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id="toc-Pre-European_contact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-European_contact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pre-European contact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-European_contact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_colonisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_colonisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>European colonisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_colonisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frontier_wars_and_massacres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frontier_wars_and_massacres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Frontier wars and massacres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frontier_wars_and_massacres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Independent governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry_and_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry_and_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ancestry and immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry_and_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Politics and government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics and government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Local government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Federal representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols_and_emblems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols_and_emblems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Symbols and emblems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols_and_emblems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Other utilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Queensland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 136 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-136" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">136 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%B2%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ኲንዝላንድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኲንዝላንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cw%C4%93neland" title="Cwēneland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cwēneland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="كوينزلاند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوينزلاند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvinslend" title="Kvinslend – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kvinslend" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="کوئینزلند – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوئینزلند" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="কুইন্সল্যান্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কুইন্সল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Квінсленд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Квінсленд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%9E%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Кўінзлэнд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кўінзлэнд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Куинсланд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Куинсланд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Queensland" title="State of Queensland – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="State of Queensland" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="كوينزلاند – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كوينزلاند" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Κουίνσλαντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κουίνσλαντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvinslando" title="Kvinslando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kvinslando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="کوئینزلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوئینزلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensl%C3%A2n" title="Queenslân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Queenslân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADr_na_Banr%C3%ADona" title="Tír na Banríona – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tír na Banríona" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ACr_na_B%C3%A0nrigh" title="Tìr na Bànrigh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tìr na Bànrigh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1" title="ક્વીન્સલેન્ડ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ક્વીન્સલેન્ડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%80%B8%EC%A6%90%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C%EC%A3%BC" title="퀸즐랜드주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퀸즐랜드주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuinilani" title="Kuinilani – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kuinilani" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4_(%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3)" title="Քվինսլենդ (նահանգ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քվինսլենդ (նահանգ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="क्वीन्सलैण्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्वीन्सलैण्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinslando" title="Quinslando – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Quinslando" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Квинсленд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Квинсленд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="קווינסלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קווינסלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಕ್ವೀನ್ಸ್‌ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ವೀನ್ಸ್‌ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%96%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="კუინზლენდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კუინზლენდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Квинсленд – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Квинсленд" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Квинсленд (штат) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Квинсленд (штат)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Reginae" title="Terra Reginae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Terra Reginae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kv%C4%ABnslenda" title="Kvīnslenda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kvīnslenda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvynslandas" title="Kvynslandas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kvynslandas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Квинсленд – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Квинсленд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ക്വീൻസ്‌ലാൻഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്വീൻസ്‌ലാൻഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C4%ABnirani" title="Kuīnirani – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kuīnirani" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="क्वीन्सलंड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्वीन्सलंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ქუინსლენდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქუინსლენდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="كوينزلاند – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كوينزلاند" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="کوئینزلند – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کوئینزلند" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Квийнслэнд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Квийнслэнд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ကွင်းစလန်ပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကွင်းစလန်ပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuinisiladi" title="Kuinisiladi – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kuinisiladi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="क्विन्सल्यान्ड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्विन्सल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%B7%9E" title="クイーンズランド州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クイーンズランド州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwiinsland" title="Kwiinsland – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Kwiinsland" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvinslend" title="Kvinslend – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kvinslend" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਕਵੀਨਜ਼ਲੈਂਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਵੀਨਜ਼ਲੈਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="کوئینزلینڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوئینزلینڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%86%DA%89" title="کوینزلنډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کوینزلنډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwinslan" title="Kwinslan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Kwinslan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Квинсленд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Квинсленд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Квинсленд – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Квинсленд" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiniselani" title="Kuiniselani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Kuiniselani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="ක්වීන්ස්ලන්තය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්වීන්ස්ලන්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A" title="ڪوئينزلينڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪوئينزلينڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF" title="کوینزلەند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کوینزلەند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Квинсленд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Квинсленд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="குயின்ஸ்லாந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குயின்ஸ்லாந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us%E1%B9%ADralya" title="Usṭralya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Usṭralya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Квинсленд – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Квинсленд" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="รัฐควีนส์แลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐควีนส์แลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuinisilani" title="Kuinisilani – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Kuinisilani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Квінсленд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Квінсленд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="کوئنزلینڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوئنزلینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%8B%DB%90%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="كۋېنسلاند – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كۋېنسلاند" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuinzland" title="Kuinzland – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Kuinzland" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvinsl%C3%A4n" title="Kvinslän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kvinslän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%86%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E" title="昆士兰州 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="昆士兰州" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%86%E5%A3%AB%E8%98%AD" title="昆士蘭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="昆士蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Queensland" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%86%E5%A3%AB%E8%98%AD%E5%B7%9E" title="昆士蘭州 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="昆士蘭州" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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searchaux" style="display:none">State of Australia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Queensland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Queensland (disambiguation)">Queensland (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in Australia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192207">.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;width:23em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div td,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-above{font-size:1.25em;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-official-below{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-other{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-caption{padding-top:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-motto{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-elevation{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-pol-div vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Queensland</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Queensland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Queensland"><img alt="Flag of Queensland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/130px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/195px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/260px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Queensland" title="Flag of Queensland">Flag</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Queensland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Queensland"><img alt="Official seal of Queensland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Queensland.svg/110px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Queensland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Queensland.svg/165px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Queensland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Queensland.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Queensland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3107" data-file-height="3036" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Queensland" title="Coat of arms of Queensland">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Nickname(s)</b>: <div class="ib-pol-div-nick nickname">The Sunshine State</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto</b>: <div class="ib-pol-div-motto nickname"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Audax at Fidelis</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span><br />(English: <span lang="en">Bold but Faithful</span>)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"> <div class="" style="width:300px"><div style="position: relative; width:300px;"> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 72%; top: 35.9%; padding: 0;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">QLD</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 74.6%; top: 60%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">NSW</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 83.9%; top: 67.8%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 21.4%; top: 45.2%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">WA</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 47.9%; top: 30.9%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">NT</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 50.9%; top: 55%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">SA</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 70.9%; top: 75.8%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">VIC</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 77%; top: 89%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">TAS</a></b></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queensland_in_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="States and territories of Australia"><img alt="States and territories of Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Queensland_in_Australia.svg/300px-Queensland_in_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Queensland_in_Australia.svg/450px-Queensland_in_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Queensland_in_Australia.svg/600px-Queensland_in_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2055" data-file-height="1846" /></a></span></div></div> </div></div><div class="ib-pol-div-caption">Location of Queensland in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First British settlement</th><td class="infobox-data">September 1824<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1824-09</span>)</span> (<a href="/wiki/Moreton_Bay_Penal_Settlement" title="Moreton Bay Penal Settlement">Moreton Bay</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Separation from <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6 June 1859<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1859-06-06</span>)</span> (as <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Colony of Queensland</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1901<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1901-01-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-pol-div-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Queensland&params=27_28_08_S_153_1_25_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°28′08″S</span> <span class="longitude">153°1′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.46889°S 153.02361°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-27.46889; 153.02361</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Administration</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Queensland" title="Local government areas of Queensland">77 local government areas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Queenslander</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Queensland" title="Politics of Queensland">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Queensland" title="Governor of Queensland">Governor</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Young" title="Jeannette Young">Jeannette Young</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Queensland" title="Premier of Queensland">Premier</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Crisafulli" title="David Crisafulli">David Crisafulli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">LNP</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Queensland" title="Parliament of Queensland">Parliament of Queensland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Queensland">Judiciary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Queensland" title="Supreme Court of Queensland">Supreme Court of Queensland</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Queensland_courts_and_tribunals" title="List of Queensland courts and tribunals">lower courts</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of the Commonwealth">Parliament of the Commonwealth</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_senators_from_Queensland" title="List of senators from Queensland">12 senators</a> (of 76)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives (Australia)">House of Representatives</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 seats (of 151)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Queensland" title="Geography of Queensland">Area</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Land</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,723,030<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> km<sup>2</sup> (665,270 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation"> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Bartle_Frere" title="Mount Bartle Frere">Mount Bartle Frere</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,622 m (5,322 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Queensland">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,528,000 (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">GSP</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2020 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$70,862 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">5th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2021)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.944<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalDataLab-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">very high</span></span> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Australian states and territories by Human Development Index">5th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B10:00" title="UTC+10:00">UTC+10:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australian_Eastern_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Eastern Standard Time">AEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_Australia#Allocation" title="Postcodes in Australia">Postal abbreviation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="postal-code">QLD</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:AU" title="ISO 3166-2:AU">AU–QLD</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141396924">.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0}</style></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Symbols</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="height:0px"></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bird</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brolga" title="Brolga">Brolga</a> <small>(<i>Grus rubicunda</i>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fish</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_akindynos" title="Amphiprion akindynos">Barrier Reef Anemone Fish</a> <br /> <small>(<i>Amphiprion akindynos</i>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Flower</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vappodes_phalaenopsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vappodes phalaenopsis">Cooktown orchid</a> <br /> <small>(<i>Dendrobium phalaenopsis</i>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mammal</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Koala" title="Koala">Koala</a> <small>(<i>Phascolarctos cinereus</i>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Colour</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maroon" title="Maroon">Maroon</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fossil</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Muttaburrasaurus_langdoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Muttaburrasaurus langdoni">Muttaburrasaurus langdoni</a></i></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mineral</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qld.gov.au">qld<wbr />.gov<wbr />.au</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Queensland</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">locally </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KWEENZ</span>-land</i></a>, commonly abbreviated as <b>Qld</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">state</a> in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and is the second-largest and third-most populous of the Australian states. It is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> to the west, south-west and south, respectively. To the east, Queensland is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>; to the state's north is the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a>, separating the Australian mainland from <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</a> to the north-west. With an area of 1,723,030 square kilometres (665,270 sq mi), Queensland is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_country_subdivisions_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of country subdivisions by area">sixth-largest subnational entity</a>; it <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">is larger than all but 16 countries</a>. Due to its size, Queensland's geographical features and climates are diverse, and include <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforests</a>, <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain ranges</a> and white sandy beaches in its <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">sub-tropical</a> coastal regions, as well as <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">desert</a> climatic regions of its <a href="/wiki/Outback" title="Outback">interior</a>. </p><p>Queensland has a population of over 5.5 million,<sup id="cite_ref-ABSPop_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABSPop-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concentrated along the east coast, particularly in <a href="/wiki/South_East_Queensland" title="South East Queensland">South East Queensland</a>. The capital and largest city in the state is <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, Australia's <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia_by_population" title="List of cities in Australia by population">third-largest city</a>. Ten of Australia's thirty largest cities are located in Queensland, the largest outside Brisbane being the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Coast,_Queensland" title="Sunshine Coast, Queensland">Sunshine Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Townsville" title="Townsville">Townsville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipswich,_Queensland" title="Ipswich, Queensland">Ipswich</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toowoomba" title="Toowoomba">Toowoomba</a>. 24.2% of the state's population were <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">born overseas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state has the highest inter-state net migration in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Queensland was first inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a> inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dohe94_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dohe94-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dutch navigator <a href="/wiki/Willem_Janszoon" title="Willem Janszoon">Willem Janszoon</a>, the first European to land in Australia, explored the west coast of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York Peninsula</a> in 1606. In 1770, <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> claimed the east coast of Australia for the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>. In 1788, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Arthur Phillip</a> founded the colony of New South Wales, which included all of what is now Queensland. Queensland was explored in subsequent decades, and the <a href="/wiki/Moreton_Bay_Penal_Settlement" title="Moreton Bay Penal Settlement">Moreton Bay Penal Settlement</a> was established at Brisbane in 1824 by <a href="/wiki/John_Oxley" title="John Oxley">John Oxley</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a> of the 19th century, colonists killed tens of thousands of Aboriginal people in Queensland while consolidating their control over the territory. </p><p>On 6 June 1859 (now commemorated as <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Day" title="Queensland Day">Queensland Day</a>), <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> signed the letters patent to establish the colony of Queensland, <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Queensland" title="Separation of Queensland">separating it from New South Wales</a> and thereby establishing Queensland as a <a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">self-governing</a> <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a> with <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a>. A large part of colonial Queensland's economy relied on <a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">blackbirded</a> South Sea Islander slavery.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Queensland was among the six colonies which became the founding states of Australia with <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a> on 1 January 1901. Since the <a href="/wiki/Joh_Bjelke-Petersen" title="Joh Bjelke-Petersen">Bjelke-Petersen</a> era of the late 20th century, Queensland has received a high level of internal migration from the other states and territories of Australia and remains a popular destination for interstate migration. </p><p>Queensland has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">third-largest economy</a> among Australian states, with strengths in mining, agriculture, transportation, <a href="/wiki/International_student" title="International student">international education</a>, insurance, and banking. Nicknamed the <i>Sunshine State</i> for its tropical and sub-tropical climates, <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a>, and numerous beaches, tourism is also important to the state's economy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Queensland" title="History of Queensland">History of Queensland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-European_contact">Pre-European contact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-European contact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">History of Indigenous Australians</a></div> <p>Queensland was one of the largest regions of pre-colonial Aboriginal population in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEØrsted-Jensen201110–11_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEØrsted-Jensen201110–11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Aboriginal occupation of Queensland is thought to predate 50,000 BC, and early migrants are believed to have arrived via boat or land bridge across <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a>. Through time, their descendants developed into more than 90 different language and cultural groups. </p><p>During the last <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>, Queensland's landscape became more arid and largely desolate, making food and other supplies scarce. The people developed the world's first seed-grinding technology.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end of the <a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">glacial period</a> brought about a warming climate, making the land more hospitable. It brought high rainfall along the eastern coast, stimulating the growth of the state's tropical rainforests.<sup id="cite_ref-r-evans-hoq_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-evans-hoq-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a> is home to the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islander peoples</a>. Torres Strait Islanders are ethnically and culturally distinct from mainland Aboriginal peoples. They have a long history of interaction with both Aboriginal peoples of what is now Australia and the peoples of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_colonisation">European colonisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: European colonisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captain_Cook_at_Possession_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Captain_Cook_at_Possession_Island.jpg/290px-Captain_Cook_at_Possession_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Captain_Cook_at_Possession_Island.jpg/435px-Captain_Cook_at_Possession_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Captain_Cook_at_Possession_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> claims the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_states_of_Australia" title="Eastern states of Australia">east coast of Australia</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> at <a href="/wiki/Possession_Island_(Queensland)" title="Possession Island (Queensland)">Possession Island</a> in 1770</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulla_Queensland_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bulla_Queensland_1861.jpg/290px-Bulla_Queensland_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bulla_Queensland_1861.jpg/435px-Bulla_Queensland_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Bulla_Queensland_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>Fighting between <a href="/wiki/Burke_and_Wills_expedition" title="Burke and Wills expedition">Burke and Wills</a>'s supply party and Aboriginal Australians at Bulla in 1861</figcaption></figure> <p>In February 1606, Dutch navigator <a href="/wiki/Willem_Janszoon" title="Willem Janszoon">Willem Janszoon</a> landed near the site of what is now <a href="/wiki/Weipa,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Weipa, Queensland">Weipa</a>, on the western shore of <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York</a>. This was the first recorded landing of a European in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and it also marked the first reported contact between Europeans and the <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_people_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal people of Australia">Aboriginal people of Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-r-evans-hoq_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-evans-hoq-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region was also explored by French and Spanish explorers (commanded by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Bougainville" title="Louis Antoine de Bougainville">Louis Antoine de Bougainville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Vaez_de_Torres" class="mw-redirect" title="Luís Vaez de Torres">Luís Vaez de Torres</a>, respectively) before the arrival of Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> in 1770. Cook claimed the east coast under instruction from <a href="/wiki/King_George_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King George III">King George III</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> on 22 August 1770 at <a href="/wiki/Possession_Island_(Queensland)" title="Possession Island (Queensland)">Possession Island</a>, naming eastern Australia, including Queensland, <i>New South Wales</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Aboriginal population declined significantly after a <a href="/wiki/History_of_smallpox#Australasian_epidemics" title="History of smallpox">smallpox epidemic</a> during the late 18th century and massacres by the European settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1823, <a href="/wiki/John_Oxley" title="John Oxley">John Oxley</a>, a British explorer, sailed north from what is now <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> to scout possible penal colony sites in <a href="/wiki/Gladstone,_Queensland" title="Gladstone, Queensland">Gladstone</a> (then <a href="/wiki/Port_Curtis" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Curtis">Port Curtis</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Moreton_Bay" title="Moreton Bay">Moreton Bay</a>. At Moreton Bay, he found the <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_River" title="Brisbane River">Brisbane River</a>. He returned in 1824 and established a penal settlement at what is now <a href="/wiki/Redcliffe_Peninsula" title="Redcliffe Peninsula">Redcliffe</a>. The settlement, initially known as <a href="/wiki/Edenglassie" class="mw-redirect" title="Edenglassie">Edenglassie</a>, was then transferred to the current location of the <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_central_business_district" title="Brisbane central business district">Brisbane city centre</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Lockyer" title="Edmund Lockyer">Edmund Lockyer</a> discovered outcrops of coal along the banks of the upper Brisbane River in 1825.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1839 transportation of convicts was ceased, culminating in the closure of the Brisbane penal settlement. In 1842 free settlement, which had already commenced, was officially permitted. In 1847, the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Maryborough" title="Port of Maryborough">Port of Maryborough</a> was opened as a wool port. While most early immigrants came from New South Wales, the first free immigrant ship to arrive in Moreton Bay from Europe was the <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_(ship)" title="Artemisia (ship)"><i>Artemisia</i></a>, in 1848. </p><p>Earlier than this immigrant ship was the arrival of the Irish famine orphan girls to Queensland. Devised by the then British Secretary of State for the Colonies, The Earl Grey Scheme established a special emigration scheme which was designed to resettle destitute girls from the workhouses of Ireland during the Great Famine. The first ship, the "Earl Grey", departed Ireland for a 124-day sail to Sydney. After controversy developed upon their arrival in Australia, a small group of 37 young orphans, sometimes referred to as The Belfast Girls or the Feisty Colleens, never set foot on Sydney soil, and instead sailed up to Brisbane (then Moreton Bay) on 21 October 1848 on board the <i>Ann Mary</i>. This scheme continued until 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1857, Queensland's first lighthouse was built at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Moreton" title="Cape Moreton">Cape Moreton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frontier_wars_and_massacres">Frontier wars and massacres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Frontier wars and massacres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars#Queensland" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars § Queensland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Indigenous_Australians#Queensland" title="List of massacres of Indigenous Australians">List of massacres of Indigenous Australians § Queensland</a></div> <p>The frontier wars fought between European settlers and Aboriginal tribes in Queensland were the bloodiest and most brutal in colonial Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these conflicts are now seen as acts of genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-queteen_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-queteen-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wars featured the most frequent massacres of First Nations people, the three deadliest massacres on white settlers, the most disreputable frontier police force, and the highest number of white victims to frontier violence on record in any Australian colony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEØrsted-Jensen2011_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEØrsted-Jensen2011-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across at least 644 collisions at least 66,680 were killed — with Aboriginal fatalities alone comprising no less than 65,180.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these deaths, around 24,000 Aboriginal men, women and children were killed by the Native Police between 1859 and 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The military force of the Queensland Government in this war was the <a href="/wiki/Australian_native_police" title="Australian native police">Native Police</a>, who operated from 1849 to the 1920s. The Native Police was a body of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander troopers that operated under the command of white officers. The Native Police were often recruited forcefully from far-away communities.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wills_Tragedy_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Wills_Tragedy_1861.jpg/220px-Wills_Tragedy_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Wills_Tragedy_1861.jpg/330px-Wills_Tragedy_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Wills_Tragedy_1861.jpg/440px-Wills_Tragedy_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Aftermath of the 1861 <a href="/wiki/Cullin-La-Ringo_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Cullin-La-Ringo massacre">Cullin-La-Ringo massacre</a> in which 19 settlers were killed by Aboriginal people, the deadliest attack on settlers in the frontier wars</figcaption></figure> <p>Conflict spread quickly with free settlement in 1838, with settlement rapidly expanding in a great rush to take up the surrounding land in the <a href="/wiki/Darling_Downs" title="Darling Downs">Darling Downs</a>, Logan and Brisbane Valley and South Burnett onwards from 1840, in many cases leading to widespread fighting and heavy loss of life. The conflict later spread north to the <a href="/wiki/Wide_Bay%E2%80%93Burnett" title="Wide Bay–Burnett">Wide Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burnett_River" title="Burnett River">Burnett River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hervey_Bay" title="Hervey Bay">Hervey Bay</a> region, and at one stage the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Maryborough,_Queensland" title="Maryborough, Queensland">Maryborough</a> was virtually under siege.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroome1988102_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroome1988102-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest reasonably well-documented massacres in southeast Queensland were the <a href="/wiki/Kilcoy,_Queensland" title="Kilcoy, Queensland">Kilcoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whiteside,_Queensland" title="Whiteside, Queensland">Whiteside</a> poisonings, each of which was said to have taken up to 70 Aboriginal lives by use of a gift of flour laced with <a href="/wiki/Strychnine" title="Strychnine">strychnine</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_One_Tree_Hill" title="Battle of One Tree Hill">Battle of One Tree Hill</a> in September 1843, <a href="/wiki/Multuggerah" title="Multuggerah">Multuggerah</a> and his group of warriors ambushed one group of settlers, routing them and subsequently others in the skirmishes which followed, starting in retaliation for the Kilcoy poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-kerkhove_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kerkhove-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marr_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marr-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Central Queensland was particularly hard hit during the 1860s and 1870s, several contemporary writers mention the Skull Hole, Bladensburg, or Mistake Creek massacre<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on <a href="/wiki/Bladensburg_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Bladensburg Station">Bladensburg Station</a> near <a href="/wiki/Winton,_Queensland" title="Winton, Queensland">Winton</a>, which in 1901 was said to have taken up to 200 Aboriginal lives.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First Nations warriors killed 19 settlers during the <a href="/wiki/Cullin-La-Ringo_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Cullin-La-Ringo massacre">Cullin-La-Ringo massacre</a> on 17 October 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnor2008220_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor2008220-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the weeks afterwards, police, native police and civilians killed up to 370 members of the <a href="/wiki/Gayiri" title="Gayiri">Gayiri</a> Aboriginal people in response.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frontier violence peaked on the northern mining frontier during the 1870s, most notably in Cook district and on the <a href="/wiki/Palmer_River_(Queensland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmer River (Queensland)">Palmer</a> and Hodgkinson River goldfields, with heavy loss of Aboriginal lives and several well-known massacres.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raids conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Kalkatungu" title="Kalkatungu">Kalkadoon</a> held settlers out of Western Queensland for ten years until September 1884 when they attacked a force of settlers and native police at Battle Mountain near modern <a href="/wiki/Cloncurry,_Queensland" title="Cloncurry, Queensland">Cloncurry</a>. The subsequent battle of Battle Mountain ended in disaster for the Kalkadoon, who suffered heavy losses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoulthard-Clark200151–52_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulthard-Clark200151–52-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fighting continued in <a href="/wiki/North_Queensland" title="North Queensland">North Queensland</a>, however, with First Nations raiders attacking sheep and cattle while Native Police mounted heavy retaliatory massacres.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnor2008221_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor2008221-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery">Slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Blackbirding#Queensland" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding § Queensland</a></div> <p>Tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Islanders" title="South Sea Islanders">South Sea Islanders</a> were kidnapped from islands nearby to Australia and sold as slaves to work on the colony's agricultural plantations through a process known as <a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">blackbirding</a>. </p><p>This trade in what were then known as <a href="/wiki/Kanaka_(Pacific_Island_worker)" title="Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)">Kanakas</a> was in operation from 1863 to 1908, a period of 45 years. Some 55,000 to 62,500 were brought to Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-AHRC_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHRC-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most being recruited or blackbirded from islands in <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> and the islands around <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_South_Sea_Islander_cane_cutters_on_a_sugar_cane_plantation_in_Queensland_(9205204184).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="South Sea Islander men standing in front of a row of sugarcane." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Australian_South_Sea_Islander_cane_cutters_on_a_sugar_cane_plantation_in_Queensland_%289205204184%29.jpg/220px-Australian_South_Sea_Islander_cane_cutters_on_a_sugar_cane_plantation_in_Queensland_%289205204184%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Australian_South_Sea_Islander_cane_cutters_on_a_sugar_cane_plantation_in_Queensland_%289205204184%29.jpg/330px-Australian_South_Sea_Islander_cane_cutters_on_a_sugar_cane_plantation_in_Queensland_%289205204184%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Australian_South_Sea_Islander_cane_cutters_on_a_sugar_cane_plantation_in_Queensland_%289205204184%29.jpg/440px-Australian_South_Sea_Islander_cane_cutters_on_a_sugar_cane_plantation_in_Queensland_%289205204184%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption>Blackbirded South Sea Islanders on a <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a> plantation in Queensland.</figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of those taken were male and around one quarter were under the age of sixteen.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, approximately 15,000 South Sea Islander slaves died while working in Queensland, a figure which does not include those who died in transit or who were killed in the recruitment process. This represents a mortality rate of at least 30%, which is high considering most were only on three year contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also similar to the estimated 33% death rate of enslaved Africans in the first three years of being taken to America.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trade was legally sanctioned and regulated under Queensland law, and prominent men such as Robert Towns made massive fortunes off of exploitation of slave labour, helping to establish some of the major cities in Queensland today.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towns' agent claimed that blackbirded labourers were "savages who did not know the use of money" and therefore did not deserve cash wages.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Federation in 1901, the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a> came into effect, which saw most foreign workers in Australia deported under the <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Island_Labourers_Act_1901" title="Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901">Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901</a></i>, which saw the Pacific Islander population of the state decrease rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_governance">Independent governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Independent governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StateLibQld_2_93580_Parade_of_troops_in_Queen_Street,_Brisbane,_March,_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/StateLibQld_2_93580_Parade_of_troops_in_Queen_Street%2C_Brisbane%2C_March%2C_1900.jpg/220px-StateLibQld_2_93580_Parade_of_troops_in_Queen_Street%2C_Brisbane%2C_March%2C_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/StateLibQld_2_93580_Parade_of_troops_in_Queen_Street%2C_Brisbane%2C_March%2C_1900.jpg/330px-StateLibQld_2_93580_Parade_of_troops_in_Queen_Street%2C_Brisbane%2C_March%2C_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/StateLibQld_2_93580_Parade_of_troops_in_Queen_Street%2C_Brisbane%2C_March%2C_1900.jpg/440px-StateLibQld_2_93580_Parade_of_troops_in_Queen_Street%2C_Brisbane%2C_March%2C_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>Parade of troops in Brisbane, prior to departure for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Boer War</a> in South Africa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Groupe_de_Kanakas_dans_une_exploitation_de_canne_%C3%A0_sucre_du_Queensland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Groupe_de_Kanakas_dans_une_exploitation_de_canne_%C3%A0_sucre_du_Queensland.jpg/220px-Groupe_de_Kanakas_dans_une_exploitation_de_canne_%C3%A0_sucre_du_Queensland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Groupe_de_Kanakas_dans_une_exploitation_de_canne_%C3%A0_sucre_du_Queensland.jpg/330px-Groupe_de_Kanakas_dans_une_exploitation_de_canne_%C3%A0_sucre_du_Queensland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Groupe_de_Kanakas_dans_une_exploitation_de_canne_%C3%A0_sucre_du_Queensland.jpg/440px-Groupe_de_Kanakas_dans_une_exploitation_de_canne_%C3%A0_sucre_du_Queensland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_(Pacific_Island_worker)" title="Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)">Kanaka workers</a> in a sugar cane plantation, late 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>A public meeting was held in 1851 to consider the proposed <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Queensland" title="Separation of Queensland">separation of Queensland</a> from New South Wales. On 6 June 1859, Queen Victoria signed letters patent<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to form the separate colony of Queensland as a <a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">self-governing</a> <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a> with <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> was selected as the capital city. On 10 December 1859, a proclamation was read by <a href="/wiki/George_Bowen" title="George Bowen">George Bowen</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Queensland" title="Governor of Queensland">Governor of Queensland</a>, formally establishing Queensland as a separate colony from New South Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-q150_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-q150-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 May 1860 the first Queensland election was held and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Herbert" title="Robert Herbert">Robert Herbert</a>, Bowen's private secretary, was appointed as the first <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Queensland" title="Premier of Queensland">Premier of Queensland</a>. </p><p>In 1865, the first rail line in the state opened between <a href="/wiki/Ipswich,_Queensland" title="Ipswich, Queensland">Ipswich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grandchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandchester">Grandchester</a>. Queensland's economy expanded rapidly in 1867 after James Nash discovered gold on the <a href="/wiki/Mary_River_(Queensland)" title="Mary River (Queensland)">Mary River</a> near the town of <a href="/wiki/Gympie" title="Gympie">Gympie</a>, sparking a gold rush and saving the State of Freddy-Mercury-land from near economic collapse. While still significant, they were on a much smaller scale than the gold rushes of Victoria and New South Wales. </p><p>Immigration to Australia and Queensland, in particular, began in the 1850s to support the state economy. During the period from the 1860s until the early 20th century, many labourers, known at the time as <a href="/wiki/Kanakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanakas">Kanakas</a>, were brought to Queensland from neighbouring Pacific Island nations to work in the state's sugar cane fields. Some of these people had been kidnapped under a process known as <a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">blackbirding</a> or press-ganging, and their employment conditions constituted an allegedly exploitative form of indentured labour. <a href="/wiki/Italian_Australians" title="Italian Australians">Italian immigrants</a> entered the sugar cane industry from the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1890s, the six Australian colonies, including Queensland, held a series of referendums which culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation of Australia</a> on 1 January 1901. During this time, Queensland had a population of half a million people. Since then, Queensland has remained a <a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">federated state</a> within Australia, and its population has significantly grown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_114168_Returned_World_War_Two_soldiers_march_in_Queen_Street,_Brisbane,_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/StateLibQld_1_114168_Returned_World_War_Two_soldiers_march_in_Queen_Street%2C_Brisbane%2C_1944.jpg/220px-StateLibQld_1_114168_Returned_World_War_Two_soldiers_march_in_Queen_Street%2C_Brisbane%2C_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/StateLibQld_1_114168_Returned_World_War_Two_soldiers_march_in_Queen_Street%2C_Brisbane%2C_1944.jpg/330px-StateLibQld_1_114168_Returned_World_War_Two_soldiers_march_in_Queen_Street%2C_Brisbane%2C_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/StateLibQld_1_114168_Returned_World_War_Two_soldiers_march_in_Queen_Street%2C_Brisbane%2C_1944.jpg/440px-StateLibQld_1_114168_Returned_World_War_Two_soldiers_march_in_Queen_Street%2C_Brisbane%2C_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>Returned World War II soldiers march in Queen Street, Brisbane, 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1905 women voted in state elections for the first time. The state's first university, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Queensland" title="University of Queensland">University of Queensland</a>, was established in Brisbane in 1909. In 1911, the first alternative treatments for polio were pioneered in Queensland and remain in use across the world today.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> had a <a href="/wiki/Queensland_in_World_War_I" title="Queensland in World War I">major impact on Queensland</a>. Over 58,000 Queenslanders fought in World War I and over 10,000 of them died.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australia's first major airline, <a href="/wiki/Qantas" title="Qantas">Qantas</a> (originally standing for "Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services"), was founded in <a href="/wiki/Winton,_Queensland" title="Winton, Queensland">Winton</a> in 1920 to serve outback Queensland. </p><p>In 1922 Queensland abolished the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Legislative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensland Legislative Council">Queensland Legislative Council</a>, becoming the only Australian state with a <a href="/wiki/Unicameral_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral legislature">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliaments_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Parliaments of the Australian states and territories">parliament</a>. </p><p>In 1935 <a href="/wiki/Cane_toads_in_Australia" title="Cane toads in Australia">cane toads</a> were deliberately introduced to Queensland from Hawaii in an unsuccessful attempt to reduce the number of French's cane and greyback <a href="/wiki/Cane_beetle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cane beetle">cane beetles</a> that were destroying the roots of sugar cane plants, which are integral to Queensland's economy. The toads have remained an environmental pest since that time. In 1962, the first commercial production of oil in Queensland and Australia began at <a href="/wiki/Moonie,_Queensland" title="Moonie, Queensland">Moonie</a>. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> Brisbane became central to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> campaign when the AMP Building (now called <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Central" title="MacArthur Central">MacArthur Central</a>) was used as the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_Area_(command)#Command" class="mw-redirect" title="South West Pacific Area (command)">South West Pacific headquarters</a> for <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">General Douglas MacArthur</a>, chief of the Allied Pacific forces, until his headquarters were moved to <a href="/wiki/Jayapura" title="Jayapura">Hollandia</a> in August 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1942, during the war, Brisbane was the site of a violent clash between visiting US military personnel and Australian servicemen and civilians, which resulted in one death and hundreds of injuries. This incident became known colloquially as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brisbane" title="Battle of Brisbane">Battle of Brisbane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The end of World War II saw a <a href="/wiki/Post-war_immigration_to_Australia" title="Post-war immigration to Australia">wave of immigration</a> from across Europe, with many more immigrants coming from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">eastern</a> Europe than in previous decades. </p><p>In the later decades of the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a>—regulated by the availability of air conditioning—saw Queensland become a popular destination for migrants from interstate.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since that time, Queensland has continuously seen high levels of migration from the other states and territories of Australia. </p><p>In 1966, <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> became the first U.S. president to visit Queensland. During his visit, he met with Australia prime minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt">Harold Holt</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The end of the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a> in 1973 saw the beginning of a wave of immigration from around the world, and most prominently from Asia, which continues to the present. </p><p>In 1981 the <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a> off Queensland's northeast coast, one of the world's largest coral reef systems, was declared a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003 Queensland adopted <a href="/wiki/Maroon" title="Maroon">maroon</a> as the state's official colour. The announcement was made as a result of an informal tradition to use maroon to represent the state in association with sporting events.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After three decades of record population growth, Queensland was impacted by major <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Queensland_floods" title="2010–2011 Queensland floods">floods between late 2010 and early 2011</a>, causing extensive damage and disruption across the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Berry_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berry-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020 Queensland was impacted by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. Despite a <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Australia">low number and abrupt decline in cases</a> from April 2020 onward, <a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">social distancing</a> requirements were implemented from March 2020 including the closure of the state borders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Queensland" title="Geography of Queensland">Geography of Queensland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qld_region_map_2.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Qld_region_map_2.PNG/220px-Qld_region_map_2.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Qld_region_map_2.PNG/330px-Qld_region_map_2.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Qld_region_map_2.PNG/440px-Qld_region_map_2.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="1423" /></a><figcaption>Commonly designated <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Queensland" title="Regions of Queensland">regions of Queensland</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Central_Queensland" title="Central Queensland">Central Queensland</a> divided into <a href="/wiki/Mackay_Region" title="Mackay Region">Mackay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shire_of_Fitzroy" title="Shire of Fitzroy">Fitzroy</a> subregions</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Gran_Barrera_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/La_Gran_Barrera_2.jpg/220px-La_Gran_Barrera_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/La_Gran_Barrera_2.jpg/330px-La_Gran_Barrera_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/La_Gran_Barrera_2.jpg/440px-La_Gran_Barrera_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a>, which extends along most of Queensland's <a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a> coastline</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mossman_River_during_the_wet_season.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mossman_River_during_the_wet_season.jpg/220px-Mossman_River_during_the_wet_season.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mossman_River_during_the_wet_season.jpg/330px-Mossman_River_during_the_wet_season.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mossman_River_during_the_wet_season.jpg/440px-Mossman_River_during_the_wet_season.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mossman_River" title="Mossman River">Mossman River</a>, flowing through the <a href="/wiki/Daintree_Rainforest" title="Daintree Rainforest">Daintree Rainforest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland" title="Far North Queensland">Far North Queensland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BinnaBurra5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/BinnaBurra5.JPG/220px-BinnaBurra5.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/BinnaBurra5.JPG/330px-BinnaBurra5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/BinnaBurra5.JPG/440px-BinnaBurra5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/McPherson_Range" title="McPherson Range">McPherson Range</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lamington_National_Park" title="Lamington National Park">Lamington National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_East_Queensland" title="South East Queensland">South East Queensland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fraser_Island_Lake_McKenzie_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Fraser_Island_Lake_McKenzie_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Fraser_Island_Lake_McKenzie_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Fraser_Island_Lake_McKenzie_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Fraser_Island_Lake_McKenzie_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Fraser_Island_Lake_McKenzie_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Fraser_Island_Lake_McKenzie_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Lake McKensie, <a href="/wiki/K%27gari_(Fraser_Island)" class="mw-redirect" title="K'gari (Fraser Island)">K'gari (Fraser Island)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>With a total area of 1,729,742 square kilometres (715,309 square miles), Queensland is an expansive state with a highly diverse range of climates and geographical features. If Queensland were an independent nation, it would be the world's 16th largest. </p><p>Queensland's eastern coastline borders the <a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a>, an arm of the Pacific Ocean. The state is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a> to the north, with <a href="/wiki/Boigu_Island_(Queensland)" title="Boigu Island (Queensland)">Boigu Island</a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> representing the northern extreme of its territory. The triangular <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York Peninsula</a>, which points toward New Guinea, is the northernmost part of the state's mainland. West of the peninsula's tip, northern Queensland is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</a>. To the west, Queensland is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/138th_meridian_east" title="138th meridian east">138th meridian east</a>, and to the southwest by northeastern <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>. The state's southern border with New South Wales is constituted in the east by the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">watershed</a> from <a href="/wiki/Point_Danger_(Tweed_Heads)" title="Point Danger (Tweed Heads)">Point Danger</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Dumaresq_River" title="Dumaresq River">Dumaresq River</a>, and the Dumaresq, <a href="/wiki/Macintyre_River" title="Macintyre River">Macintyre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barwon_River_(New_South_Wales)" title="Barwon River (New South Wales)">Barwon</a> rivers. The west of the southern border is defined by the <a href="/wiki/29th_parallel_south" title="29th parallel south">29th parallel south</a> (including some minor <a href="/wiki/Queensland_and_New_South_Wales_boundary_encroachments" title="Queensland and New South Wales boundary encroachments">historical encroachments</a>) until it reaches South Australia. </p><p>Like much of eastern Australia, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dividing_Range" title="Great Dividing Range">Great Dividing Range</a> runs roughly parallel with, and inland from, the coast, and areas west of the range are more arid than the humid coastal regions. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a>, which is the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reef</a> system, runs parallel to the state's <a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a> coast between the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%27gari_(Fraser_Island)" class="mw-redirect" title="K'gari (Fraser Island)">K'gari (Fraser Island)</a>. Queensland's coastline includes the world's three largest sand islands: <a href="/wiki/K%27gari_(Fraser_Island)" class="mw-redirect" title="K'gari (Fraser Island)">K'gari (Fraser Island)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moreton_Island" title="Moreton Island">Moreton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Stradbroke_Island" title="North Stradbroke Island">North Stradbroke</a>. </p><p>The state contains six <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage</a>-listed preservation areas: the Great Barrier Reef along the Coral Sea coast, K'gari (Fraser Island) on the <a href="/wiki/Wide_Bay%E2%80%93Burnett" title="Wide Bay–Burnett">Wide Bay–Burnett</a> region's coastline, the <a href="/wiki/Wet_Tropics_of_Queensland" title="Wet Tropics of Queensland">wet tropics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland" title="Far North Queensland">Far North Queensland</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Daintree_Rainforest" title="Daintree Rainforest">Daintree Rainforest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamington_National_Park" title="Lamington National Park">Lamington National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_East_Queensland" title="South East Queensland">South East Queensland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Fossil_Mammal_Sites_(Riversleigh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh)">Riversleigh fossil sites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Country" title="Gulf Country">North West Queensland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gondwana_Rainforests" title="Gondwana Rainforests">Gondwana Rainforests</a> in South East Queensland. </p><p>The state is divided into several <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Queensland" title="Regions of Queensland">unofficial regions</a> which are commonly used to refer to large areas of the state's vast geography. These include: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/South_East_Queensland" title="South East Queensland">South East Queensland</a></b> in the state's coastal extreme south-eastern corner, an urban region which includes the state's three largest cities: capital city Brisbane and popular coastal tourist destinations the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Coast,_Queensland" title="Sunshine Coast, Queensland">Sunshine Coast</a>. In some definitions, it also includes the city of <a href="/wiki/Toowoomba,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Toowoomba, Queensland">Toowoomba</a>. South East Queensland accounts for more than 70% of the state's population.</li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Darling_Downs" title="Darling Downs">Darling Downs</a></b> in the state's inland southeast, which consists of fertile agricultural (particularly cattle grazing) land and in some definitions includes the city of Toowoomba. The region also includes the mountainous <a href="/wiki/Granite_Belt" title="Granite Belt">Granite Belt</a>, the state's coldest region which occasionally experiences snow.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wide_Bay%E2%80%93Burnett" title="Wide Bay–Burnett">Wide Bay–Burnett</a></b> in the state's coastal southeast, to the north of the South East Queensland region. It is rich in <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> farms and includes the cities of <a href="/wiki/Bundaberg" title="Bundaberg">Bundaberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hervey_Bay" title="Hervey Bay">Hervey Bay</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/K%27gari_(Fraser_Island)" class="mw-redirect" title="K'gari (Fraser Island)">K'gari (Fraser Island)</a>, the world's largest sand island.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Queensland" title="Central Queensland">Central Queensland</a></b> on the state's central coastline, which is dominated by cattle farmland and coal mining. It contains the <a href="/wiki/Capricorn_Coast" title="Capricorn Coast">Capricorn Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whitsunday_Islands" title="Whitsunday Islands">Whitsunday Islands</a> tourist regions, as well as the cities of <a href="/wiki/Rockhampton" title="Rockhampton">Rockhampton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mackay,_Queensland" title="Mackay, Queensland">Mackay</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Queensland" title="North Queensland">North Queensland</a></b> on the state's northern coastline, which is dominated by cattle farmland and mining and which includes the city of <a href="/wiki/Townsville" title="Townsville">Townsville</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland" title="Far North Queensland">Far North Queensland</a></b> on the state's extreme northern coastline along the <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York Peninsula</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a>, the state's highest mountain, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Bartle_Frere" title="Mount Bartle Frere">Mount Bartle Frere</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atherton_Tablelands" class="mw-redirect" title="Atherton Tablelands">Atherton Tablelands</a> pastoral region (dominated by <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_fruit" title="Tropical fruit">tropical fruits</a>), the most visited section of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a>, as well as the city of <a href="/wiki/Cairns,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairns, Queensland">Cairns</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_West_Queensland" title="South West Queensland">South West Queensland</a></b> in the state's inland south-west, which is a primarily agricultural region dominated by cattle farmland, and which includes the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Country" title="Channel Country">Channel Country</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Braided_river" title="Braided river">intertwining rivulets</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Central_West_Queensland" title="Central West Queensland">Central West Queensland</a></b> in the state's inland central-west, dominated by cattle farmland and which includes the city of <a href="/wiki/Longreach,_Queensland" title="Longreach, Queensland">Longreach</a>.</li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Country" title="Gulf Country">Gulf Country</a></b> (also known as North West Queensland), in the state's inland north-west along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</a>, which is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> and mining and includes the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Mount_Isa" title="City of Mount Isa">city of Mount Isa</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queensland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Queensland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-Queensland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Queensland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Queensland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Queensland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-Queensland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate types</a> in Queensland</figcaption></figure> <p>Because of its size, there is significant variation in climate across the state. There is ample rainfall along the coastline, with a <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoonal</a> wet season in the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical</a> north, and <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid sub-tropical</a> conditions along the southern coastline. Low rainfall and hot humid summers are typical for the inland and west. Elevated areas in the south-eastern inland can experience temperatures well below freezing in mid-winter providing <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frost</a> and, rarely, <a href="/wiki/Snowfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowfall">snowfall</a>. The climate of the coastal regions is influenced by warm ocean waters, keeping the region free from extremes of temperature and providing moisture for rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are six predominant climatic zones in Queensland,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on temperature and humidity: </p> <ul><li>Hot humid summer, warm humid winter (far north and coastal): <a href="/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Innisfail,_Queensland" title="Innisfail, Queensland">Innisfail</a></li> <li>Hot humid summer, warm dry winter (north and coastal): <a href="/wiki/Townsville" title="Townsville">Townsville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mackay,_Queensland" title="Mackay, Queensland">Mackay</a></li> <li>Hot humid summer, mild dry winter (coastal elevated areas and coastal south-east): <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bundaberg" title="Bundaberg">Bundaberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockhampton" title="Rockhampton">Rockhampton</a></li> <li>Hot dry summer, mild dry winter (central inland and north-west): <a href="/wiki/Mt_Isa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mt Isa">Mt Isa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emerald,_Queensland" title="Emerald, Queensland">Emerald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longreach" class="mw-redirect" title="Longreach">Longreach</a></li> <li>Hot dry summer, cool dry winter (southern inland): <a href="/wiki/Roma,_Queensland" title="Roma, Queensland">Roma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charleville,_Queensland" title="Charleville, Queensland">Charleville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goondiwindi" title="Goondiwindi">Goondiwindi</a></li> <li>Warm humid summer, cold dry winter (elevated south-eastern areas): <a href="/wiki/Toowoomba" title="Toowoomba">Toowoomba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warwick,_Queensland" title="Warwick, Queensland">Warwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanthorpe" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanthorpe">Stanthorpe</a></li></ul> <p>The annual average climatic statistics<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for selected Queensland cities are shown below: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>City </th> <th>Mean daily min. temp </th> <th>Mean daily max. temp </th> <th>No. clear days </th> <th>Rainfall </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> </td> <td align="center">15.7 °C (60.3 °F)</td> <td align="center">25.5 °C (77.9 °F)</td> <td align="center">113.1</td> <td align="center">1,149.1 mm (45.24 in)<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mackay,_Queensland" title="Mackay, Queensland">Mackay</a> </td> <td align="center">19.0 °C (66.2 °F)</td> <td align="center">26.4 °C (79.5 °F)</td> <td align="center">123.0</td> <td align="center">1,570.7 mm (61.84 in)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a> </td> <td align="center">21.0 °C (69.8 °F)</td> <td align="center">29.2 °C (84.6 °F)</td> <td align="center">89.7</td> <td align="center">1,982.2 mm (78.04 in)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Townsville" title="Townsville">Townsville</a> </td> <td align="center">19.8 °C (67.6 °F)</td> <td align="center">28.9 °C (84.0 °F)</td> <td align="center">120.9</td> <td align="center">1,136.7 mm (44.75 in)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The coastal far north of the state is the wettest region in Australia, with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Bellenden_Ker" title="Mount Bellenden Ker">Mount Bellenden Ker</a>, south of Cairns, holding many Australian rainfall records with its annual average rainfall of over 8 metres (26 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snow is rare in Queensland, although it does fall with some regularity along the far southern border with New South Wales, predominantly in the Stanthorpe district although on rare occasions further north and west. The most northerly snow ever recorded in Australia occurred near <a href="/wiki/Mackay,_Queensland" title="Mackay, Queensland">Mackay</a>; however, this was exceptional.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Natural disasters are often a threat in Queensland: severe <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a> can impact the central and northern coastlines and cause severe damage,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with recent examples including <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Larry" title="Cyclone Larry">Larry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Yasi" title="Cyclone Yasi">Yasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Ita" title="Cyclone Ita">Ita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Debbie" title="Cyclone Debbie">Debbie</a>. Flooding from rain-bearing systems can also be severe and can occur anywhere in Queensland. One of the deadliest and most damaging floods in the history of the state occurred in <a href="/wiki/2010-11_Queensland_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2010-11 Queensland floods">early 2011</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severe springtime <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorms</a> generally affect the south-east and inland of the state and can bring damaging winds, torrential rain, large <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bucca_tornado" title="Bucca tornado">strongest tornado</a> ever recorded in Australia occurred in Queensland near <a href="/wiki/Bundaberg" title="Bundaberg">Bundaberg</a> in November 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Droughts and <a href="/wiki/Bushfires_in_Australia" title="Bushfires in Australia">bushfires</a> can also occur; however, the latter are generally less severe than those that occur in southern states. </p><p> The highest official maximum temperature recorded in the state was 49.5 °C (121.1 °F) at Birdsville Police Station on 24 December 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lowest recorded minimum temperature is −10.6 °C (12.9 °F) at Stanthorpe on 23 June 1961 and at The Hermitage (near <a href="/wiki/Warwick,_Queensland" title="Warwick, Queensland">Warwick</a>) on 12 July 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Queensland </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #970000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.0<br />(120.2) </td> <td style="background: #B00000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.2<br />(117.0) </td> <td style="background: #B70000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.7<br />(116.1) </td> <td style="background: #FC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.7<br />(107.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0F00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.3<br />(102.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0<br />(96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1<br />(97.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.5<br />(101.3) </td> <td style="background: #ED0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.8<br />(109.0) </td> <td style="background: #CD0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.1<br />(113.2) </td> <td style="background: #9B0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.7<br />(119.7) </td> <td style="background: #900000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.5<br />(121.1) </td> <td style="background: #900000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">49.5<br />(121.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(37.9) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2<br />(31.6) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.5<br />(25.7) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.9<br />(19.6) </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.6<br />(12.9) </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.6<br />(12.9) </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.4<br />(15.1) </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.6<br />(21.9) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.6<br />(25.5) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−10.6<br />(12.9) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Bureau of Meteorology<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Bureau of Meteorology<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Australia" title="Demographics of Australia">Demographics of Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brisbane" title="Demographics of Brisbane">Demographics of Brisbane</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Queenslanders" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Queenslander_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Queenslander (disambiguation)">Queenslander</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skylines_of_Brisbane_in_winter_misty_morning_seen_from_Kangaroo_Point,_Queensland_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Skylines_of_Brisbane_in_winter_misty_morning_seen_from_Kangaroo_Point%2C_Queensland_04.jpg/220px-Skylines_of_Brisbane_in_winter_misty_morning_seen_from_Kangaroo_Point%2C_Queensland_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Skylines_of_Brisbane_in_winter_misty_morning_seen_from_Kangaroo_Point%2C_Queensland_04.jpg/330px-Skylines_of_Brisbane_in_winter_misty_morning_seen_from_Kangaroo_Point%2C_Queensland_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Skylines_of_Brisbane_in_winter_misty_morning_seen_from_Kangaroo_Point%2C_Queensland_04.jpg/440px-Skylines_of_Brisbane_in_winter_misty_morning_seen_from_Kangaroo_Point%2C_Queensland_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, capital and most populous city of Queensland</figcaption></figure> <div class="thumb tright"> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Historical populations </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Queensland<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1826 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">160</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1836 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">400</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+150.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1846 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,258</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+464.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1856 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">18,544</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+721.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1864 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">73,578</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+296.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1876 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">182,185</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+147.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1886 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">332,311</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+82.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1891 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">400,395</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1906 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">538,973</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+34.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1916 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">677,026</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+25.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1926 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">862,486</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+27.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1936 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">982,978</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1946 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,096,831</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1956 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,381,591</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+26.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1966 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,674,324</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+21.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1976 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,092,375</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+25.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1986 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,624,595</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+25.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1996 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,338,690</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+27.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2006 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,090,908</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2016 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,844,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+18.4%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000)"><div class="center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source:<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>In December 2021, Queensland had an estimated population of 5,265,043.<sup id="cite_ref-ABSPop_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABSPop-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately half of the state's population lives in Brisbane, and over 70% live in <a href="/wiki/South_East_Queensland" title="South East Queensland">South East Queensland</a>. Nonetheless, Queensland is the second most decentralised state in Australia after <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>. Since the 1980s, Queensland has consistently been the fastest-growing state in Australia, as it receives high levels of both international immigration and migration from interstate. There have however been short periods where <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> have grown faster. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities">Cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia_by_population" title="List of cities in Australia by population">Ten of Australia's thirty largest cities</a> are located in Queensland. In 2019, the largest cities in the state by population of their Greater Capital City Statistical Area or Significant Urban Area (metropolitan areas) as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a> were:<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>: 2,514,184</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tweed_Heads,_New_South_Wales" title="Tweed Heads, New South Wales">Tweed Heads</a>: 693,671</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Coast,_Queensland" title="Sunshine Coast, Queensland">Sunshine Coast</a>: 341,069</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townsville" title="Townsville">Townsville</a>: 181,668</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a>: 153,951</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toowoomba" title="Toowoomba">Toowoomba</a>: 138,223</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackay,_Queensland" title="Mackay, Queensland">Mackay</a>: 80,264</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockhampton" title="Rockhampton">Rockhampton</a>: 79,081</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundaberg" title="Bundaberg">Bundaberg</a>: 71,309</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervey_Bay" title="Hervey Bay">Hervey Bay</a>: 55,345</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstone,_Queensland" title="Gladstone, Queensland">Gladstone</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tannum_Sands,_Queensland" title="Tannum Sands, Queensland">Tannum Sands</a>: 45,631</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestry_and_immigration">Ancestry and immigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ancestry and immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption>Country of Birth (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-censusdata.abs.gov.au_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusdata.abs.gov.au-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Birthplace<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td>Australia</td> <td>3,343,657 </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Zealand</td> <td>201,206 </td></tr> <tr> <td>England</td> <td>180,775 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>49,145 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a></td> <td>47,114 </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Africa</td> <td>40,131 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td> <td>39,661 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Scotland</td> <td>21,882 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germany</td> <td>20,387 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>19,544 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></td> <td>18,327 </td></tr> <tr> <td>United States</td> <td>17,053 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></td> <td>16,120 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></td> <td>15,592 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Early settlers during the 19th century were largely <a href="/wiki/English_Australians" title="English Australians">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Australians" title="Irish Australians">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Australians" title="Scottish Australians">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Australians" title="German Australians">German</a>, while there was a wave of immigration from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">southern</a> and eastern Europe (most notably <a href="/wiki/Italian_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Australian">Italy</a>) in the decades following the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">second world war</a>. In the 21st century, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Australians" title="Asian Australians">Asia</a> (most notably <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Australian">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Australian">India</a>) has been the primary source of immigration. </p><p>At the 2016 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-censusdata.abs.gov.au_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusdata.abs.gov.au-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 13em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Australians" title="English Australians">English</a> (41.3%)</li> <li>Australian (37.9%)<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Australians" title="Irish Australians">Irish</a> (13%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Australians" title="Scottish Australians">Scottish</a> (11.2%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Australians" title="German Australians">German</a> (6.8%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a> (4%)<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Australians" title="Chinese Australians">Chinese</a> (3.1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Australians" title="Italian Australians">Italian</a> (3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Australians" title="Indian Australians">Indian</a> (1.7%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Australians" title="Dutch Australians">Dutch</a> (1.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Australians" title="New Zealand Australians">New Zealander</a> (1.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Australians" title="Māori Australians">Maori</a> (1.2%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Australians" title="Filipino Australians">Filipino</a> (1.2%)</li></ul></div> <p>The 2016 census showed that 28.9% of Queensland's inhabitants were <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">born overseas</a>. Only 54.8% of inhabitants had both parents born in Australia, with the next most common birthplaces being New Zealand, England, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> and South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-censusdata.abs.gov.au_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusdata.abs.gov.au-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brisbane has the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_born#Metropolitan_and_Urban_regions_with_largest_foreign-born_populations" title="Foreign born">26th largest immigrant population</a> among world metropolitan areas. </p><p>4% of the population, or 186,482 people, identified as <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a>) in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au_82-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-censusdata.abs.gov.au_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusdata.abs.gov.au-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/2016_Australian_census" title="2016 Australian census">2016 census</a>, 81.2% of inhabitants spoke only English at home, with the next most common languages being <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> (1.5%), <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> (0.6%), <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> (0.5%), Spanish (0.4%) and Italian (0.4%).<sup id="cite_ref-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au2_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au2-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-censusdata.abs.gov.au2_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusdata.abs.gov.au2-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/2021_Australian_census" title="2021 Australian census">2021 census</a>, 80.5% of inhabitants spoke only English at home, with the next most common languages being <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> (1.6%), <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> (0.6%), <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> (0.6%) and Spanish (0.6%).<sup id="cite_ref-census2021_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2021-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/2016_Australian_census" title="2016 Australian census">2016 census</a>, the most commonly cited religious affiliations were <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">'No religion'</a> (29.2%), <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Australia" title="Catholic Church in Australia">Catholicism</a> (21.7%) and <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia" title="Anglican Church of Australia">Anglicanism</a> (15.3%).<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_Australian_census" title="2021 Australian census">2021 census</a>, 45.7% of the population follows Christianity, and 41.2% identified as having <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a><sup id="cite_ref-census2021_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2021-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 5% of people are affiliated with a non-Christian religion, mainly <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (1.4%), <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (1.3%) and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (1.2%).<sup id="cite_ref-census2021_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2021-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Queensland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/University_of_Queensland.jpg/220px-University_of_Queensland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/University_of_Queensland.jpg/330px-University_of_Queensland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/University_of_Queensland.jpg/440px-University_of_Queensland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The Great Court at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Queensland" title="University of Queensland">University of Queensland</a> in Brisbane, Queensland's oldest university</figcaption></figure> <p>Queensland is home to numerous universities. The state's oldest university, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Queensland" title="University of Queensland">University of Queensland</a>, was established in 1909 and frequently <a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings" title="College and university rankings">ranks among the world's top 50</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other major universities include <a href="/wiki/Queensland_University_of_Technology" title="Queensland University of Technology">Queensland University of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griffith_University" title="Griffith University">Griffith University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_Queensland" title="University of Southern Queensland">University of Southern Queensland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Sunshine_Coast" title="University of the Sunshine Coast">University of the Sunshine Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Cook_University" title="James Cook University">James Cook University</a> (which was the state's first university outside of <a href="/wiki/South_East_Queensland" title="South East Queensland">South East Queensland</a>), <a href="/wiki/Central_Queensland_University" title="Central Queensland University">Central Queensland University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bond_University" title="Bond University">Bond University</a> (which was Australia's first private university). </p><p><a href="/wiki/International_student" title="International student">International education</a> is an important industry, with 134,312 <a href="/wiki/International_students_in_Australia" title="International students in Australia">international students enrolled in the state</a> in 2018, largely focused on Brisbane. Most of the state's international students are from Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-IntlStudying_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntlStudying-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the primary and secondary levels, Queensland is home to numerous <a href="/wiki/Queensland_state_schools" title="Queensland state schools">state</a> and private schools. </p><p>Queensland has a <a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Queensland#Public_libraries" title="List of libraries in Queensland">public library system</a> which is managed by the State Library of Queensland.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some university libraries are also open to the public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Queensland" title="Economy of Queensland">Economy of Queensland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy of Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brisbane_City_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Brisbane_City_Skyline.jpg/220px-Brisbane_City_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Brisbane_City_Skyline.jpg/330px-Brisbane_City_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Brisbane_City_Skyline.jpg/440px-Brisbane_City_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4550" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption>Skyline of the <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_central_business_district" title="Brisbane central business district">Brisbane central business district</a>. Brisbane is a <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global city</a> and the state's largest economic hub.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravenswood,_Queensland_-_Gold_Mine_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ravenswood%2C_Queensland_-_Gold_Mine_3.jpg/220px-Ravenswood%2C_Queensland_-_Gold_Mine_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ravenswood%2C_Queensland_-_Gold_Mine_3.jpg/330px-Ravenswood%2C_Queensland_-_Gold_Mine_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ravenswood%2C_Queensland_-_Gold_Mine_3.jpg/440px-Ravenswood%2C_Queensland_-_Gold_Mine_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">Gold mine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ravenswood,_Queensland" title="Ravenswood, Queensland">Ravenswood</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Queensland" title="North Queensland">North Queensland</a>. Mining is one of the state's major industries</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_Coast_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gold_Coast_skyline.jpg/220px-Gold_Coast_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gold_Coast_skyline.jpg/330px-Gold_Coast_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gold_Coast_skyline.jpg/440px-Gold_Coast_skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5598" data-file-height="3318" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a>, Queensland's second-largest city and a major tourist destination</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunset_in_Noosa_Heads,_Queensland_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sunset_in_Noosa_Heads%2C_Queensland_02.jpg/220px-Sunset_in_Noosa_Heads%2C_Queensland_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sunset_in_Noosa_Heads%2C_Queensland_02.jpg/330px-Sunset_in_Noosa_Heads%2C_Queensland_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sunset_in_Noosa_Heads%2C_Queensland_02.jpg/440px-Sunset_in_Noosa_Heads%2C_Queensland_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3978" data-file-height="2984" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Noosa_Heads,_Queensland" title="Noosa Heads, Queensland">Noosa Heads</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Coast,_Queensland" title="Sunshine Coast, Queensland">Sunshine Coast</a>, Queensland's third largest city and a major tourist destination</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2019, Queensland had a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">gross state product</a> of A$357,044 million, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">third-highest in the nation</a> after New South Wales and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The construction of <a href="/wiki/Sea_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea port">sea ports</a> and railways along Queensland's coast in the 19th century set up the foundations for the state's export-oriented mining and agricultural sectors. Since the 1980s, a sizeable influx of interstate and overseas migrants, large amounts of federal government investment, increased mining of vast mineral deposits and an expanding aerospace sector have contributed to the state's economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-aus_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aus-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary sector of industry">Primary industries</a> include bananas, <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapples</a>, peanuts, a wide variety of other tropical and temperate fruit and vegetables, grain crops, <a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">wineries</a>, cattle raising, cotton, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>. The mining industry includes <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>, coal, silver, lead, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, gold and copper.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">Secondary industries</a> are mostly further processing of the above-mentioned primary produce. For example, bauxite is shipped by sea from <a href="/wiki/Weipa,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Weipa, Queensland">Weipa</a> and converted to alumina at <a href="/wiki/Gladstone,_Queensland" title="Gladstone, Queensland">Gladstone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rta_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rta-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also copper refining and the refining of sugar cane to sugar at a number of mills along the eastern coastline. </p><p>Major <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">tertiary industries</a> are retail, tourism, and <a href="/wiki/International_student" title="International student">international education</a>. In 2018, there were 134,312 <a href="/wiki/International_students_in_Australia" title="International students in Australia">international students enrolled in the state</a>, largely focused on Brisbane. Most of the state's international students are from Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-IntlStudying_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntlStudying-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brisbane is <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">categorised</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global city</a>, and is among Asia-Pacific <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP" title="List of cities by GDP">cities with largest GDPs</a>. It has strengths in mining, banking, insurance, transportation, information technology, real estate and <a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">food</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the largest companies headquartered in Brisbane, all among Australia's largest, include <a href="/wiki/Suncorp_Group" title="Suncorp Group">Suncorp Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Australia" title="Virgin Australia">Virgin Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aurizon" title="Aurizon">Aurizon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Queensland" title="Bank of Queensland">Bank of Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flight_Centre" title="Flight Centre">Flight Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/CUA_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="CUA (company)">CUA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunsuper" title="Sunsuper">Sunsuper</a>, <a href="/wiki/QSuper" title="QSuper">QSuper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domino%27s_Pizza_Enterprises" title="Domino's Pizza Enterprises">Domino's Pizza Enterprises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star_Entertainment_Group" title="Star Entertainment Group">Star Entertainment Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/ALS_Limited" title="ALS Limited">ALS</a>, <a href="/wiki/TechnologyOne" title="TechnologyOne">TechnologyOne</a>, <a href="/wiki/NEXTDC" class="mw-redirect" title="NEXTDC">NEXTDC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Retail_Group" title="Super Retail Group">Super Retail Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hope_Coal" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hope Coal">New Hope Coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jumbo_Interactive" title="Jumbo Interactive">Jumbo Interactive</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Storage" title="National Storage">National Storage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collins_Foods" title="Collins Foods">Collins Foods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Australia" title="Boeing Australia">Boeing Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Brisbane" title="Tourism in Brisbane">Tourism in Brisbane</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whitsunday_Islands_National_Park_(23720070439).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Whitsunday_Islands_National_Park_%2823720070439%29.jpg/220px-Whitsunday_Islands_National_Park_%2823720070439%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Whitsunday_Islands_National_Park_%2823720070439%29.jpg/330px-Whitsunday_Islands_National_Park_%2823720070439%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Whitsunday_Islands_National_Park_%2823720070439%29.jpg/440px-Whitsunday_Islands_National_Park_%2823720070439%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>Hill Inlet at the <a href="/wiki/Whitsunday_Islands" title="Whitsunday Islands">Whitsunday Islands</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result of its varied landscapes, warm climate, and abundant natural environment, tourism is Queensland's leading tertiary industry with millions of interstate and international visitors visiting the state each year. The industry generates $8.8 billion annually, accounting for 4.5% of Queensland's Gross State Product. It has an annual export of $4.0 billion annually. The sector directly employs about 5.7% of Queensland citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-qtprofile_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qtprofile-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accommodation in Queensland caters for nearly 22% of the total expenditure, followed by restaurants/meals (15%), airfares (11%), fuel (11%) and shopping/gifts (11%).<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most visited tourist destinations of Queensland include Brisbane (including <a href="/wiki/Moreton_Island" title="Moreton Island">Moreton</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Stradbroke_Island" title="South Stradbroke Island">South Stradbroke</a> islands and the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a>) as well as the <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Coast,_Queensland" title="Sunshine Coast, Queensland">Sunshine Coast</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Douglas,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Douglas, Queensland">Port Douglas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Daintree_Rainforest" title="Daintree Rainforest">Daintree Rainforest</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%27gari_(Fraser_Island)" class="mw-redirect" title="K'gari (Fraser Island)">K'gari</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Whitsunday_Islands" title="Whitsunday Islands">Whitsunday Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LonelyPlanet_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LonelyPlanet-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AirportRentals_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AirportRentals-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TravelTreks_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TravelTreks-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brisbane is the third most popular destination in Australia following <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major attractions in its metropolitan area include <a href="/wiki/South_Bank_Parklands" title="South Bank Parklands">South Bank Parklands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Cultural_Centre" title="Queensland Cultural Centre">Queensland Cultural Centre</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Museum" title="Queensland Museum">Queensland Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Art_Gallery" title="Queensland Art Gallery">Queensland Art Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallery_of_Modern_Art,_Brisbane" title="Gallery of Modern Art, Brisbane">Gallery of Modern Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Performing_Arts_Centre" title="Queensland Performing Arts Centre">Queensland Performing Arts Centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_Queensland" title="State Library of Queensland">State Library of Queensland</a>), <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_City_Hall" title="Brisbane City Hall">City Hall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Story_Bridge" title="Story Bridge">Story Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Howard_Smith_Wharves" title="Howard Smith Wharves">Howard Smith Wharves</a>, <a href="/wiki/ANZAC_Square,_Brisbane" title="ANZAC Square, Brisbane">ANZAC Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_Cathedral_(Brisbane)" title="St John's Cathedral (Brisbane)">St John's Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortitude_Valley,_Queensland" title="Fortitude Valley, Queensland">Fortitude Valley</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Fortitude_Valley,_Queensland#Commercial_area" title="Fortitude Valley, Queensland">James Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Brisbane" title="Chinatown, Brisbane">Chinatown</a>), <a href="/wiki/West_End,_Queensland" title="West End, Queensland">West End</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Teneriffe,_Queensland" title="Teneriffe, Queensland">Teneriffe woolstores precinct</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_River" title="Brisbane River">Brisbane River</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_River#Brisbane_Riverwalk" title="Brisbane River">Riverwalk</a> network, the <a href="/wiki/City_Botanic_Gardens" title="City Botanic Gardens">City Botanic Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roma_Street_Parkland" title="Roma Street Parkland">Roma Street Parkland</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Farm_Park" title="New Farm Park">New Farm Park</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Powerhouse" title="Brisbane Powerhouse">Brisbane Powerhouse</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_Point_Cliffs" title="Kangaroo Point Cliffs">Kangaroo Point Cliffs</a> and park, the <a href="/wiki/Lone_Pine_Koala_Sanctuary" title="Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary">Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Coot-tha_Forest" title="Mount Coot-tha Forest">Mount Coot-tha Reserve</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Mount_Coot-tha_Lookout" title="Mount Coot-tha Lookout">Mount Coot-tha Lookout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Botanic_Gardens,_Mount_Coot-tha" title="Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mount Coot-tha">Mount Coot-tha Botanic Gardens</a>), the <a href="/wiki/D%27Aguilar_Range" title="D'Aguilar Range">D'Aguilar Range</a> and <a href="/wiki/D%27Aguilar_National_Park" title="D'Aguilar National Park">National Park</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Moreton_Bay" title="Moreton Bay">Moreton Bay</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Moreton_Island" title="Moreton Island">Moreton</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Stradbroke_Island" title="North Stradbroke Island">North Stradbroke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bribie_Island" title="Bribie Island">Bribie</a> islands, and coastal suburbs such as <a href="/wiki/Shorncliffe,_Queensland" title="Shorncliffe, Queensland">Shorncliffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wynnum,_Queensland" title="Wynnum, Queensland">Wynnum</a> and those on the <a href="/wiki/Redcliffe_Peninsula" title="Redcliffe Peninsula">Redcliffe Peninsula</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a> is home to numerous popular surf beaches such as those at <a href="/wiki/Surfers_Paradise,_Queensland" title="Surfers Paradise, Queensland">Surfers Paradise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burleigh_Heads,_Queensland" title="Burleigh Heads, Queensland">Burleigh Heads</a>. It also includes the largest concentration of <a href="/wiki/Amusement_park" title="Amusement park">amusement parks</a> in Australia, including <a href="/wiki/Dreamworld_(Australian_theme_park)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreamworld (Australian theme park)">Dreamworld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Movie_World" title="Warner Bros. Movie World">Movie World</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_World_(Australia)" title="Sea World (Australia)">Sea World</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wet%27n%27Wild_Water_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet'n'Wild Water World">Wet 'n' Wild</a> and <a href="/wiki/WhiteWater_World" title="WhiteWater World">WhiteWater World</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Currumbin_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary">Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary</a>. The Gold Coast's hinterland includes <a href="/wiki/Lamington_National_Park" title="Lamington National Park">Lamington National Park</a> in the <a href="/wiki/McPherson_Range" title="McPherson Range">McPherson Range</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Coast,_Queensland" title="Sunshine Coast, Queensland">Sunshine Coast</a> includes popular surfing and beach destinations including <a href="/wiki/Noosa_Heads,_Queensland" title="Noosa Heads, Queensland">Noosa Heads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mooloolaba" title="Mooloolaba">Mooloolaba</a>. It is also home to <a href="/wiki/UnderWater_World,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="UnderWater World, Queensland">UnderWater World</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Irwin" title="Steve Irwin">Steve Irwin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Australia_Zoo" title="Australia Zoo">Australia Zoo</a>. Its hinterland includes the <a href="/wiki/Glass_House_Mountains_National_Park" title="Glass House Mountains National Park">Glass House Mountains National Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a> is renowned as the gateway to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland" title="Far North Queensland">Far North Queensland</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Port_Douglas,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Douglas, Queensland">Port Douglas</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Daintree_Rainforest" title="Daintree Rainforest">Daintree Rainforest</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Whitsunday_Islands" title="Whitsunday Islands">Whitsunday Islands</a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/North_Queensland" title="North Queensland">North Queensland</a> are a popular tourist destinations for their <a href="/wiki/Resort" title="Resort">resort</a> facilities and access to the Great Barrier Reef.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_government">Politics and government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Politics and government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Queensland" title="Politics of Queensland">Politics of Queensland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_House,_Brisbane,_Queensland_with_Christmas_tree_in_2019,_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Parliament_House%2C_Brisbane%2C_Queensland_with_Christmas_tree_in_2019%2C_05.jpg/220px-Parliament_House%2C_Brisbane%2C_Queensland_with_Christmas_tree_in_2019%2C_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Parliament_House%2C_Brisbane%2C_Queensland_with_Christmas_tree_in_2019%2C_05.jpg/330px-Parliament_House%2C_Brisbane%2C_Queensland_with_Christmas_tree_in_2019%2C_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Parliament_House%2C_Brisbane%2C_Queensland_with_Christmas_tree_in_2019%2C_05.jpg/440px-Parliament_House%2C_Brisbane%2C_Queensland_with_Christmas_tree_in_2019%2C_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3694" data-file-height="2770" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Brisbane" title="Parliament House, Brisbane">Parliament House</a>, seat of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Queensland" title="Parliament of Queensland">Queensland Parliament</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_House_seen_from_street,_Brisbane,_Queensland,_2019,_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Government_House_seen_from_street%2C_Brisbane%2C_Queensland%2C_2019%2C_01.jpg/220px-Government_House_seen_from_street%2C_Brisbane%2C_Queensland%2C_2019%2C_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Government_House_seen_from_street%2C_Brisbane%2C_Queensland%2C_2019%2C_01.jpg/330px-Government_House_seen_from_street%2C_Brisbane%2C_Queensland%2C_2019%2C_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Government_House_seen_from_street%2C_Brisbane%2C_Queensland%2C_2019%2C_01.jpg/440px-Government_House_seen_from_street%2C_Brisbane%2C_Queensland%2C_2019%2C_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3724" data-file-height="2796" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Brisbane" title="Government House, Brisbane">Government House</a>, seat of the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Queensland" title="Governor of Queensland">Governor</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_Courts_of_Law_seen_from_Albert_Street,_Brisbane_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Courts_of_Law_seen_from_Albert_Street%2C_Brisbane_02.jpg/220px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_Courts_of_Law_seen_from_Albert_Street%2C_Brisbane_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Courts_of_Law_seen_from_Albert_Street%2C_Brisbane_02.jpg/330px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_Courts_of_Law_seen_from_Albert_Street%2C_Brisbane_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Courts_of_Law_seen_from_Albert_Street%2C_Brisbane_02.jpg/440px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_Courts_of_Law_seen_from_Albert_Street%2C_Brisbane_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3909" data-file-height="2932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Courts_of_Law,_Brisbane" title="Queen Elizabeth II Courts of Law, Brisbane">Queen Elizabeth II Courts of Law</a>, headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Queensland" title="Supreme Court of Queensland">Supreme Court of Queensland</a> and <a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_Queensland" title="District Court of Queensland">District Court of Queensland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the six founding <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">states of Australia</a>, Queensland has been a <a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">federated state</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Australian Constitution</a> since 1 January 1901. It may legislate on all matters not <a href="/wiki/Section_51_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia">ceded in the Australian Constitution to the federal government</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Queensland" title="Constitution of Queensland">Constitution of Queensland</a> sets out the operation of the state's government. The state's constitution contains several <a href="/wiki/Entrenched_clause" title="Entrenched clause">entrenched provisions</a> which cannot be changed in the absence of a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>. There is also a <a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">statutory</a> <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter of rights">charter of rights</a>, the <i>Queensland Human Rights Act 2019</i>. Queensland's system of government is influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Australia's federal system of government</a>. </p><p>The government power <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_in_Australia" title="Separation of powers in Australia">can be divided</a> into three groups: </p> <ul><li>Legislature: the <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Queensland" title="Parliament of Queensland">Parliament of Queensland</a>, comprising the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Queensland" title="Legislative Assembly of Queensland">Legislative Assembly</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarch</a> (represented by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Queensland" title="Governor of Queensland">Governor</a>);</li> <li>Executive: the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Government" title="Queensland Government">Queensland Government</a>, which consists of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Queensland" title="Executive Council of Queensland">Executive Council of Queensland</a>, which formalises decisions of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Queensland" title="Cabinet of Queensland">Cabinet of Queensland</a>, which is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Queensland" title="Premier of Queensland">Premier</a> and other ministers of state appointed by the Governor on the advice of the premier;</li> <li>Judiciary: the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Queensland" title="Supreme Court of Queensland">Supreme Court</a> and other state courts, whose judges are appointed by the Governor on the advice of Parliament.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive authority</a> is nominally vested in the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Queensland" title="Governor of Queensland">Governor of Queensland</a> (currently <a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Young" title="Jeannette Young">Jeannette Young</a>) who represents and is appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarch</a> (currently <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>) on the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Queensland" title="Premier of Queensland">Premier of Queensland</a>. The Premier, who is the state's <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of government</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Queensland" title="Cabinet of Queensland">Cabinet of Queensland</a> (whose decisions are formalised by the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Queensland" title="Executive Council of Queensland">Executive Council</a>), exercise executive authority in practice. The Premier is appointed by the Governor and <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">must have support</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Queensland" title="Legislative Assembly of Queensland">Legislative Assembly of Queensland</a>. The Premier is in practice a leading member of the Legislative Assembly and parliamentary leader of his or her political party, or coalition of parties, and members of the Cabinet will be drawn from the same party or coalition. The current Premier and <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_Queensland" title="Deputy Premier of Queensland">Deputy Premier</a> are <a href="/wiki/David_Crisafulli" title="David Crisafulli">David Crisafulli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jarrod_Bleijie" title="Jarrod Bleijie">Jarrod Bleijie</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">Liberal National Party</a> respectively. <a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Brisbane" title="Government House, Brisbane">Government House</a> at <a href="/wiki/Paddington,_Queensland" title="Paddington, Queensland">Paddington</a> in Brisbane is the seat of the Governor, having replaced <a href="/wiki/Old_Government_House,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Government House, Queensland">Old Government House</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gardens_Point,_Brisbane" title="Gardens Point, Brisbane">Gardens Point</a> in Brisbane's <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_central_business_district" title="Brisbane central business district">CBD</a> in the early 20th century. The executive branch is simply referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Government" title="Queensland Government">Queensland Government</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislative authority</a> is exercised by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Queensland" title="Parliament of Queensland">Queensland Parliament</a> which uniquely for Australian states is <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a>, containing only one house, the Legislative Assembly. The Parliament was <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral legislature">bicameral</a> until 1922 when the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Legislative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensland Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a> was abolished by the Labor "suicide squad", so called because they were appointed for the purpose of voting to abolish their own offices.<sup id="cite_ref-apg_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apg-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bill_(law)" title="Bill (law)">Bills</a> receive <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Queensland" title="Governor of Queensland">Governor</a> before being passed into law. The Parliament's seat is at <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Brisbane" title="Parliament House, Brisbane">Parliament House</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gardens_Point,_Brisbane" title="Gardens Point, Brisbane">Gardens Point</a> in Brisbane's CBD. Members of the Legislative Assembly represent <a href="/wiki/Electoral_districts_of_Queensland" title="Electoral districts of Queensland">93 electoral districts</a>. Elections in Queensland are held at the end of each fixed four-year parliamentary term and are determined by <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant-runoff voting</a>. </p><p>The state's <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> consists of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Queensland" title="Supreme Court of Queensland">Supreme Court of Queensland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_Queensland" title="District Court of Queensland">District Court of Queensland</a>, established by the Queensland Constitution, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Magistrates_Court_of_Queensland" title="Magistrates Court of Queensland">Magistrates Court of Queensland</a> and other courts and tribunals established by legislation. Cases may be appealed to the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a>. As with all Australian states and territories, Queensland has a <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> legal system. The Supreme and District courts are headquartered at the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Courts_of_Law,_Brisbane" title="Queen Elizabeth II Courts of Law, Brisbane">Queen Elizabeth II Courts of Law</a> in Brisbane's CBD. </p><p>The state's politics are traditionally regarded as being <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">conservative</a> relative to other states.<sup id="cite_ref-Daly,_Leffman,_Dehne_2003_p397_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daly,_Leffman,_Dehne_2003_p397-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Penrith,_Seal_2008_p478_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penrith,_Seal_2008_p478-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the lack of an <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Bjelkemander" title="Bjelkemander">Bjelkemander</a>" (a <a href="/wiki/Malapportionment" class="mw-redirect" title="Malapportionment">malapportion</a> favouring rural electoral districts) has meant that Queensland had a long tradition of domination by strong-willed, <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> premiers, often accused of authoritarian tendencies, holding office for long periods. This tendency was exemplified by the government of the state's longest-serving Premier <a href="/wiki/Joh_Bjelke-Petersen" title="Joh Bjelke-Petersen">Joh Bjelke-Petersen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government">Local government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Local government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Queensland" title="Local government in Queensland">Local government in Queensland</a></div> <p>Local government is the mechanism by which <a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Queensland" title="Local government areas of Queensland">local government areas</a> can manage their own affairs to the extent permitted by the Local Government Act 2009. Queensland is divided into 77 local government areas, which are created by the state government under the legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each local government area has a council responsible for providing a range of local services and utilities. Local councils derive their income from both rates and charges on resident ratepayers, and grants and subsidies from the state and federal governments.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_representation">Federal representation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Federal representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:1em; font-size:95%;"> <caption>Queensland – <a href="/wiki/Australian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Parliament">Federal parliamentary</a> delegations<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:lightgrey;"> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Election</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Members of the Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Australian_Senate" title="Members of the Australian Senate">Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Independent_politicians_in_Australia" title="Independent politicians in Australia">Other</a><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Independent_politicians_in_Australia" title="Independent politicians in Australia">Other</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td style="background:#00bfff;"><b>19</b> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>1 </td> <td style="background:#00bfff;"><b>5</b> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td style="background:#00bfff;"><b>21</b> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>1 </td> <td style="background:#00bfff;"><b>7</b> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>13 </td> <td style="background:#f66;"><b>15</b> </td> <td>1 </td> <td style="background:#00bfff;"><b>7</b> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td style="background:#00bfff;"><b>21</b> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>1 </td> <td style="background:#00bfff;"><b>6</b> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td style="background:#00bfff;"><b>22</b> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>2 </td> <td style="background:#00bfff;"><b>6</b> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td style="background:#00bfff;"><b>21</b> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>1 </td> <td style="background:#00bfff;"><b>5</b> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td style="background:#00bfff;"><b>23</b> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>1 </td> <td style="background:#00bfff;"><b>6</b> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td style="background:#00bfff;"><b>21</b> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>4 </td> <td style="background:#00bfff;"><b>5</b> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Parliament">federal Parliament</a>, Queensland accounts for 30 of the 151 <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives">electoral divisions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives (Australia)">House of Representatives</a> (based on population size) and 12 of the 76 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a> (based on equality between the states). </p><p>The current partisan makeup of Queensland's House of Representatives delegation is 21 <a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">Liberal National</a>, 5 <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a>, 3 <a href="/wiki/Australian_Greens" title="Australian Greens">Australian Greens</a>, and 1 <a href="/wiki/Katter%27s_Australian_Party" title="Katter's Australian Party">Katter's Australian Party</a>. </p><p>The current partisan makeup of Queensland's Senate delegation is 5 <a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">Liberal National</a>, 3 <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson%27s_One_Nation" title="Pauline Hanson's One Nation">One Nation</a>, and 2 <a href="/wiki/Australian_Greens" title="Australian Greens">Green</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EKKA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/EKKA.jpg/220px-EKKA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/EKKA.jpg/330px-EKKA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/EKKA.jpg/440px-EKKA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The Ekka (the <a href="/wiki/Ekka" title="Ekka">Royal Queensland Exhibition</a>) is held each August at the Brisbane Showgrounds.</figcaption></figure> <p>Queensland is home to major art galleries including the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Art_Gallery" title="Queensland Art Gallery">Queensland Art Gallery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Gallery_of_Modern_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensland Gallery of Modern Art">Queensland Gallery of Modern Art</a> as well as cultural institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Ballet" title="Queensland Ballet">Queensland Ballet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opera_Queensland" title="Opera Queensland">Opera Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Theatre_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensland Theatre Company">Queensland Theatre Company</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Queensland Symphony Orchestra">Queensland Symphony Orchestra</a>, all based at the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Cultural_Centre" title="Queensland Cultural Centre">Queensland Cultural Centre</a> in Brisbane. The state is the origin of musicians such as the <a href="/wiki/Bee_Gees" title="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Go-Betweens" title="The Go-Betweens">the Go-Betweens</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Veronicas" title="The Veronicas">the Veronicas</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Saints_(Australian_band)" title="The Saints (Australian band)">the Saints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savage_Garden" title="Savage Garden">Savage Garden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sheppard_(band)" title="Sheppard (band)">Sheppard</a> as well as writers such as <a href="/wiki/David_Malouf" title="David Malouf">David Malouf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nick_Earls" title="Nick Earls">Nick Earls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li_Cunxin" title="Li Cunxin">Li Cunxin</a>. </p><p>Major annual cultural events include the <a href="/wiki/Ekka" title="Ekka">Royal Queensland Exhibition</a> (known locally as the Ekka), an agricultural exhibition held each August at the <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Showgrounds" title="Brisbane Showgrounds">Brisbane Showgrounds</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Festival" title="Brisbane Festival">Brisbane Festival</a>, which includes one of the nation's largest annual fireworks displays called 'Riverfire', and which is held each September. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Queensland" title="Sport in Queensland">Sport in Queensland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Gabba_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_Gabba_Panorama.jpg/220px-The_Gabba_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_Gabba_Panorama.jpg/330px-The_Gabba_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_Gabba_Panorama.jpg/440px-The_Gabba_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> game at <a href="/wiki/The_Gabba" title="The Gabba">The Gabba</a>, a 42,000-seat round stadium in <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The state of Queensland is represented in all of Australia's national sporting competitions and it is also host to a number of domestic and international sporting events. The most popular winter and summer team sports are <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, respectively. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/National_Rugby_League" title="National Rugby League">National Rugby League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos" title="Brisbane Broncos">Brisbane Broncos</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Queensland_Cowboys" title="North Queensland Cowboys">North Queensland Cowboys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolphins_(NRL)" title="Dolphins (NRL)">The Dolphins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_Titans" title="Gold Coast Titans">Gold Coast Titans</a> are based in the state. Rugby league's annual <a href="/wiki/State_of_Origin_series" title="State of Origin series">State of Origin series</a> is a major event in the Queensland sporting calendar, with the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_rugby_league_team" title="Queensland rugby league team">Queensland Maroons</a> representing the state. </p><p>In cricket, the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Bulls" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensland Bulls">Queensland Bulls</a> represent the state in the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Shield" title="Sheffield Shield">Sheffield Shield</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ryobi_One_Day_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryobi One Day Cup">Ryobi One Day Cup</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Heat" title="Brisbane Heat">Brisbane Heat</a> compete in the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bash_League" title="Big Bash League">Big Bash League</a>. </p><p>Queensland is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Lions" title="Brisbane Lions">Brisbane Lions</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_Suns" title="Gold Coast Suns">Gold Coast Suns</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Roar_FC" title="Brisbane Roar FC">Brisbane Roar FC</a> in the <a href="/wiki/A-League" class="mw-redirect" title="A-League">A-League</a> (soccer). In netball, the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Firebirds" title="Queensland Firebirds">Queensland Firebirds</a> went undefeated in the 2011 season as they went on to win the Grand Final. Other sports teams are the <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Bullets" title="Brisbane Bullets">Brisbane Bullets</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cairns_Taipans" title="Cairns Taipans">Cairns Taipans</a>, who compete in the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(Australia)" title="National Basketball League (Australia)">National Basketball League</a>. </p><p>The state is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Reds" title="Queensland Reds">Queensland Reds</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Super_Rugby" title="Super Rugby">Super Rugby</a> (rugby union). </p><p>Swimming is also a popular sport in Queensland, with many Australian team members and international medalists hailing from the state. </p><p>Brisbane will host the <a href="/wiki/2032_Summer_Olympics" title="2032 Summer Olympics">2032 Summer Olympics</a>, marking the third time Australia hosted the Olympic Games following <a href="/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics" title="1956 Summer Olympics">Melbourne 1956</a> and <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">Sydney 2000</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major recurring sporting events hosted in Queensland include: the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_600" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Coast 600">Gold Coast 600</a> (motorsport; since 1994), the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_Marathon" title="Gold Coast Marathon">Gold Coast Marathon</a> (athletics; since 1979), the <a href="/wiki/NRL_All_Stars_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="NRL All Stars Game">NRL All Stars Game</a> (rugby league; since 2010), the <a href="/wiki/Townsville_400" class="mw-redirect" title="Townsville 400">Townsville 400</a> (motorsport; since 2009), the <a href="/wiki/World_championship_tour_(WCT)_surfing" class="mw-redirect" title="World championship tour (WCT) surfing">Quicksilver Pro and Roxy Pro</a> (surfing) and <a href="/wiki/Australian_PGA_Championship" title="Australian PGA Championship">Australian PGA Championship</a> (golf; since 2000). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols_and_emblems">Symbols and emblems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Symbols and emblems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Queensland" title="Symbols of Queensland">Symbols of Queensland</a></div> <p>The official state emblems of Queensland are prescribed in the Emblems of Queensland Act 2005. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> granted the Queensland Coat of Arms to the Colony of Queensland in 1893, making it the oldest State Arms in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It depicts Queensland's primary industries in the 19th century with a sheaf of wheat, the heads of a bull and a ram, and a column of gold rising from a heap of quartz. Two stalks of sugar cane which surround the state badge at the top, and below is Queensland's state motto, <i>Audax at Fidelis</i>, which means "Bold but Faithful". In 1977, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> granted the supporting animals, the <a href="/wiki/Brolga" title="Brolga">brolga</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2003 <a href="/wiki/Maroon" title="Maroon">maroon</a> was officially named Queensland's state colour, after many years of association with Queensland sporting teams. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Koala" title="Koala">koala</a> was officially named the animal or faunal, emblem of Queensland in 1971 after a newspaper poll showed strong public support. The Queensland Government introduced the poll due to a proposal by state tourism ministers for all states to adopt a faunal emblem.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_130-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1986, the brolga was announced as the official bird emblem of Queensland, after many years on the Coat of Arms.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dendrobium_bigibbum" title="Dendrobium bigibbum">Cooktown orchid</a> became known as Queensland's floral emblem in 1959, during celebrations to mark the state's centenary,<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_akindynos" title="Amphiprion akindynos">Barrier Reef Anemone Fish</a> was officially named as Queensland's aquatic emblem in March 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphire</a> was named the official state gem for Queensland in August 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Queensland" title="Special:EditPage/Queensland">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Queensland%22">"Queensland"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Queensland%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Queensland%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Queensland%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Queensland%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Queensland%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Australia">Transportation in Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Brisbane" title="Transport in Brisbane">Transport in Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/TransLink_(South_East_Queensland)" class="mw-redirect" title="TransLink (South East Queensland)">TransLink (South East Queensland)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Rail_City_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensland Rail City network">Queensland Rail City network</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NGR722_approaching_Oxley_railway_station,_Brisbane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/NGR722_approaching_Oxley_railway_station%2C_Brisbane.jpg/220px-NGR722_approaching_Oxley_railway_station%2C_Brisbane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/NGR722_approaching_Oxley_railway_station%2C_Brisbane.jpg/330px-NGR722_approaching_Oxley_railway_station%2C_Brisbane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/NGR722_approaching_Oxley_railway_station%2C_Brisbane.jpg/440px-NGR722_approaching_Oxley_railway_station%2C_Brisbane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Passenger train at <a href="/wiki/Oxley_railway_station" title="Oxley railway station">Oxley railway station</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_and_Rosewood_railway_line" title="Ipswich and Rosewood railway line">Ipswich/Rosewood line</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Rail_City_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensland Rail City network">Queensland Rail City network</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_of_Gladstone_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Port_of_Gladstone_1.jpg/220px-Port_of_Gladstone_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Port_of_Gladstone_1.jpg/330px-Port_of_Gladstone_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Port_of_Gladstone_1.jpg/440px-Port_of_Gladstone_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3770" data-file-height="2104" /></a><figcaption>Cargo ships at the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Gladstone" title="Port of Gladstone">Port of Gladstone</a>, Queensland's largest <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodity</a> <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Queensland is served by several <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_(Australia)" title="National Highway (Australia)">National Highways</a> and, particularly in South East Queensland, a network of freeways such as the <a href="/wiki/M1_(Queensland)" title="M1 (Queensland)">M1</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transport_and_Main_Roads" title="Department of Transport and Main Roads">Department of Transport & Main Roads</a> oversees the development and operation of main roads and public transport, including taxis and local aviation. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Queensland" title="Rail transport in Queensland">Principal rail services</a> are provided by <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Rail" title="Queensland Rail">Queensland Rail</a>, predominantly between the major centres east of the Great Dividing Range. Freight rail services in Queensland have been provided mostly by <a href="/wiki/Aurizon" title="Aurizon">Aurizon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_National" title="Pacific National">Pacific National</a>, with interstate intermodal services provided by Pacific National and <a href="/wiki/SCT_Logistics" title="SCT Logistics">SCT Logistics</a>. Major seaports include the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Brisbane" title="Port of Brisbane">Port of Brisbane</a>, Australia's third busiest by value of goods, as well as those at <a href="/wiki/Gladstone,_Queensland" title="Gladstone, Queensland">Gladstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Townsville" title="Townsville">Townsville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bundaberg" title="Bundaberg">Bundaberg</a>. There are large coal export facilities at <a href="/wiki/Hay_Point,_Queensland" title="Hay Point, Queensland">Hay Point</a>, Gladstone, and <a href="/wiki/Abbot_Point" title="Abbot Point">Abbot Point</a>. Major sugar export facilities are located at <a href="/wiki/Lucinda,_Queensland" title="Lucinda, Queensland">Lucinda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mackay,_Queensland" title="Mackay, Queensland">Mackay</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Airport" title="Brisbane Airport">Brisbane Airport</a> is the main international and domestic gateway serving the state, and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Australia" title="List of the busiest airports in Australia">third busiest in Australia</a>. Other international airports include the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_Airport" title="Gold Coast Airport">Gold Coast Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairns_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairns International Airport">Cairns International Airport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Townsville_Airport" title="Townsville Airport">Townsville Airport</a>. Regional airports with scheduled domestic flights include <a href="/wiki/Toowoomba_Wellcamp_Airport" title="Toowoomba Wellcamp Airport">Toowoomba Wellcamp Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Barrier Reef Airport">Great Barrier Reef Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hervey_Bay_Airport" title="Hervey Bay Airport">Hervey Bay Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bundaberg_Airport" title="Bundaberg Airport">Bundaberg Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mackay_Airport" title="Mackay Airport">Mackay Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Isa_Airport" title="Mount Isa Airport">Mount Isa Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitsunday_Coast_Airport" title="Whitsunday Coast Airport">Proserpine / Whitsunday Coast Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockhampton_Airport" title="Rockhampton Airport">Rockhampton Airport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Coast_Airport" title="Sunshine Coast Airport">Sunshine Coast Airport</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/South_East_Queensland" title="South East Queensland">South East Queensland</a> has an integrated public transport system operated by <a href="/wiki/TransLink_(South_East_Queensland)" class="mw-redirect" title="TransLink (South East Queensland)">Translink</a>, which provides services <a href="/wiki/Bus_transport_in_Queensland" title="Bus transport in Queensland">bus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Rail_City_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensland Rail City network">rail</a>, <a href="/wiki/G:link" title="G:link">light rail</a> and <a href="/wiki/RiverCity_Ferries" title="RiverCity Ferries">Brisbane's ferry services</a> through Queensland Rail and contracted operators. The region is divided into seven <a href="/wiki/Fare" title="Fare">Fare</a> zones radiating outwards from the <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_central_business_district" title="Brisbane central business district">Brisbane central business district</a>, which is the central hub for the system. The <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Rail_City_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensland Rail City network">Queensland Rail City network</a> consists of 152 train stations along 13 suburban rail lines and across the region, and predominantly within Brisbane's metropolitan area. There is also a large bus network including Brisbane's large dedicated <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a> network, the <a href="/wiki/Busways_in_Brisbane" title="Busways in Brisbane">Brisbane busway network</a>. Brisbane's popular <a href="/wiki/RiverCity_Ferries" title="RiverCity Ferries">ferry services</a> include the CityCat, Cross River, and CityHopper services which have dedicated wharves along the <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_River" title="Brisbane River">Brisbane River</a>. The <a href="/wiki/G:link" title="G:link">G:link</a>, Queensland's only <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> network, operates on the Gold Coast.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new Queensland <a href="/wiki/Cross_River_Rail" title="Cross River Rail">Cross River Rail</a> is a metro network that is currently under development within <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> and is part of the crucial infrastructure project to prepare the city for the <a href="/wiki/2032_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2032 Olympic Games">2032 Olympic games</a>. It will be a transformative addition to the state's transportation infrastructure, set to revolutionise the way people move within Brisbane and its surrounding areas. Operating as a crucial link between the north and south sides of the city, the Cross River Rail introduces an innovative approach to urban mobility. It features state-of-the-art electric trains running on dedicated tracks, providing fast, efficient, and sustainable transit options for commuters. With improved connectivity, reduced congestion, and enhanced accessibility, this rail project aims to enhance the overall quality of life for residents and visitors alike, contributing significantly to Queensland's continued development and growth.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_utilities">Other utilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Other utilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Health" title="Queensland Health">Queensland Health</a> operates and administers the state's <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> system. There are sixteen regional Health and Hospital Services corresponding to geographical regions which are responsible for delivering public health services within their regions. Major public hospitals include the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Brisbane_and_Women%27s_Hospital" title="Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital">Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandra_Hospital,_Brisbane" title="Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane">Princess Alexandra Hospital</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mater_Group" title="Mater Group">Mater Hospital</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Jubilee_Hospital" title="Queen Elizabeth II Jubilee Hospital">Queen Elizabeth II Jubilee Hospital</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Queensland Children's Hospital">Queensland Children's Hospital</a> in Brisbane, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Townsville_University_Hospital" title="Townsville University Hospital">Townsville University Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairns_Hospital" title="Cairns Hospital">Cairns Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_Hospital" title="Gold Coast Hospital">Gold Coast Hospital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_University_Hospital" title="Gold Coast University Hospital">Gold Coast University Hospital</a> in the regional cities. There are smaller public hospitals, as well as private hospitals, around the state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/32px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/48px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/64px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="617" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceania" title="Portal:Oceania">Oceania portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Australia" title="Outline of Australia">Outline of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">Index of Australia-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_North_Queensland" title="State of North Queensland">State of North Queensland</a> (Proposed state)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the UK and US, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KWEENZ</span>-lənd</i></a> is the preferred variant.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pre-1971 figures may not include the Indigenous population.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, England, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> are listed separately</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As a percentage of 4,348,289 persons who nominated their ancestry at the 2016 census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Celtic Australian">Anglo-Celtic</a> group.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a>. Indigenous identification is separate from the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a>. Indigenous identification is separate from the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party of Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">National Party of Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">Liberal National Party of Queensland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Country_Liberal_Party" title="Country Liberal Party">Country Liberal Party</a>. In 2008, all Coalition parties in Queensland merged into the Liberal National Party of Queensland.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes <a href="/wiki/Independent_politicians_in_Australia" title="Independent politicians in Australia">independents</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">minor parties</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not to be confused with the 1915 <a href="/wiki/Mistake_Creek_massacre" title="Mistake Creek massacre">Mistake Creek massacre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories">"Area of Australia - States and Territories"</a>. <i>Geoscience Australia</i>. 26 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328075052/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geoscience+Australia&rft.atitle=Area+of+Australia+-+States+and+Territories&rft.date=2023-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Fscientific-topics%2Fnational-location-information%2Fdimensions%2Farea-of-australia-states-and-territories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/latest-release">ABS National, state and territory population</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalDataLab-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/">"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab"</a>. <i>hdi.globaldatalab.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hdi.globaldatalab.org&rft.atitle=Sub-national+HDI+-+Area+Database+-+Global+Data+Lab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdi.globaldatalab.org%2Fareadata%2Fshdi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308010937/https://www.anbg.gov.au/emblems/qld.emblem.html">"Floral Emblem of Queensland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Botanic_Gardens" title="Australian National Botanic Gardens">Australian National Botanic Gardens</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anbg.gov.au/emblems/qld.emblem.html">the original</a> on 8 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Floral+Emblem+of+Queensland&rft.pub=Australian+National+Botanic+Gardens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anbg.gov.au%2Femblems%2Fqld.emblem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation cs2">Wells, John C. (2008), <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.), Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405881180" title="Special:BookSources/9781405881180"><bdi>9781405881180</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781405881180&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABSPop-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABSPop_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABSPop_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/latest-release">"National, state and territory population – September 2022"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 16 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116201130/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/latest-release">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National%2C+state+and+territory+population+%E2%80%93+September+2022&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2023-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fstatistics%2Fpeople%2Fpopulation%2Fnational-state-and-territory-population%2Flatest-release&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/australias-population-country-birth/latest-release">"Australia's Population by Country of Birth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a></i>. June 2023 [cited 24 April 2024].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+Population+by+Country+of+Birth&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fstatistics%2Fpeople%2Fpopulation%2Faustralias-population-country-birth%2Flatest-release&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/mar-2024">"National, state and territory population"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a></i>. March 2024 [cited 19 September 2024].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=National%2C+state+and+territory+population&rft.date=2024-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fstatistics%2Fpeople%2Fpopulation%2Fnational-state-and-territory-population%2Fmar-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130504175713/https://www.aboriginalartonline.com/art/rockage.php">"How Old is Australia's Rock Art?"</a>. <i>Aboriginal Art Online</i>. 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(1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalroyalsoc77roya/page/23/mode/1up">"Rottnest Island artifacts and palaeosols in the context of Greater Swan Region prehistory"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia</i>. <b>77</b>. Perth: Royal Society of Western Australia: 23–32<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontier&rft.atitle=Episode+Three&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Ffrontier%2Fstories%2Fep3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qld.gov.au/recreation/arts/heritage/archives/collection/war/frontier-wars">"Frontier wars"</a>. <i>Queensland Government</i>. 29 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230827144736/https://www.qld.gov.au/recreation/arts/heritage/archives/collection/war/frontier-wars">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queensland+Government&rft.atitle=Frontier+wars&rft.date=2023-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qld.gov.au%2Frecreation%2Farts%2Fheritage%2Farchives%2Fcollection%2Fwar%2Ffrontier-wars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroome1988102-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroome1988102_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroome1988">Broome (1988)</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kerkhove-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kerkhove_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerkhove2017" class="citation web cs1">Kerkhove, Ray (19 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frontierbattle.wordpress.com/battle-of-one-tree-hill-and-its-aftermath/">"Battle of One Tree Hill and Its Aftermath"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029130225/https://frontierbattle.wordpress.com/battle-of-one-tree-hill-and-its-aftermath/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+One+Tree+Hill+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.date=2017-08-19&rft.aulast=Kerkhove&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrontierbattle.wordpress.com%2Fbattle-of-one-tree-hill-and-its-aftermath%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span> Ray Kerkhove, owner of this site, is a reputable historian. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uniqld.academia.edu/raykerkhove">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824020134/https://uniqld.academia.edu/raykerkhove">Archived</a> 24 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boolarongpress.com.au/our-authors/authors-k/ray-kerkhove/">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020113350/https://www.boolarongpress.com.au/our-authors/authors-k/ray-kerkhove/">Archived</a> 20 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marr-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marr_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarr2019" class="citation news cs1">Marr, David (14 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/15/battle-of-one-tree-hill-cutting-through-silence-to-remember-a-warrior-who-routed-the-whites">"Battle of One Tree Hill: remembering an Indigenous victory and a warrior who routed the whites"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805060402/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/15/battle-of-one-tree-hill-cutting-through-silence-to-remember-a-warrior-who-routed-the-whites">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Battle+of+One+Tree+Hill%3A+remembering+an+Indigenous+victory+and+a+warrior+who+routed+the+whites&rft.date=2019-09-14&rft.aulast=Marr&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2019%2Fsep%2F15%2Fbattle-of-one-tree-hill-cutting-through-silence-to-remember-a-warrior-who-routed-the-whites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Queenslander 20 April 1901, page 757d-758c and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Lumholtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Lumholtz">Carl Lumholtz</a> Among Cannibals (London 1889) page 58–59; See also <a href="#CITEREFBottoms2013">Bottoms 2013</a>, pp. 172–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor2008220-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnor2008220_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConnor2008">Connor (2008)</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2021" class="citation web cs1">Jackson, Russell (18 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-18/suggests-afl-pioneer-tom-wills-participated-indigenous-massacres/100463708">"Research discovery suggests AFL pioneer Tom Wills participated in massacres of Indigenous people"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917193518/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-18/suggests-afl-pioneer-tom-wills-participated-indigenous-massacres/100463708">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Research+discovery+suggests+AFL+pioneer+Tom+Wills+participated+in+massacres+of+Indigenous+people&rft.date=2021-09-18&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2021-09-18%2Fsuggests-afl-pioneer-tom-wills-participated-indigenous-massacres%2F100463708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Queenslander</i>, 8 March 1879, page 313d</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulthard-Clark200151–52-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoulthard-Clark200151–52_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoulthard-Clark2001">Coulthard-Clark (2001)</a>, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor2008221-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnor2008221_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConnor2008">Connor (2008)</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Queensland State Archives A/49714 no 6449 of 1884 (report); QPG re 13 July 1884, Vol 21:213; 21 July 1884 – COL/A395/84/5070; Q 16 August 1884, p253; 20 August 1884 Inquest JUS/N108/84/415; POL/?/84/6449; 15 Queensland Figaro November 1884 and Queensland State Archives A/49714, letter 9436 of 1889.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHRC-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AHRC_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tracey Flanagan, Meredith Wilkie, and Susanna Iuliano. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hreoc.gov.au/racial_discrimination/forum/Erace/south_sea.html">"Australian South Sea Islanders: A Century of Race Discrimination under Australian Law"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110314080249/http://www.hreoc.gov.au/racial_discrimination/forum/Erace/south_sea.html">Archived</a> 14 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Australian Human Rights Commission.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorris,_Peter2013" class="citation cs2">Corris, Peter (13 December 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/188267294"><i>Passage, port and plantation: a history of Solomon Islands labour migration, 1870–1914</i></a> (Thesis), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727000253/https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/188267294">archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passage%2C+port+and+plantation%3A+a+history+of+Solomon+Islands+labour+migration%2C+1870%E2%80%931914&rft.date=2013-12-13&rft.au=Corris%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F188267294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnon2019" class="citation news cs1">McKinnon, Alex (July 2019). "Blackbirds, Australia had a slave trade?". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Monthly" title="The Monthly">The Monthly</a></i>. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Monthly&rft.atitle=Blackbirds%2C+Australia+had+a+slave+trade%3F&rft.pages=44&rft.date=2019-07&rft.aulast=McKinnon&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay" class="citation web cs1">Ray, K.M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/life-expectancy-and-mortality-rates">"Life Expectancy and Mortality rates"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia.com</i>. Gale Library of Daily Life: Slavery in America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705070912/https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/life-expectancy-and-mortality-rates">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Life+Expectancy+and+Mortality+rates&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=K.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhumanities%2Fapplied-and-social-sciences-magazines%2Flife-expectancy-and-mortality-rates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparrow2022" class="citation web cs1">Sparrow, Jeff (4 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/friday-essay-a-slave-state-how-blackbirding-in-colonial-australia-created-a-legacy-of-racism-187782">"Friday essay: a slave state - how blackbirding in colonial Australia created a legacy of racism"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230827144739/http://theconversation.com/friday-essay-a-slave-state-how-blackbirding-in-colonial-australia-created-a-legacy-of-racism-187782">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Friday+essay%3A+a+slave+state+-+how+blackbirding+in+colonial+Australia+created+a+legacy+of+racism&rft.date=2022-08-04&rft.aulast=Sparrow&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Ffriday-essay-a-slave-state-how-blackbirding-in-colonial-australia-created-a-legacy-of-racism-187782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article1300671">"A fair thing for the Polynesians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brisbane_Courier" class="mw-redirect" title="The Brisbane Courier">The Brisbane Courier</a></i>. 20 March 1871. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?sdID=86">the original</a> on 26 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documenting+Democracy&rft.pub=Foundingdocs.gov.au&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foundingdocs.gov.au%2Fitem.asp%3FsdID%3D86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-60.html">"Documenting Democracy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Australian_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Australian Democracy">Museum of Australian Democracy</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303143343/https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-60.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Australian+Democracy&rft.atitle=Documenting+Democracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foundingdocs.gov.au%2Fitem-did-60.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-q150-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-q150_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osr.qld.gov.au/historical-information/revenue-history-timeline/static-timeline.shtml">"Q150 Timeline"</a>. Queensland Treasury. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903032933/https://www.osr.qld.gov.au/historical-information/revenue-history-timeline/static-timeline.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Q150+Timeline&rft.pub=Queensland+Treasury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osr.qld.gov.au%2Fhistorical-information%2Frevenue-history-timeline%2Fstatic-timeline.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRickard2017" class="citation book cs1">Rickard, John (2017). <i>Australia: A Cultural History</i>. Monash University. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921867-60-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921867-60-6"><bdi>978-1-921867-60-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Monash+University&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-921867-60-6&rft.aulast=Rickard&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Patrick, Ross. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kenny%2C+Elizabeth+%281880%E2%80%931952%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.aulast=Patrick&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Fkenny-elizabeth-6934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203144252/https://blogs.slq.qld.gov.au/ww1/2015/04/02/queensland-registry-of-births-deaths-and-marriages-world-war-one-commemorative-death-certificates/">"Queensland Registry of Births, Deaths, and Marriages World War One commemorative death certificates | Queensland's World War 1 Centenary"</a>. <i>blogs.slq.qld.gov.au</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.slq.qld.gov.au&rft.atitle=Queensland+Registry+of+Births%2C+Deaths%2C+and+Marriages+World+War+One+commemorative+death+certificates+%7C+Queensland%27s+World+War+1+Centenary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.slq.qld.gov.au%2Fww1%2F2015%2F04%2F02%2Fqueensland-registry-of-births-deaths-and-marriages-world-war-one-commemorative-death-certificates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Dunn2005" class="citation web cs1">Peter Dunn (2 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.st.net.au/~dunn/ausarmy/hiringsno1lofc.htm">"Hirings Section"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hirings+Section&rft.pub=Australia+%40+War&rft.date=2005-03-02&rft.au=Peter+Dunn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.st.net.au%2F~dunn%2Fausarmy%2Fhiringsno1lofc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2005" class="citation web cs1">Dunn, Peter (27 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.st.net.au/~dunn/ozatwar/bob.htm">"The Battle of Brisbane — 26 & 27 November 1942"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Brisbane+%E2%80%94+26+%26+27+November+1942&rft.pub=Australia+%40+War&rft.date=2005-08-27&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.st.net.au%2F~dunn%2Fozatwar%2Fbob.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2012" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, Ian (2012). <i>Bigger Or Better?: Australia's Population Debate</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Queensland" title="University of Queensland">University of Queensland</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780702248078" title="Special:BookSources/9780702248078"><bdi>9780702248078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bigger+Or+Better%3F%3A+Australia%27s+Population+Debate&rft.pub=University+of+Queensland+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780702248078&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qld.gov.au/about/how-government-works/flags-emblems-icons/state-colour">"State colour | State flags, emblems, and icons"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221207015933/https://www.qld.gov.au/about/how-government-works/flags-emblems-icons/state-colour">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+colour+%26%23124%3B+State+flags%2C+emblems%2C+and+icons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qld.gov.au%2Fabout%2Fhow-government-works%2Fflags-emblems-icons%2Fstate-colour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berry-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berry_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry2011" class="citation news cs1">Berry, Petrina (13 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110816145500/https://www.couriermail.com.au/news/breaking-news/brisbane-braces-for-flood-peak-as-queenslands-flood/story-fn7ik8u2-1225986784487">"Brisbane braces for flood peak as Queensland's flood crisis continues"</a>. <i>The Courier-Mail</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.couriermail.com.au/news/breaking-news/brisbane-braces-for-flood-peak-as-queenslands-flood/story-fn7ik8u2-1225986784487">the original</a> on 16 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Courier-Mail&rft.atitle=Brisbane+braces+for+flood+peak+as+Queensland%27s+flood+crisis+continues&rft.date=2011-01-13&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Petrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.couriermail.com.au%2Fnews%2Fbreaking-news%2Fbrisbane-braces-for-flood-peak-as-queenslands-flood%2Fstory-fn7ik8u2-1225986784487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110712045536/https://www.abc.net.au/news/infographics/qld-floods/beforeafter2.htm">"Brisbane floods: Up close"</a>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 18 January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/infographics/qld-floods/beforeafter2.htm/">the original</a> on 12 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brisbane+floods%3A+Up+close&rft.pub=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=2011-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Finfographics%2Fqld-floods%2Fbeforeafter2.htm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Climate_Centre" class="citation web cs1">National Climate Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20090317054300/https://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ausclim/ausclimqld.html">"Climate of Queensland"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ausclim/ausclimqld.htm">the original</a> on 17 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+of+Queensland&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft.au=National+Climate+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Flam%2Fclimate%2Flevelthree%2Fausclim%2Fausclimqld.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/cgi_bin_scripts/clim_classification.cgi">"Australian Government, Bureau of Meteorology – Australian climatic zones"</a>. Bom.gov.au<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Government%2C+Bureau+of+Meteorology+%E2%80%93+Australian+climatic+zones&rft.pub=Bom.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fcgi_bin_scripts%2Fclim_classification.cgi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/index.shtml">"Australian Government, Bureau of Meteorology – Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. 19 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110224073401/https://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/index.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Government%2C+Bureau+of+Meteorology+%E2%80%93+Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft.date=2010-07-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_040214.shtml">"Brisbane Regional Office"</a>. <i>Climate statistics for Australian locations</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.atitle=Mackay+M.O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_033119.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_031011.shtml">"Cairns Aero"</a>. <i>Climate statistics for Australian locations</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Queensland+Severe+Storms&rft.pub=Emergency+Management+Queensland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emergency.qld.gov.au%2Femq%2Fcss%2Fsevere_storm.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20090317054300/https://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/storm1.html">"Tornadoes"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. 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Bureau of Meteorology. 30 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180312213437/https://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmin_low&area=qld&year=2016&mon=10&day=31">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Extremes&rft.atitle=Official+records+for+Queensland+in+October&rft.date=2017-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi%3Fperiod%3D%252Fcgi-bin%252Fclimate%252Fextremes%252Fdaily_extremes.cgi%26climtab%3Dtmin_low%26area%3Dqld%26year%3D2016%26mon%3D10%26day%3D31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?climtab=tmax_high&area=qld&year=2017&mon=02&day=12">"Official records for Queensland in February"</a>. <i>Daily Extremes</i>. 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Australian Bureau of Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223130302/https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/3101.0Main%20Features1Jun%202016?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Jun%202016&num=&view=">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3101.0+-+Australian+Demographic+Statistics%2C+Jun+2016&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2FAUSSTATS%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FPreviousproducts%2F3101.0Main%2520Features1Jun%25202016%3Fopendocument%26tabname%3DSummary%26prodno%3D3101.0%26issue%3DJun%25202016%26num%3D%26view%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3218.0">"Regional population"</a>. 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Australian Bureau of Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190622052159/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/3%3Fopendocument">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Tripadvisor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231122165116/https://www.tripadvisor.com.au/Attractions-g255068-Activities-oa0-Brisbane_Brisbane_Region_Queensland.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Things+to+Do+in+Brisbane&rft.pub=Tripadvisor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tripadvisor.com.au%2FAttractions-g255068-Activities-oa0-Brisbane_Brisbane_Region_Queensland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brisbane-australia.com/brisbane-destinations.html">"BRISBANE TOURIST DESTINATIONS"</a>. <i>Brisbane Australia</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brisbane+Australia&rft.atitle=BRISBANE+TOURIST+DESTINATIONS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brisbane-australia.com%2Fbrisbane-destinations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parks.des.qld.gov.au/parks/glass-house-mountains">"Glass House Mountains National Park"</a>. <i>Parks and forests | Department of Environment and Science, Queensland</i>. 2 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221223160617/https://parks.des.qld.gov.au/parks/glass-house-mountains">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parks+and+forests+%7C+Department+of+Environment+and+Science%2C+Queensland&rft.atitle=Glass+House+Mountains+National+Park&rft.date=2022-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparks.des.qld.gov.au%2Fparks%2Fglass-house-mountains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralia2022" class="citation web cs1">Australia, Tourism (12 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.australia.com/en-us/places/whitsundays-and-surrounds/guide-to-the-whitsundays.html">"Guide to the Whitsunday Islands - Tourism Australia"</a>. <i>www.australia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221223160617/https://www.australia.com/en-us/places/whitsundays-and-surrounds/guide-to-the-whitsundays.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.australia.com&rft.atitle=Guide+to+the+Whitsunday+Islands+-+Tourism+Australia&rft.date=2022-10-12&rft.aulast=Australia&rft.aufirst=Tourism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.australia.com%2Fen-us%2Fplaces%2Fwhitsundays-and-surrounds%2Fguide-to-the-whitsundays.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apg-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apg_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWanna2003" class="citation book cs1">Wanna, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=37Sel9HEYgUC">"Queensland"</a>. In Moon, Campbell; Sharman, Jeremy (eds.). <i>Australian Politics and Government: The Commonwealth, the States, and Territories</i>. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82507-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82507-8"><bdi>978-0-521-82507-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102073504/https://books.google.com/books?id=37Sel9HEYgUC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Queensland&rft.btitle=Australian+Politics+and+Government%3A+The+Commonwealth%2C+the+States%2C+and+Territories&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82507-8&rft.aulast=Wanna&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D37Sel9HEYgUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daly,_Leffman,_Dehne_2003_p397-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daly,_Leffman,_Dehne_2003_p397_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly2003" class="citation book cs1">Daly, Margo (2003). <i>The Rough Guide To Australia</i>. Rough Guides Ltd. p. 397. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-090-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-090-9"><bdi>978-1-84353-090-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+To+Australia&rft.pages=397&rft.pub=Rough+Guides+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84353-090-9&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Margo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penrith,_Seal_2008_p478-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Penrith,_Seal_2008_p478_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenrith2008" class="citation book cs1">Penrith, Deborah (2008). <i>Live & Work in Australia</i>. Crimson Publishing. p. 478. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85458-418-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85458-418-2"><bdi>978-1-85458-418-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Live+%26+Work+in+Australia&rft.pages=478&rft.pub=Crimson+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85458-418-2&rft.aulast=Penrith&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/federal-election/face-it-queensland-were-conservative-20100823-13ftu.html">"Why Labor struggles in Queensland"</a>. <i>Brisbane Times</i>. 23 August 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115235440/https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/federal-election/face-it-queensland-were-conservative-20100823-13ftu.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brisbane+Times&rft.atitle=Why+Labor+struggles+in+Queensland&rft.date=2010-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brisbanetimes.com.au%2Ffederal-election%2Fface-it-queensland-were-conservative-20100823-13ftu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Megalogenis, "The Green and the Grey", <i>Quarterly Essay</i>, Vol. 40, 2010, p69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10410929">"Australia ready for first female leader"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 25 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425041823/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10410929">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Australia+ready+for+first+female+leader&rft.date=2010-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2F10410929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/lga1993182/">Local Government Act 1993</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110423015759/https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/lga1993182/">Archived</a> 23 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, s.34. (Reprint 11E, as in force at 22 November 2007.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080319021454/https://www.localgovernment.qld.gov.au/?id=2668">"Rates and valuations"</a>. Queensland: Department of Local Government, Sport and Recreation. 26 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.localgovernment.qld.gov.au/?id=2668">the original</a> on 19 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rates+and+valuations&rft.place=Queensland&rft.pub=Department+of+Local+Government%2C+Sport+and+Recreation&rft.date=2007-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.localgovernment.qld.gov.au%2F%3Fid%3D2668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190525173020/https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/handbook/newhandbook/2008-12-19/toc_pdf_repeat/Part%206%20-%20Historical%20information%20on%20the%20Australian%20Parliament.pdf;fileType=application/pdf">"Historical information on the Australian Parliament"</a>. Parliament of Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/handbook/newhandbook/2008-12-19/toc_pdf_repeat/Part%206%20-%20Historical%20information%20on%20the%20Australian%20Parliament.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf">the original</a> on 25 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+information+on+the+Australian+Parliament&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparlinfo.aph.gov.au%2FparlInfo%2Fdownload%2Fhandbook%2Fnewhandbook%2F2008-12-19%2Ftoc_pdf_repeat%2FPart%25206%2520-%2520Historical%2520information%2520on%2520the%2520Australian%2520Parliament.pdf%3BfileType%3Dapplication%252Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIOC2021" class="citation web cs1">IOC (12 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/brisbane-2032">"Brisbane 2032 Summer Olympics - Summer Olympic Games in Australia"</a>. <i>Olympics.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721085138/https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/brisbane-2032">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Olympics.com&rft.atitle=Brisbane+2032+Summer+Olympics+-+Summer+Olympic+Games+in+Australia&rft.date=2021-07-12&rft.au=IOC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folympics.com%2Fen%2Folympic-games%2Fbrisbane-2032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_130-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qld.gov.au/about/how-government-works/flags-emblems-icons/coat-of-arms">"Coat of Arms"</a>. <i>Queensland State Government Website</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211217025147/https://www.qld.gov.au/about/how-government-works/flags-emblems-icons/coat-of-arms">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queensland+State+Government+Website&rft.atitle=Coat+of+Arms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qld.gov.au%2Fabout%2Fhow-government-works%2Fflags-emblems-icons%2Fcoat-of-arms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.australias.guide/qld/flags-emblems/">"Queensland Flags & Emblems"</a>. <i>Australias Guide</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826014630/https://www.australias.guide/qld/flags-emblems/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australias+Guide&rft.atitle=Queensland+Flags+%26+Emblems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.australias.guide%2Fqld%2Fflags-emblems%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qld.gov.au/about/how-government-works/flags-emblems-icons/floral-emblem">"Floral emblem | State flags, emblems, and icons"</a>. <i>Queensland Government</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028191616/https://www.qld.gov.au/about/how-government-works/flags-emblems-icons/floral-emblem">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queensland+Government&rft.atitle=Floral+emblem+%7C+State+flags%2C+emblems%2C+and+icons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qld.gov.au%2Fabout%2Fhow-government-works%2Fflags-emblems-icons%2Ffloral-emblem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParks_Australia" class="citation web cs1">Parks Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anbg.gov.au/emblems/qld.emblem.html">"Queensland - Floral Emblems - Australian Plant Information"</a>. <i>Australian National Botanic Gardens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308010937/https://www.anbg.gov.au/emblems/qld.emblem.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+National+Botanic+Gardens&rft.atitle=Queensland+-+Floral+Emblems+-+Australian+Plant+Information&rft.au=Parks+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anbg.gov.au%2Femblems%2Fqld.emblem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qld.gov.au/about/how-government-works/flags-emblems-icons/aquatic-emblem">"Aquatic emblem | State flags, emblems, and icons"</a>. <i>Queensland Government</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118043120/https://www.qld.gov.au/about/how-government-works/flags-emblems-icons/aquatic-emblem">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queensland+Government&rft.atitle=Aquatic+emblem+%7C+State+flags%2C+emblems%2C+and+icons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qld.gov.au%2Fabout%2Fhow-government-works%2Fflags-emblems-icons%2Faquatic-emblem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qld.gov.au/about/how-government-works/flags-emblems-icons/state-gem">"State gem | State flags, emblems, and icons"</a>. <i>Queensland Government</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027032933/https://www.qld.gov.au/about/how-government-works/flags-emblems-icons/state-gem">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queensland+Government&rft.atitle=State+gem+%7C+State+flags%2C+emblems%2C+and+icons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qld.gov.au%2Fabout%2Fhow-government-works%2Fflags-emblems-icons%2Fstate-gem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.australiaforeveryone.com.au/state-emblems/">"Australia For Everyone: State and Territory Emblems"</a>. <i>Australia Guide</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826014624/https://www.australiaforeveryone.com.au/state-emblems/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australia+Guide&rft.atitle=Australia+For+Everyone%3A+State+and+Territory+Emblems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.australiaforeveryone.com.au%2Fstate-emblems%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171109080808/https://www.qld.gov.au/transport/safety/rules/other/trams">"Sharing the road with trams | Transport and motoring"</a>. <i>Department of Transport and Main Roads</i>. <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Government" title="Queensland Government">Queensland Government</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qld.gov.au/transport/safety/rules/other/trams">the original</a> on 9 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Transport+and+Main+Roads&rft.atitle=Sharing+the+road+with+trams+%7C+Transport+and+motoring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qld.gov.au%2Ftransport%2Fsafety%2Frules%2Fother%2Ftrams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crossriverrail.qld.gov.au/">"Home"</a>. <i>Cross River Rail</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230831001432/https://crossriverrail.qld.gov.au/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cross+River+Rail&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrossriverrail.qld.gov.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBottoms2013" class="citation book cs1">Bottoms, Timothy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allenandunwin.com/default.aspx?page=94&book=9781743313824"><i>Conspiracy of Silence: Queensland's frontier killing times</i></a>. Sydney: <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74331-382-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74331-382-4"><bdi>978-1-74331-382-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+of+Silence%3A+Queensland%27s+frontier+killing+times&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-74331-382-4&rft.aulast=Bottoms&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allenandunwin.com%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fpage%3D94%26book%3D9781743313824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroome1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Broome" title="Richard Broome">Broome, Richard</a> (1988). "<i>The Struggle for Australia : Aboriginal-European Warfare, 1770–1930</i>". In McKernan, Michael; Browne, Margaret; Australian War Memorial (eds.). <i>Australia Two Centuries of War & Peace</i>. Canberra, A.C.T.: Australian War Memorial in association with Allen and Unwin, Australia. pp. 92–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-642-99502-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-642-99502-8"><bdi>0-642-99502-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Struggle+for+Australia+%3A+Aboriginal-European+Warfare%2C+1770%E2%80%931930&rft.btitle=Australia+Two+Centuries+of+War+%26+Peace&rft.place=Canberra%2C+A.C.T.&rft.pages=92-120&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial+in+association+with+Allen+and+Unwin%2C+Australia&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-642-99502-8&rft.aulast=Broome&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnor2008" class="citation book cs1">Connor, John (2008). "<i>Frontier Wars</i>". In Dennis, Peter; et al. (eds.). <i>The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History</i> (Second ed.). Melbourne: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> Australia & New Zealand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-551784-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-551784-2"><bdi>978-0-19-551784-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frontier+Wars&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Australian+Military+History&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+Australia+%26+New+Zealand&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-551784-2&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulthard-Clark2001" class="citation book cs1">Coulthard-Clark, Chris D. (2001). <i>The Encyclopedia of Australia's Battles</i> (Second ed.). Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1865086347" title="Special:BookSources/1865086347"><bdi>1865086347</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Australia%27s+Battles&rft.place=Crows+Nest%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1865086347&rft.aulast=Coulthard-Clark&rft.aufirst=Chris+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFØrsted-Jensen2011" class="citation book cs1">Ørsted-Jensen, Robert (2011). <i>Frontier History Revisited – Queensland and the 'History War'<span></span></i>. Cooparoo, Brisbane, Qld: Lux Mundi Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781466386822" title="Special:BookSources/9781466386822"><bdi>9781466386822</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontier+History+Revisited+%E2%80%93+Queensland+and+the+%27History+War%27&rft.place=Cooparoo%2C+Brisbane%2C+Qld&rft.pub=Lux+Mundi+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781466386822&rft.aulast=%C3%98rsted-Jensen&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgeraldMegarritySymons2009" class="citation book cs1">Fitzgerald, Ross; et al. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/madeinqueensland0000fitz"><i>Made in Queensland: A New History</i></a>. St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7022-3663-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7022-3663-1"><bdi>978-0-7022-3663-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Made+in+Queensland%3A+A+New+History&rft.place=St+Lucia%2C+Queensland&rft.pub=University+of+Queensland+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7022-3663-1&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft.au=Megarrity%2C+Lyndon&rft.au=Symons%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmadeinqueensland0000fitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueensland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queensland&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Queensland" class="extiw" title="commons:Queensland"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Queensland</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Queensland#Q36074" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Queensland">Queensland</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2316595">Queensland</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qld.gov.au/">Queensland Government official website</a></span></li> <li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qld.gov.au/recreation/arts/heritage/archives">Queensland State Archives</a></span></li> <li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/">State Library of Queensland</a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Queensland">Works by Queensland</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Queensland%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Queensland%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Queensland%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Queensland%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Queensland</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Queensland" title="Template:Queensland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Queensland" title="Template talk:Queensland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Queensland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Queensland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Queensland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Queensland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Queensland" title="Economy of Queensland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Queensland" title="Energy in Queensland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Queensland" title="Geography of Queensland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Queensland" title="Geology of Queensland">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Queensland" title="History of Queensland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Queensland" title="Regions of Queensland">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Queensland" title="Symbols of Queensland">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Queensland" title="Sport in Queensland">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football_in_Queensland" title="Australian rules football in Queensland">Australian rules football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Queensland" title="Rugby league in Queensland">Rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Queensland" title="Rugby union in Queensland">Rugby union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Queensland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Queensland"><img alt="Queensland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/80px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/120px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/160px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Queensland" title="Politics of Queensland">Politics and Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Queensland" title="Politics of Queensland">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Queensland">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Queensland" title="Parliament of Queensland">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Queensland" title="Legislative Assembly of Queensland">Legislative Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Queensland" title="Local government areas of Queensland">Local Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Queensland" title="Constitution of Queensland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Queensland" title="Premier of Queensland">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Queensland" title="Flag of Queensland">Flag</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Queensland" title="Supreme Court of Queensland">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_Queensland" title="District Court of Queensland">District Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrates_Court_of_Queensland" title="Magistrates Court of Queensland">Magistrates Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Fire_and_Emergency_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensland Fire and Emergency Services">Fire and Emergency Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Police_Service" title="Queensland Police Service">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Ambulance_Service" title="Queensland Ambulance Service">Ambulance Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_of_Queensland" title="Electoral Commission of Queensland">Electoral Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Queensland" title="Regions of Queensland">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Queensland" title="Regions of Queensland">Regions of Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_East_Queensland" title="South East Queensland">South East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darling_Downs" title="Darling Downs">Darling Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Bay%E2%80%93Burnett" title="Wide Bay–Burnett">Wide Bay–Burnett </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Queensland" title="South West Queensland">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_West_Queensland" title="Central West Queensland">Central West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Queensland" title="Central Queensland">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Queensland" title="North Queensland">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Country" title="Gulf Country">Gulf Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland" title="Far North Queensland">Far North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Australia#Queensland" title="List of towns in Australia">Cities and towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundaberg" title="Bundaberg">Bundaberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caboolture,_Queensland" title="Caboolture, Queensland">Caboolture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstone,_Queensland" title="Gladstone, Queensland">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gympie" title="Gympie">Gympie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervey_Bay" title="Hervey Bay">Hervey Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackay,_Queensland" title="Mackay, Queensland">Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryborough,_Queensland" title="Maryborough, Queensland">Maryborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Isa" title="Mount Isa">Mount Isa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockhampton" title="Rockhampton">Rockhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Coast,_Queensland" title="Sunshine Coast, Queensland">Sunshine Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toowoomba" title="Toowoomba">Toowoomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townsville" title="Townsville">Townsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan_City" title="Logan City">Logan </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Queensland" title="Category:People from Queensland">Queenslanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Brisbane" title="List of people from Brisbane">Brisbanites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_Queensland_parliaments_by_term" title="Category:Members of Queensland parliaments by term">Members of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_Queensland_by_time_in_office" title="List of premiers of Queensland by time in office">Premiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Queensland" title="Portal:Queensland">Portal</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Queensland" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Queensland">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Queensland" title="Category:Queensland">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Queensland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms"><img alt="Coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Queensland.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Queensland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Queensland.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Queensland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Queensland.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Queensland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3107" data-file-height="3036" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_and_territories_of_Australia_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Australia&#124;link=Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="Template:States and territories of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="Template talk:States and territories of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States and territories of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_and_territories_of_Australia_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Australia&#124;link=Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories of Australia</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg/130px-Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg/195px-Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg/260px-Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jervis_Bay_Territory" title="Jervis Bay Territory">Jervis Bay Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a><br /><b>Defunct</b>: <a href="/wiki/Central_Australia_(territory)" title="Central Australia (territory)">Central Australia</a> (1927–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia_(territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Australia (territory)">North Australia</a> (1927–31)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a><br /><b>Defunct</b>: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru#World_War_I_to_World_War_II" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> (1920–68)<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">New Guinea</a> (1920–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> (1902–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="Territory of Papua and New Guinea">Papua and New Guinea</a> (1949–75)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indian_Ocean_Territories" title="Australian Indian Ocean Territories">Indian Ocean Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>(<b>1</b>) Sovereignty recognised only by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<br />(<b>2</b>) Co-mandate with New Zealand and the United Kingdom.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Australia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australia_topics" title="Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australia_topics" title="Template talk:Australia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Australian_history" title="Timeline of Australian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Australia" title="Archaeology of Australia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_land_exploration_of_Australia" title="European land exploration of Australia">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Australia" title="Territorial evolution of Australia">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">1788–1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1851%E2%80%931900)" title="History of Australia (1851–1900)">1851–1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">1901–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Australia (1945–present)">Since 1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Australians" title="History of Asian Australians">Asian Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Australia" title="Constitutional history of Australia">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_Australia" title="Diplomatic history of Australia">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_history_of_Australia" title="Immigration history of Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia" title="Military history of Australia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Australia" title="History of monarchy in Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Australia" title="History of rail transport in Australia">Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Australia" title="Geography of Australia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Australia" title="Climate of Australia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Australia" title="Environment of Australia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia" title="Environmental issues in Australia">issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Australia" title="List of earthquakes in Australia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Australia" title="Forests of Australia">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Australia" title="Geology of Australia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Australia" title="List of mountains in Australia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Australia" title="List of regions of Australia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reserve_System" title="National Reserve System">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Australia" title="List of rivers of Australia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Australia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Australia">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_capital_cities" title="List of Australian capital cities">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_Australia" title="Asylum in Australia">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian court hierarchy">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_Australia" title="Political funding in Australia">Donations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_federal_budget" title="Australian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Australia" title="Human rights in Australia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Australia" title="Intersex rights in Australia">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Australia" title="LGBTQ rights in Australia">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Intelligence and security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_legal_system" title="Australian legal system">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_constitutional_law" title="Australian constitutional law">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Australia" title="Law enforcement in Australia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_government_debt" title="Australian government debt">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia#Ideology_in_Australian_politics" title="Politics of Australia">Political ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_politics_in_Australia" title="Christian politics in Australia">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" title="Australian Public Service">Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_government_in_Australia" title="Women and government in Australia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_heads_of_government_in_Australia" title="List of female heads of government in Australia">Government leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_cabinet_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of female cabinet ministers of Australia">Government ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_ministries" title="List of Australian ministries">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Australia" title="List of governors-general of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of prime ministers of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Australia" title="Agriculture in Australia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Australia" title="Energy in Australia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">Gross state product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_ownership_in_Australia" title="Home ownership in Australia">Home ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Australia" title="Public housing in Australia">Public housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_household_income_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Median household income in Australia and New Zealand">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Australia" title="Manufacturing in Australia">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Australia" title="Mass media in Australia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange" title="Australian Securities Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superannuation_in_Australia" title="Superannuation in Australia">Superannuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia" title="Taxation in Australia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia" title="Tourism in Australia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Australia" title="Transport in Australia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Australia" title="Social security in Australia">Welfare system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Australia" title="Category:Society of Australia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Australia" title="Abortion in Australia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aged_care_in_Australia" title="Aged care in Australia">Aged care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Australia" title="Censorship in Australia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Australia" title="Crime in Australia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_dying_in_Australia" title="Assisted dying in Australia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Australia" title="Health care in Australia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Australia" title="Homelessness in Australia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Australia" title="Irreligion in Australia">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Australian states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Australia" title="Demographics of Australia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Australia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Australia" title="Prostitution in Australia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Australia" title="Squatting in Australia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia" title="Waste management in Australia">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Australia" title="Culture of Australia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Australia" title="Architecture of Australia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_art" title="Australian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_Australia" title="Arts in Australia">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Australia" title="Dance in Australia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Australia" title="Public holidays in Australia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Australia" title="List of radio stations in Australia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Australia" title="Sport in Australia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Australia" title="National symbols of Australia">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Australia" title="Television in Australia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Australia" title="Theatre of Australia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_studies" title="Australian studies">Australian studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Australia" title="Outline of Australia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australia" title="Category:Australia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36074#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36074#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36074#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4103475-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79004089">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12101327q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12101327q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628433">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35674093">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Queensland"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge257398&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4432275">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khwzxx6325m2b1c">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552653405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514596206706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/c1e9cc93-f223-470d-b9e1-653709de68c3">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queensland&oldid=1258544743">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queensland&oldid=1258544743</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Queensland" title="Category:Queensland">Queensland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_British_colonies_and_protectorates_in_Oceania" title="Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in 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