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id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Torah scroll</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Torah_scroll" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Torah_scroll" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only 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minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For tractate Sefer Torah, see <a href="/wiki/Minor_tractates" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor tractates">Minor tractates</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>Torah scroll</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה</span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><b>Sefer Torah</b></i></span>, lit. "Book of Torah"; plural: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">סִפְרֵי תוֹרָה</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><b>Sifrei Torah</b></i></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">handwritten copy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, meaning the <a href="/wiki/Five_books_of_Moses" class="mw-redirect" title="Five books of Moses">five books of Moses</a> (the first books of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>). The Torah <a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scroll</a> is mainly used in the ritual of <a href="/wiki/Torah_reading" title="Torah reading">Torah reading</a> during <a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Jewish prayers</a>. At other times, it is stored in the holiest spot within a <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Torah_ark" title="Torah ark">Torah ark</a>, which is usually an ornate curtained-off cabinet or section of the synagogue built along the wall that most closely faces <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mizrah" title="Mizrah">direction Jews face</a> when <a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">praying</a>. </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SeferTorah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/SeferTorah.jpg/220px-SeferTorah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/SeferTorah.jpg/330px-SeferTorah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/SeferTorah.jpg/440px-SeferTorah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264"></a><figcaption>A Sephardic Torah scroll rolled to the first paragraph of the <a href="/wiki/Shema" title="Shema">Shema</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG/220px-K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG/330px-K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG/440px-K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="2040"></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> Torah scroll rolled to the <a href="/wiki/Decalogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Decalogue">Decalogue</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keneseth_Eliyahoo_Synagogue,_Interior,_Tora_Cases.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Keneseth_Eliyahoo_Synagogue%2C_Interior%2C_Tora_Cases.jpg/220px-Keneseth_Eliyahoo_Synagogue%2C_Interior%2C_Tora_Cases.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Keneseth_Eliyahoo_Synagogue%2C_Interior%2C_Tora_Cases.jpg/330px-Keneseth_Eliyahoo_Synagogue%2C_Interior%2C_Tora_Cases.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Keneseth_Eliyahoo_Synagogue%2C_Interior%2C_Tora_Cases.jpg/440px-Keneseth_Eliyahoo_Synagogue%2C_Interior%2C_Tora_Cases.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2794" data-file-height="3264"></a><figcaption>Torah cases at <a href="/wiki/Knesset_Eliyahoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Knesset Eliyahoo">Knesset Eliyahoo Synagogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The text of the Torah is also commonly printed and <a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">bound</a> in <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">book form</a> for non-ritual functions, called a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Chumash</a></i></span> (plural <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Chumashim</i></span>; "five-part", for the five books of Moses), and is often accompanied by commentaries or translations. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Single-scroll_Pentateuch"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Single-scroll Pentateuch</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#En-Gedi_Scroll"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">En-Gedi Scroll</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Usage"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Usage</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Production"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Production</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Parchment_and_ink"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Parchment and ink</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Scribal_work"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Scribal work</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Commandment_to_write_a_scroll"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Commandment to write a scroll</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Professional_scribes_(soferim)"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Professional scribes (<i>soferim</i>)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Printed_Torah_(Chumash)"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Printed Torah (<i>Chumash</i>)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Torah_ark"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Torah ark</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Torah_decorations"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Torah decorations</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Mizrachi_and_Romaniote_traditions"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Mizrachi and Romaniote traditions</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Inauguration"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Inauguration</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Biblical_roots"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Biblical roots</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Handling_the_scroll"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Handling the scroll</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Torah_scroll&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single-scroll_Pentateuch">Single-scroll Pentateuch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Torah_scroll&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Single-scroll Pentateuch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The researchers working on the En-Gedi Scroll have concluded that by the fourth century CE, there was no halakhic rule yet prescribing that scrolls used for liturgical purposes must contain the entire Pentateuch.<sup id="cite_ref-ANET_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANET-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018, no other statements regarding when this rule came into being could be made with any degree of certainty.<sup id="cite_ref-ANET_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANET-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It must be noted that, while the physically determined date for the scroll points to the 3rd or 4th centuries, its text has been palaeographically dated by <a href="/wiki/Ada_Yardeni" title="Ada Yardeni">Ada Yardeni</a> to the first century CE or the early second at the latest, a discrepancy not uncommon in this field, which could push back in time the entire discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-AY16_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AY16-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="En-Gedi_Scroll">En-Gedi Scroll</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Torah_scroll&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: En-Gedi Scroll" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/En-Gedi_Scroll" title="En-Gedi Scroll">En-Gedi Scroll</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/En-Gedi_Scroll" title="En-Gedi Scroll">En-Gedi Scroll</a> is a Hebrew parchment <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon-dated" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocarbon-dated">radiocarbon-dated</a> to the 3rd or 4th century CE (88.9% certainty for 210–390 CE), although paleographical considerations suggest that it may date back to the 1st or early 2nd century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-sci_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sci-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AY16_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AY16-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The charred scroll, found <i>in situ</i> in the synagogue's Torah niche, was discovered to contain a portion of <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ANET_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANET-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the earliest copy of a Pentateuchal book ever found in a <a href="/wiki/Holy_Ark" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Ark">Holy Ark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sci_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sci-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deciphered text fragment is identical to what was to become during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> the standard text of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a>, which it precedes by several centuries; it thus constitutes the earliest evidence of this authoritative text version. The scroll is badly charred and fragmented and required noninvasive scientific techniques to virtually unwrap and read.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Torah_scroll&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Usage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p><a href="/wiki/Torah_reading" title="Torah reading">Torah reading</a> from a Torah scroll or <i>Sefer Torah</i> is traditionally reserved for Monday and Thursday mornings, as well as for <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fast</a> days, and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish holidays</a>. The presence of a <a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">quorum</a> of ten Jewish adults (<i><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">minyan</a></i>) is required for the reading of the Torah to be held in public during the course of the worship services. As <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">the Torah is sung</a>, following the often dense text is aided by a <i><a href="/wiki/Yad" title="Yad">yad</a></i> ("hand"), a metal or wooden hand-shaped pointer that protects the scrolls by avoiding unnecessary contact of the skin with the parchment. </p><p>All Jewish prayers start with a <a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">blessing</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Berakhah" title="Berakhah">berakhah</a></i>), thanking God for <a href="/wiki/Revelation#Judaism" title="Revelation">revealing the Law to the Jews</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Matan_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Matan Torah">Matan Torah</a></i>), before Torah reading and all days during the first blessings of the morning prayer (<i><a href="/wiki/Shacharit" title="Shacharit">Shacharit</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (July 2019)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Torah_scroll#Once_translated_to_English,_the_second_half_becomes_nonsensical:_one_starts_blessings_with_a_blessing?_Maybe_%22Berakhot%22_is_a_specific_term,_not_just_%22blessings%22,_but_the_wikilink_leads_to_a_useless_disambiguation_page." title="Talk:Torah scroll">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Torah_scroll&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Production" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ktav_Stam" title="Ktav Stam">Ktav Stam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemenite_Sefer_Torah_on_Givil_200_years_old.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Yemenite_Sefer_Torah_on_Givil_200_years_old.jpg/220px-Yemenite_Sefer_Torah_on_Givil_200_years_old.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Yemenite_Sefer_Torah_on_Givil_200_years_old.jpg/220px-Yemenite_Sefer_Torah_on_Givil_200_years_old.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Yemenite_Sefer_Torah_on_Givil_200_years_old.jpg/330px-Yemenite_Sefer_Torah_on_Givil_200_years_old.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Yemenite_Sefer_Torah_on_Givil_200_years_old.jpg/440px-Yemenite_Sefer_Torah_on_Givil_200_years_old.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A 200-year-old Yemenite Torah scroll, on <i>gevil</i>, from the Rambam Synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Nachlaot" title="Nachlaot">Nahalat Ahim</a>, Jerusalem. The <i>sofer</i> (<a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">scribe</a>) was from the Sharabi family.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a> (Jewish law), a Torah scroll is a copy of the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Hebrew text</a> of the Torah handwritten on special types of <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a> by using a <a href="/wiki/Quill" title="Quill">quill</a> or another permitted writing utensil, dipped in ink. Producing a Torah scroll fulfills one of the <a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613 commandments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Essential_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essential-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Written entirely in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>, a Torah scroll contains 304,805 letters, all of which must be duplicated precisely by a trained scribe, or <i><a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">sofer</a></i>, an effort which may take as long as approximately one and a half years. An error during transcription may render the Torah scroll <i>pasul</i> ("invalid").<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parchment_and_ink">Parchment and ink</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Torah_scroll&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Parchment and ink" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, all scrolls must be written on <i><a href="/wiki/Gevil" title="Gevil">gevil</a></i> parchment that is treated with salt, flour and <i>m'afatsim</i> (a residue of wasp enzyme and tree bark)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to be valid. Scrolls not processed in this way are considered invalid.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are only two types of kosher <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a> allowed for a Torah scroll: <i><a href="/wiki/Gevil" title="Gevil">gevil</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Klaf" title="Klaf">klaf</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Essential_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essential-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scroll_ink_materials.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Scroll_ink_materials.JPG/220px-Scroll_ink_materials.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="579"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Scroll_ink_materials.JPG/220px-Scroll_ink_materials.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Scroll_ink_materials.JPG/330px-Scroll_ink_materials.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Scroll_ink_materials.JPG/440px-Scroll_ink_materials.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Ingredients used in making ink for Hebrew scrolls today.</figcaption></figure> <p>The ink used is subject to specific rules.<sup id="cite_ref-sfrt_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfrt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ink has to adhere to a surface that is rolled and unrolled, so special inks were developed. Even so, ink would slowly flake off and if the ink from too many letters is lost, a Torah scroll is no longer used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scribal_work">Scribal work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Torah_scroll&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scribal work" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>After the preparation of the parchment sheet, the scribe must mark out the parchment using the <i>sargel</i> ("ruler") ensuring the guidelines are straight. Only the top guide is done and the letters suspended from it. Most modern Torah scrolls are written with forty-two (42) lines of text per column (<a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a> use fifty-one (51)). Very strict rules about the position and appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a> are observed.<sup id="cite_ref-sfrt_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfrt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any of several <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew scripts</a> may be used, most of which are fairly ornate and exacting. The fidelity of the Hebrew text of the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>, and the Torah in particular, is considered paramount, down to the last letter: translations or transcriptions are frowned upon for formal service use, and transcribing is done with painstaking care.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some errors are inevitable in the course of production. If the error involves a word other than the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names of God</a> the mistaken letter may be obliterated from the scroll by scraping the letter off the scroll with a sharp object. If the name of God is written in error, the entire page must be cut from the scroll and a new page added, and the page written anew from the beginning. The new page is sewn into the scroll to maintain continuity of the document. The old page is treated with appropriate respect, and is buried with respect rather than being otherwise destroyed or discarded.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The completion of the Torah scroll is a cause for great celebration, and honoured guests of the individual who commissioned the Torah are invited to a celebration wherein each of the honored guests is given the opportunity to write one of the final letters. It is a great honour to be chosen for this.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Commandment_to_write_a_scroll">Commandment to write a scroll</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Torah_scroll&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Commandment to write a scroll" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_Mitzvah_to_Write_a_Torah_Scroll" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mitzvah to Write a Torah Scroll">The Mitzvah to Write a Torah Scroll</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Religious_text_primary plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>uses <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">texts from within a religion or faith system</a></b> without referring to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PSTS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PSTS">secondary sources</a> that critically analyze them.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torah_scroll&action=edit">improve this article</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It is a religious duty or <i><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvah</a></i> for every Jewish male to either write or have written for him a Torah scroll. Of the 613 commandments, one – the 82nd as enumerated by <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>, and the final as it occurs in the text the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Book of Deuteronomy</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%2031:19&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 31:19</a>) – is that every Jewish male should write a Torah scroll in his lifetime. This is law number 613 of 613 in the list of Laws of the Torah as recorded by Rabbi Joseph Telushkin in his book "Biblical Literacy", 1st edition, New York: Morrow 1997, p. 592: "The commandment that each Jew should write a Torah scroll during his lifetime." </p><p>It is considered a tremendous merit to write (or commission the writing of) a Torah scroll, and a significant honour to have a Torah scroll written in one's honour or memory.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Professional_scribes_(soferim)"><span id="Professional_scribes_.28soferim.29"></span>Professional scribes (<i>soferim</i>)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Torah_scroll&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Professional scribes (soferim)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Torah_scroll" title="Special:EditPage/Torah scroll">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In modern times, it is usual for some scholars to become <i><a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">soferim</a></i> and to be paid to complete a Torah scroll under contract on behalf of a community or by individuals to mark a special occasion or commemoration. Because of the work involved, these can cost tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/US_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="US dollar">US dollars</a> to produce to ritually proper standards. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Printed_Torah_(Chumash)"><span id="Printed_Torah_.28Chumash.29"></span>Printed Torah (<i>Chumash</i>)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Torah_scroll&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Printed Torah (Chumash)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Torah_scroll" title="Special:EditPage/Torah scroll">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A printed version of the Torah is known colloquially as a <a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Chumash</a> (plural <i>Chumashim</i>). Although strictly speaking it is known as Chamishah Chumshei Torah (Five "Fifths" of Torah). They are treated as respected texts, but not anywhere near the level of sacredness accorded a Torah scroll, which is often a major possession of a Jewish community. A <i>chumash</i> contains the Torah and other writings, usually organised for liturgical use, and sometimes accompanied by some of the main classic commentaries. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Torah_ark">Torah ark</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Torah_scroll&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Torah ark" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p>While not in use, a Torah scroll (<i>Sefer Torah</i>) is housed in the <a href="/wiki/Torah_ark" title="Torah ark">Torah ark</a> (<i>Aron Kodesh</i> or <i>Hekhal</i>), which in its turn is usually veiled by an embroidered <a href="/wiki/Parochet" title="Parochet">parochet</a> (curtain), as it should be according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2026:31%E2%80%9334&version=nrsv">Exodus 26:31–34</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Torah_decorations">Torah decorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Torah_scroll&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Torah decorations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Torah_finials" title="Torah finials">Torah finials</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SilverTorahCase.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/SilverTorahCase.jpg/220px-SilverTorahCase.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/SilverTorahCase.jpg/220px-SilverTorahCase.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/SilverTorahCase.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A sterling silver Torah case. In some traditions the Torah is housed in an ornamental wooden case.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TorahBreastPlate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/TorahBreastPlate.jpg/220px-TorahBreastPlate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="403"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 222px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/TorahBreastPlate.jpg/220px-TorahBreastPlate.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="222" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/TorahBreastPlate.jpg/330px-TorahBreastPlate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/TorahBreastPlate.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A Sterling Silver Torah Breast Plate - or Hoshen - often decorate Torah Scrolls.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TorahCrown1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/TorahCrown1.jpg/220px-TorahCrown1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/TorahCrown1.jpg/220px-TorahCrown1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/TorahCrown1.jpg/330px-TorahCrown1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/TorahCrown1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A set of sterling silver <a href="/wiki/Finial" title="Finial">finials</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Torah_finials" title="Torah finials">rimmonim</a></i>, from the Hebrew for "<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a>") are used to decorate the top ends of the rollers.</figcaption></figure> <p>The gold and silver ornaments belonging to the scroll are collectively known as <i>kele kodesh</i> (sacred vessels). The scroll itself will often be girded with a strip of silk (see <a href="/wiki/Wimpel" title="Wimpel">wimpel</a>) and "robed" with a piece of protective fine fabric, called the "Mantle of the Law". It is decorated with an ornamental <a href="/wiki/Priestly_breastplate" title="Priestly breastplate">priestly breastplate</a>, scroll-handles (<i>‘etz ḥayyim</i>), and the principal ornament—the "Crown of the Law", which is made to fit over the upper ends of the rollers when the scroll is closed. Some scrolls have two crowns, one for each upper end. The metalwork is often made of beaten silver, sometimes gilded.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The scroll-handles, breastplate and crown often have little bells attached to them. </p><p>The housing has two rollers, each of which has two handles used for scrolling the text, four handles in all. Between the handles and the rollers are round plates or disks which are carved with images of holy places, engraved with dedications to the donor's parents or other loved ones, and decorated with gold or silver.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mizrachi_and_Romaniote_traditions">Mizrachi and Romaniote traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Torah_scroll&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mizrachi and Romaniote traditions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Torah_scrolls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Two_Torah_scrolls.jpg/220px-Two_Torah_scrolls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Two_Torah_scrolls.jpg/220px-Two_Torah_scrolls.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Two_Torah_scrolls.jpg/330px-Two_Torah_scrolls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Two_Torah_scrolls.jpg/440px-Two_Torah_scrolls.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Traditional Oriental Torah cases</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrachi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote traditions</a>, the Torah scroll is generally not robed in a mantle, but rather housed in an ornamental wooden case which protects the scroll, called a "tik", plural <i>tikim</i>. Some <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a> communities — those communities associated with the Spanish diaspora, such as <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Morocco" title="History of the Jews in Morocco">Moroccan Jews</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Spanish and Portuguese Jews</a> (with the exception of the Hamburg tradition<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and the <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a> communities of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> — also use <i>tikim,</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this is not always the case.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Inauguration">Inauguration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Torah_scroll&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Inauguration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_a_Torah_scroll" title="Inauguration of a Torah scroll">Inauguration of a Torah scroll</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_10909_Architecture_of_Israel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/PikiWiki_Israel_10909_Architecture_of_Israel.JPG/250px-PikiWiki_Israel_10909_Architecture_of_Israel.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/PikiWiki_Israel_10909_Architecture_of_Israel.JPG/250px-PikiWiki_Israel_10909_Architecture_of_Israel.JPG" data-width="250" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/PikiWiki_Israel_10909_Architecture_of_Israel.JPG/375px-PikiWiki_Israel_10909_Architecture_of_Israel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/PikiWiki_Israel_10909_Architecture_of_Israel.JPG/500px-PikiWiki_Israel_10909_Architecture_of_Israel.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Torah scrolls are escorted into a new synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Kfar_Maimon" title="Kfar Maimon">Kfar Maimon</a>, Israel, 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>The installation of a new Torah scroll into a synagogue, or into the sanctuary or study hall (<i><a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">beth midrash</a></i>) of a religious school (<i><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshiva</a></i>), rabbinical college, university campus, nursing home, military base, or other institution, is done in <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_a_Torah_scroll" title="Inauguration of a Torah scroll">a ceremony</a> known as <i>hachnosas sefer Torah</i>, or "ushering in a Torah scroll"; this is accompanied by celebratory dancing, singing, and a festive meal.<sup id="cite_ref-chabad_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chabad-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_roots">Biblical roots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Torah_scroll&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Biblical roots" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>This practice has its source in the escorting of the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, led by King <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>. As described in the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Books of Samuel</a>, this event was marked by dancing and the playing of musical instruments (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Samuel%206:14%E2%80%9315&version=nrsv">2 Samuel 6:14–15</a>). Both the priests or <i><a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">kohanim</a></i> and David himself "danced before the Ark" or "danced before the Lord".<sup id="cite_ref-chabad_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chabad-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Handling_the_scroll">Handling the scroll</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Torah_scroll&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Handling the scroll" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Torah_scroll" title="Special:EditPage/Torah scroll">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Special prayers are recited when the Torah scroll is removed from the ark and the text is chanted, rather than spoken, in a special melodic manner (see <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Cantillation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nigun" title="Nigun">Nigun</a>). Whenever the scroll is opened to be read it is laid on a piece of cloth called the <i>mappah</i>. When the Torah scroll is carried through the synagogue, the members of the congregation may touch the edge of their prayer shawl (<i><a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">tallit</a></i>) to the Torah scroll and then kiss the shawl as a sign of respect. As it is important to guard the sanctity of a Torah, dropping it, or allowing it to fall, is regarded as a desecration. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Torah_scroll&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="24" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Jewish">Jewish portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="24" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Five Megillot</a> (the "Five Scrolls"), parts of the Hebrew Bible traditionally grouped together</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakhel" title="Hakhel">Hakhel</a>, biblical commandment to assemble for a Torah reading</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ktav Ashuri</a>, the Aramaic alphabet adopted by Judaism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hebrew_Bible_manuscripts" title="List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts">List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts</a> - list of ancient scrolls and codices</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikkun_(book)" title="Tikkun (book)">Tikkun (book)</a>, used to prepare for the reading of Torah scroll in synagogue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll_(Yemenite)" title="Torah scroll (Yemenite)">Torah scroll (Yemenite)</a>, the specific Yemenite (as opposed to Ashkenazi or Sephardic) tradition of writing the Torah scroll</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Torah_Registry" title="Universal Torah Registry">Universal Torah Registry</a>, an initiative to prevent Torah scroll theft</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Torah_scroll&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ANET-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANET_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANET_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANET_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRendsburg2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_A._Rendsburg" title="Gary A. Rendsburg">Rendsburg, Gary A.</a> (March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180319040625/http://www.asor.org/anetoday/2018/03/Worlds-Oldest-Torah-Scrolls">"The World's Oldest Torah Scrolls"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ANE_Today" class="mw-redirect" title="ANE Today">ANE Today</a></i>. <b>VI</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/American_School_of_Oriental_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="American School of Oriental Research">American School of Oriental Research</a> (ASOR). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asor.org/anetoday/2018/03/Worlds-Oldest-Torah-Scrolls">the original</a> on 19 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ANE+Today&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Oldest+Torah+Scrolls&rft.volume=VI&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2018-03&rft.aulast=Rendsburg&rft.aufirst=Gary+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asor.org%2Fanetoday%2F2018%2F03%2FWorlds-Oldest-Torah-Scrolls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah+scroll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AY16-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AY16_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AY16_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ada_Yardeni" title="Ada Yardeni">Yardeni, Ada</a>. "Appendix: Palaeographic Description". In Michael Segal, <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Tov" title="Emanuel Tov">Emanuel Tov</a>, William Brent Seales, Clifford Seth Parker, Pnina Shor, Yosef Porath: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openscholar.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/he_bible_project/files/m._segal1.1.pdf">"An Early Leviticus Scroll from En Gedi: Preliminary Publication"</a> (PDF). <i>Textus</i> <b>26</b> (2016). Accessed 10 March 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sci-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sci_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sci_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Lazaro2016" class="citation web cs1">de Lazaro, Enrico (September 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sci.news/archaeology/en-gedi-scroll-deciphered-04216.html">"En-Gedi Scroll Finally Deciphered"</a>. <i>Sci-News.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sci-News.com&rft.atitle=En-Gedi+Scroll+Finally+Deciphered&rft.date=2016-09-23&rft.aulast=de+Lazaro&rft.aufirst=Enrico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sci.news%2Farchaeology%2Fen-gedi-scroll-deciphered-04216.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah+scroll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Lazaro2016" class="citation news cs1">de Lazaro, Enrico (September 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sci-news.com/archaeology/en-gedi-scroll-deciphered-04216.html">"En-Gedi Scroll Finally Deciphered"</a>. <i>Sci News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sci+News&rft.atitle=En-Gedi+Scroll+Finally+Deciphered&rft.date=2016-09-23&rft.aulast=de+Lazaro&rft.aufirst=Enrico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sci-news.com%2Farchaeology%2Fen-gedi-scroll-deciphered-04216.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah+scroll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Yehudah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Yehudah">Rabbi Yehudah</a> said: "They did not recite the blessings over the Torah before studying it!" (<i><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bava_Metzia" title="Bava Metzia">Bava Metzia</a> 85a-b</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Essential-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Essential_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essential_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The k'laf/parchment on which the Torah scroll is written, the hair or sinew with which the panels of parchment are sewn together, and the quill pen with which the text is written all must come from ritually clean —that is, kosher— animals."<i>Essential Torah: A Complete Guide to the Five Books of Moses</i> by George Robinson. (Schocken, 2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8052-4186-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8052-4186-8">0-8052-4186-8</a>. pp.10–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattegay,_Lubrich2018" class="citation book cs1">Battegay, Lubrich, Caspar, Naomi (2018). <i>Jewish Switzerland: 50 Objects Tell Their Stories</i>. Basel: Christoph Merian. pp. 50–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3856168476" title="Special:BookSources/978-3856168476"><bdi>978-3856168476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Switzerland%3A+50+Objects+Tell+Their+Stories&rft.place=Basel&rft.pages=50-53&rft.pub=Christoph+Merian&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3856168476&rft.aulast=Battegay%2C+Lubrich&rft.aufirst=Caspar%2C+Naomi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah+scroll" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bidsquare.com/online-auctions/artemis-gallery/handwritten-18th-c-hebrew-torah-scroll---from-morocco-1184287">Handwritten 18th C. Hebrew Torah Scroll - from Morocco</a>, Bidsquare, 11 Oct 2018, accessed 28 July 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Hilkoth Tefillin 1:8 & 1:14, <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sfrt-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sfrt_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfrt_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hasoferet.com/halakha-for-scribes/mishnat-soferim">Mishnat Soferim The forms of the letters</a> translated by Jen Taylor Friedman (geniza.net)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Melamed" title="Eliezer Melamed">Eliezer Melamed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ph.yhb.org.il/07-04-01/">The Mitzvah to Write a Torah Scroll</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peninei_Halakha" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninei Halakha">Peninei Halakha</a> in Hebrew</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mosel, Wilhelm: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203122122/http://www1.uni-hamburg.de/rz3a035//1markt.html">"Synagoge der Portugiesisch-Jüdischen Gemeinde in Hamburg (Synagogue of the Portuguese-Jewish Community in Hamburg), situated at the rear of No. 6 of the former Zweite Marktstraße, later Marcusstraße."</a> (archived from the original)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.magendavidsephardic.org/our-traditions.html">"Our Traditions - Magen David Sephardic Congregation"</a>. <i>www.magendavidsephardic.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.magendavidsephardic.org&rft.atitle=Our+Traditions+-+Magen+David+Sephardic+Congregation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.magendavidsephardic.org%2Four-traditions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah+scroll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://synagogues-360.anumuseum.org.il/gallery/spanish-portuguese-synagogue-2/">"Spanish & Portuguese Synagogue – Synagogues360"</a>. <i>synagogues-360.anumuseum.org.il</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=synagogues-360.anumuseum.org.il&rft.atitle=Spanish+%26+Portuguese+Synagogue+%E2%80%93+Synagogues360&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsynagogues-360.anumuseum.org.il%2Fgallery%2Fspanish-portuguese-synagogue-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah+scroll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chabad-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chabad_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chabad_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2015" class="citation web cs1">Davidson, Baruch S. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1041022/jewish/Dedicating-a-New-Torah-Scroll.htm">"Dedicating a New Torah Scroll"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a>.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dedicating+a+New+Torah+Scroll&rft.pub=Chabad.org&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Baruch+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F1041022%2Fjewish%2FDedicating-a-New-Torah-Scroll.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah+scroll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Zande2012" class="citation book cs1">van der Zande, Petra (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MLPoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104"><i>Remember Observe Rejoice: A Guide to the Jewish Feasts, Holidays, Memorial Days and Events</i></a>. Tsur Tzina Publications. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789657542125" title="Special:BookSources/9789657542125"><bdi>9789657542125</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remember+Observe+Rejoice%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Jewish+Feasts%2C+Holidays%2C+Memorial+Days+and+Events&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Tsur+Tzina+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789657542125&rft.aulast=van+der+Zande&rft.aufirst=Petra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMLPoAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah+scroll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Torah_scroll&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Torah_scrolls" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Torah scrolls">Torah scrolls</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethemeth.org/torah-reading">Three complete kosher Torah scrolls for study online (Congregation Beth Emeth of Northern Virginia)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709184728/http://www.saad.org.il/elihu/bereshit/bereshit.html">Torah scroll for study online with Megillot and commentaries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bible.ort.org/books/torahd5.asp">Computer-generated Torah scroll for study online with translation, transliteration and chanting (WordORT)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=409&letter=S#1288">Scroll of the Law</a> article from the <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torahscroll.com/show.asp?PID=8">Examples of ancient Torah Scrolls</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhodesjewishmuseum.org/history/the-800-year-old-torah">≈800-year-old Torah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bologna.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/05/28/foto/rotolo_ebraico-59831643/1/">(pictures)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuvinoren.com/#!torah-covers/cqe4">Examples of Torah Covers Torah Mantles</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefer_Tora" title="Sefer Tora – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sefer Tora" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefer_Tora" title="Sefer Tora – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sefer Tora" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1_(%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="سفر (تورات) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سفر (تورات)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefer_Torah" title="Sefer Torah – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sefer Torah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulungan_Kitab_Taurat" title="Gulungan Kitab Taurat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gulungan Kitab Taurat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefer_Torah" title="Sefer Torah – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sefer Torah" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" title="ספר תורה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספר תורה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3ratekercs" title="Tóratekercs – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tóratekercs" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87" title="سفر توراه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سفر توراه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torarull" title="Torarull – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Torarull" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A1rull" title="Torárull – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Torárull" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefer_Tora" title="Sefer Tora – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sefer Tora" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefer_Tor%C3%A1" title="Sefer Torá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sefer Torá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Свиток Торы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Свиток Торы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Сувій Тори – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сувій Тори" 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