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</button> <ul id="toc-Scientific_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Research impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_user_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_user_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Scientific user facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_user_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Team_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Team_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Team science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Team_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyclotron_Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyclotron_Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Cyclotron Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyclotron_Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_scientists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_scientists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Notable scientists</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_scientists-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable scientists subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_scientists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nobel_laureates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_laureates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Nobel laureates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_laureates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Medals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Medals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>National Medals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Medals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_1931_to_1945:_cyclotrons_and_team_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_1931_to_1945:_cyclotrons_and_team_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>From 1931 to 1945: cyclotrons and team science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_1931_to_1945:_cyclotrons_and_team_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_1946_to_1972:_discovering_the_antiproton_and_new_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_1946_to_1972:_discovering_the_antiproton_and_new_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>From 1946 to 1972: discovering the antiproton and new elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_1946_to_1972:_discovering_the_antiproton_and_new_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_1973_to_1989:_new_capabilities_in_energy_and_environmental_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_1973_to_1989:_new_capabilities_in_energy_and_environmental_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>From 1973 to 1989: new capabilities in energy and environmental research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_1973_to_1989:_new_capabilities_in_energy_and_environmental_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_1990_to_2004:_new_facilities_for_chemistry_and_materials,_nanotechnology,_scientific_computing,_and_genomics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_1990_to_2004:_new_facilities_for_chemistry_and_materials,_nanotechnology,_scientific_computing,_and_genomics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>From 1990 to 2004: new facilities for chemistry and materials, nanotechnology, scientific computing, and genomics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_1990_to_2004:_new_facilities_for_chemistry_and_materials,_nanotechnology,_scientific_computing,_and_genomics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_2005_to_2015:_addressing_climate_change_and_the_future_of_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_2005_to_2015:_addressing_climate_change_and_the_future_of_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>From 2005 to 2015: addressing climate change and the future of energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_2005_to_2015:_addressing_climate_change_and_the_future_of_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_2016_to_the_present:_building_new_facilities_and_accelerating_decarbonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_2016_to_the_present:_building_new_facilities_and_accelerating_decarbonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>From 2016 to the present: building new facilities and accelerating decarbonization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_2016_to_the_present:_building_new_facilities_and_accelerating_decarbonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_the_Lab's_name_evolved" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_the_Lab's_name_evolved"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>How the Lab's name evolved</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_the_Lab's_name_evolved-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laboratory_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Laboratory directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations_and_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations_and_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Operations and governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operations_and_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="مختبر لورنس بيركلي الوطني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مختبر لورنس بيركلي الوطني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lourens_Berkli_ad%C4%B1na_Milli_Laboratoriya" title="Lourens Berkli adına Milli Laboratoriya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lourens Berkli adına Milli Laboratoriya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="লরেন্স বার্কলি ন্যাশনাল ল্যাবরেটরি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লরেন্স বার্কলি ন্যাশনাল ল্যাবরেটরি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0_%D1%9E_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Нацыянальная лабараторыя імя Лоўрэнса ў Берклі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нацыянальная лабараторыя імя Лоўрэнса ў Берклі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratori_Nacional_Lawrence_de_Berkeley" title="Laboratori Nacional Lawrence de Berkeley – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Laboratori Nacional Lawrence de Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%9B%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8B" title="Εθνικό Εργαστήριο Λώρενς στο Μπέρκλεϋ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εθνικό Εργαστήριο Λώρενς στο Μπέρκλεϋ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratorio_Nacional_Lawrence_Berkeley" title="Laboratorio Nacional Lawrence Berkeley – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Laboratorio Nacional Lawrence Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usona_Nacia_Laboratorio_Lawrence_Berkeley" title="Usona Nacia Laboratorio Lawrence Berkeley – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Usona Nacia Laboratorio Lawrence Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C" title="آزمایشگاه ملی لارنس برکلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آزمایشگاه ملی لارنس برکلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratoire_national_Lawrence-Berkeley" title="Laboratoire national Lawrence-Berkeley – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Laboratoire national Lawrence-Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saotharlann_N%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnta_Lawrence_Berkeley" title="Saotharlann Náisiúnta Lawrence Berkeley – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Saotharlann Náisiúnta Lawrence Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%9F%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B2%84%ED%81%B4%EB%A6%AC_%EA%B5%AD%EB%A6%BD%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%86%8C" title="로런스 버클리 국립연구소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로런스 버클리 국립연구소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratorium_Nasional_Lawrence_Berkeley" title="Laboratorium Nasional Lawrence Berkeley – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laboratorium Nasional Lawrence Berkeley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99" title="המעבדה הלאומית לורנס ברקלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המעבדה הלאומית לורנס ברקלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%89" title="مختبر لورنس بيركلى الوطنى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مختبر لورنس بيركلى الوطنى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="ローレンス・バークレー国立研究所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローレンス・バークレー国立研究所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory&params=37_52_33_N_122_14_55_W_region:US-CA_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°52′33″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°14′55″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.87583°N 122.24861°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.87583; -122.24861</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">National laboratory located near Berkeley, California, U.S.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory_logo.svg/220px-Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory_logo.svg/330px-Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory_logo.svg/440px-Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="79" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Molecular_Foundry_at_Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory_(52230758982).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The lab's Molecular Foundry and surrounding buildings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Molecular_Foundry_at_Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory_%2852230758982%29.jpg/220px-Molecular_Foundry_at_Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory_%2852230758982%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Molecular_Foundry_at_Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory_%2852230758982%29.jpg/330px-Molecular_Foundry_at_Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory_%2852230758982%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Molecular_Foundry_at_Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory_%2852230758982%29.jpg/440px-Molecular_Foundry_at_Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory_%2852230758982%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2398" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The lab's <a href="/wiki/Molecular_Foundry" title="Molecular Foundry">Molecular Foundry</a> and surrounding buildings</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bringing science solutions to the world</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">August 26, 1931<span class="noprint">; 93 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1931-08-26</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Research type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Scientific research and energy technologies</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">Budget</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>1.495</span> billion (2023)</span><sup id="cite_ref-annualreport_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annualreport-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Director_(business)" title="Director (business)">Director</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Witherell" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Witherell">Michael Witherell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Staff</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,804<sup id="cite_ref-About_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Student" title="Student">Students</a></th><td class="infobox-data">800</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Address</th><td class="infobox-data label">1 Cyclotron Road</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, United States<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory&params=37_52_33_N_122_14_55_W_region:US-CA_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°52′33″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°14′55″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.87583°N 122.24861°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.87583; -122.24861</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Campus" title="Campus">Campus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">200 acres (81 ha)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Operating agency</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates"><span class="wrap">Nobel laureates</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">16<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lbl.gov">lbl<wbr />.gov</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</b> (<b>LBNL</b>, <b>Berkeley Lab</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Federally_funded_research_and_development_centers" title="Federally funded research and development centers">federally funded research and development center</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Hills" title="Berkeley Hills">hills</a> of <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Established in 1931 by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> (UC), the laboratory is sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> and administered by the UC system.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a>, who won the Nobel prize for inventing the <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a>, founded the lab and served as its director until his death in 1958. Located in the <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Hills" title="Berkeley Hills">Berkeley Hills</a>, the lab overlooks the campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_research">Scientific research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Scientific research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mission of Berkeley Lab is to bring science solutions to the world. The research at Berkeley Lab has four main themes: discovery science, clean energy, healthy earth and ecological systems, and the future of science.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Laboratory's 22 scientific divisions are organized within six areas of research: Computing Sciences, Physical Sciences, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, Energy Sciences, and Energy Technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lab founder <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a> believed that scientific research is best done through teams of individuals with different fields of expertise, working together, and his laboratory still considers that a guiding principle today.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_impact">Research impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berkeley Lab scientists have won fifteen Nobel prizes in physics and chemistry, and each one has a street named after them on the Lab campus.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 23 Berkeley Lab employees were contributors to reports by the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which shared the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>. Fifteen Lab scientists have also won the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a>, and two have won the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology_and_Innovation" title="National Medal of Technology and Innovation">National Medal of Technology and Innovation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-medals_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medals-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 82 Berkeley Lab researchers have been elected to membership in the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> or the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-About_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berkeley Lab has the greatest research publication impact of any single government laboratory in the world in physical sciences and chemistry, as measured by <a href="/wiki/Nature_Index" title="Nature Index">Nature Index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only institutions with higher ranking are the entire national government research agencies for China, France, and Italy, each of which is comparable to the complete network of 17 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy_National_Laboratories" title="United States Department of Energy National Laboratories">United States Department of Energy National Laboratories</a>. Using the same metric, the Lab is the second-ranking laboratory in the area of earth and environmental sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_user_facilities">Scientific user facilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scientific user facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of Berkeley Lab's research impact is built on the capabilities of its unique research facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The laboratory manages five national scientific user facilities, which are part of the network of 28 such facilities operated by the DOE Office of Science. These facilities and the expertise of the scientists and engineers who operate them are made available to 14,000 researchers from universities, industry, and government laboratories.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berkeley Lab operates five major National User Facilities for the DOE Office of Science: </p> <ol><li>The <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Light_Source" title="Advanced Light Source">Advanced Light Source</a> (ALS) is a synchrotron light source with 41 beamlines providing ultraviolet, soft x-ray, and hard x-ray light to scientific experiments in a wide variety of fields, including materials science, biology, chemistry, physics, and the environmental sciences.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advanced_Light_Source_building_(52230759447).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Advanced_Light_Source_building_%2852230759447%29.jpg/220px-Advanced_Light_Source_building_%2852230759447%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Advanced_Light_Source_building_%2852230759447%29.jpg/330px-Advanced_Light_Source_building_%2852230759447%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Advanced_Light_Source_building_%2852230759447%29.jpg/440px-Advanced_Light_Source_building_%2852230759447%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4079" data-file-height="2712" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Light_Source" title="Advanced Light Source">Advanced Light Source</a> and surrounding buildings</figcaption></figure> The ALS is supported by the DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Joint_Genome_Institute" title="Joint Genome Institute">Joint Genome Institute</a> (JGI) is a scientific user facility for integrative genomic science, with particular emphasis on the DOE missions of energy and the environment. The JGI provides over 2,000 scientific users with access to the latest generation of genome sequencing and analysis capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Integrative_Genomics_Building_(52230758417).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Integrative_Genomics_Building_%2852230758417%29.jpg/220px-Integrative_Genomics_Building_%2852230758417%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Integrative_Genomics_Building_%2852230758417%29.jpg/330px-Integrative_Genomics_Building_%2852230758417%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Integrative_Genomics_Building_%2852230758417%29.jpg/440px-Integrative_Genomics_Building_%2852230758417%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2805" /></a><figcaption>The Integrative Genomics Building, home to the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Genome_Institute" title="Joint Genome Institute">Joint Genome Institute</a></figcaption></figure></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Molecular_Foundry" title="Molecular Foundry">Molecular Foundry</a> is a multidisciplinary nanoscience research facility. Its seven research facilities focus on Imaging and Manipulation of Nanostructures, Nanofabrication, Theory of Nanostructured Materials, Inorganic Nanostructures, Biological Nanostructures, Organic and Macromolecular Synthesis, and Electron Microscopy.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Molecular_Foundry_Berkeley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Molecular_Foundry_Berkeley.jpg/220px-Molecular_Foundry_Berkeley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Molecular_Foundry_Berkeley.jpg/330px-Molecular_Foundry_Berkeley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Molecular_Foundry_Berkeley.jpg/440px-Molecular_Foundry_Berkeley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Molecular_Foundry" title="Molecular Foundry">Molecular Foundry</a></figcaption></figure></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Research_Scientific_Computing_Center" title="National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center">National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center</a> (NERSC) is the scientific computing facility that provides high performance computing for over 9,000 scientists working on the basic and applied research programs supported by the DOE.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Perlmutter system at NERSC is the 8th-ranked supercomputer system in the <a href="/wiki/Top500" class="mw-redirect" title="Top500">Top500</a> rankings from November 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Energy_Sciences_Network" title="Energy Sciences Network">Energy Sciences Network</a> (ESnet) is a high-speed research network serving DOE scientists with their experimental facilities and collaborators worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upgraded network infrastructure launched in 2022 is optimized for very large scientific data flows, and the network transports roughly 35 petabytes of traffic each month.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Team_science">Team science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Team science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of the research at Berkeley Lab is done by researchers from several disciplines and multiple institutions working together as a large team focused on shared scientific goals. Berkeley is either the lead partner or one of the leads in several research institutes and hubs, including the following: </p> <ol><li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Joint_BioEnergy_Institute" title="Joint BioEnergy Institute">Joint BioEnergy Institute</a></b> (JBEI). JBEI's mission is to establish the scientific knowledge and new technologies needed to transform the maximum amount of carbon available in bioenergy crops into biofuels and bioproducts.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JBEI is one of four U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Bioenergy Research Centers (BRCs).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, the DOE announced the commitment of $590M to support the BRCs for the next five years.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_for_Water_Innovation" title="National Alliance for Water Innovation">National Alliance for Water Innovation</a></b> (NAWI).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NAWI aims to secure an affordable, energy-efficient, and resilient water supply for the US economy through decentralized, fit-for-purpose processing. NAWI is supported primarily by the DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, partnering with the California Department of Water Resources, the California State Water Resources Control Board. Berkeley Lab is the lead partner, with founding partners <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> (ORNL) and the <a href="/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory" title="National Renewable Energy Laboratory">National Renewable Energy Laboratory</a> (NREL).</li> <li>The <b>Liquid Sunlight Alliance</b> (LiSA).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LiSA's Mission is to establish the science principles by which durable coupled microenvironments can be co-designed to efficiently and selectively generate liquid fuels from sunlight, water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. The lead institution for LiSA is the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> and Berkeley Lab is a major partner.</li> <li>The <b>Joint Center for Energy Storage Research</b> (JCESR).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JCESR's mission is to deliver transformational new concepts and materials for electrodes, electrolytes and interfaces that will enable a diversity of high performance next-generation batteries for transportation and the grid. <a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a> leads JCESR and Berkeley Lab is a major partner.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyclotron_Road">Cyclotron Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cyclotron Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Cyclotron_Road" title="Cyclotron Road">Cyclotron Road</a></b> is a fellowship program for technology innovators, supporting entrepreneurial scientists as they advance their own technology projects.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The core support for the program comes from the Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, through the Lab-Embedded Entrepreneurship Program.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berkeley Lab manages the program in close partnership with <i>Activate</i>, a nonprofit organization established to scale the Cyclotron Road fellowship model to a greater number of innovators around the U.S. and the world.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyclotron Road fellows receive two years of stipend, $100,000 of research support, intensive mentorship and a startup curriculum, and access to the expertise and facilities of Berkeley Lab.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since members of the first cohort completed their fellowships in 2017, companies founded by Cyclotron Road Fellows have raised about $1 billion in follow-on funding.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_scientists">Notable scientists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable scientists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_laureates">Nobel laureates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nobel laureates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fifteen Berkeley Lab scientists have received the Nobel Prize in physics or chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Nobel laureates </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Physics </th> <th>Chemistry </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">John Clauser</a> (2022) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bertozzi" title="Carolyn Bertozzi">Carolyn Bertozzi</a> (2022) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Saul Perlmutter</a> (2011) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a> (2020) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">George Smoot</a> (2006) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuan_T._Lee" title="Yuan T. Lee">Yuan T. Lee</a> (1986) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a> (1997) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a> (1961) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a> (1968) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a> (1951) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Glaser" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Glaser">Donald Glaser</a> (1960) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Seaborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a> (1951) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Owen Chamberlain</a> (1959) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> (1959) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a> (1939) </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Medals">National Medals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: National Medals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fifteen Berkeley Lab scientists have received the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-medals_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medals-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>National Medal of Science awardees </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Alivisatos" title="Paul Alivisatos">Paul Alivisatos</a> (Chemistry, 2014) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Chorin" title="Alexandre Chorin">Alexandre Chorin</a> (Mathematics, 2012) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Prausnitz" title="John Prausnitz">John Prausnitz</a> (Engineering, 2003) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gabor_Somorjai" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabor Somorjai">Gabor Somorjai</a> (Chemistry, 2008) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Cohen" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvin Cohen">Marvin Cohen</a> (Physical Sciences, 2001) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Ames" title="Bruce Ames">Bruce Ames</a> (Biological Sciences, 1998) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harold_S._Johnston" title="Harold S. Johnston">Harold Johnston</a> (Chemistry, 1997) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Darleane_Hoffman" class="mw-redirect" title="Darleane Hoffman">Darleane Hoffman</a> (Chemistry, 1997) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Seaborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a> (Chemistry, 1991) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a> (Physical Sciences, 1990) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a> (Chemistry, 1989) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuan_T._Lee" title="Yuan T. Lee">Yuan T. Lee</a> (Chemistry, 1986) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_C._Pimentel" title="George C. Pimentel">George Pimentel</a> (Chemistry, 1983) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Pitzer" title="Kenneth Pitzer">Kenneth Pitzer</a> (Physical Sciences, 1974) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a> (Physical Sciences, 1963) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rosenfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Rosenfeld">Arthur Rosenfeld</a> received the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology_and_Innovation" title="National Medal of Technology and Innovation">National Medal of Technology and Innovation</a> in 2011. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_California_Radiation_Laboratory_staff_on_the_magnet_yoke_for_the_60-inch_cyclotron,_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/University_of_California_Radiation_Laboratory_staff_on_the_magnet_yoke_for_the_60-inch_cyclotron%2C_1938.jpg/220px-University_of_California_Radiation_Laboratory_staff_on_the_magnet_yoke_for_the_60-inch_cyclotron%2C_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/University_of_California_Radiation_Laboratory_staff_on_the_magnet_yoke_for_the_60-inch_cyclotron%2C_1938.jpg/330px-University_of_California_Radiation_Laboratory_staff_on_the_magnet_yoke_for_the_60-inch_cyclotron%2C_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/University_of_California_Radiation_Laboratory_staff_on_the_magnet_yoke_for_the_60-inch_cyclotron%2C_1938.jpg/440px-University_of_California_Radiation_Laboratory_staff_on_the_magnet_yoke_for_the_60-inch_cyclotron%2C_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5668" data-file-height="4472" /></a><figcaption> University of California Radiation Laboratory staff on the magnet yoke for the 60-inch cyclotron, 1938; Nobel prizewinners <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a> are shown, in addition to <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert R. Wilson</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_1931_to_1945:_cyclotrons_and_team_science">From 1931 to 1945: cyclotrons and team science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: From 1931 to 1945: cyclotrons and team science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The laboratory was founded on August 26, 1931, by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a>, as the Radiation Laboratory of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, associated with the Physics Department. It centered physics research around his new instrument, the <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerator</a> for which he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the 1930s, Lawrence pushed to create larger and larger machines for physics research, courting private <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthropists</a> for funding. He was the first to develop a large team to build big projects to make discoveries in basic research.<sup id="cite_ref-BigScience_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BigScience-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually these machines grew too large to be held on the university grounds, and in 1940 the lab moved to its current site atop the hill above campus.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the team put together during this period includes two other young scientists who went on to direct large laboratories: <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a>, who directed <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Alamos Laboratory">Los Alamos Laboratory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert Wilson</a>, who directed <a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermilab</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a> visited Lawrence's Radiation Laboratory in late 1942 as he was organizing the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>, meeting <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a> for the first time. Oppenheimer was tasked with organizing the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear bomb">nuclear bomb</a> development effort and founded today's <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a> to help keep the work secret.<sup id="cite_ref-BigScience_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BigScience-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the RadLab, Lawrence and his colleagues developed the technique of <a href="/wiki/Isotope_separation#Electromagnetic" title="Isotope separation">electromagnetic enrichment</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> using their experience with cyclotrons. The <a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">calutrons</a> (named after the University) became the basic unit of the massive <a href="/wiki/Y-12_National_Security_Complex" title="Y-12 National Security Complex">Y-12</a> facility in <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>. Lawrence's lab helped contribute to what have been judged to be the three most valuable technology developments of the war (the atomic bomb, <a href="/wiki/Proximity_fuze" title="Proximity fuze">proximity fuze</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>). The cyclotron, whose construction was stalled during the war, was finished in November 1946. The Manhattan Project shut down two months later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_1946_to_1972:_discovering_the_antiproton_and_new_elements">From 1946 to 1972: discovering the antiproton and new elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: From 1946 to 1972: discovering the antiproton and new elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war, the Radiation Laboratory became one of the first laboratories to be incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a> (AEC) (now Department of Energy, DOE). In 1952, the Laboratory established a branch in Livermore focused on nuclear security work, which developed into <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a>. Some classified research continued at Berkeley Lab until the 1970s, when it became a laboratory dedicated only to unclassified scientific research. Much of the Laboratory's scientific leadership during this period were also faculty members in the Physics and Chemistry Departments at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>. </p><p>The scientists and engineers at Berkeley Lab continued to build ambitious large projects to accelerate the advance of science. Lawrence's original cyclotron design did not work for particles near the speed of light, so a new approach was needed. <a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a> co-invented the <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron" title="Synchrotron">synchrotron</a> with <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Veksler" title="Vladimir Veksler">Vladimir Veksler</a> to address the problem. McMillan built an electron synchrotron capable of accelerating electrons to 300 million electron volts (300 MeV), which was operated from 1948 to 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Berkeley accelerator team built the <a href="/wiki/Bevatron" title="Bevatron">Bevatron</a>, a proton synchrotron capable of accelerating protons to an energy of 6.5 gigaelectronvolts (GeV), an energy chosen to be just above the threshold for producing antiprotons. In 1955, during the Bevatron's first full year of operation, Physicists Emilio Segrè and Owen Chamberlain won the competition to observe the antiprotons for the first time. They won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1959 for this discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bevatron remained the highest energy accelerator until the CERN <a href="/wiki/Proton_Synchrotron" title="Proton Synchrotron">Proton Synchrotron</a> started accelerating protons to 25 GeV in 1959. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a> led the design and construction of several liquid hydrogen bubble chambers, which were used to discover a large number of new elementary particles using Bevatron beams. His group also developed measuring systems to record the millions of photographs of particle tracks in the bubble chamber and computer systems to analyze the data. Alvarez won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1968 for the discovery of many elementary particles using this technique.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Alvarez Physics Memos are a set of informal <a href="/wiki/Working_paper" title="Working paper">working papers</a> of the large group of physicists, engineers, computer programmers, and technicians led by <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis W. Alvarez</a> from the early 1950s until his death in 1988. Over 1700 memos are available on-line, hosted by the Laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berkeley Lab is credited with the discovery of 16 elements on the periodic table, more than any other institution, over the period 1940 to 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American Chemical Society has established a National Historical Chemical Landmark at the Lab to memorialize this accomplishment.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Seaborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a> was personally involved in discovering nine of these new elements, and he won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1951 with McMillan.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Founding Laboratory Director Lawrence died in 1958 at the age of 57. McMillan became the second Director, serving in that role until 1972. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_1973_to_1989:_new_capabilities_in_energy_and_environmental_research">From 1973 to 1989: new capabilities in energy and environmental research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: From 1973 to 1989: new capabilities in energy and environmental research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The University of California appointed <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sessler" title="Andrew Sessler">Andrew Sessler</a> as the Laboratory Director in 1973, during the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>. He established the Energy and Environment Division at the Lab, expanding for the first time into applied research that addressed the energy and environmental challenges the country faced.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sessler also joined with other Berkeley physicists to form an organization called Scientists for Sakharov, Orlov, Sharansky (SOS), which led an international protest movement calling attention to the plight of three Soviet scientists who were being persecuted by the U.S.S.R. government.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rosenfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Rosenfeld">Arthur Rosenfeld</a> led the campaign to build up applied energy research at Berkeley Lab. He became widely known as the father of energy efficiency and the person who convinced the nation to adopt energy standards for appliances and buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>, he started up large team efforts that developed several technologies that radically improved energy efficiency. These included compact fluorescent lamps, low-energy refrigerators, and windows that trap heat. He developed the first energy-efficiency standards for buildings and appliances in California, which helped the state to sustain constant electricity use per capita from 1973 to 2006, while it rose by 50% in the rest of the country. This phenomenon is called the <a href="/wiki/Rosenfeld_Effect" title="Rosenfeld Effect">Rosenfeld Effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1980, George Smoot had built up a strong experimental group in Berkeley, building instruments to measure the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">cosmic microwave background</a> (CMB) in order to study the early universe. He became the principal investigator for the Differential Microwave Radiometer (DMR) instrument that was launched in 1989 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">Cosmic Background Explorer</a> (COBE) mission. The full sky maps taken by the DMR made it possible for COBE scientists to discover the anisotropy of the CMB, and Smoot shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2006 with John Mather.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_1990_to_2004:_new_facilities_for_chemistry_and_materials,_nanotechnology,_scientific_computing,_and_genomics"><span id="From_1990_to_2004:_new_facilities_for_chemistry_and_materials.2C_nanotechnology.2C_scientific_computing.2C_and_genomics"></span>From 1990 to 2004: new facilities for chemistry and materials, nanotechnology, scientific computing, and genomics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: From 1990 to 2004: new facilities for chemistry and materials, nanotechnology, scientific computing, and genomics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_V._Shank" title="Charles V. Shank">Charles V. Shank</a> left <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> to become Director of Berkeley Lab in 1989, a position he held for 15 years. During his tenure, four of the five national scientific user facilities started operations at Berkeley, and the fifth started construction.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 5, 1993, the new <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Light_Source" title="Advanced Light Source">Advanced Light Source</a> produced its first beams of x-ray light.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Shirley had proposed in the early 1990s building this new synchrotron source specializing in imaging materials using extreme ultraviolet to soft x-rays. In fall 2001, a major upgrade added "superbends" to produce harder x-rays for beamlines devoted to protein crystallography. </p><p>In 1996, both the <a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Research_Scientific_Computing_Center" title="National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center">National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center</a> (NERSC) and the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Sciences_Network" title="Energy Sciences Network">Energy Sciences Network</a> (ESnet) were moved from <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a> to their new home at Berkeley Lab.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To reestablish NERSC at Berkeley required moving a <a href="/wiki/Cray_C90" title="Cray C90">Cray C90</a>, a first-generation vector processor supercomputer of 1991 vintage, and installing a new <a href="/wiki/Cray_T3E" title="Cray T3E">Cray T3E</a>, the second-generation (1995) model. The NERSC computing capacity was 350 GFlop/s, representing 1/200,000 of the Perlmutter's speed in 2022. Horst Simon was brought to Berkeley as the first Director of NERSC, and he soon became one of the co-editors who managed the <a href="/wiki/Top500" class="mw-redirect" title="Top500">Top500</a> list of supercomputers, a position he has held ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Joint Genome Institute (JGI) was created in 1997 to unite the expertise and resources in genome mapping, DNA sequencing, technology development, and information sciences that had developed at the DOE genome centers at Berkeley Lab, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The JGI was originally established to work on the Human Genome Project (HGP), and generated the complete sequences of Chromosomes 5, 16 and 19. In 2004, the JGI established itself as a national user facility managed by Berkeley Lab, focusing on the broad genomic needs of biology and biotechnology, especially those related to the environment and carbon management.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laboratory Director Shank brought Daniel Chemla from Bell Labs to Berkeley Lab in 1991 to lead the newly formed Division of Materials Science and Engineering. In 1998 Chemla was appointed director of the Advanced Light Source to build it into a world-class scientific user facility.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, Chemla proposed the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_Foundry" title="Molecular Foundry">Molecular Foundry</a>, to make cutting-edge instruments and expertise for <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a> accessible to a broad research community. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Alivisatos" title="Paul Alivisatos">Paul Alivisatos</a> as founding director, and the founding directors of the facilities were <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bertozzi" title="Carolyn Bertozzi">Carolyn Bertozzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Frechet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Frechet">Jean Frechet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Gwon_Sheng_Louie" title="Steven Gwon Sheng Louie">Steven Gwon Sheng Louie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Bokor" title="Jeffrey Bokor">Jeffrey Bokor</a>, and Miquel Salmeron.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Molecular Foundry building was dedicated in 2006, with Bertozzi as Foundry Director and <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a> as Laboratory Director.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Saul Perlmutter</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Supernova_Cosmology_Project" title="Supernova Cosmology Project">Supernova Cosmology Project</a> (SCP), which used a certain type of supernovas as standard candles to study the expansion of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SCP team co-discovered the accelerating expansion of the universe, leading to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">dark energy</a>, an unknown form of energy that drives this acceleration. Perlmutter shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2011 for this discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_2005_to_2015:_addressing_climate_change_and_the_future_of_energy">From 2005 to 2015: addressing climate change and the future of energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: From 2005 to 2015: addressing climate change and the future of energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On August 1, 2004, Nobel-winning physicist Steven Chu was named the sixth Director of Berkeley Lab.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DOE was preparing to compete the management and operations (M&O) contract for Berkeley Lab for the first time, and Chu's first task was to lead the University of California's team that successfully bid for that contract.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial term of the contract was from June 1, 2005, to May 31, 2010, with possible phased extensions for superior management performance up to a total contract term of 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, Berkeley Lab launched the <a href="/wiki/Joint_BioEnergy_Institute" title="Joint BioEnergy Institute">Joint BioEnergy Institute</a>, one of three Bioenergy Research Centers to receive funding from the Genomic Science Program of DOE's Office for Biological and Environmental Research (BER).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JBEI's Chief Executive Officer is <a href="/wiki/Jay_Keasling" title="Jay Keasling">Jay Keasling</a>, who was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> for developing synthetic biology tools needed to engineer the antimalarial drug artemisinin. The DOE Office of Science named Keasling a Distinguished Scientist Fellow in 2021 for advancing the DOE's strategy in renewable energy.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 15, 2008, newly elected President Barack Obama nominated Steven Chu to be the Secretary of Energy.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The University of California chose the Lab's Deputy Director, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Alivisatos" title="Paul Alivisatos">Paul Alivisatos</a>, as the new director.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alivisatos is a materials chemist who won the National Medal of Science for his pioneering work in developing nanomaterials.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued the Lab's focus on renewable energy and climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The DOE established the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Artificial_Photosynthesis" title="Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis">Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis</a> (JCAP) as an Energy Innovation Hub in 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-hubs_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hubs-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> as the lead institution and Berkeley Lab as the lead partner.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lab built a new facility to house the JCAP laboratories and collaborative research space, and it was dedicated as Chu Hall in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After JCAP operated for ten years, in 2020 the Berkeley team became a major partner in a new Energy Innovation Hub, the Liquid Sunlight Alliance (LiSA), with the vision of establishing the science needed to generate liquid fuels economically from sunlight, water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lab also is a major partner on a second Energy Innovation Hub, the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Energy_Storage_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Center for Energy Storage Research">Joint Center for Energy Storage Research</a> (JCESR) which was started in 2013, with <a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a> as the lead institution.<sup id="cite_ref-hubs_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hubs-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lab built a new facility, the General Purpose Laboratory, to house energy storage laboratories and associated research space, which Secretary of Energy Ernest Moniz inaugurated in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission of JCESR is to deliver transformational new concepts and materials that will enable a diversity of high performance next-generation batteries for transportation and the grid. </p><p>On November 12, 2015, Laboratory Director Paul Alivisatos and Deputy Director Horst Simon were joined by University of California President <a href="/wiki/Janet_Napolitano" title="Janet Napolitano">Janet Napolitano</a>, UC Berkeley Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Dirks" title="Nicholas Dirks">Nicholas Dirks</a>, and the head of DOE's ASCR program Barb Helland to dedicate a <a href="/wiki/Shyh_Wang_Hall" title="Shyh Wang Hall">Shyh Wang Hall</a>, a facility designed to host the NERSC supercomputers and staff, the ESnet staff, and the research divisions in the Computing Sciences area.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building was designed with a novel seismic floor for the 20,000 square foot machine room in addition to features that take advantage of the coastal climate to provide energy-efficient air conditioning for the computing systems.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_2016_to_the_present:_building_new_facilities_and_accelerating_decarbonization">From 2016 to the present: building new facilities and accelerating decarbonization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: From 2016 to the present: building new facilities and accelerating decarbonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015 Paul Alivisatos announced that he was stepping down from his role as Laboratory Director. He took two leadership positions at the University of California, Berkeley, before becoming President of the University of Chicago in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The University of California selected <a href="/wiki/Michael_Witherell" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Witherell">Michael Witherell</a>, formerly the Director of Fermilab and Vice Chancellor for Research at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a> as the eighth director of Berkeley Lab starting on March 1, 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, the Laboratory entered a period of intensive modernization: an unprecedented number of major projects to upgrade existing scientific facilities and to build new ones. </p><p>Berkeley Lab physicists led the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Energy_Spectroscopic_Instrument" title="Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument">Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument</a>, which is designed to create three-dimensional maps of the distribution of matter covering an unprecedented volume of the universe with unparalleled detail.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new instrument was installed on the retrofitted Nicholas U. Mayall 4-meter Telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory in 2019. The five-year mission started in 2021, and the map assembled with data taken in the first seven months already included more galaxies than any previous survey.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 27, 2016, The DOE gave approval of the mission need for ALS-U, a major project to upgrade the Advanced Light Source that includes constructing a new storage ring and an accumulator ring.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The horizontal size of the electron beam in ALS will shrink from 100 micrometers to a few micrometers, which will improve the ability to image novel materials needed for next-generation batteries and electronics. With a total project cost of $590 million, this is the largest construction project at the Lab since the ALS was built in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="How_the_Lab's_name_evolved"><span id="How_the_Lab.27s_name_evolved"></span>How the Lab's name evolved</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: How the Lab's name evolved"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after the death of Lawrence in August 1958, the UC Radiation Laboratory (UCRL), including both the Berkeley and Livermore sites, was renamed Lawrence Radiation Laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Berkeley location became Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in 1971,<sup id="cite_ref-apselsl_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apselsl-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-universityofcalifornia.edu_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-universityofcalifornia.edu-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although many continued to call it the RadLab. Gradually, another shortened form came into common usage, LBL. Its formal name was amended to Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in 1995, when "National" was added to the names of all DOE labs. "Ernest Orlando" was later dropped to shorten the name. Today, the lab is commonly referred to as Berkeley Lab.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laboratory_directors">Laboratory directors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Laboratory directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>(1931–1958): <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a></li> <li>(1958–1972): <a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a></li> <li>(1973–1980): <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sessler" title="Andrew Sessler">Andrew Sessler</a></li> <li>(1980–1989): <a href="/wiki/David_Shirley" class="mw-redirect" title="David Shirley">David Shirley</a></li> <li>(1989–2004): <a href="/wiki/Charles_V._Shank" title="Charles V. Shank">Charles V. Shank</a></li> <li>(2004–2008): <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a></li> <li>(2009–2016): <a href="/wiki/Paul_Alivisatos" title="Paul Alivisatos">Paul Alivisatos</a></li> <li>(2016–present): <a href="/wiki/Michael_Witherell" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Witherell">Michael Witherell</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations_and_governance">Operations and governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Operations and governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The University of California operates Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory under a contract with the Department of Energy. The site consists of 76 buildings (owned by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a>) located on 200 acres (0.81 km<sup>2</sup>) owned by the university in the Berkeley Hills. Altogether, the Lab has 3,663 UC employees, of whom about 800 are students or postdocs, and each year it hosts more than 3,000 participating guest scientists. There are approximately two dozen DOE employees stationed at the laboratory to provide federal oversight of Berkeley Lab's work for the DOE. The laboratory director, Michael Witherell, is appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Regents of the University of California">university regents</a> and reports to the university president. Although Berkeley Lab is governed by UC independently of the Berkeley campus, the two entities are closely interconnected:<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more than 200 Berkeley Lab researchers hold joint appointments as UC Berkeley faculty. </p><p>The laboratory budget was $1.495 billion dollars in fiscal year 2023, while the total obligations were $1.395 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-annualreport_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annualreport-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-annualreport-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-annualreport_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-annualreport_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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LBNL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240626060111/https://cfo.lbl.gov/annual-financial-report/">Archived</a> from the original on June 26, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240802180904/https://www.lbl.gov/about/">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nsf.gov&rft.atitle=Master+Government+List+of+Federally+Funded+R%26D+Centers+%7C+NCSES+%7C+NSF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fstatistics%2Fffrdclist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+Berkeley+National+Laboratory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lbl.gov/research/">"Research"</a>. 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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140821120826/http://www.lbl.gov/history/">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224215530/https://www.lbl.gov/capabilities/">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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American Physical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051100/http://www.aps.org/programs/outreach/history/historicsites/lawrencelivingston.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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May 30, 2014. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F2.321405.05">10.1117/2.321405.05</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="University of California, Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Merced" title="University of California, Merced">Merced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside" title="University of California, Riverside">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Francisco" title="University of California, San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">Santa Cruz</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_University_of_California.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="UCD Water tower"><img alt="UCD Water tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Seal_of_the_University_of_California.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_University_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Seal_of_the_University_of_California.svg/158px-Seal_of_the_University_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Seal_of_the_University_of_California.svg/210px-Seal_of_the_University_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Regents of the University of California">Regents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California_student_regent" title="University of California student regent">Student regent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California_police_departments" title="University of California police departments">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Student_Association" title="University of California Student Association">Student Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%">National Lab</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lawrence Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%">Observatories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lick_Observatory" title="Lick Observatory">Lick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. M. Keck Observatory">W. M. Keck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%">Institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_for_Telecommunications_and_Information_Technology" title="California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology">Telecommunications and Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Information_Technology_Research_in_the_Interest_of_Society" title="Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society">Information Technology Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_NanoSystems_Institute" title="California NanoSystems Institute">NanoSystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_for_Quantitative_Biosciences" title="California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences">Quantitative Biosciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography" title="Scripps Institution of Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Natural_Reserve_System" title="University of California Natural Reserve System">Natural Reserve System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">UCD</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California, Davis Medical Center">Medical Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">UCI</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine_Medical_Center" title="University of California, Irvine Medical Center">Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCI_Health_%E2%80%93_Fountain_Valley" title="UCI Health – Fountain Valley">Fountain Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCI_Health_%E2%80%93_Lakewood" title="UCI Health – Lakewood">Lakewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCI_Health_%E2%80%93_Los_Alamitos" title="UCI Health – Los Alamitos">Los Alamitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCI_Health_%E2%80%93_Placentia" title="UCI Health – Placentia">Placentia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UCLA_Health" title="UCLA Health"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">UCLA</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_UCLA_Medical_Center" title="Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCLA_Medical_Center,_Santa_Monica" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica">Santa Monica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor%E2%80%93UCLA_Medical_Center" title="Harbor–UCLA Medical Center">Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_View%E2%80%93UCLA_Medical_Center" title="Olive View–UCLA Medical Center">Olive View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_UCLA_Medical_Center#Resnick_Neuropsychiatric_Hospital_at_UCLA" title="Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center">Neuropsychiatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCLA_Mattel_Children%27s_Hospital" title="UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital">Children's Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonsson_Comprehensive_Cancer_Center" title="Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center">Cancer Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UC_San_Diego_Health" title="UC San Diego Health"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">UCSD</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UC_San_Diego_Medical_Center,_Hillcrest" title="UC San Diego Medical Center, Hillcrest">Medical Center, Hillcrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobs_Medical_Center" title="Jacobs Medical Center">Jacobs Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moores_Cancer_Center" title="Moores Cancer Center">Cancer Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UC_San_Diego_Health_East_Campus_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="UC San Diego Health East Campus Medical Center">East Campus Medical Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UCSF_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="UCSF Health"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">UCSF</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Francisco_Medical_Center" title="University of California, San Francisco Medical Center">Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCSF_Bakar_Cancer_Hospital" title="UCSF Bakar Cancer Hospital">Cancer Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCSF_Benioff_Children%27s_Hospital" title="UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital">Children's Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCSF_Betty_Irene_Moore_Women%27s_Hospital" title="UCSF Betty Irene Moore Women's Hospital">Women's Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCSF_Helen_Diller_Family_Comprehensive_Cancer_Center" title="UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center">Cancer Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Francisco_Fetal_Treatment_Center" title="University of California, San Francisco Fetal Treatment Center">Fetal Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_Memorial_Hospital" title="Saint Francis Memorial Hospital">Saint Francis Memorial Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Medical_Center_(San_Francisco)" title="St. Mary's Medical Center (San Francisco)">St. Mary's Medical Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1295D8; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB511, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB511;;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Digital_Library" title="California Digital Library">California Digital Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">Press</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_California_Press_journals" title="List of University of California Press journals">journals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Television" title="University of California Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Libraries" title="University of California Libraries">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:University_of_California_student_newspapers" title="Template:University of California student newspapers">Student newspapers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Department_of_Energy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="Template:United States Department of Energy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="Template talk:United States Department of Energy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Department of Energy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Department_of_Energy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Headquarters: <a href="/wiki/James_V._Forrestal_Building" title="James V. Forrestal Building">James V. Forrestal Building</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm" title="Jennifer Granholm">Jennifer Granholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turk" title="David Turk">David Turk</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Energy">Deputy Secretary of Energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Energy">Deputy Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Intelligence_and_Counterintelligence" title="Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence">Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARPA-E" title="ARPA-E">Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Energy.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Energy.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Energy.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Energy_for_Infrastructure" title="Under Secretary of Energy for Infrastructure">Under Secretary of Energy for Infrastructure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, & Energy Response</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Energy_for_Nuclear_Security" title="Under Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Security">Under Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Nuclear_Security_Administration" title="National Nuclear Security Administration">National Nuclear Security Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Energy_for_Science_and_Innovation" title="Under Secretary of Energy for Science and Innovation">Under Secretary of Energy for Science and Innovation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science" title="Office of Science">Office of Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Scientific_and_Technical_Information" title="Office of Scientific and Technical Information">OSTI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Electricity" title="Office of Electricity">Office of Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy" title="Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy">Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_Energy_for_Fossil_Energy" title="Assistant Secretary of Energy for Fossil Energy">Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Nuclear_Energy" title="Office of Nuclear Energy">Office of Nuclear Energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_Energy_for_Nuclear_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Energy">Assistant Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Nuclear_Energy" title="Office of Nuclear Energy">Office of Nuclear Energy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Power_Marketing_Administration" title="Power Marketing Administration">Power Marketing Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonneville_Power_Administration" title="Bonneville Power Administration">Bonneville Power Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Power_Administration" title="Southeastern Power Administration">Southeastern Power Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Power_Administration" title="Southwestern Power Administration">Southwestern Power Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Area_Power_Administration" title="Western Area Power Administration">Western Area Power Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy_national_laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Energy national laboratories">National Laboratory System</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ames_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Ames Laboratory">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Laboratory" title="New Brunswick Laboratory">NBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Nanoscale_Materials" title="Center for Nanoscale Materials">CNM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Photon_Source" title="Advanced Photon Source">APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonne_Tandem_Linear_Accelerator_System" title="Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator System">ATLAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_Microscopy_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron Microscopy Center">EMC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Berkeley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Light_Source" title="Advanced Light Source">ALS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_Foundry" title="Molecular Foundry">MF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Electron_Microscopy" title="National Center for Electron Microscopy">NCEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Research_Scientific_Computing_Center" title="National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center">NERSCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Sciences_Network" title="Energy Sciences Network">ESN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Genome_Institute" title="Joint Genome Institute">JGI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternating_Gradient_Synchrotron" title="Alternating Gradient Synchrotron">AGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Functional_Nanomaterials" title="Center for Functional Nanomaterials">CFN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synchrotron_Light_Source" title="National Synchrotron Light Source">NSLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synchrotron_Light_Source_II" title="National Synchrotron Light Source II">NSLS II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_Heavy_Ion_Collider" title="Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider">RHIC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermilab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tevatron" title="Tevatron">TeV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_National_Laboratory" title="Idaho National Laboratory">Idaho</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_and_Environmental_Sciences_Laboratory" title="Radiological and Environmental Sciences Laboratory">RESL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_National_Accelerator_Facility" title="Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility">JLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Livermore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Atmospheric_Release_Advisory_Center" title="National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center">NARAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ignition_Facility" title="National Ignition Facility">NIF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual-Axis_Radiographic_Hydrodynamic_Test_Facility" title="Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test Facility">DARHTF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Technology_Laboratory" title="National Energy Technology Laboratory">NETL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Research_Center" title="Albany Research Center">Albany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory" title="National Renewable Energy Laboratory">NREL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spallation_Neutron_Source" title="Spallation Neutron Source">SNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Nanophase_Materials_Sciences" title="Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences">CNMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Flux_Isotope_Reactor" title="High Flux Isotope Reactor">HFIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Computational_Sciences" title="National Center for Computational Sciences">NCCS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_National_Laboratory" title="Pacific Northwest National Laboratory">Pacific Northwest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Molecular_Sciences_Laboratory" title="Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory">EMSL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Plasma_Physics_Laboratory" title="Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory">PPPL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Spherical_Torus_Experiment" title="National Spherical Torus Experiment">NSTX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokamak_Fusion_Test_Reactor" title="Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor">TFTR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_River_National_Laboratory" title="Savannah River National Laboratory">SRNL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandia_National_Laboratories" title="Sandia National Laboratories">Sandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Z_Pulsed_Power_Facility" title="Z Pulsed Power Facility">Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLAC_National_Accelerator_Laboratory" title="SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory">SLAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Synchrotron_Radiation_Lightsource" title="Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource">SSRL</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Energy Department Facilities and Reservations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernald_Feed_Materials_Production_Center" title="Fernald Feed Materials Production Center">Fernald NLO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford_Site" title="Hanford Site">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">K-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas City Plant">Kansas City Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Test_Site" title="Nevada Test Site">Nevada Test Site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahute_Mesa#Area_19" title="Pahute Mesa">Area 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahute_Mesa#Area_20" title="Pahute Mesa">Area 20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Home_Heating_Oil_Reserve" title="Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve">NHHOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantex_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantex Plant">Pantex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Flats_Plant" title="Rocky Flats Plant">Rocky Flats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Susana_Field_Laboratory" title="Santa Susana Field Laboratory">SSFL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Technology_Engineering_Center" title="Energy Technology Engineering Center">ETEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_Reactor_Experiment" title="Sodium Reactor Experiment">SRE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_River_Site" title="Savannah River Site">SRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Petroleum_Reserve_(United_States)" title="Strategic Petroleum Reserve (United States)">SPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_Isolation_Pilot_Plant" title="Waste Isolation Pilot Plant">WIPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y-12_National_Security_Complex" title="Y-12 National Security Complex">Y-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucca_Mountain_nuclear_waste_repository" title="Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository">Yucca Mountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related Independent Agency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission" title="Federal Energy Regulatory Commission">Federal Energy Regulatory Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133630#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133630#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133630#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/116871-X">Germany</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5289136-7">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50000351">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11885260z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11885260z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35294529">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2010589314&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lawrence Radiation Laboratory"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2010589312&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2010589313&CON_LNG=ENG">3</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/458795">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90950598">Norway</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/31fjm98m2xv4463">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007326147505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/47258">Museum of Modern 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