">Georgy Sviridov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schnittke" title="Alfred Schnittke">Alfred Schnittke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Music-140">[140]</a> Soviet and Russian conservatories have turned out generations of world-renowned soloists. Among the best known are violinists <a href="/wiki/David_Oistrakh" title="David Oistrakh">David Oistrakh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gidon_Kremer" title="Gidon Kremer">Gidon Kremer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> cellist <a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich">Mstislav Rostropovich</a>,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> pianists <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz" title="Vladimir Horowitz">Vladimir Horowitz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_Richter" title="Sviatoslav Richter">Sviatoslav Richter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emil_Gilels" title="Emil Gilels">Emil Gilels</a>,<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> and vocalist <a href="/wiki/Galina_Vishnevskaya" title="Galina Vishnevskaya">Galina Vishnevskaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> During the Soviet times, <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> also produced a number of renowned figures, such as the two <a href="/wiki/Bard_(Soviet_Union)" title="Bard (Soviet Union)">balladeers</a>—<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vysotsky" title="Vladimir Vysotsky">Vladimir Vysotsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulat_Okudzhava" title="Bulat Okudzhava">Bulat Okudzhava</a>,<a href="#cite_note-music2-149">[149]</a> and performers such as <a href="/wiki/Alla_Pugacheva" title="Alla Pugacheva">Alla Pugacheva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a>, even with sanctions from Soviet authorities, flourished and evolved into one of the country's most popular musical forms.<a href="#cite_note-music2-149">[149]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ganelin" title="Vyacheslav Ganelin">Ganelin Trio</a> have been described by critics as the greatest ensemble of free-jazz in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> By the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Russia" title="Rock music in Russia">rock music</a> became popular across Russia, and produced bands such as <a href="/wiki/Aria_(band)" title="Aria (band)">Aria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquarium_(band)" title="Aquarium (band)">Aquarium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/DDT_(band)" title="DDT (band)">DDT</a>,<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kino_(band)" title="Kino (band)">Kino</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_pop" title="Russian pop">Pop music</a> in Russia has continued to flourish since the 1960s, with globally famous acts such as <a href="/wiki/T.A.T.u." title="T.A.T.u.">t.A.T.u.</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> In the recent times, <a href="/wiki/Little_Big_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Big (band)">Little Big</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Rave_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Rave music">rave</a> band, has gained popularity in Russia and across Europe.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Cinema of Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema of the Soviet Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vintage_Potemkin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vintage_Potemkin.jpg/170px-Vintage_Potemkin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vintage_Potemkin.jpg/255px-Vintage_Potemkin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vintage_Potemkin.jpg/340px-Vintage_Potemkin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3541" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>Poster of <a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a> (1925) by Sergei Eisenstein, which was named the <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_considered_the_best" class="mw-redirect" title="List of films considered the best">greatest film of all time</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Expo_58" title="Expo 58">Brussels World's Fair</a> in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></figcaption></figure> Russian and later <a href="/wiki/Soviet_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet cinema">Soviet cinema</a> was a hotbed of invention, resulting in world-renowned films such as <a href="/wiki/The_Battleship_Potemkin" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battleship Potemkin">The Battleship Potemkin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Soviet-era filmmakers, most notably <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Andrei Tarkovsky</a>, would go on to become among of the world's most innovative and influential directors.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Eisenstein was a student of <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov" title="Lev Kuleshov">Lev Kuleshov</a>, who developed the groundbreaking <a href="/wiki/Soviet_montage_theory" title="Soviet montage theory">Soviet montage theory</a> of film editing at the world's first <a href="/wiki/Film_school" title="Film school">film school</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gerasimov_Institute_of_Cinematography" title="Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography">All-Union Institute of Cinematography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Dziga Vertov</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Kino-Eye" title="Kino-Eye">Kino-Eye</a>" theory had a huge impact on the development of documentary filmmaking and cinema realism.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Many Soviet socialist realism films were artistically successful, including <a href="/wiki/Chapaev_(film)" title="Chapaev (film)">Chapaev</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Cranes_Are_Flying" title="The Cranes Are Flying">The Cranes Are Flying</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ballad_of_a_Soldier" title="Ballad of a Soldier">Ballad of a Soldier</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The 1960s and 1970s saw a greater variety of artistic styles in Soviet cinema. The comedies of <a href="/wiki/Eldar_Ryazanov" title="Eldar Ryazanov">Eldar Ryazanov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Gaidai" title="Leonid Gaidai">Leonid Gaidai</a> of that time were immensely popular, with many of the catchphrases still in use today.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> In 1961–68 <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Bondarchuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Bondarchuk">Sergey Bondarchuk</a> directed an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Oscar</a>-winning <a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(film_series)" title="War and Peace (film series)">film adaptation</a> of Leo Tolstoy's epic <a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a>, which was <a href="/wiki/The_most_expensive_film" class="mw-redirect" title="The most expensive film">the most expensive film</a> made in the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> In 1969, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Motyl" title="Vladimir Motyl">Vladimir Motyl</a>'s <a href="/wiki/White_Sun_of_the_Desert" title="White Sun of the Desert">White Sun of the Desert</a> was released, a very popular film in a genre of <a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">ostern</a>; the film is traditionally watched by <a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmonauts">cosmonauts</a> before any trip into space.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ark" title="Russian Ark">Russian Ark</a> was the first feature film ever to be shot in a single take.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Today, the Russian cinema industry continues to expand.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian architecture">Russian architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_architects" title="List of Russian architects">List of Russian architects</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral_in_Moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral_in_Moscow.jpg/220px-Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral_in_Moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral_in_Moscow.jpg/330px-Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral_in_Moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral_in_Moscow.jpg/440px-Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral_in_Moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2218" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Basil's Cathedral">Saint Basil's Cathedral</a>, built between 1555 and 1683, in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></figcaption></figure> The history of <a href="/wiki/Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian architecture">Russian architecture</a> begins with early woodcraft buildings of ancient Slavs,<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">architecture of Kievan Rus'</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a>, for several centuries it was influenced predominantly by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle_Fioravanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotle Fioravanti">Aristotle Fioravanti</a> and other Italian architects brought <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> trends into Russia.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> The 16th century saw the development of the unique <a href="/wiki/Tent-like_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Tent-like church">tent-like churches</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">onion dome</a> design, which is a distinctive feature of Russian architecture.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> In the 17th century, the "fiery style" of ornamentation flourished in Moscow and <a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a>, gradually paving the way for the <a href="/wiki/Naryshkin_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Naryshkin baroque">Naryshkin baroque</a> of the 1690s. After the reforms of Peter the Great, Russia's architecture became influenced by Western European styles.<a href="#cite_note-Shvidkovsky-175">[175]</a> The 18th-century taste for <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> architecture led to the splendid works of <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Rastrelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomeo Rastrelli">Bartolomeo Rastrelli</a> and his followers.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> During the reign of Catherine the Great, Saint Petersburg was transformed into an outdoor museum of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a>'s rule, <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a> became the de facto architectural style, and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a> opened the gate of <a href="/wiki/Eclecticism" title="Eclecticism">Eclecticism</a> to Russia. The second half of the 19th-century was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire">Neo-Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revival">Russian Revival</a> style. In early 20th-century, <a href="/wiki/Russian_neoclassical_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian neoclassical revival">Russian neoclassical revival</a> became a trend.<a href="#cite_note-Shvidkovsky-175">[175]</a> Prevalent styles of the late 20th-century were the <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau_architecture_in_Russia" title="Art Nouveau architecture in Russia">Art Nouveau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Socialist Classicism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Religion in Russia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Russians##" title="Talk:Russians">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>. (November 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA.jpg/220px-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA.jpg/330px-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA.jpg/440px-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B._%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a> in Russia; the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> has experienced a great revival since the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, a country that had a policy of <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a>.</figcaption></figure> Russia's largest religion is <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Russia" title="Christianity in Russia">Christianity</a>—It has the world's <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_by_country" title="Eastern Orthodoxy by country">largest Orthodox population</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> According to differing sociological surveys on religious adherence, between 41% to over 80% of the total population of Russia adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ArenaAtlas2012-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ogonek-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Non-religious Russians may associate themselves with the Orthodox faith for cultural reasons. Some Russian people are <a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a>: a relatively small <a href="/wiki/Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">schismatic</a> group of the Russian Orthodoxy that rejected the liturgical reforms introduced in the 17th century. Other schisms from Orthodoxy include <a href="/wiki/Doukhobor" class="mw-redirect" title="Doukhobor">Doukhobors</a> which in the 18th century rejected secular government, the Russian Orthodox priests, icons, all church ritual, the Bible as the supreme source of divine revelation and the divinity of Jesus, and later emigrated into Canada. An even earlier sect were <a href="/wiki/Molokan" class="mw-redirect" title="Molokan">Molokans</a> which formed in 1550 and rejected Czar's <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right to rule</a>, icons, the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> as outlined by the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Fasting#Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Fasting">fasts</a>, military service, and practices including <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">water baptism</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other world religions have negligible representation among ethnic Russians. The largest of these groups are <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> with over 100,000 followers from national minorities,<a href="#cite_note-ArenaAtlas-185">[185]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> with over 85,000 Russian adherents.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Others are mostly <a href="/wiki/Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostals">Pentecostals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelicals">Evangelicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventists" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventists">Seventh-day Adventists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherans">Lutherans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Since the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> various new religious movements have sprung up and gathered a following among ethnic Russians. The most prominent of these are <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic Neopaganism">Rodnovery</a>, the revival of the Slavic native religion also common to other <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sport in Russia</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_national_football_team" title="Soviet Union national football team">Soviet Union national football team</a> became the first European champions by winning <a href="/wiki/Euro_1960" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro 1960">Euro 1960</a>,<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> and reached the finals of <a href="/wiki/Euro_1988" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro 1988">Euro 1988</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> In 1956 and 1988, the Soviet Union won gold at the <a href="/wiki/Football_at_the_Summer_Olympics#Results" title="Football at the Summer Olympics">Olympic football tournament</a>. Russian clubs <a href="/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Moscow" title="PFC CSKA Moscow">CSKA Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zenit_Saint_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenit Saint Petersburg">Zenit Saint Petersburg</a> won the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="UEFA Cup">UEFA Cup</a> in 2005 and 2008.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_national_football_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian national football team">Russian national football team</a> reached the semi-finals of <a href="/wiki/Euro_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro 2008">Euro 2008</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Russia was the host nation for the <a href="/wiki/2017_FIFA_Confederations_Cup" title="2017 FIFA Confederations Cup">2017 FIFA Confederations Cup</a>,<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_Russia" title="Ice hockey in Russia">Ice hockey</a> is very popular in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-hockey-196">[196]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" title="Soviet Union men's national ice hockey team">Soviet Union men's national ice hockey team</a> dominated the sport internationally throughout its existence,<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> and the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Russia_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" title="Russia men's national ice hockey team">Russia men's national ice hockey team</a> is among the most successful teams in the sport.<a href="#cite_note-hockey-196">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">Bandy</a> is Russia's national sport, and it has historically been the highest-achieving country in the sport.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian national basketball team">Russian national basketball team</a> won the <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_2007" title="EuroBasket 2007">EuroBasket 2007</a>,<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> and the Russian basketball club <a href="/wiki/PBC_CSKA_Moscow" title="PBC CSKA Moscow">PBC CSKA Moscow</a> is among the most successful European basketball teams. The annual <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Grand_Prix" title="Russian Grand Prix">Russian Grand Prix</a> is held at the <a href="/wiki/Sochi_Autodrom" title="Sochi Autodrom">Sochi Autodrom</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sochi_Olympic_Park" title="Sochi Olympic Park">Sochi Olympic Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Russia is the leading nation in <a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_gymnastics" title="Rhythmic gymnastics">rhythmic gymnastics</a>; and Russian <a href="/wiki/Synchronized_swimming" title="Synchronized swimming">synchronized swimming</a> is considered to be the world's best.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">Figure skating</a> is another popular sport in Russia, especially <a href="/wiki/Pair_skating" title="Pair skating">pair skating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice dancing">ice dancing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Russia has produced a number of famous <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> players,<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Maria_Sharapova" title="Maria Sharapova">Maria Sharapova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniil_Medvedev" title="Daniil Medvedev">Daniil Medvedev</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a> is also a widely popular pastime in the nation, with many of the world's top chess players being Russian for decades.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 Summer Olympic Games">1980 Summer Olympic Games</a> were held in Moscow,<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics" title="2014 Winter Olympics">2014 Winter Olympics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Paralympics" title="2014 Winter Paralympics">2014 Winter Paralympics</a> were hosted in Sochi.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_nation" title="All-Russian nation">All-Russian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="European ethnic groups">European ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_artists" title="List of Russian artists">List of Russian artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_studies_journals" title="List of Slavic studies journals">List of Slavic studies journals</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-census2021-1"><a href="#cite_ref-census2021_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx">"Национальный состав населения"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2FTom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121319/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/AuslaendBevoelkerung2010200177004.pdf">"Migration und Integration"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/AuslaendBevoelkerung2010200177004.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 January 2019. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.mid.ru//ns_publ.nsf/cb8e241d18a8904ec3256fc7002ddc0e/a26c797ba51042d2c32576800031670a?OpenDocument">the original</a> on 2 January 2016. 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Retrieved 25 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scitanie.sk&rft.atitle=SODB2021+%E2%80%93+Obyvatelia+%E2%80%93+Z%C3%A1kladn%C3%A9+v%C3%BDsledky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scitanie.sk%2Fobyvatelia%2Fzakladne-vysledky%2Fstruktura-obyvatelstva-podla-narodnosti%2FSR%2FSK0%2FSR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/struktura-obyvatelstva-podla-dalsej-narodnosti/SR/SK0/SR">"SODB2021 – Obyvatelia – Základné výsledky"</a>. www.scitanie.sk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715111536/https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/struktura-obyvatelstva-podla-dalsej-narodnosti/SR/SK0/SR">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2022. 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American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (1): 236–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2007.09.019">10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2253976">2253976</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18179905">18179905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Two+sources+of+the+Russian+patrilineal+heritage+in+their+Eurasian+context&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=236-50&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2253976%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18179905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2007.09.019&rft.aulast=Balanovsky&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rft.au=Rootsi%2C+Siiri&rft.au=Pshenichnov%2C+Andrey&rft.au=Kivisild%2C+Toomas&rft.au=Churnosov%2C+Michail&rft.au=Evseeva%2C+Irina&rft.au=Pocheshkhova%2C+Elvira&rft.au=Boldyreva%2C+Margarita&rft.au=Yankovsky%2C+Nikolay&rft.au=Balanovska%2C+Elena&rft.au=Villems%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2253976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalyarchukDerenko2004877–900-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalyarchukDerenko2004877–900_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalyarchukDerenko2004877–900_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalyarchukDerenko2004877–900_46-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalyarchukDerenko2004">Malyarchuk & Derenko 2004</a>, pp. 877–900. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovskyRootsi2008236–50-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalanovskyRootsi2008236–50_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalanovskyRootsi2008236–50_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalanovskyRootsi2008236–50_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalanovskyRootsi2008236–50_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalanovskyRootsi2008236–50_47-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalanovskyRootsi2008236–50_47-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFBalanovskyRootsi2008">Balanovsky & Rootsi 2008</a>, pp. 236–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovsky201223-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalanovsky201223_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalanovsky201223_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBalanovsky2012">Balanovsky 2012</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoolican2021" class="citation journal cs1">Coolican, Sarah (December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/Assets/Documents/updates/LSE-IDEAS-Russian-Diaspora-Baltic-States.pdf">"The Russian Diaspora in the Baltic States: The Trojan Horse that never was"</a> (PDF). LSE Ideas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220522180544/https://www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/Assets/Documents/updates/LSE-IDEAS-Russian-Diaspora-Baltic-States.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LSE+Ideas&rft.atitle=The+Russian+Diaspora+in+the+Baltic+States%3A+The+Trojan+Horse+that+never+was&rft.date=2021-12&rft.aulast=Coolican&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Fideas%2FAssets%2FDocuments%2Fupdates%2FLSE-IDEAS-Russian-Diaspora-Baltic-States.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KappelerBrothers-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KappelerBrothers_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KappelerBrothers_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKappeler2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Kappeler" title="Andreas Kappeler">Kappeler, Andreas</a> (2023). Ungleiche Brüder: Russen und Ukrainer vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart [Unequal Brothers: Russians and Ukrainians from the Middle Ages to the Present] (in German). München: C.H.Beck oHG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-80042-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-80042-9"><bdi>978-3-406-80042-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ungleiche+Br%C3%BCder%3A+Russen+und+Ukrainer+vom+Mittelalter+bis+zur+Gegenwart&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=C.H.Beck+oHG&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-3-406-80042-9&rft.aulast=Kappeler&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuczko2004" class="citation book cs1">Duczko, Wladyslaw (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hEawXSP4AVwC&pg=PA10">Viking Rus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13874-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13874-2"><bdi>978-90-04-13874-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414014750/https://books.google.com/books?id=hEawXSP4AVwC&pg=PA10">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viking+Rus&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13874-2&rft.aulast=Duczko&rft.aufirst=Wladyslaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhEawXSP4AVwC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKappeler2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Kappeler" title="Andreas Kappeler">Kappeler, Andreas</a> (2022). Russische Geschichte [Russian History] (in German). München: C.H.Beck oHG. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-79290-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-79290-8"><bdi>978-3-406-79290-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russische+Geschichte&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=C.H.Beck+oHG&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-406-79290-8&rft.aulast=Kappeler&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> For a discussion of the origins of Slavs, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarford,_P._M.2001" class="citation book cs1">Barford, P. M. (2001). The Early Slavs. Cornell University Press. pp. 15–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3977-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3977-3"><bdi>978-0-8014-3977-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Slavs&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3977-3&rft.au=Barford%2C+P.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christian-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christian_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christian_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian,_D.1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Christian_(historian)" title="David Christian (historian)">Christian, D.</a> (1998). A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 286–288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20814-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20814-3"><bdi>978-0-631-20814-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Russia%2C+Central+Asia+and+Mongolia&rft.pages=286-288&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20814-3&rft.au=Christian%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-backus-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-backus_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-backus_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackus1973" class="citation journal cs1">Backus, Oswald P. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01629777300000011">"The impact of the Baltic and Finnic peoples upon Russian history"</a>. Journal of Baltic Studies. 4 (1): 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01629777300000011">10.1080/01629777300000011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0162-9778">0162-9778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Baltic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+the+Baltic+and+Finnic+peoples+upon+Russian+history&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01629777300000011&rft.issn=0162-9778&rft.aulast=Backus&rft.aufirst=Oswald+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F01629777300000011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaszkiewicz,_H.K.1963" class="citation book cs1">Paszkiewicz, H.K. (1963). The Making of the Russian Nation. Darton, Longman & Todd. p. 262.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Russian+Nation&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Darton%2C+Longman+%26+Todd&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Paszkiewicz%2C+H.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKitterick,_R.1995" class="citation book cs1">McKitterick, R. (15 June 1995). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge University Press. p. 497. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521364477" title="Special:BookSources/0521364477"><bdi>0521364477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History&rft.pages=497&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995-06-15&rft.isbn=0521364477&rft.au=McKitterick%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMongaĭt,_A.L.1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Mongait" title="Aleksandr Mongait">Mongaĭt, A.L.</a> (1959). Archeology in the U.S.S.R. Foreign Languages Publishing House. p. 335.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archeology+in+the+U.S.S.R.&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Monga%C4%ADt%2C+A.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Ed. <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Reuter" title="Timothy Reuter">Timothy Reuter</a>, The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3, Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp. 494-497. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36447-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36447-7">0-521-36447-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Interactions between gene pools of Russian and Finnish-speaking populations from tver region: Analysis of 4 million snp markers. 2020. Bull Russ State Med Univ. 6, 15-22. O.P. Balanovsky, I.O. Gorin, Y.S. Zapisetskaya, A.A. Golubeva, E.V. Kostryukova, E.V. Balanovska. doi: 10.24075/BRSMU.2020.072. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> The Primary Chronicle is a history of the Ancient Rus' from around 850 to 1110, originally compiled in <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> about 1113. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoesdahl1998" class="citation book cs1">Roesdahl, Else (30 April 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S9XNbDqS7dsC">The Vikings</a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-194153-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-194153-0"><bdi>978-0-14-194153-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907233142/https://books.google.com/books?id=S9XNbDqS7dsC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vikings&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=1998-04-30&rft.isbn=978-0-14-194153-0&rft.aulast=Roesdahl&rft.aufirst=Else&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS9XNbDqS7dsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiasanovsky2005" class="citation book cs1">Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. (29 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xno8DwAAQBAJ">Russian Identities: A Historical Survey</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515650-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515650-8"><bdi>978-0-19-515650-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928153551/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xno8DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Identities%3A+A+Historical+Survey&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2005-09-29&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515650-8&rft.aulast=Riasanovsky&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXno8DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoskingService1998" class="citation book cs1">Hosking, Geoffrey; Service, Robert, eds. (1998). Russian Nationalism, Past and Present. Springer. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349265329" title="Special:BookSources/9781349265329"><bdi>9781349265329</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Nationalism%2C+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781349265329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChannonHudson1995" class="citation book cs1">Channon, John; Hudson, Robert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kewWAQAAIAAJ">The Penguin Historical Atlas of Russia</a>. Viking. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-86461-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-86461-4"><bdi>978-0-670-86461-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907233145/https://books.google.com/books?id=kewWAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Historical+Atlas+of+Russia&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-670-86461-4&rft.aulast=Channon&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Hudson%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkewWAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss2003" class="citation book cs1">Moss, Walter G. (1 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bHdPAgAAQBAJ">A History of Russia Volume 1: To 1917</a>. Anthem Press. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-023-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-023-5"><bdi>978-1-84331-023-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928153551/https://books.google.com/books?id=bHdPAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Russia+Volume+1%3A+To+1917&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2003-07-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-023-5&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Walter+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbHdPAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChew1970" class="citation book cs1">Chew, Allen F. (1 January 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShZK2-Fz-kC">An Atlas of Russian History: Eleven Centuries of Changing Borders</a>. Yale University Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-01445-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-01445-7"><bdi>978-0-300-01445-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907233142/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShZK2-Fz-kC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Atlas+of+Russian+History%3A+Eleven+Centuries+of+Changing+Borders&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1970-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-300-01445-7&rft.aulast=Chew&rft.aufirst=Allen+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ShZK2-Fz-kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayneRomanoff2002" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Robert; Romanoff, Nikita (1 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p1abtsPCPm8C">Ivan the Terrible</a>. Cooper Square Press. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-6108-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-6108-5"><bdi>978-1-4616-6108-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928153552/https://books.google.com/books?id=p1abtsPCPm8C">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ivan+the+Terrible&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Cooper+Square+Press&rft.date=2002-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4616-6108-5&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Romanoff%2C+Nikita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp1abtsPCPm8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_etn_10.php">"EAll- Russian population census 2010 – Population by nationality, sex and subjects of the Russian Federation"</a>. Demoscope Weekly. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190819112304/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_etn_10.php">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Demoscope+Weekly&rft.atitle=EAll-+Russian+population+census+2010+%E2%80%93+Population+by+nationality%2C+sex+and+subjects+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus_etn_10.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm">Russians left behind in Central Asia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115111257/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm">Archived</a> 15 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News. 23 November 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1914" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Donald Mackenzie (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/trent_0116302179423">A short history of Russia and the Balkan states</a>. Internet Archive. London Encyclopaedia Britannica Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+Russia+and+the+Balkan+states&rft.pub=London+Encyclopaedia+Britannica+Co&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Donald+Mackenzie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrent_0116302179423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/7571310/Saving-the-souls-of-Russias-exiled-Lipovans.html">Saving the souls of Russia's exiled Lipovans</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170620112211/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/7571310/Saving-the-souls-of-Russias-exiled-Lipovans.html">Archived</a> 20 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. 9 April 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/21/style/21iht-shang.t.html">The Ghosts of Russia That Haunt Shanghai</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308113826/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/21/style/21iht-shang.t.html">Archived</a> 8 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 21 September 1999. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidorov2023" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sidorov, Harun (7 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230107213809/https://www.idelreal.org/a/32211336.html">""Русский мир" Путина и "кот Шредингера""</a> [Putin's "Russian World" and "Schrödinger's cat"]. idelreal.org (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idelreal.org/a/32211336.html">the original</a> on 7 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=idelreal.org&rft.atitle=%22%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%22+%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%22%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%22&rft.date=2023-01-07&rft.aulast=Sidorov&rft.aufirst=Harun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idelreal.org%2Fa%2F32211336.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225214004/https://jamestown.org/program/5-million-fewer-than-in-2010-ethnic-russians-make-up-only-72-percent-of-russias-population/">"5 Million Fewer Than in 2010, Ethnic Russians Make Up Only 72 Percent of Russia's Population"</a>. Eurasia Daily Monitor. Vol. 20, no. 6. The Jamestown Foundation. 10 January 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/5-million-fewer-than-in-2010-ethnic-russians-make-up-only-72-percent-of-russias-population/">the original</a> on 25 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasia+Daily+Monitor&rft.atitle=5+Million+Fewer+Than+in+2010%2C+Ethnic+Russians+Make+Up+Only+72+Percent+of+Russia%27s+Population&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2023-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2F5-million-fewer-than-in-2010-ethnic-russians-make-up-only-72-percent-of-russias-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410004023/https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/03/04/russias-population-nightmare-is-going-to-get-even-worse">"Russia's population nightmare is going to get even worse"</a>. The Economist. 4 March 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/03/04/russias-population-nightmare-is-going-to-get-even-worse">the original</a> on 10 April 2023. <q>The decline was largest among ethnic Russians, whose number, the census of 2021 said, fell by 5.4m in 2010-21. Their share of the population fell from 78% to 72%.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+population+nightmare+is+going+to+get+even+worse&rft.date=2023-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Feurope%2F2023%2F03%2F04%2Frussias-population-nightmare-is-going-to-get-even-worse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexandrovVlasovaPolishchuk1997107–123-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexandrovVlasovaPolishchuk1997107–123_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlexandrovVlasovaPolishchuk1997">Alexandrov, Vlasova & Polishchuk 1997</a>, pp. 107–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZelenin1991§§_1–4-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZelenin1991§§_1–4_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZelenin1991">Zelenin 1991</a>, §§ 1–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeriukov,_A.I.2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Teriukov, A.I. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220909122639/https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3157665">"Поморы"</a> [Pomors]. Большая российская энциклопедия/<a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia" title="Great Russian Encyclopedia">Great Russian Encyclopedia</a> Online (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3157665">the original</a> on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%2FGreat+Russian+Encyclopedia+Online&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Teriukov%2C+A.I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigenc.ru%2Fethnology%2Ftext%2F3157665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Rourke2000" class="citation book cs1">O'Rourke, Shane (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L0Zk3tUQ1M4C&q=cossacks+old+believers&pg=PA62">Warriors and peasants: The Don Cossacks in late imperial Russia</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-22774-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-22774-6"><bdi>978-0-312-22774-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220206071147/https://books.google.com/books?id=L0Zk3tUQ1M4C&q=cossacks+old+believers&pg=PA62">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warriors+and+peasants%3A+The+Don+Cossacks+in+late+imperial+Russia&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-312-22774-6&rft.aulast=O%27Rourke&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL0Zk3tUQ1M4C%26q%3Dcossacks%2Bold%2Bbelievers%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovsky201224-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalanovsky201224_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBalanovsky2012">Balanovsky 2012</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovsky201213-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalanovsky201213_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBalanovsky2012">Balanovsky 2012</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalanovsky201226-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalanovsky201226_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalanovsky201226_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBalanovsky2012">Balanovsky 2012</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESankina200098-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESankina200098_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSankina2000">Sankina 2000</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNițescu2022" class="citation book cs1">Nițescu, Julia (15 December 2022). "From Individual Destinies to an Emergent Community: Latins in Sixteenth-Century Moscow". In Simon Dreher, Simon; Mueller, Wolfgang (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PmmdEAAAQBAJ">Foreigners in Muscovy: Western Immigrants in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Russia</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000802986" title="Special:BookSources/9781000802986"><bdi>9781000802986</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 May 2024. <q>Conversion to Orthodoxy became a rather common means for accessing positions at the court or entering the service of the grand prince. As the Muscovite state grew, it became the preferred method for integrating non-Orthodox individuals, whether Latins or Tatars.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Individual+Destinies+to+an+Emergent+Community%3A+Latins+in+Sixteenth-Century+Moscow&rft.btitle=Foreigners+in+Muscovy%3A+Western+Immigrants+in+Sixteenth-+and+Seventeenth-Century+Russia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022-12-15&rft.isbn=9781000802986&rft.aulast=Ni%C8%9Bescu&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPmmdEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhazanov2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Khazanov" title="Anatoly Khazanov">Khazanov, Anatoly M.</a> (10 November 2020) [2003]. "A State without a Nation? Russia after empire". In <a href="/wiki/T._V._Paul" title="T. V. Paul">T. V. Paul, T. V.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Ikenberry" title="John Ikenberry">Ikenberry, G. John</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_A._Hall" title="John A. Hall">Hall, John A.</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-kP_DwAAQBAJ">The Nation-State in Question</a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691221496" title="Special:BookSources/9780691221496"><bdi>9780691221496</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 May 2024. <q>Russian nationalists considered linguistic and even cultural assimilation insufficient. To them and even to the majority of the general public, the sine qua non of assimilation was conversion to Orthodoxy. The Russian literature is abundant with characters of non-Russian ancestry who refer to their profession of the Orthodox faith in order to prove their Russianness.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+State+without+a+Nation%3F+Russia+after+empire&rft.btitle=The+Nation-State+in+Question&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020-11-10&rft.isbn=9780691221496&rft.aulast=Khazanov&rft.aufirst=Anatoly+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-kP_DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoldovskaya1998" class="citation book cs1">Koldovskaya, Mariya (1998). "Хочешь быть русским - будь им!". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nSUtAQAAMAAJ">Voĭna i rabochiĭ klass</a>. Izd. gazety "Trud". p. 11. Retrieved 15 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%8C+%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8C+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC+-+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8C+%D0%B8%D0%BC%21&rft.btitle=Vo%C4%ADna+i+rabochi%C4%AD+klass&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Izd.+gazety+%22Trud%22&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Koldovskaya&rft.aufirst=Mariya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnSUtAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-04.htm">"Chapter 3. The Federal Structure"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution of Russia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200509113142/http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-04.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2015. <q>1. The Russian language shall be a state language on the whole territory of the Russian Federation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitution+of+Russia&rft.atitle=Chapter+3.+The+Federal+Structure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.ru%2Fen%2F10003000-04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandem.net/10-most-spoken-languages-europe">"The 10 Most Spoken Languages in Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tandem_(app)" title="Tandem (app)">Tandem</a>. 12 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215325/https://www.tandem.net/10-most-spoken-languages-europe">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tandem&rft.atitle=The+10+Most+Spoken+Languages+in+Europe&rft.date=2019-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandem.net%2F10-most-spoken-languages-europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-language-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-language_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-language_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.utoronto.ca/programs-courses/languages-and-translation/language-learning/russian">"Russian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812061133/https://learn.utoronto.ca/programs-courses/languages-and-translation/language-learning/russian">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021. <q>Russian is the most widespread of the Slavic languages and the largest native language in Europe. Of great political importance, it is one of the official languages of the United Nations – making it a natural area of study for those interested in geopolitics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.utoronto.ca%2Fprograms-courses%2Flanguages-and-translation%2Flanguage-learning%2Frussian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/content_language">"Usage statistics of content languages for websites"</a>. W3Techs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325113425/https://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/content_language">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=W3Techs&rft.atitle=Usage+statistics+of+content+languages+for+websites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw3techs.com%2Ftechnologies%2Foverview%2Fcontent_language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakata" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Koichi_Wakata" title="Koichi Wakata">Wakata, Koichi</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.jaxa.jp/article/special/expedition/wakata01_e.html">"My Long Mission in Space"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200311062633/https://global.jaxa.jp/article/special/expedition/wakata01_e.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2021. <q>The official languages on the ISS are English and Russian, and when I was speaking with the Flight Control Room at JAXA's Tsukuba Space Center during ISS systems and payload operations, I was required to speak in either English or Russian.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+Long+Mission+in+Space&rft.pub=JAXA&rft.aulast=Wakata&rft.aufirst=Koichi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.jaxa.jp%2Farticle%2Fspecial%2Fexpedition%2Fwakata01_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/our-work/official-languages">"Official Languages"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210713075145/https://www.un.org/en/our-work/official-languages">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021. <q>There are six official languages of the UN. These are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. The correct interpretation and translation of these six languages, in both spoken and written form, is very important to the work of the Organization, because this enables clear and concise communication on issues of global importance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Official+Languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Four-work%2Fofficial-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-literature1-92"><a href="#cite_ref-literature1_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahnLipovetskyReyfmanSandler2018" class="citation book cs1">Kahn, Andrew; Lipovetsky, Mark; Reyfman, Irina; Sandler, Stephanie (2018). A History of Russian Literature. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966394-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966394-1"><bdi>978-0-19-966394-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Russian+Literature&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966394-1&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Lipovetsky%2C+Mark&rft.au=Reyfman%2C+Irina&rft.au=Sandler%2C+Stephanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Letopisi: Literature of Old Rus'. Biographical and Bibliographical Dictionary. ed. by Oleg Tvorogov. Moscow: Prosvescheniye ("Enlightenment"), 1996. (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://interpretive.ru/dictionary/1311/word/letopisi">Летописи</a> // Литература Древней Руси. Биобиблиографический словарь / под ред. О.В. Творогова. – М.: Просвещение, 1996.) </li> <li id="cite_note-literature-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-literature_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-literature_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-literature_94-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenn_E._Curtis1998" class="citation web cs1">Glenn E. Curtis, ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/russia/43.htm">"Russia – Literature"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a>: Federal Research Division of the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182042/http://countrystudies.us/russia/43.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+%E2%80%93+Literature&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division+of+the+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Frussia%2F43.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProseMoser2014" class="citation news cs1">Prose, Francine; Moser, Benjamin (25 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/30/books/review/what-makes-the-russian-literature-of-the-19th-century-so-distinctive.html">"What Makes the Russian Literature of the 19th Century So Distinctive?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331103449/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/30/books/review/what-makes-the-russian-literature-of-the-19th-century-so-distinctive.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=What+Makes+the+Russian+Literature+of+the+19th+Century+So+Distinctive%3F&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft.aulast=Prose&rft.aufirst=Francine&rft.au=Moser%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F11%2F30%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fwhat-makes-the-russian-literature-of-the-19th-century-so-distinctive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerson1998" class="citation journal cs1">Emerson, Caryl (1998). "Pushkin, Literary Criticism, and Creativity in Closed Places". <a href="/wiki/New_Literary_History" title="New Literary History">New Literary History</a>. 29 (4). <a href="/wiki/The_Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Johns Hopkins University Press">The Johns Hopkins University Press</a>: 653–672. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fnlh.1998.0040">10.1353/nlh.1998.0040</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20057504">20057504</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144165201">144165201</a>. <q>...and Pushkin, adapting to the transition with ingenuity and uneven success, became Russia's first fully profes-sional writer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Literary+History&rft.atitle=Pushkin%2C+Literary+Criticism%2C+and+Creativity+in+Closed+Places&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=653-672&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144165201%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20057504%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fnlh.1998.0040&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=Caryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrakhovsky1953" class="citation journal cs1">Strakhovsky, Leonid I. (October 1953). "The Historianism of Gogol". The American Slavic and East European Review (Slavic Review). 12 (3). <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Slavic,_East_European,_and_Eurasian_Studies" title="Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies">Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies</a>: 360–370. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2491790">10.2307/2491790</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2491790">2491790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Slavic+and+East+European+Review+%28Slavic+Review%29&rft.atitle=The+Historianism+of+Gogol&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=360-370&rft.date=1953-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2491790&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2491790%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Strakhovsky&rft.aufirst=Leonid+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Chamberlin1946" class="citation journal cs1">Henry Chamberlin, William (1946). "Turgenev: The Eternal Romantic". <a href="/wiki/The_Russian_Review" title="The Russian Review">The Russian Review</a>. 5 (2). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>: 10–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F125154">10.2307/125154</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/125154">125154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Russian+Review&rft.atitle=Turgenev%3A+The+Eternal+Romantic&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=10-23&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F125154&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F125154%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Henry+Chamberlin&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchett1974" class="citation magazine cs1">Pritchett, V.S. 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Retrieved 29 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Saint+of+Inertia&rft.date=1974-03-07&rft.aulast=Pritchett&rft.aufirst=V.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F1974%2F03%2F07%2Fsaint-of-inertia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuhäuser1980" class="citation journal cs1">Neuhäuser, Rudolf (1980). 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The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd edition. London: Macmillan. p. 707. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1"><bdi>978-0-333-23111-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians%2C+2nd+edition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=707&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-333-23111-1&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth1997" class="citation book cs1">Roth, Henry (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/violinvirtuososf0000roth">Violin Virtuosos: From Paganini to the 21st Century</a>. California Classic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-879395-15-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-879395-15-0"><bdi>1-879395-15-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violin+Virtuosos%3A+From+Paganini+to+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=California+Classic+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-879395-15-0&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fviolinvirtuososf0000roth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2000" class="citation news cs1">Higgins, Charlotte (22 November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2000/nov/22/artsfeatures2">"Perfect isn't good enough"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132052/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2000/nov/22/artsfeatures2">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2021. <q>Thirty years ago Gidon Kremer was rated as one of the world's outstanding violinists. Then he really started making waves...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Perfect+isn%27t+good+enough&rft.date=2000-11-22&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2000%2Fnov%2F22%2Fartsfeatures2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2007" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Elizabeth (2007). Mstislav Rostropovich: Cellist, Teacher, Legend. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Faber_%26_Faber" title="Faber & Faber">Faber & Faber</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-22051-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-22051-9"><bdi>978-0-571-22051-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mstislav+Rostropovich%3A+Cellist%2C+Teacher%2C+Legend&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-571-22051-9&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubal1993" class="citation book cs1">Dubal, David (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rememberinghorow0000unse">Remembering Horowitz: 125 Pianists Recall a Legend</a>. Schirmer Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-870676-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-870676-5"><bdi>0-02-870676-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+Horowitz%3A+125+Pianists+Recall+a+Legend&rft.pub=Schirmer+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-02-870676-5&rft.aulast=Dubal&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frememberinghorow0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2009" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, John (2009). Sviatoslav Richter: Pianist of the Century: Discography. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: Travis & Emery. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901395-99-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901395-99-0"><bdi>978-1-901395-99-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sviatoslav+Richter%3A+Pianist+of+the+Century%3A+Discography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Travis+%26+Emery&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-901395-99-0&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrick2013" class="citation web cs1">Carrick, Phil (21 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150126072651/http://www.abc.net.au/classic/content/2013/09/21/3851467.htm">"Emil Gilels: A True Giant of the Keyboard"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_Classic" title="ABC Classic">ABC Classic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/classic/content/2013/09/21/3851467.htm">the original</a> on 26 January 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+Classic&rft.atitle=Emil+Gilels%3A+A+True+Giant+of+the+Keyboard&rft.date=2013-09-21&rft.aulast=Carrick&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fclassic%2Fcontent%2F2013%2F09%2F21%2F3851467.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpreng2012" class="citation web cs1">Spreng, Sebastian (19 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knightfoundation.org/articles/galina-vishnevskaya-the-russian-tigress-2/">"Galina Vishnevskaya, the Russian tigress"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Knight_Foundation" title="Knight Foundation">Knight Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190530/https://knightfoundation.org/articles/galina-vishnevskaya-the-russian-tigress-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Knight+Foundation&rft.atitle=Galina+Vishnevskaya%2C+the+Russian+tigress&rft.date=2012-12-19&rft.aulast=Spreng&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknightfoundation.org%2Farticles%2Fgalina-vishnevskaya-the-russian-tigress-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-music2-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-music2_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-music2_149-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Music">"Russia – Music"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407043936/https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Music">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russia+%E2%80%93+Music&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FRussia%2FMusic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmale2000" class="citation news cs1">Smale, Alison (28 February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/28/nyregion/superstar-evokes-superpower-diva-s-voice-adoring-fans-hear-echoes-soviet-days.html?scp=5&sq=pugacheva&st=cse">"A Superstar Evokes a Superpower; In Diva's Voice, Adoring Fans Hear Echoes of Soviet Days"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328231350/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/28/nyregion/superstar-evokes-superpower-diva-s-voice-adoring-fans-hear-echoes-soviet-days.html?scp=5&sq=pugacheva&st=cse">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Superstar+Evokes+a+Superpower%3B+In+Diva%27s+Voice%2C+Adoring+Fans+Hear+Echoes+of+Soviet+Days&rft.date=2000-02-28&rft.aulast=Smale&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F02%2F28%2Fnyregion%2Fsuperstar-evokes-superpower-diva-s-voice-adoring-fans-hear-echoes-soviet-days.html%3Fscp%3D5%26sq%3Dpugacheva%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScaruffi" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Piero_Scaruffi" title="Piero Scaruffi">Scaruffi, Piero</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scaruffi.com/jazz/ganelin.html">"Ganelin Trio"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184606/https://www.scaruffi.com/jazz/ganelin.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021. <q>The Ganelin Trio was the greatest ensemble of free-jazz in continental Europe, namely in Russia. Like other European improvisers, pianist Vyacheslav Ganelin, woodwind player Vladimir Chekasin and percussionist Vladimir Tarasov too found a common ground between <a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">free-jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dadaism</a>. Their shows were as much music as they were provocative antics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ganelin+Trio&rft.aulast=Scaruffi&rft.aufirst=Piero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scaruffi.com%2Fjazz%2Fganelin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrane2014" class="citation web cs1">McGrane, Sally (21 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20141013-meet-the-bob-dylan-of-russia">"Boris Grebenshikov: 'The Bob Dylan of Russia'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331091042/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20141013-meet-the-bob-dylan-of-russia">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Boris+Grebenshikov%3A+%27The+Bob+Dylan+of+Russia%27&rft.date=2014-10-21&rft.aulast=McGrane&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2F20141013-meet-the-bob-dylan-of-russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPellegrinelli2008" class="citation news cs1">Pellegrinelli, Lara (6 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2008/02/06/18752518/ddt-notes-from-russias-rock-underground">"DDT: Notes from Russia's Rock Underground"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331101353/https://www.npr.org/2008/02/06/18752518/ddt-notes-from-russias-rock-underground">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2021. <q>For the Russian band DDT, it was hard enough being a rock group under the Soviet regime. The band, which formed in 1981, gave secret concerts in apartments, bomb shelters, and even kindergarten classrooms to avoid the attention of authorities... Later, the policies of perestroika allowed bands to perform out in the open. DDT went on to become one of Russia's most popular acts...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=DDT%3A+Notes+from+Russia%27s+Rock+Underground&rft.date=2008-02-06&rft.aulast=Pellegrinelli&rft.aufirst=Lara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2008%2F02%2F06%2F18752518%2Fddt-notes-from-russias-rock-underground&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2021" class="citation web cs1">O'Connor, Coilin (23 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/leningrad-rock-club-scorpions-meine-soviet-union-wind-of-change-tsoi/31157285.html">"'Crazy Pirates': The Leningrad Rockers Who Rode A Wind Of Change Across The U.S.S.R."</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220413053633/https://www.rferl.org/a/leningrad-rock-club-scorpions-meine-soviet-union-wind-of-change-tsoi/31157285.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=%27Crazy+Pirates%27%3A+The+Leningrad+Rockers+Who+Rode+A+Wind+Of+Change+Across+The+U.S.S.R.&rft.date=2021-03-23&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Coilin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fleningrad-rock-club-scorpions-meine-soviet-union-wind-of-change-tsoi%2F31157285.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-music-kino-tsoi/27185480.html">"Musician, Songwriter, Cultural Force: Remembering Russia's Viktor Tsoi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>. 12 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331102434/https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-music-kino-tsoi/27185480.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2021. <q>Also in 1982, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Tsoi" title="Viktor Tsoi">Tsoi</a> formed the band Kino and the group recorded its first album, <a href="/wiki/45_(Kino_album)" title="45 (Kino album)">45</a>... Tsoi and Kino quickly became a sensation... In 1986, the band released <a href="/wiki/Khochu_peremen" title="Khochu peremen">Khochu peremen</a> – an anthem calling on the young generation to become more active and demand political change. The song made Kino's reputation across the Soviet Union...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Musician%2C+Songwriter%2C+Cultural+Force%3A+Remembering+Russia%27s+Viktor+Tsoi&rft.date=2015-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Frussia-music-kino-tsoi%2F27185480.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/tatu-bad-to-be-true-20030614-gdvvq0.html">"Tatu bad to be true"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a>. 14 June 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331103131/https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/tatu-bad-to-be-true-20030614-gdvvq0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Tatu+bad+to+be+true&rft.date=2003-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2Ftatu-bad-to-be-true-20030614-gdvvq0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaramarzi2019" class="citation web cs1">Faramarzi, Sabrina (12 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@sabrinafaramarzi/a-review-of-russian-rave-band-little-big-in-berlin-9eb4e8e1b0db">"Little Big: camp, outrageous Russian rave"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Medium_(website)" title="Medium (website)">Medium</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190111/https://medium.com/@sabrinafaramarzi/a-review-of-russian-rave-band-little-big-in-berlin-9eb4e8e1b0db">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=Little+Big%3A+camp%2C+outrageous+Russian+rave&rft.date=2019-05-12&rft.aulast=Faramarzi&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40sabrinafaramarzi%2Fa-review-of-russian-rave-band-little-big-in-berlin-9eb4e8e1b0db&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson2020" class="citation web cs1">Hodgson, Jonathan (4 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.play.mdx.ac.uk/media/EISENSTEIN%2C+Sergei+-+BATTLESHIP+POTEMKIN+-+1925+Russia/1_sub9wj41">"EISENSTEIN, Sergei – BATTLESHIP POTEMKIN – 1925 Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_University" title="Middlesex University">Middlesex University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220329091227/https://www.play.mdx.ac.uk/media/EISENSTEIN%2C+Sergei+-+BATTLESHIP+POTEMKIN+-+1925+Russia/1_sub9wj41">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EISENSTEIN%2C+Sergei+%E2%80%93+BATTLESHIP+POTEMKIN+%E2%80%93+1925+Russia&rft.pub=Middlesex+University&rft.date=2020-12-04&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.play.mdx.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2FEISENSTEIN%252C%2BSergei%2B-%2BBATTLESHIP%2BPOTEMKIN%2B-%2B1925%2BRussia%2F1_sub9wj41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Miller, Jamie. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20451166?seq=1">Soviet Cinema, 1929–41: The Development of Industry and Infrastructure</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210527122843/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20451166?seq=1">Archived</a> 27 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 58, no. 1, 2006, pp. 103–124. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>. 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Retrieved 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inverse&rft.atitle=Sergei+Eisenstein%3A+How+the+%22Father+of+Montage%22+Reinvented+Cinema&rft.date=2018-01-22&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inverse.com%2Farticle%2F40392-sergei-eisenstein-google-doodle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2015" class="citation web cs1">Gray, Carmen (27 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/where-begin-with-andrei-tarkovsky">"Where to begin with Andrei Tarkovsky"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331091343/https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/where-begin-with-andrei-tarkovsky">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Film+Institute&rft.atitle=Where+to+begin+with+Andrei+Tarkovsky&rft.date=2015-10-27&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Carmen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfi.org.uk%2Ffeatures%2Fwhere-begin-with-andrei-tarkovsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/All-Union-State-Institute-of-Cinematography">"All-Union State Institute of Cinematography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331092540/https://www.britannica.com/topic/All-Union-State-Institute-of-Cinematography">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=All-Union+State+Institute+of+Cinematography&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FAll-Union-State-Institute-of-Cinematography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeare2019" class="citation web cs1">Teare, Kendall (12 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yale.edu/2019/08/12/yale-film-scholar-dziga-vertov-enigma-movie-camera">"Yale film scholar on Dziga Vertov, the enigma with a movie camera"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220419004549/https://news.yale.edu/2019/08/12/yale-film-scholar-dziga-vertov-enigma-movie-camera">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yale+University&rft.atitle=Yale+film+scholar+on+Dziga+Vertov%2C+the+enigma+with+a+movie+camera&rft.date=2019-08-12&rft.aulast=Teare&rft.aufirst=Kendall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yale.edu%2F2019%2F08%2F12%2Fyale-film-scholar-dziga-vertov-enigma-movie-camera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/eldar-ryazanov-films/27398408.html">"Eldar Ryazanov And His Films"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a>. 30 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331102410/https://www.rferl.org/a/eldar-ryazanov-films/27398408.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2021. <q>Eldar Ryazanov, a Russian film director whose iconic comedies captured the flavor of life and love in the Soviet Union while deftly skewering the absurdities of the communist system... His films ridiculed Soviet bureaucracy and trained a clear eye on the predicaments and peculiarities of daily life during the communist era, but the light touch of his satire helped him dodge government censorship.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe&rft.atitle=Eldar+Ryazanov+And+His+Films&rft.date=2015-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Feldar-ryazanov-films%2F27398408.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Prokhorova, Elena, "The Man Who Made Them Laugh: Leonid Gaidai, the King of Soviet Comedy", in Beumers, Birgit (2008) A History of Russian Cinema, Berg Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845202156" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845202156">978-1845202156</a>, pp. 519–542 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Birgit Beumers. A History of Russian Cinema. Berg Publishers (2009). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-215-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-215-6">978-1-84520-215-6</a>. p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905102633/http://filmlinc.com/wrt/onsale08/russian08/whitesunofthedesert.html">"White Sun of the Desert"</a>. Film Society of Lincoln Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://filmlinc.com/wrt/onsale08/russian08/whitesunofthedesert.html">the original</a> on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White+Sun+of+the+Desert&rft.pub=Film+Society+of+Lincoln+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffilmlinc.com%2Fwrt%2Fonsale08%2Frussian08%2Fwhitesunofthedesert.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickerson2003" class="citation web cs1">Dickerson, Jeff (31 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.michigandaily.com/uncategorized/russian-ark-history-one-shot/">"'Russian Ark' a history in one shot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Michigan_Daily" title="The Michigan Daily">The Michigan Daily</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525123421/https://www.michigandaily.com/uncategorized/russian-ark-history-one-shot/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Michigan+Daily&rft.atitle=%27Russian+Ark%27+a+history+in+one+shot&rft.date=2003-03-31&rft.aulast=Dickerson&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigandaily.com%2Funcategorized%2Frussian-ark-history-one-shot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAris2019" class="citation web cs1">Aris, Ben (18 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/01/18/the-revival-of-russias-cinema-industry-a64197">"The Revival of Russia's Cinema Industry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331103222/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/01/18/the-revival-of-russias-cinema-industry-a64197">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=The+Revival+of+Russia%27s+Cinema+Industry&rft.date=2019-01-18&rft.aulast=Aris&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2019%2F01%2F18%2Fthe-revival-of-russias-cinema-industry-a64197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRem_Koolhaas,_James_Westcott,_Stephan_Petermann2017" class="citation book cs1">Rem Koolhaas, James Westcott, Stephan Petermann (2017). Elements of Architecture. <a href="/wiki/Taschen" title="Taschen">Taschen</a>. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-5614-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-5614-9"><bdi>978-3-8365-5614-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Architecture&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-8365-5614-9&rft.au=Rem+Koolhaas%2C+James+Westcott%2C+Stephan+Petermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRappoport1995" class="citation book cs1">Rappoport, Pavel A. 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John Wiley & Sons. p. 544. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470402573" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470402573"><bdi>978-0470402573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+History+of+Architecture+2nd+Edition&rft.pages=544&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0470402573&rft.aulast=Jarzombek&rft.aufirst=Mark+M.&rft.au=Prakash%2C+Vikramaditya&rft.au=Ching%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLidov2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lidov, Alexei (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2694753">"The Canopy over the Holy Sepulchre. On the Origin of Onion-Shaped Domes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Academia.edu" title="Academia.edu">Academia.edu</a>: 171–180. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220329115442/https://www.academia.edu/2694753">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=The+Canopy+over+the+Holy+Sepulchre.+On+the+Origin+of+Onion-Shaped+Domes&rft.pages=171-180&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Lidov&rft.aufirst=Alexei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2694753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shvidkovsky-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shvidkovsky_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shvidkovsky_175-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShvidkovsky2007" class="citation book cs1">Shvidkovsky, Dmitry (2007). Russian Architecture and the West. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 480. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300109122" title="Special:BookSources/9780300109122"><bdi>9780300109122</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Architecture+and+the+West&rft.pages=480&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780300109122&rft.aulast=Shvidkovsky&rft.aufirst=Dmitry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingWatsonSchellinger1995" class="citation book cs1">Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yfPYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA657">Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places</a>. Routledge. p. 657. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781884964015" title="Special:BookSources/9781884964015"><bdi>9781884964015</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928153552/https://books.google.com/books?id=yfPYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA657#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Europe%3A+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.pages=657&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9781884964015&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rft.au=Watson%2C+Noelle&rft.au=Schellinger%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyfPYAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunro2008" class="citation book cs1">Munro, George (2008). The Most Intentional City: St. Petersburg in the Reign of Catherine the Great. <a href="/wiki/Cranbury,_New_Jersey" title="Cranbury, New Jersey">Cranbury</a>: <a href="/wiki/Farleigh_Dickinson_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Farleigh Dickinson University">Farleigh Dickinson University</a> Press. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780838641460" title="Special:BookSources/9780838641460"><bdi>9780838641460</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Most+Intentional+City%3A+St.+Petersburg+in+the+Reign+of+Catherine+the+Great&rft.place=Cranbury&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Farleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780838641460&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodder1985" class="citation book cs1">Lodder, Christina (1985). Russian Constructivism. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300034066" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300034066"><bdi>978-0300034066</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Constructivism&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0300034066&rft.aulast=Lodder&rft.aufirst=Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarkhanovKavtaradze1992" class="citation book cs1">Tarkhanov, Alexei; Kavtaradze, Sergei (1992). Architecture of the Stalin Era. Rizzoli. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780847814732" title="Special:BookSources/9780847814732"><bdi>9780847814732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+the+Stalin+Era&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Rizzoli&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780847814732&rft.aulast=Tarkhanov&rft.aufirst=Alexei&rft.au=Kavtaradze%2C+Sergei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/">"Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 10 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510190714/http://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Religious+Belief+and+National+Belonging+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2017%2F05%2F10%2Freligious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/">"Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 10 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125010533/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Christianity+in+the+21st+Century&rft.date=2017-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2017%2F11%2F08%2Forthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArenaAtlas2012-182"><a href="#cite_ref-ArenaAtlas2012_182-0">^</a> There is no official census of religion in Russia, and estimates are based on surveys only. In August 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/arena">ARENA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143249/http://sreda.org/arena">Archived</a> 12 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> determined that about 46.8% of Russians are Christians (including Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant, and non-denominational), which is slightly less than an absolute 50%+ majority. However, later that year the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levada.ru/17-12-2012/v-rossii-74-pravoslavnykh-i-7-musulman">Levada Center</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121231020830/http://www.levada.ru/17-12-2012/v-rossii-74-pravoslavnykh-i-7-musulman">Archived</a> 31 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> determined that 76% of Russians are Christians, and in June 2013 the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fom.ru/obshchestvo/10953">Public Opinion Foundation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200415213226/https://fom.ru/obshchestvo/10953">Archived</a> 15 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> determined that 65% of Russians are Christians. These findings are in line with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-exec/">Pew</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200510181111/https://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-exec/">Archived</a> 10 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>'s 2010 survey, which determined that 73.3% of Russians are Christians, with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wciom.ru/index.php?id=268&uid=13365">VTSIOM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929201730/https://wciom.ru/index.php?id=268&uid=13365%2F">Archived</a> 29 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>'s 2010 survey (~77% Christian), and with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fgi-tbff.org/sites/default/files/elfinder/FGIImages/Research/fromresearchtopolicy/ipsos_mori_briefing_pack.pdf#page=40">Ipsos MORI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117013643/http://www.fgi-tbff.org/sites/default/files/elfinder/FGIImages/Research/fromresearchtopolicy/ipsos_mori_briefing_pack.pdf">Archived</a> 17 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>'s 2011 survey (69%). </li> <li id="cite_note-Ogonek-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Ogonek_183-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1997068">Верю — не верю</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120827114409/http://kommersant.ru/doc/1997068">Archived</a> 27 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27 August 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151202081009/http://www.religare.ru/2_42432.html"><bdi lang="ru">Опубликована подробная сравнительная статистика религиозности в России и Польше</bdi></a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religare.ru/2_42432.html">the original</a> on 2 December 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religare.ru%2F2_42432.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArenaAtlas-185"><a href="#cite_ref-ArenaAtlas_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232117/http://sreda.org/arena/arena-v-pdf">"Арена"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/arena/arena-v-pdf">the original</a> on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsreda.org%2Farena%2Farena-v-pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180810101834/http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_639.html">"statistics"</a>. Adherents.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=statistics&rft.pub=Adherents.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adherents.com%2FNa%2FNa_639.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Victor Shnirelman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.wlu.ca/documents/6483/Christians_Go_home.pdf">"Christians! Go home": A Revival of Neo-Paganism between the Baltic Sea and Transcaucasia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202101/http://legacy.wlu.ca/documents/6483/Christians_Go_home.pdf">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Journal of Contemporary Religion, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurdico2005" class="citation book cs1">Murdico, Suzanne J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zwEWwYhv9ZUC&pg=PT96">Russia: A Primary Source Cultural Guide</a>. Rosen Publishing. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-2913-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-2913-6"><bdi>978-1-4042-2913-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%3A+A+Primary+Source+Cultural+Guide&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4042-2913-6&rft.aulast=Murdico&rft.aufirst=Suzanne+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzwEWwYhv9ZUC%26pg%3DPT96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025a-0eb0ecf360cc-a9532565e049-1000--euro-1960-all-you-need-to-know/">"EURO 1960: all you need to know"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League" title="UEFA Champions League">UEFA Champions League</a>. 13 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225195942/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025a-0eb0ecf360cc-a9532565e049-1000--euro-1960-all-you-need-to-know/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UEFA+Champions+League&rft.atitle=EURO+1960%3A+all+you+need+to+know&rft.date=2020-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uefa.com%2Fuefaeuro-2020%2Fnews%2F025a-0eb0ecf360cc-a9532565e049-1000--euro-1960-all-you-need-to-know%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025d-0f859f66fcba-c8d3aa08dfa3-1000--classics-ussr-vs-netherlands-1988/">"Classics: Soviet Union vs Netherlands, 1988"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League" title="UEFA Champions League">UEFA Champions League</a>. 29 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132625/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025d-0f859f66fcba-c8d3aa08dfa3-1000--classics-ussr-vs-netherlands-1988/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2022. 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Retrieved 3 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=Roots+of+The+Fall+And+Rise+of+Russian+Tennis.&rft.date=2021-02-09&rft.aulast=Cioth&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpetercioth.medium.com%2Froots-of-the-fall-and-rise-of-russian-tennis-9ba2e01635e8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeam2009" class="citation web cs1">Beam, Christopher (25 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2009/09/how-did-russians-get-so-good-at-chess.html">"Why are the Russians so good at chess?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331071732/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2009/09/how-did-russians-get-so-good-at-chess.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. 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Retrieved 31 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Olympics.com&rft.atitle=Moscow+1980+Summer+Olympics+%E2%80%93+Athletes%2C+Medals+%26+Results&rft.date=2018-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folympics.com%2Fen%2Folympic-games%2Fmoscow-1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/sochi-2014">"Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics – Athletes, Medals & Results"</a>. Olympics.com. 23 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132652/https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/sochi-2014">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Olympics.com&rft.atitle=Sochi+2014+Winter+Olympics+%E2%80%93+Athletes%2C+Medals+%26+Results&rft.date=2018-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folympics.com%2Fen%2Folympic-games%2Fsochi-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/sochi-2014">"Sochi 2014"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee" title="International Paralympic Committee">International Paralympic Committee</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180806054846/https://www.paralympic.org/sochi-2014">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Sochi+2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Fsochi-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandrovVlasovaPolishchuk1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alexandrov, V.A.; Vlasova, I.V.; Polishchuk, N.S., eds. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/rus/sian/index.htm">Русские</a> [The Russians] (<a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Anthropology_and_Ethnography" title="Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography">N.N. Miklukho-Maklai Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology RAS</a>) (in Russian). 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American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (1): 236–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2007.09.019">10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2253976">2253976</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18179905">18179905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Two+sources+of+the+Russian+patrilineal+heritage+in+their+Eurasian+context&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=236-50&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2253976%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18179905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2007.09.019&rft.aulast=Balanovsky&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rft.au=Rootsi%2C+Siiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2253976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalanovsky2012" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Balanovsky, Oleg P. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.med-gen.ru/ar/ar_Balanovsky.pdf">Изменчивость генофонда в пространстве и времени: синтез данных о геногеографии митохондриальной ДНК и Y-хромосомы</a> [Variability of the gene pool in space and time: synthesis of data on the genogeography of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome] (PDF) (Dr. habil. thesis in Biology) (in Russian). Moscow: <a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences">Russian Academy of Medical Sciences</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%3A+%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A+%D0%B8+Y-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Balanovsky&rft.aufirst=Oleg+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.med-gen.ru%2Far%2Far_Balanovsky.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalyarchukDerenko2004" class="citation journal cs1">Malyarchuk, Boris; Derenko, Miroslava; et al. (December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/human_biology/v076/76.6malyarchuk.pdf">"Differentiation of Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes in Russian Populations"</a> (PDF). Human Biology. 76 (6). Detroit, Mi: Wayne State University Press: 877–900. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhub.2005.0021">10.1353/hub.2005.0021</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1534-6617">1534-6617</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15974299">15974299</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17385503">17385503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Biology&rft.atitle=Differentiation+of+Mitochondrial+DNA+and+Y+Chromosomes+in+Russian+Populations&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=877-900&rft.date=2004-12&rft.issn=1534-6617&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17385503%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15974299&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhub.2005.0021&rft.aulast=Malyarchuk&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft.au=Derenko%2C+Miroslava&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fhuman_biology%2Fv076%2F76.6malyarchuk.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSankina2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sankina, S. L. (2000). Этническая история средневекового населения Новгородской земли [Ethnic history of the medieval population of the Novgorod land] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-86007-210-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-86007-210-4"><bdi>5-86007-210-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B8&rft.place=Saint+Petersburg&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=5-86007-210-4&rft.aulast=Sankina&rft.aufirst=S.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZelenin1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Konstantinovich_Zelenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitry Konstantinovich Zelenin">Zelenin, Dmitry K.</a> (1991) [1927]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210801235417/http://verigi.ru/?book=216">Восточнославянская этнография</a> [Russian (East Slavic) Ethnography] (in Russian). Translated by K.D. Tsivina. Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Nauka_(publisher)" title="Nauka (publisher)">Nauka</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verigi.ru/?book=216">the original</a> on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021. [First published in German as Russische (Ostslawische) Volkskunde (Berlin; Leipzig, 1927).]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Zelenin&rft.aufirst=Dmitry+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.verigi.ru%2F%3Fbook%3D216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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.plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> Russians at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Russian">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Russians" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Russians">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russians" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Russians">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Russians" class="extiw" title="q:Russians">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russians" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Russians">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russians" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Russians">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russians" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Russians">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Russia" class="extiw" title="voy:Russia">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49542" class="extiw" title="d:Q49542">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Russians" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Russians">Russians</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li>(in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_14_24.htm">4.1. Population by nationality</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807002907/http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_14_24.htm">Archived</a> 7 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>(in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/rus/sian/index.htm">"People and Cultures: Russians"</a> book published by <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://folkportal.3dn.ru/forum/17-186-1">Pre-Revolutionary photos of women in Russian folk dress</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Template:Slavic ethnic groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Template talk:Slavic ethnic groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic ethnic groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavic_ethnic_groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic ethnic groups</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Creole_people" title="Alaskan Creole people">Alaskan Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Latvia" title="Belarusians in Latvia">Belarusian Latvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Lithuania" title="Belarusians in Lithuania">Belarusian Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_minority_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian minority in Poland">Belarusian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Russia" title="Belarusians in Russia">Belarusian Russians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Boykos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albazinians" title="Albazinians">Albazinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_Cossacks" title="Baikal Cossacks">Baikal Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Cossacks" title="Don Cossacks">Don Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekrasov_Cossacks" title="Nekrasov Cossacks">Nekrasov Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terek_Cossacks" title="Terek Cossacks">Terek Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greben_Cossacks" title="Greben Cossacks">Greben Cossacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurans_(Transbaikal_people)" title="Gurans (Transbaikal people)">Gurans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyms" title="Karyms">Karyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokan" class="mw-redirect" title="Molokan">Molokans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlashuks" title="Podlashuks">Podlashuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poleshuks" title="Poleshuks">Poleshuks</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryuns" title="Goryuns">Goryuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Russians" title="Harbin Russians">Harbin Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchadals" title="Kamchadals">Kamchadals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamenschik" title="Kamenschik">Kamenschiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipovans" title="Lipovans">Lipovans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polekhs" title="Polekhs">Polekhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semeiskie" title="Semeiskie">Semeiskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberians" title="Siberians">Siberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_old-settlers" title="Russian old-settlers">Starozhily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyns" title="Pannonian Rusyns">Pannonian Rusyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns_of_Romania" title="Rusyns of Romania">Rusyn Romanians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Podolyans" title="Podolyans">Podolyans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvin#Ethnic_group_in_Ukraine" title="Litvin">Litvins</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Slavic_europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/100px-Slavic_europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/150px-Slavic_europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/200px-Slavic_europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chods" title="Chods">Chods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorals" title="Gorals">Gorals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Gorals" title="Silesian Gorals">Silesian Gorals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gochy" title="Gochy">Gochans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krubans" title="Krubans">Krubans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincians" title="Slovincians">Slovincians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechites" title="Lechites">Lechites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masurians" title="Masurians">Masurians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravians" title="Moravians">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambers" title="Bambers">Bambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderlands_Poles" title="Borderlands Poles">Borderlands Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug_River_Poles" title="Bug River Poles">Bug River Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_people" title="Greater Poland people">Greater Poland people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaliszans" title="Kaliszans">Kaliszans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyavians" title="Kuyavians">Kuyavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%9Btaks" title="Taśtaks">Taśtaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kociewie#Kociewians" title="Kociewie">Kociewians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurpie" title="Kurpie">Kurpies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasovians" title="Lasovians">Lasovians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czycans" title="Łęczycans">Łęczycans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_people" title="Lesser Poland people">Lesser Poland people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masovians" title="Masovians">Masovians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81owiczans" title="Łowiczans">Łowiczans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzec_Boyars" title="Międzyrzec Boyars">Międzyrzec Boyars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poborzans" title="Poborzans">Poborzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Uplanders" title="Polish Uplanders">Polish Uplanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Russia" title="Polish minority in Russia">Russian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%85cz_Lachs" title="Sącz Lachs">Sącz Lachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieradzans" title="Sieradzans">Sieradzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmians_(ethnic_group)" title="Warmians (ethnic group)">Warmians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Obotrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhrpolen" title="Ruhrpolen">Ruhrpolen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Vlachs" title="Cieszyn 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MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6d67bf974d-bv7wj","wgBackendResponseTime":172,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.753","walltime":"4.289","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17015,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":502283,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":17782,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":49,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":739781,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3778.062 1 -total"," 49.93% 1886.503 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.09% 758.946 95 Template:Cite_web"," 9.46% 357.381 41 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.26% 349.763 40 Template:Cite_book"," 8.55% 322.981 1 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[\"CITEREFChannonHudson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChew1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristian,_D.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCioth2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoolican2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrandellWilson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtis1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickerson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubal1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuczko2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmerson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaramarzi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFord1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGancedo2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhilarov1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGifford1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlenn_E._Curtis1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorelik1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrosshans1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry_Chamberlin1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiggins2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodgson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoskingService1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunsaker1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngle2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvanov2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanick2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarzombekPrakashChing2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJennings2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahnLipovetskyReyfmanSandler2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKappeler2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKappeler2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhazanov2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoldovskaya1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeicester1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLidov2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLodder1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLovell1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalyarchukDerenko2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkov1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsh2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGrane2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKitterick,_R.1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMongaĭt,_A.L.1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoss2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuckle1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunro2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurdico2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuhäuser1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNițescu2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorris1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Rourke2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOverbye2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaszkiewicz,_H.K.1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayneRomanoff2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPellegrinelli2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPirieChandler2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPritchett1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProseMoser2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRappaport1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRappoport1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRem_Koolhaas,_James_Westcott,_Stephan_Petermann2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRezneck1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiasanovsky2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRincon2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRingWatsonSchellinger1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoesdahl1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowley1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSankina2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScaruffi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchuster1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShampoKyleSteensma2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShvidkovsky2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddiqi2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSidorov2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmale2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSocial_Statistics_Department_of_Latvia\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpreng2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrakhovsky1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarkhanovKavtaradze1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeare2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeriukov,_A.I.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerry2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTikhonov1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrisvyatsky2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUsitalo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanDerWerff2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoyce1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVucinich1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVukovich2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWakata\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallace1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZelenin1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZheludev2007\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 40,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 41,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 95,\n [\"Collapsed infobox section begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsed infobox section end\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Disputed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-ru\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"In lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Legend\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 13,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"POV section\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"Sectstub\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 18,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Slavic ethnic groups\"] = 1,\n [\"Translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 13,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","400","14.7"],["?","320","11.8"],["dataWrapper 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Russians","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russians","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q49542","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q49542","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-06-26T00:15:27Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T15:55:16Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/51\/Map_of_the_Russian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg","headline":"East Slavic ethnic group native to Russia"}</script> </body> </html>