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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%86%D8%B3" title="جاكوب بيركنس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جاكوب بيركنس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Bjerknes" title="Jacob Bjerknes – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jacob Bjerknes" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Bjerknes" title="Jacob Bjerknes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jacob Bjerknes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Γιάκομπ Μπγιέρκνες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιάκομπ Μπγιέρκνες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Bjerknes" title="Jacob Bjerknes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jacob Bjerknes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B2" title="یاکوب بیرکنز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یاکوب بیرکنز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Bjerknes" title="Jacob Bjerknes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jacob Bjerknes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Bjerknes" title="Jakob Bjerknes – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Jakob Bjerknes" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%BC%EC%BD%94%EB%B8%8C_%EB%B9%84%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="야코브 비에르크네스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="야코브 비에르크네스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%86%D8%B3" title="جاكوب بيركنس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جاكوب بيركنس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%82%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%BB%E3%83%93%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9" title="ヤコブ・ビヤークネス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヤコブ・ビヤークネス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Bjerknes" title="Jacob Bjerknes – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jacob Bjerknes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Bjerknes" title="Jacob Bjerknes – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jacob Bjerknes" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Bjerknes" title="Jacob Bjerknes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jacob Bjerknes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Бьеркнес, Якоб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бьеркнес, Якоб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Aall_Bonnevie_Bjerknes" title="Jacob Aall Bonnevie Bjerknes – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jacob Aall Bonnevie Bjerknes" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Bjerknes" title="Jacob Bjerknes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jacob Bjerknes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Bjerknes" title="Jacob Bjerknes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jacob Bjerknes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%91%27%D1%94%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Джейкоб Б'єркнес – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джейкоб Б'єркнес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E6%AF%94%E8%80%B6%E5%85%8B%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF" title="雅各布·比耶克内斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雅各布·比耶克内斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Norwegian meteorologist</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Jacob Bjerknes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_bjerknes_headshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jacob_bjerknes_headshot.jpg/220px-Jacob_bjerknes_headshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jacob_bjerknes_headshot.jpg/330px-Jacob_bjerknes_headshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jacob_bjerknes_headshot.jpg/440px-Jacob_bjerknes_headshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1443" data-file-height="2073" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1897-11-02</span>)</span>2 November 1897<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Stockholm, Sweden</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">7 July 1975<span style="display:none">(1975-07-07)</span> (aged 77)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Los Angeles, United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Norwegian / American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">Norwegian / American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">ENSO</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cyclone_model" title="Norwegian cyclone model">Norwegian cyclone model</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather forecasting</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Medal_of_Science_laureates" title="List of National Medal of Science laureates">National Medal of Science</a> (1966)<br /><a href="/wiki/Carl-Gustaf_Rossby_Research_Medal" title="Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal">Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal</a> (1960)<br /><a href="/wiki/International_Meteorological_Organization_Prize" title="International Meteorological Organization Prize">International Meteorological Organization Prize</a> (1959)<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Guggenheim_Fellowships_awarded_in_1957" title="List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1957">Guggenheim Fellowship</a> (1957)<br /><a href="/wiki/William_Bowie_Medal" title="William Bowie Medal">William Bowie Medal</a> (1945)<br /><a href="/wiki/Symons_Gold_Medal" title="Symons Gold Medal">Symons Gold Medal</a> (1940)<br /><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Society_for_Anthropology_and_Geography#Vega_Medal" title="Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography">Vega Medal</a> (1939)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">Meteorologist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data">University of California, Los Angeles</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vilhem_Bjerknes_and_baby_jacob.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Vilhem_Bjerknes_and_baby_jacob.jpg/170px-Vilhem_Bjerknes_and_baby_jacob.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Vilhem_Bjerknes_and_baby_jacob.jpg/255px-Vilhem_Bjerknes_and_baby_jacob.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Vilhem_Bjerknes_and_baby_jacob.jpg/340px-Vilhem_Bjerknes_and_baby_jacob.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="1842" /></a><figcaption>Jacob Bjerknes with his father <a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_Bjerknes" title="Vilhelm Bjerknes">Vilhelm Bjerknes</a>, 1897</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_and_hedvig_bjerknes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Jacob_and_hedvig_bjerknes.jpg/170px-Jacob_and_hedvig_bjerknes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Jacob_and_hedvig_bjerknes.jpg/255px-Jacob_and_hedvig_bjerknes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Jacob_and_hedvig_bjerknes.jpg/340px-Jacob_and_hedvig_bjerknes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1045" data-file-height="1227" /></a><figcaption>Jacob and his wife Hedvig Bjerknes, née Borthen, <a href="/wiki/Tivoli_Gardens" title="Tivoli Gardens">Tivoli</a>, Denmark, 1929</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Jacob Aall Bonnevie Bjerknes</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">YAH</span>-kəb <span style="font-size:90%">BYURK</span>-niss</i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Norwegian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="no-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian" title="Help:IPA/Norwegian">[ˈjɑ̀ːkɔb<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbjæ̂rkneːs]</a></span>; 2 November 1897 – 7 July 1975) was a <a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">meteorologist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is known for his key paper in which he pointed the dynamics of the polar front, mechanism for north-south heat transport and for which he was also awarded a doctorate from the University of Oslo.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Born in Stockholm, Sweden, he was the son of the <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> meteorologist <a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_Bjerknes" title="Vilhelm Bjerknes">Vilhelm Bjerknes</a>, one of the pioneers of modern weather forecasting.<sup id="cite_ref-Obit_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He helped develop the Norwegian cyclone model. He earned a Ph.D. from the University of Oslo in 1924. Bjerknes was part of the team that made the first crossing of the Arctic in the airship <a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)">Norge</a>. During WWII, he helped the US with the planning of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings. He also helped gain an understanding of the weather phenomenon <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o-Southern_Oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño-Southern Oscillation">El Niño</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Bjerknes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jacob Aall Bonnevie Bjerknes was born in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm,_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm, Sweden">Stockholm, Sweden</a>. His father was the <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> meteorologist <a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_Bjerknes" title="Vilhelm Bjerknes">Vilhelm Bjerknes</a>, one of the pioneers of modern weather forecasting.<sup id="cite_ref-Obit_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His paternal grandfather was Norwegian mathematician and physicist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Bjerknes" title="Carl Anton Bjerknes">Carl Anton Bjerknes</a>. His maternal grandfather was Norwegian politician <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Aall_Bonnevie" title="Jacob Aall Bonnevie">Jacob Aall Bonnevie</a>, after whom he was named.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_career">Professional career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Bjerknes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Professional career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bjerknes was part of a group of meteorologists led by his father, Vilhelm Bjerknes, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a>. Together they developed the model that explains the generation, intensification and ultimate decay (the life cycle) of mid-latitude cyclones, introducing the idea of <a href="/wiki/Weather_front" title="Weather front">fronts</a>, that is, sharply defined boundaries between air masses. This concept is known as the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cyclone_model" title="Norwegian cyclone model">Norwegian cyclone model</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bjerknes returned to Norway in 1917, where his father founded the <a href="/wiki/Geophysical_Institute,_University_of_Bergen" title="Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen">Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>. They organized an analysis and forecasting branch which would evolve into a weather bureau by 1919. The scientific team at Bergen also included the Swedish meteorologists <a href="/wiki/Carl-Gustaf_Rossby" title="Carl-Gustaf Rossby">Carl-Gustaf Rossby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tor_Bergeron" title="Tor Bergeron">Tor Bergeron</a>. As pointed out in a key paper by Jacob Bjerknes and Halvor Solberg (1895-1974) in 1922, the dynamics of the polar front, integrated with the cyclone model, provided the major mechanism for north-south heat transport in the atmosphere. For this and other research, Jacob Bjerknes was awarded the Ph.D. from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a> in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1926, Jacob Bjerknes was a support meteorologist when <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a> made the first crossing of the Arctic in the airship <a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)">Norge</a>. In 1931, he left his position as head of the National weather service at Bergen to become professor of meteorology at the Geophysical Institute at the University of Bergen. Jacob Bjerknes lectured at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> during the 1933-1934 school year. </p><p>In 1940, he emigrated to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, where he headed a government-sponsored meteorology annex for weather forecasting, at the department of physics of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> Bjerknes was in the <a href="/wiki/US_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="US armed forces">US armed forces</a>, and serving as a colonel in the US Air Force he helped determine the best dates for the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bjerknes founded the <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> Department of Meteorology (now the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Atmospheric_and_Oceanic_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences (page does not exist)">Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences</a>). As a professor at the University of California, he was the first to see a connection between unusually warm sea-surface temperatures and the weak easterlies and heavy rainfall that accompany <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">low-index conditions</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. At UCLA, Bjerknes and fellow Norwegian-American meteorologist, <a href="/wiki/Jorgen_Holmboe" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorgen Holmboe">Jorgen Holmboe</a>, further developed the pressure tendency and the <a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">extratropical cyclone</a> theories. </p><p>In 1969, Jacob Bjerknes helped toward an understanding of <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o-Southern_Oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño-Southern Oscillation">El Niño</a> Southern Oscillation, by suggesting that an anomalously warm spot in the eastern Pacific can weaken the east-west temperature difference, disrupting trade winds, which push warm water to the west. The result is increasingly warm water toward the east.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Bjerknes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1928, he married Hedvig Borthen (1904–1998). They were the parents of two children. He died on 7 July 1975 in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Obit_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Bjerknes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Honors and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was made an Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Meteorological_Society" title="Royal Meteorological Society">Royal Meteorological Society</a> in 1932 and a member of both the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters" title="Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters">Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Science">Royal Swedish Academy of Science</a> in 1933. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Meteorological_Society" title="Royal Meteorological Society">Royal Meteorological Society</a> - <a href="/wiki/Symons_Gold_Medal" title="Symons Gold Medal">Symons Gold Medal</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a> - <a href="/wiki/William_Bowie_Medal" title="William Bowie Medal">William Bowie Medal</a> (1945)</li> <li>Knight 1st Class of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Order_of_St._Olav" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav">Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav</a> (1947).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Society_for_Anthropology_and_Geography" title="Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography">Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography</a> - <a href="/wiki/Vega_medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vega medal">Vega medal</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a> - <a href="/wiki/International_Meteorological_Organization_Prize" title="International Meteorological Organization Prize">International Meteorological Organization Prize</a> (1959).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society" title="American Meteorological Society">American Meteorological Society</a> - <a href="/wiki/Carl-Gustaf_Rossby_Research_Medal" title="Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal">Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a> - Golden Plate Award (1967)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Bjerknes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.thinkquest.org/20901/overview_3.htm"><i>Jacob Bjerknes - the Synthesizer</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110415235708/http://library.thinkquest.org/20901/overview_3.htm">Archived</a> 15 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (University of Washington)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Jacob_Bjerknes/utdypning"><i>Jacob Bjerknes</i></a> (Norsk biografisk leksikon)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Halvor_Solberg/utdypning"><i>Halvor Solberg</i></a> (Store norske leksikon)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obit-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Obit_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obit_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obit_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93873143/jacob-bjerknes-1897-1975/">"Weather Forecast Pioneer Dies"</a>. <i>Santa Cruz Sentinel</i>. Santa Cruz, CA. 8 July 1975. p. 24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Santa+Cruz+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Weather+Forecast+Pioneer+Dies&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1975-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F93873143%2Fjacob-bjerknes-1897-1975%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+Bjerknes" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weatherbreak2.creighton.edu/?p=870"><i>The Life and Science of Jacob Bjerknes</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031558/http://weatherbreak2.creighton.edu/?p=870">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Creighton University Department of Atmospheric Sciences)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Carl_Anton_Bjerknes/utdypning"><i>Carl Anton Bjerknes</i></a> (Norsk biografisk leksikon)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kosmos.agu.org/about/honors/bowie_lectures/bjerknes.shtml"><i>Jacob Aall Bonnevie Bjerknes (1897–1975)</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110819135335/http://kosmos.agu.org/about/honors/bowie_lectures/bjerknes.shtml">Archived</a> 19 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (American Geophysical Union)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Magasinet</i>, supplement to <i><a href="/wiki/Dagbladet" title="Dagbladet">Dagbladet</a></i>, 11 February 2014. pp. 14–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNova1998" class="citation web cs1">Nova (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/elnino/reach/1969.html">"1969"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1969&rft.pub=Public+Broadcasting+Service&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Nova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Felnino%2Freach%2F1969.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+Bjerknes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151122014635/http://www.wmo.int/pages/about/awards/winners_imo_en.html">"Winners of the IMO Prize"</a>. World Meteorological Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wmo.int/pages/about/awards/winners_imo_en.html">the original</a> on 22 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Winners+of+the+IMO+Prize&rft.pub=World+Meteorological+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wmo.int%2Fpages%2Fabout%2Fawards%2Fwinners_imo_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+Bjerknes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration">"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"</a>. <i>www.achievement.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.achievement.org&rft.atitle=Golden+Plate+Awardees+of+the+American+Academy+of+Achievement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Four-history%2Fgolden-plate-awards%2F%23science-exploration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+Bjerknes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Bjerknes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/jbjerknes.html"><b>Biographie de Jacob Bjerknes</b></a> by <a href="/wiki/Arnt_Eliassen" title="Arnt Eliassen">Arnt Eliassen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnc.net/norway/venki.htm">Tribute to J. Bjerknes on the 100th anniversary of his birth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%3Fei%3DUTF-8%26p%3DJacob%2BBjerknes&w=130&h=160&imgurl=www.bing.com%2Fimages%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DJacob%2BBjerknes%23focal%3Dda7b4006342f250c876d600f9164367d%26furl%3Dhttp%253a%252f%252fwww.agu.org%252fsections%252fatmos%252fBjerknes.gif&size=&name=search&rcurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2Fimages%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DJacob%2BBjerknes%23focal%3Dda7b4006342f250c876d600f9164367d%26furl%3Dhttp%253a%252f%252fwww.agu.org%252fsections%252fatmos%252fBjerknes.gif&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2Fimages%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DJacob%2BBjerknes%23focal%3Dda7b4006342f250c876d600f9164367d%26furl%3Dhttp%253a%252f%252fwww.agu.org%252fsections%252fatmos%252fBjerknes.gif&p=Jacob+Bjerknes&type=&no=1&tt=108&oid=http%3A%2F%2Fts1.mm.bing.net%2Fimages%2Fthumbnail.aspx%3Fq%3D255979488072%26id%3D8f1b5fea9bb448f766e484881dbc4924&tit=Jacob+Bjerknes+Lecture&sigr=14p03gg5e&sigi=14i4r09kl&sigb=11oirkdn0&fr=yfp-t-892">Jacob Bjerknes photograph</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/bjerknes-jacob-a.pdf">National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/32778114">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyRyrVqP8Xc7qTprMrH4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/117602795">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015097923">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10843599c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10843599c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p260338532">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/6053448">Norway</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:bjerknes.jacob">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117602795.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/085492159">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cg1nzv">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Bjerknes&oldid=1247423022">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Bjerknes&oldid=1247423022</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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