CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Martha Bradley - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5732a886-3067-40f1-9220-fac77919fc98","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Martha_Bradley","wgTitle":"Martha Bradley","wgCurRevisionId":1277527778,"wgRevisionId":1277527778,"wgArticleId":64703405, "wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Martha_Bradley","wgRelevantArticleId":64703405,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true, "wgMFScriptPath":"","wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ar","autonym":"العربية","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ast","autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa", "autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym":"azərbaycanca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"be","autonym":"беларуская","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bg","autonym":"български","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ca","autonym":"català","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cs","autonym":"čeština","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym": "словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"da","autonym":"dansk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"de","autonym":"Deutsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"el","autonym":"Ελληνικά","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eo","autonym":"Esperanto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"es","autonym":"español","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"et","autonym":"eesti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eu","autonym":"euskara","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir" :"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fi","autonym":"suomi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fr","autonym":"français","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gl","autonym":"galego","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu", "autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"he","autonym":"עברית","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"hi","autonym":"हिन्दी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hr","autonym":"hrvatski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hu","autonym":"magyar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hy","autonym":"հայերեն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym": "Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"it","autonym":"italiano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ja","autonym":"日本語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ka","autonym":"ქართული","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir" :"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"knc","autonym":"Yerwa Kanuri","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ko","autonym":"한국어","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lt","autonym":"lietuvių","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lv","autonym":"latviešu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ms","autonym":"Bahasa Melayu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia", "autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nl","autonym":"Nederlands","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pl","autonym":"polski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym" :"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pt","autonym":"português","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ro","autonym":"română","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr" },{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sh","autonym":"srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"တႆး","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sk","autonym":"slovenčina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sr","autonym":"српски / srpski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sv","autonym":"svenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ta","autonym":"தமிழ்","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tig","autonym":"ትግሬ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"tr","autonym":"Türkçe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vi","autonym":"Tiếng Việt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zh","autonym":"中文","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq" ,"dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","knc","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so", "sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tig","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q18819642","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues": true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/The_British_Housewife%2C_Martha_Bradley_-_Frontispiece_and_title_page.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1021"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/The_British_Housewife%2C_Martha_Bradley_-_Frontispiece_and_title_page.jpg/800px-The_British_Housewife%2C_Martha_Bradley_-_Frontispiece_and_title_page.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="681"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/The_British_Housewife%2C_Martha_Bradley_-_Frontispiece_and_title_page.jpg/640px-The_British_Housewife%2C_Martha_Bradley_-_Frontispiece_and_title_page.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="544"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Martha Bradley - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Bradley"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Martha_Bradley rootpage-Martha_Bradley stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor mw-list-item menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Martha+Bradley" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Martha+Bradley" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&wmf_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Martha Bradley</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Martha_Bradley" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Martha_Bradley" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Martha+Bradley" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Bradley&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> Martha Bradley (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> 1740s–1755) was a British cookery book writer. Little is known about her life, except that she published the cookery book The British Housewife in 1756 and worked as a cook for over thirty years in the fashionable spa town of <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath, Somerset</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Housewife,_Martha_Bradley_-_Frontispiece_and_title_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two pages from The British Housewife: on the left, an illustration showing three cooks in a kitchen; on the right, the titlepage, with extended title, details of the contents and the publisher's details." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/The_British_Housewife%2C_Martha_Bradley_-_Frontispiece_and_title_page.jpg/310px-The_British_Housewife%2C_Martha_Bradley_-_Frontispiece_and_title_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/The_British_Housewife%2C_Martha_Bradley_-_Frontispiece_and_title_page.jpg/465px-The_British_Housewife%2C_Martha_Bradley_-_Frontispiece_and_title_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/The_British_Housewife%2C_Martha_Bradley_-_Frontispiece_and_title_page.jpg/620px-The_British_Housewife%2C_Martha_Bradley_-_Frontispiece_and_title_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="729"></a><figcaption>The frontispiece and titlepage of Bradley's 1758 work The British Housewife</figcaption></figure> Bradley's only printed work, The British Housewife was released as a 42-issue <a href="/wiki/Partwork" title="Partwork">partwork</a> between January and October 1756.<a href="#cite_note-Title-1">[a]</a> It was published in a two-volume book form in 1758, and is more than a thousand pages long. It is likely that Bradley was dead before the partwork was published. The book follows the French style of <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_cuisine" title="Nouvelle cuisine">nouvelle cuisine</a>, distinguishing Bradley from other female cookery book writers at the time, who focused on the British or English style of food preparation. The work is carefully organised and the recipes taken from other authors are amended, suggesting she was a knowledgeable and experienced cook, able to improve on existing dishes. Because of the length of The British Housewife, it was not reprinted until 1996; as a result, few modern writers have written extensively on Bradley or her work. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Life">1 Life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#The_British_Housewife_(1758)">2 The British Housewife (1758)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Notes_and_references">3 Notes and references</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Notes">3.1 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#References">3.2 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Sources">3.3 Sources</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Books">3.3.1 Books</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Journals_and_magazines">3.3.2 Journals and magazines</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Newspaper_advertisements">3.3.3 Newspaper advertisements</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Websites">3.3.4 Websites</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links">4 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Housewife,_Martha_Bradley_-_%22A_dinner_in_Winter%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Illustration showing seven dishes to have as part of a course, including dishes with carp, lobster, hare, ducks and woodcocks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_British_Housewife%2C_Martha_Bradley_-_%22A_dinner_in_Winter%22.jpg/220px-The_British_Housewife%2C_Martha_Bradley_-_%22A_dinner_in_Winter%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="386" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="635"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 386px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_British_Housewife%2C_Martha_Bradley_-_%22A_dinner_in_Winter%22.jpg/220px-The_British_Housewife%2C_Martha_Bradley_-_%22A_dinner_in_Winter%22.jpg" data-alt="Illustration showing seven dishes to have as part of a course, including dishes with carp, lobster, hare, ducks and woodcocks" data-width="220" data-height="386" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_British_Housewife%2C_Martha_Bradley_-_%22A_dinner_in_Winter%22.jpg/330px-The_British_Housewife%2C_Martha_Bradley_-_%22A_dinner_in_Winter%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/The_British_Housewife%2C_Martha_Bradley_-_%22A_dinner_in_Winter%22.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Illustrated example of a dinner in winter, as suggested by Bradley</figcaption></figure> Little is known about the life of Martha Bradley, and what there is has come from her single publication, The British Housewife. In the 1740s she worked as a professional cook in the fashionable <a href="/wiki/Spa_town" title="Spa town">spa town</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath, Somerset</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann2004-2">[1]</a> and had over thirty years' experience in the job.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Advertisement%22._''The_Oxford_Journal''._10_January_1756-3">[2]</a> The publisher of The British Housewife noted that all of Bradley's papers had been stored with him; the food historian Gilly Lehmann considers this shows Bradley was dead by the time the work was published in the late 1750s. Included in the papers was a handwritten family recipe collection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann2004-2">[1]</a> A reference in the work to <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a>'s 1753 book <a href="/wiki/The_Analysis_of_Beauty" title="The Analysis of Beauty">The Analysis of Beauty</a> indicates that at least some of the book was written after that date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann2004-2">[1]</a> Based on the recipes shown in her work, Lehmann considers it appears that Bradley had read several contemporary cookery books, including those by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Eales" title="Mary Eales">Mary Eales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mrs_Mary_Eales%27s_Receipts" title="Mrs Mary Eales's Receipts">Mrs Mary Eales's Receipts</a>, 1718), <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Lamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Lamb">Patrick Lamb</a> (Royal Cookery, 1726—the third edition), <a href="/wiki/Vincent_La_Chapelle" title="Vincent La Chapelle">Vincent La Chapelle</a> (The Modern Cook, 1733) and <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Glasse" title="Hannah Glasse">Hannah Glasse</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Cookery_Made_Plain_and_Easy" title="The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy">The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy</a>, 1747).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann2004-2">[1]</a> The recipes from these have all been changed and improved from the originals, with a reduced set of ingredients and simplified instructions;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann20032248-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENotaker201779-5">[4]</a> according to the food writer <a href="/wiki/Alan_Davidson_(food_writer)" title="Alan Davidson (food writer)">Alan Davidson</a>, this showed she had been knowledgeable and able in her chosen career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson198911-6">[5]</a> According to Lehmann The British Housewife was more than just a cookery book, but instead was "a complete manual for the housewife, the cook, the housekeeper, the gardener and the <a href="/wiki/Farrier" title="Farrier">farrier</a>, with monthly sections of advice and recipes which cover every aspect of domestic management in the middle of the eighteenth century".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann2004-2">[1]</a> The British Housewife was first published as a <a href="/wiki/Partwork" title="Partwork">partwork</a> in 42 weekly editions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann20032239-7">[6]</a> possibly the first cookery book issued in this manner;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Review:_Mrs_Martha_Bradley,_The_British_Housewife_(1758)%22._''Petits_Propos_Culinaires''-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson20141117-9">[8]</a> the first issue was on 10 January 1756.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Advertisement%22._''The_Oxford_Journal''._3_January_1756-10">[9]</a> The weekly editions comprised "four large half-sheets of printing" costing 3<a href="/wiki/Penny_(British_pre-decimal_coin)" title="Penny (British pre-decimal coin)">d</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Advertisement%22._''The_Oxford_Journal''._3_January_1756-10">[9]</a> The weekly editions would have finished in October that year, and would have cost 10<a href="/wiki/Shilling_(British_coin)" title="Shilling (British coin)">s</a> 6d in total.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann20032239-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[b]</a> The partworks were advertised across Britain, including Oxford,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Advertisement%22._''The_Oxford_Journal''._3_January_1756-10">[9]</a> Leeds,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Advertisement%22._''The_Leeds_Intelligencer''._3_February_1756-13">[11]</a> Manchester<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Advertisement%22._''The_Manchester_Mercury''._13_January_1756-14">[12]</a> and Sussex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Advertisement%22._''The_Sussex_Advertiser''._19_July_1756-15">[13]</a> In the text of the partworks Bradley would advertise the other issues, telling readers "We have in our preceding numbers given the cook so ample instruction for the roasting of all plain joints of meat ... that she cannot be at a loss in any of them".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman2004a4-16">[14]</a> The work was published in book form in 1758; its two volumes comprised over 1,200 pages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann20032248-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Advertisement%22._''The_Oxford_Journal''._17_February_1759-17">[15]</a> Some sources show differing dates. Virginia Maclean's 1981 history A Short-Title Catalogue of Household and Cookery Books Published in the English Tongue, 1701–1800 put the publication date at 1760,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean1981173-18">[16]</a> but Arnold Oxford's 1913 work English Cookery Books to the Year 1850 listed it as <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1770 with 752 pages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxford1913104-19">[17]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="The_British_Housewife_(1758)">The British Housewife (1758)</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Housewife,_Martha_Bradley_-_%22Roasting_trusses%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Illustration showing meats prepared for cooking; meats include hare, rabbit, woodcock or snipe, pigeon, partridge and chicken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/The_British_Housewife%2C_Martha_Bradley_-_%22Roasting_trusses%22.jpg/220px-The_British_Housewife%2C_Martha_Bradley_-_%22Roasting_trusses%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="377" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="674"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 377px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/The_British_Housewife%2C_Martha_Bradley_-_%22Roasting_trusses%22.jpg/220px-The_British_Housewife%2C_Martha_Bradley_-_%22Roasting_trusses%22.jpg" data-alt="Illustration showing meats prepared for cooking; meats include hare, rabbit, woodcock or snipe, pigeon, partridge and chicken" data-width="220" data-height="377" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/The_British_Housewife%2C_Martha_Bradley_-_%22Roasting_trusses%22.jpg/330px-The_British_Housewife%2C_Martha_Bradley_-_%22Roasting_trusses%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/The_British_Housewife%2C_Martha_Bradley_-_%22Roasting_trusses%22.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Game cuts trussed for roasting; an illustration from The British Housewife</figcaption></figure> The British Housewife, as published in 1758,<a href="#cite_note-Title-1">[a]</a> contains recipes for <a href="/wiki/Fricassee" title="Fricassee">fricassees</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760126,_183%E2%80%93184,_246%E2%80%93247-21">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rag%C3%B9" title="Ragù">ragùs</a> (which Bradley spelled "Ragoo"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley176053%E2%80%9356,_247%E2%80%93248,_429,_453-22">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Collops" title="Collops">collops</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley176055,_248,_360,_429-23">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">pilafs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760348%E2%80%93349-24">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pasty" title="Pasty">pasties</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760256%E2%80%93257-25">[23]</a> pies (including oyster and eel),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760354%E2%80%93357,_441,_450-26">[24]</a> fish dishes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley176028%E2%80%9330,_128%E2%80%93135-27">[25]</a> soups (which she spelled as both "soup" and "soop"), bisques,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley176049,_428%E2%80%93429,_433,_530%E2%80%93531,_667-28">[26]</a> desserts—including <a href="/wiki/Pudding#Baked,_steamed,_and_boiled_puddings" title="Pudding">puddings</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760250%E2%80%93254,_547%E2%80%93550-29">[27]</a> jellies,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley176065%E2%80%9367-30">[28]</a> pancakes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760570%E2%80%93573-31">[29]</a> fritters,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760567%E2%80%93570,_690%E2%80%93697-32">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flummeries" class="mw-redirect" title="Flummeries">flummeries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760197%E2%80%93198,_263%E2%80%93264-33">[31]</a> cakes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760587%E2%80%93588-34">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syllabub" title="Syllabub">syllabubs</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley176068,_198%E2%80%93199-35">[33]</a> and confectionery<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley176065%E2%80%9369-36">[34]</a>—and preserved foods, including pickles and jams.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley176076%E2%80%9380-37">[35]</a> Bradley also included a section dedicated to distilling spirits, as well as making wine, beer and cider.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley176080%E2%80%9390,_467%E2%80%93471,_727%E2%80%93743-38">[36]</a> Bradley's recipes include most parts of the animal, including the intestines, <a href="/wiki/Cockscomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockscomb">cockscombs</a>, knuckle, head, heart, tongue, udder, trotters, feet, ears and cheeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley176017,_20%E2%80%9328,_123,_147,_151%E2%80%93152,_177,_186,_195%E2%80%93196,_429%E2%80%93430,_433,_453-39">[37]</a> The book also contained a chapter on cures for common ailments, which included a recipe that used powdered <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworm</a> to cure <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">ague</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuayle1978109-40">[38]</a> The British Housewife showed a "sophisticated organisation", according to Davidson,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson198911-6">[5]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petits_Propos_Culinaires" title="Petits Propos Culinaires">Petits Propos Culinaires</a> considers that Bradley's "scheme for the education of the cook and housewife was more thorough than any that had gone before".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Review:_Mrs_Martha_Bradley,_The_British_Housewife_(1758)%22._''Petits_Propos_Culinaires''-8">[7]</a> The literary historian <a href="/wiki/Henry_Notaker" title="Henry Notaker">Henry Notaker</a> identifies strong pedagogical form and strategy within the book. This is highlighted by Bradley when she writes: "in all studies it is the regular practice to begin with the plainest and easiest things, and from there to arise to such as are more difficult",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley176032-41">[39]</a> and she progressed from techniques such as roasting and boiling "and thence leading the cook to the most elegant and difficult made dishes".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley176032-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENotaker201779,_114-42">[40]</a> The food historian Sandra Sherman sees a pedagogical form in the layout of the recipes, and notes the "deliberate, reinforcing logic [that] entails the reader's attentiveness in a process that produces results".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman2004a127-43">[41]</a> Sherman sees "a slightly disciplinary edge" in Bradley's approach in ensuring that the readers followed the instructions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman2004b127-44">[42]</a> and reports that the structure "makes ... [the book's] advice seem consistent, accurate, and acceptable".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman200352-45">[43]</a> The culinary historians <a href="/wiki/Anne_Willan" title="Anne Willan">Anne Willan</a>, Mark Cherniavsky and Kyri Claflin describe Bradley as "the consummate cooking teacher", and her book as "a cooking course that starts with the basics and builds in complexity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillanCherniavskyClaflin2012252-46">[44]</a> The work was divided into monthly sections and these allowed Bradley to reflect the natural pace of the seasons in line with the available supply of produce for each month. According to Sherman, it was "designed to bring out the best in available provisions, and like such texts it contains elaborate directions for putting foods by".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman201016-47">[45]</a> In doing so, the book "integrates food preparation with its production, that is, with gardening and raising animals", and thus provides a holistic approach to food planning and preparation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman201016-47">[45]</a> As with many of the cookery books of the period, The British Housewife has nationalistic elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrett2021317-48">[46]</a> Bradley's recipes strongly favour British ingredients, and there is no reference to French drinks, such as <a href="/wiki/Claret" class="mw-redirect" title="Claret">claret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_wine" title="Burgundy wine">Burgundy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">champagne</a>; instead, she calls for home-made turnip or raisin wines, and favours <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">port</a> ten times more than any other wine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrett2021317-48">[46]</a> Included in the ingredients described as being traditionally English were those imported from the British colonies of Asia, Africa and the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman200361-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWall201647-50">[48]</a> Bradley describes how <a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">cayenne pepper</a> is "imported ... from the negroes of our plantations. The fruit is common in Africa, they have been accustomed to eat it there, shewed our people the way in America, and they have taught us". The <a href="/wiki/Anglicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicist">Anglicist</a> Wendy Wall notes that this demonstrated the connection between the British cook and the <a href="/wiki/Slavery#Africa" title="Slavery">slave system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWall201656-51">[49]</a> Despite the nationalistic approach, there are strong French influences throughout the book. This includes the French style of a circular dining table, with the symmetrical placement of dishes and plates for a diner's ease;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrett2021317-48">[46]</a> Bradley was one of the very few female cookery book writers in eighteenth-century England to write in support of the French style of <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_cuisine" title="Nouvelle cuisine">nouvelle cuisine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColquhoun2007209-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[c]</a> Bradley described her aim for the book thus, "Our cook ... will be able to show that an English girl, properly instructed at first, can equal the best French gentleman in everything but expense."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760314-56">[53]</a> Economy and practicality are shown throughout her approach, according to the food historian Ivan Day; he classes Bradley alongside <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Glasse" title="Hannah Glasse">Hannah Glasse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Raffald" title="Elizabeth Raffald">Elizabeth Raffald</a> in this respect. All three showed an economical aspect to their recipes, unlike the male cookery book writers of the time who, Day observes, "liked to show off with a flamboyant style of cooking".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200982-57">[54]</a> Although Bradley gave support for some aspects of French dining, she was also happy to criticise the French's approach to certain dishes, including their habit of using ingredients that have the effect of hiding the flavour of some elements of the dish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteedman200511-58">[55]</a> At the end of a recipe for roast <a href="/wiki/Capon" title="Capon">capon</a> with herbs, she advises that adding a "raggoo" (a sauce<a href="#cite_note-60">[d]</a>) will make it more fashionable, but not improve it:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann20034347-61">[57]</a> <blockquote>The French, who never know when to stop, serve up a capon done in this manner with a rich raggoo about it, but this is confusion, and the taste of one thing destroys that of another. They who would be at the top of the French taste may serve it in this manner, but with gravy it is a very delicate and fine dish, and no way extravagant in the expense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760398-62">[58]</a></blockquote> The French were not the only nation to face criticism; one recipe for roast pork discusses Germanic <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> practices: "The Germans whip him to death, but they deserve the same fate for their cruelty; there is no occasion for such barbarity to make a dainty dish".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760151-63">[59]</a> The British Housewife contains several illustrations throughout. The frontispiece of the book shows three women working in a kitchen above the motto "Behold you fair, united in this book. The frugal housewife and the experienced cook."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760Frontispiece-64">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWall201649-65">[61]</a> Other illustrations comprise examples of how to truss cuts of game,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760opposite_p._217-66">[62]</a> samples of menus to have at different times of the year<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760opposite_pp._97,_457,_633-67">[63]</a> and how to lay food on a table in a pleasing manner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760opposite_p._337-68">[64]</a> According to Bradley, the illustrations were more than just for decoration; they served the purpose that "even those who cannot read will be able to instruct themselves".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley17601-69">[65]</a> When discussing the placement of dishes on the table, she writes: "To please the palate is one design of this branch of study, and to please the eye is another".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley176069-70">[66]</a> The British Housewife has been used as a source in several works of and social food history, and Bradley's recipes still appear in modern cookery books.<a href="#cite_note-77">[e]</a> The book was used in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial America">Colonial America</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2009100-78">[73]</a> and Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESexton2015265-79">[74]</a> The scale of the book—at over 1,000 pages—ensured the work was not reprinted until 1996, which meant it fell out of public knowledge and few modern writers have written extensively on Bradley or her work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Review:_Mrs_Martha_Bradley,_The_British_Housewife_(1758)%22._''Petits_Propos_Culinaires''-8">[7]</a> Davidson, who considers The British Housewife "the most interesting of the 18th century English cookery books",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson198911-6">[5]</a> thinks "one has the feeling in reading ... [Bradley's] work that here is a real person, communicating effectively with us across the centuries".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson198911-6">[5]</a> The Anglicist Robert James Merrett considers the work "the most encyclopedic and personally engaged cookbook of the century".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrett2012126-80">[75]</a> Lehmann opines that Bradley's personal involvement in developing the recipes stands out in the book.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann2004-2">[1]</a> Writing in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a>, she considers that: <blockquote>Bradley is one of the most important cookery writers of the eighteenth century, not only because her book is one of the most comprehensive of its kind but also because she discusses the merits and difficulties of the dishes, gives information on European as well as English cookery, and tells the reader what is old-fashioned and what is up to date. In an age when most cookery books were simply compilations Mrs Bradley's book stands out for the author's personal involvement in her recipes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann2004-2">[1]</a></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Title-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Title_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Title_1-1">b</a> The full title was The British Housewife or, the Cook, Housekeeper's and Gardiner's Companion. Calculated for the Service Both of London and the Country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760Title_page-20">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> 10s 6d equates to approximately £98.64 in 2023, according to calculations based on the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Price_Index_(United_Kingdom)" title="Consumer Price Index (United Kingdom)">Consumer Price Index</a> measure of inflation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2023-11">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> The term nouvelle cuisine (French for "new cooking") was introduced in 1742 by Francois Menon in his work Nouvelle traité de la cuisine. He used it to describe an approach to food that provided an elegant dish but without the excessive decoration which the hallmark of older styles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinkard2009156-53">[51]</a> A new style of cooking—often named as a nouvelle cuisine—is introduced once a century. The most recent was popular in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014323-54">[52]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> A "raggoo" was originally a rich garnish made from savouries in a rich sauce; this was a development brought in from France; the word comes from the French en ragout.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason200427-59">[56]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> For example in <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Vickery" title="Amanda Vickery">Amanda Vickery</a>'s Behind closed Doors: At Home in Georgian England,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery2009267,_273-71">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Laura_Mason" title="Laura Mason">Laura Mason</a>'s The Taste of Britain,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason200619,_29%E2%80%9330,_93,_161,_220,_254,_402,_404,_406,_434-72">[68]</a> Claire Hopley's The History of Christmas Food and Feasts,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopley200911,_171-73">[69]</a> Mason and Sara Paston-Williams's Grandma's Cookbook,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasonPaston-Williams201373,_78,_112-74">[70]</a> Paul Waddington's Seasonal Food: A Guide to What's in Season When and Why<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddington200479,_123,_124-75">[71]</a> and Trudy Eden's The Early American Table: Food and Society in the New World.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEden2010105%E2%80%93108,_145-76">[72]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann2004-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann2004_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann2004_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann2004_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann2004_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann2004_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann2004_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann2004_2-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFLehmann2004">Lehmann 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Advertisement"._''The_Oxford_Journal''._10_January_1756-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22Advertisement%22._''The_Oxford_Journal''._10_January_1756_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF%22Advertisement%22._The_Oxford_Journal._10_January_1756">"Advertisement". The Oxford Journal. 10 January 1756</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann20032248-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann20032248_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann20032248_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLehmann2003">Lehmann 2003</a>, 2248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENotaker201779-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENotaker201779_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNotaker2017">Notaker 2017</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson198911-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson198911_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson198911_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson198911_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson198911_6-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavidson1989">Davidson 1989</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann20032239-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann20032239_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann20032239_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLehmann2003">Lehmann 2003</a>, 2239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Review:_Mrs_Martha_Bradley,_The_British_Housewife_(1758)"._''Petits_Propos_Culinaires''-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22Review:_Mrs_Martha_Bradley,_The_British_Housewife_(1758)%22._''Petits_Propos_Culinaires''_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22Review:_Mrs_Martha_Bradley,_The_British_Housewife_(1758)%22._''Petits_Propos_Culinaires''_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22Review:_Mrs_Martha_Bradley,_The_British_Housewife_(1758)%22._''Petits_Propos_Culinaires''_8-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREF%22Review:_Mrs_Martha_Bradley,_The_British_Housewife_(1758)%22._Petits_Propos_Culinaires">"Review: Mrs Martha Bradley, The British Housewife (1758)". Petits Propos Culinaires</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson20141117-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson20141117_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavidson2014">Davidson 2014</a>, p. 1117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Advertisement"._''The_Oxford_Journal''._3_January_1756-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22Advertisement%22._''The_Oxford_Journal''._3_January_1756_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22Advertisement%22._''The_Oxford_Journal''._3_January_1756_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22Advertisement%22._''The_Oxford_Journal''._3_January_1756_10-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREF%22Advertisement%22._The_Oxford_Journal._3_January_1756">"Advertisement". The Oxford Journal. 3 January 1756</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2023-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2023_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClark2023">Clark 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Advertisement"._''The_Leeds_Intelligencer''._3_February_1756-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22Advertisement%22._''The_Leeds_Intelligencer''._3_February_1756_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF%22Advertisement%22._The_Leeds_Intelligencer._3_February_1756">"Advertisement". The Leeds Intelligencer. 3 February 1756</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Advertisement"._''The_Manchester_Mercury''._13_January_1756-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22Advertisement%22._''The_Manchester_Mercury''._13_January_1756_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF%22Advertisement%22._The_Manchester_Mercury._13_January_1756">"Advertisement". The Manchester Mercury. 13 January 1756</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Advertisement"._''The_Sussex_Advertiser''._19_July_1756-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22Advertisement%22._''The_Sussex_Advertiser''._19_July_1756_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF%22Advertisement%22._The_Sussex_Advertiser._19_July_1756">"Advertisement". The Sussex Advertiser. 19 July 1756</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman2004a4-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherman2004a4_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSherman2004a">Sherman 2004a</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Advertisement"._''The_Oxford_Journal''._17_February_1759-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22Advertisement%22._''The_Oxford_Journal''._17_February_1759_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF%22Advertisement%22._The_Oxford_Journal._17_February_1759">"Advertisement". The Oxford Journal. 17 February 1759</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean1981173-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaclean1981173_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaclean1981">Maclean 1981</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxford1913104-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxford1913104_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOxford1913">Oxford 1913</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760Title_page-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley1760Title_page_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, Title page. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760126,_183–184,_246–247-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley1760126,_183%E2%80%93184,_246%E2%80%93247_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, pp. 126, 183–184, 246–247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley176053–56,_247–248,_429,_453-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley176053%E2%80%9356,_247%E2%80%93248,_429,_453_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, pp. 53–56, 247–248, 429, 453. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley176055,_248,_360,_429-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley176055,_248,_360,_429_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, pp. 55, 248, 360, 429. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760348–349-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley1760348%E2%80%93349_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, pp. 348–349. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760256–257-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley1760256%E2%80%93257_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, pp. 256–257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760354–357,_441,_450-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley1760354%E2%80%93357,_441,_450_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, pp. 354–357, 441, 450. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley176028–30,_128–135-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley176028%E2%80%9330,_128%E2%80%93135_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, pp. 28–30, 128–135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley176049,_428–429,_433,_530–531,_667-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley176049,_428%E2%80%93429,_433,_530%E2%80%93531,_667_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, pp. 49, 428–429, 433, 530–531, 667. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760250–254,_547–550-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley1760250%E2%80%93254,_547%E2%80%93550_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, pp. 250–254, 547–550. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley176065–67-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley176065%E2%80%9367_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, pp. 65–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760570–573-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley1760570%E2%80%93573_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, pp. 570–573. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760567–570,_690–697-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley1760567%E2%80%93570,_690%E2%80%93697_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, pp. 567–570, 690–697. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760197–198,_263–264-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley1760197%E2%80%93198,_263%E2%80%93264_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, pp. 197–198, 263–264. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760587–588-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley1760587%E2%80%93588_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, pp. 587–588. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley176068,_198–199-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley176068,_198%E2%80%93199_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, pp. 68, 198–199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley176065–69-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley176065%E2%80%9369_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, pp. 65–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley176076–80-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley176076%E2%80%9380_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, pp. 76–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley176080–90,_467–471,_727–743-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley176080%E2%80%9390,_467%E2%80%93471,_727%E2%80%93743_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, pp. 80–90, 467–471, 727–743. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley176017,_20–28,_123,_147,_151–152,_177,_186,_195–196,_429–430,_433,_453-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley176017,_20%E2%80%9328,_123,_147,_151%E2%80%93152,_177,_186,_195%E2%80%93196,_429%E2%80%93430,_433,_453_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, pp. 17, 20–28, 123, 147, 151–152, 177, 186, 195–196, 429–430, 433, 453. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuayle1978109-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuayle1978109_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuayle1978">Quayle 1978</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley176032-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley176032_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley176032_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENotaker201779,_114-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENotaker201779,_114_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNotaker2017">Notaker 2017</a>, pp. 79, 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman2004a127-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherman2004a127_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSherman2004a">Sherman 2004a</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman2004b127-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherman2004b127_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSherman2004b">Sherman 2004b</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman200352-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherman200352_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSherman2003">Sherman 2003</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillanCherniavskyClaflin2012252-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillanCherniavskyClaflin2012252_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillanCherniavskyClaflin2012">Willan, Cherniavsky & Claflin 2012</a>, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman201016-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherman201016_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherman201016_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSherman2010">Sherman 2010</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrett2021317-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerrett2021317_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerrett2021317_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerrett2021317_48-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMerrett2021">Merrett 2021</a>, p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman200361-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherman200361_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSherman2003">Sherman 2003</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWall201647-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWall201647_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWall2016">Wall 2016</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWall201656-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWall201656_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWall2016">Wall 2016</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColquhoun2007209-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColquhoun2007209_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColquhoun2007">Colquhoun 2007</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinkard2009156-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinkard2009156_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPinkard2009">Pinkard 2009</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014323-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014323_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavidson2014">Davidson 2014</a>, p. 323. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760314-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley1760314_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, p. 314. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200982-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200982_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDay2009">Day 2009</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteedman200511-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteedman200511_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteedman2005">Steedman 2005</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason200427-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason200427_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason2004">Mason 2004</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann20034347-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann20034347_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLehmann2003">Lehmann 2003</a>, 4347. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760398-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley1760398_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, p. 398. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760151-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley1760151_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760Frontispiece-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley1760Frontispiece_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, Frontispiece. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWall201649-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWall201649_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWall2016">Wall 2016</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760opposite_p._217-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley1760opposite_p._217_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, opposite p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760opposite_pp._97,_457,_633-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley1760opposite_pp._97,_457,_633_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, opposite pp. 97, 457, 633. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1760opposite_p._337-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley1760opposite_p._337_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, opposite p. 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley17601-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley17601_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley176069-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley176069_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley1760">Bradley 1760</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery2009267,_273-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickery2009267,_273_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVickery2009">Vickery 2009</a>, pp. 267, 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason200619,_29–30,_93,_161,_220,_254,_402,_404,_406,_434-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason200619,_29%E2%80%9330,_93,_161,_220,_254,_402,_404,_406,_434_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason2006">Mason 2006</a>, pp. 19, 29–30, 93, 161, 220, 254, 402, 404, 406, 434. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopley200911,_171-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopley200911,_171_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHopley2009">Hopley 2009</a>, pp. 11, 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasonPaston-Williams201373,_78,_112-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasonPaston-Williams201373,_78,_112_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasonPaston-Williams2013">Mason & Paston-Williams 2013</a>, pp. 73, 78, 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddington200479,_123,_124-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddington200479,_123,_124_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaddington2004">Waddington 2004</a>, pp. 79, 123, 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEden2010105–108,_145-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEden2010105%E2%80%93108,_145_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEden2010">Eden 2010</a>, pp. 105–108, 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2009100-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham2009100_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeacham2009">Meacham 2009</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESexton2015265-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESexton2015265_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSexton2015">Sexton 2015</a>, p. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrett2012126-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerrett2012126_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMerrett2012">Merrett 2012</a>, p. 126. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBradley1760" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Martha (1760). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_the-british-housewife-o_bradley-martha_1760">The British Housewife</a>. London: S. Crowder and H. Woodgate. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/221271624">221271624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Housewife&rft.place=London&rft.pub=S.+Crowder+and+H.+Woodgate&rft.date=1760&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F221271624&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbim_eighteenth-century_the-british-housewife-o_bradley-martha_1760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColquhoun2007" class="citation book cs1">Colquhoun, Kate (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tastestoryofbrit00colq">Taste: The Story of Britain Through its Cooking</a>. New York: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5969-1410-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5969-1410-0"><bdi>978-1-5969-1410-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taste%3A+The+Story+of+Britain+Through+its+Cooking&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-5969-1410-0&rft.aulast=Colquhoun&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftastestoryofbrit00colq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Davidson_(food_writer)" title="Alan Davidson (food writer)">Davidson, Alan</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bIIeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">The Oxford Companion to Food</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-104072-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-104072-6"><bdi>978-0-19-104072-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Food&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-104072-6&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbIIeBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2009" class="citation book cs1">Day, Ivan (2009). Cooking in Europe, 1650–1850. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-4624-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-4624-8"><bdi>978-0-3133-4624-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cooking+in+Europe%2C+1650%E2%80%931850&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-3133-4624-8&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEden2010" class="citation book cs1">Eden, Trudy (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlyamericantab0000eden">The Early American Table: Food and Society in the New World</a>. DeKalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87580-383-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87580-383-8"><bdi>978-0-87580-383-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+American+Table%3A+Food+and+Society+in+the+New+World&rft.place=DeKalb%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Northern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-87580-383-8&rft.aulast=Eden&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlyamericantab0000eden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopley2009" class="citation book cs1">Hopley, Claire (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchristm0000hopl/">The History of Christmas Food and Feasts</a>. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Remember When. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8446-8065-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8446-8065-8"><bdi>978-1-8446-8065-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Christmas+Food+and+Feasts&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+South+Yorkshire&rft.pub=Remember+When&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-8446-8065-8&rft.aulast=Hopley&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofchristm0000hopl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann2003" class="citation book cs1">Lehmann, Gilly (2003). The British Housewife: Cooking and Society in 18th-century Britain (Kindle ed.). Totness, Devon: Prospect Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909248-00-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909248-00-7"><bdi>978-1-909248-00-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Housewife%3A+Cooking+and+Society+in+18th-century+Britain&rft.place=Totness%2C+Devon&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.pub=Prospect+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-909248-00-7&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Gilly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaclean1981" class="citation book cs1">Maclean, Virginia (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorttitlecatalo0000macl/page/n5">A Short-Title Catalogue of Household and Cookery Books Published in the English Tongue, 1701–1800</a>. London: Prospect Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9073-2506-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9073-2506-2"><bdi>978-0-9073-2506-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short-Title+Catalogue+of+Household+and+Cookery+Books+Published+in+the+English+Tongue%2C+1701%E2%80%931800&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Prospect+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-9073-2506-2&rft.aulast=Maclean&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorttitlecatalo0000macl%2Fpage%2Fn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason2004" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Laura (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9rFIyN1OWfQC&pg=PP1">Food Culture in Great Britain</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32798-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32798-8"><bdi>978-0-313-32798-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Culture+in+Great+Britain&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32798-8&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9rFIyN1OWfQC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Mason" title="Laura Mason">Mason, Laura</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tasteofbritain0000maso">The Taste of Britain</a>. London: Harper Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0072-4132-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0072-4132-3"><bdi>978-0-0072-4132-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Taste+of+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Harper+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-0072-4132-3&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftasteofbritain0000maso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasonPaston-Williams2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Mason" title="Laura Mason">Mason, Laura</a>; Paston-Williams, Sara (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grandmascookbook0000laur">Grandma's Cookbook</a>. London: Pavilion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907892-71-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907892-71-4"><bdi>978-1-907892-71-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grandma%27s+Cookbook&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pavilion+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-907892-71-4&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Paston-Williams%2C+Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrandmascookbook0000laur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeacham2009" class="citation book cs1">Meacham, Sarah H. (2009). Every Home a Distillery: Alcohol, Gender, and Technology in the Colonial Chesapeake. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9791-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9791-7"><bdi>978-0-8018-9791-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Every+Home+a+Distillery%3A+Alcohol%2C+Gender%2C+and+Technology+in+the+Colonial+Chesapeake&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-9791-7&rft.aulast=Meacham&rft.aufirst=Sarah+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrett2021" class="citation book cs1">Merrett, Robert James (2021). Imperial Paradoxes: Training the Senses and Tasting the Eighteenth Century. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2280-0796-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2280-0796-8"><bdi>978-0-2280-0796-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Paradoxes%3A+Training+the+Senses+and+Tasting+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-2280-0796-8&rft.aulast=Merrett&rft.aufirst=Robert+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrett2012" class="citation book cs1">Merrett, Robert James (2012). "The Culinary Art of Eighteenth-Century Women Cookbook Authors". In Potter, Tiffany (ed.). Women, Popular Culture, and the Eighteenth Century. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 115–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-8998-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-8998-5"><bdi>978-1-4426-8998-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Culinary+Art+of+Eighteenth-Century+Women+Cookbook+Authors&rft.btitle=Women%2C+Popular+Culture%2C+and+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E132&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-8998-5&rft.aulast=Merrett&rft.aufirst=Robert+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxford1913" class="citation book cs1">Oxford, Arnold (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924014508513">English Cookery Books to the Year 1850</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/252887531">252887531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Cookery+Books+to+the+Year+1850&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1913&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F252887531&rft.aulast=Oxford&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924014508513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinkard2009" class="citation book cs1">Pinkard, Susan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revolutionintast0000pink">A Revolution in Taste: The Rise of French Cuisine, 1650-1800</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-2199-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-2199-5"><bdi>978-0-5218-2199-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Revolution+in+Taste%3A+The+Rise+of+French+Cuisine%2C+1650-1800&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-5218-2199-5&rft.aulast=Pinkard&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frevolutionintast0000pink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNotaker2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Notaker" title="Henry Notaker">Notaker, Henry</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/book/56136">A History of Cookbooks: From Kitchen to Page over Seven Centuries</a>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5209-6728-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5209-6728-1"><bdi>978-0-5209-6728-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Cookbooks%3A+From+Kitchen+to+Page+over+Seven+Centuries&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-5209-6728-1&rft.aulast=Notaker&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fbook%2F56136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuayle1978" class="citation book cs1">Quayle, Eric (1978). Old Cook Books: An Illustrated History. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-289-70707-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-289-70707-4"><bdi>978-0-289-70707-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Cook+Books%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-289-70707-4&rft.aulast=Quayle&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2004a" class="citation book cs1">Sherman, Sandra (2004a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freshfrompastrec0000sher_j1z5">Fresh from the Past: Recipes and Revelations from Moll Flanders' Kitchen</a>. Lanham, Maryland: Taylor Trade. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5897-9088-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5897-9088-9"><bdi>978-1-5897-9088-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fresh+from+the+Past%3A+Recipes+and+Revelations+from+Moll+Flanders%27+Kitchen&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Taylor+Trade&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-5897-9088-9&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreshfrompastrec0000sher_j1z5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2010" class="citation book cs1">Sherman, Sandra (2010). Invention of the Modern Cookbook. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5988-4486-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5988-4486-3"><bdi>978-1-5988-4486-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invention+of+the+Modern+Cookbook&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-5988-4486-3&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickery2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Vickery" title="Amanda Vickery">Vickery, Amanda</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/behindcloseddoor0000vick">Behind Closed Doors: At Home in Georgian England</a>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-5453-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-5453-5"><bdi>978-0-3001-5453-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+Closed+Doors%3A+At+Home+in+Georgian+England&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-3001-5453-5&rft.aulast=Vickery&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbehindcloseddoor0000vick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddington2004" class="citation book cs1">Waddington, Paul (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781903919521">Seasonal Food: A Guide to What's in Season When and Why</a>. London: Transworld Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9039-1952-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9039-1952-1"><bdi>978-1-9039-1952-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seasonal+Food%3A+A+Guide+to+What%27s+in+Season+When+and+Why&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Transworld+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-9039-1952-1&rft.aulast=Waddington&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781903919521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall2016" class="citation book cs1">Wall, Wendy (2016). Recipes for Thought: Knowledge and Taste in the Early Modern English Kitchen. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4758-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4758-9"><bdi>978-0-8122-4758-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recipes+for+Thought%3A+Knowledge+and+Taste+in+the+Early+Modern+English+Kitchen&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4758-9&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillanCherniavskyClaflin2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Willan" title="Anne Willan">Willan, Anne</a>; Cherniavsky, Mark; Claflin, Kyri (2012). Cookbook Library: Four Centuries of the Cooks, Writers and Recipes That Made the Modern Cookbook. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5203-5261-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5203-5261-2"><bdi>978-0-5203-5261-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cookbook+Library%3A+Four+Centuries+of+the+Cooks%2C+Writers+and+Recipes+That+Made+the+Modern+Cookbook&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-5203-5261-2&rft.aulast=Willan&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Cherniavsky%2C+Mark&rft.au=Claflin%2C+Kyri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journals_and_magazines">Journals and magazines</h4></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1989" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Davidson_(food_writer)" title="Alan Davidson (food writer)">Davidson, Alan</a> (1989). "Truffles and Morels in 18th Century Recipes". Petits Propos Culinaires. 33: 11–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Petits+Propos+Culinaires&rft.atitle=Truffles+and+Morels+in+18th+Century+Recipes&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id='CITEREF"Review:_Mrs_Martha_Bradley,_The_British_Housewife_(1758)"._Petits_Propos_Culinaires' class="citation journal cs1">"Review: Mrs Martha Bradley, The British Housewife (1758)". Petits Propos Culinaires. 54: 40–41. 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Petits+Propos+Culinaires&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Mrs+Martha+Bradley%2C+The+British+Housewife+%281758%29&rft.volume=54&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSexton2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sexton, Regina (2015). "Food and Culinary Cultures in Pre-Famine Ireland". Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy: Archaeology, Culture, History, Literature. 115 (1): 257–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fria.2015.0008">10.1353/ria.2015.0008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Irish+Academy%3A+Archaeology%2C+Culture%2C+History%2C+Literature&rft.atitle=Food+and+Culinary+Cultures+in+Pre-Famine+Ireland&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E257-%3C%2Fspan%3E306&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fria.2015.0008&rft.aulast=Sexton&rft.aufirst=Regina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2004b" class="citation journal cs1">Sherman, Sandra (Winter 2004b). "'The Whole Art and Mystery of Cooking': What Cookbooks Taught Readers in the Eighteenth Century". Eighteenth-Century Life. 28 (1): 115–135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00982601-28-1-115">10.1215/00982601-28-1-115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eighteenth-Century+Life&rft.atitle=%27The+Whole+Art+and+Mystery+of+Cooking%27%3A+What+Cookbooks+Taught+Readers+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E135&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00982601-28-1-115&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sherman, Sandra (2003). "Printed Communities: Domestic Management Texts in the Eighteenth Century". Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies. 3 (2): 36–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjem.2003.0011">10.1353/jem.2003.0011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+Early+Modern+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Printed+Communities%3A+Domestic+Management+Texts+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjem.2003.0011&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteedman2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Steedman" title="Carolyn Steedman">Steedman, Carolyn</a> (September 2005). "Poetical Maids and Cooks Who Wrote". Eighteenth-Century Studies. 39 (1): 1–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fecs.2005.0053">10.1353/ecs.2005.0053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eighteenth-Century+Studies&rft.atitle=Poetical+Maids+and+Cooks+Who+Wrote&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fecs.2005.0053&rft.aulast=Steedman&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newspaper_advertisements">Newspaper advertisements</h4></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id='CITEREF"Advertisement"._The_Leeds_Intelligencer._3_February_1756' class="citation news cs1">"Advertisement". The Leeds Intelligencer. 3 February 1756. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Leeds+Intelligencer&rft.atitle=Advertisement&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1756-02-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id='CITEREF"Advertisement"._The_Manchester_Mercury._13_January_1756' class="citation news cs1">"Advertisement". The Manchester Mercury. 13 January 1756. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Manchester+Mercury&rft.atitle=Advertisement&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1756-01-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id='CITEREF"Advertisement"._The_Oxford_Journal._3_January_1756' class="citation news cs1">"Advertisement". The Oxford Journal. 3 January 1756. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Journal&rft.atitle=Advertisement&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1756-01-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id='CITEREF"Advertisement"._The_Oxford_Journal._10_January_1756' class="citation news cs1">"Advertisement". The Oxford Journal. 10 January 1756. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Journal&rft.atitle=Advertisement&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1756-01-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id='CITEREF"Advertisement"._The_Oxford_Journal._17_February_1759' class="citation news cs1">"Advertisement". The Oxford Journal. 17 February 1759. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Journal&rft.atitle=Advertisement&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1759-02-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id='CITEREF"Advertisement"._The_Sussex_Advertiser._19_July_1756' class="citation news cs1">"Advertisement". The Sussex Advertiser. 19 July 1756. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sussex+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Advertisement&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1756-07-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Websites">Websites</h4></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2023" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Gregory (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230401021917/https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/">"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"</a>. MeasuringWorth. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.measuringworth.com/ukearncpi/">the original</a> on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Annual+RPI+and+Average+Earnings+for+Britain%2C+1209+to+Present+%28New+Series%29&rft.pub=MeasuringWorth&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fukearncpi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lehmann, Gilly (2004). "Bradley, Martha (fl. 1740s–1755)". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F50433">10.1093/ref:odnb/50433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bradley%2C+Martha+%28fl.+1740s%E2%80%931755%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F50433&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Gilly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Bradley" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Martha_Bradley" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Martha Bradley">Martha Bradley</a> at Wikimedia Commons <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/21px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/21px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="13" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/42px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/21px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/21px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/42px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martha_Bradley&oldid=1277527778">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martha_Bradley&oldid=1277527778</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Bradley&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 25 February 2025, at 04:38 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مارتا بردلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارتا بردلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 February 2025, at 04:38 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martha_Bradley&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-55f85cbc4-tmrdc","wgBackendResponseTime":204,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.924","walltime":"1.101","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10412,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":142668,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11105,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":146017,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 979.146 1 -total"," 22.60% 221.305 94 Template:Sfn"," 17.55% 171.850 24 Template:Cite_book"," 9.47% 92.687 9 Template:Navbox"," 9.38% 91.820 6 Template:Lang"," 8.85% 86.656 1 Template:English_cuisine"," 6.42% 62.889 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.31% 61.791 6 Template:Efn"," 6.03% 59.007 104 Template:Main_other"," 3.77% 36.956 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.584","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15895568,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\u0026quot;Advertisement\u0026quot;._The_Leeds_Intelligencer._3_February_1756\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF\u0026quot;Advertisement\u0026quot;._The_Manchester_Mercury._13_January_1756\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF\u0026quot;Advertisement\u0026quot;._The_Oxford_Journal._10_January_1756\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF\u0026quot;Advertisement\u0026quot;._The_Oxford_Journal._17_February_1759\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF\u0026quot;Advertisement\u0026quot;._The_Oxford_Journal._3_January_1756\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF\u0026quot;Advertisement\u0026quot;._The_Sussex_Advertiser._19_July_1756\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF\u0026quot;Review:_Mrs_Martha_Bradley,_The_British_Housewife_(1758)\u0026quot;._Petits_Propos_Culinaires\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradley1760\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColquhoun2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDay2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEden2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehmann2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehmann2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaclean1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMason2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMason2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasonPaston-Williams2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeacham2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrett2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrett2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNotaker2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOxford1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinkard2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuayle1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSexton2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman2004a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman2004b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteedman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVickery2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaddington2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWall2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillanCherniavskyClaflin2012\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Bradley, Martha\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"English cuisine\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Fl.\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation/year\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Notes\"] = 1,\n [\"Portalbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-protected\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 94,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 7,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"TOClimit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"£sd\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-66b88b647-xlpr2","timestamp":"20250225043831","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Martha Bradley","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Martha_Bradley","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q18819642","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q18819642","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2020-08-01T08:53:27Z","dateModified":"2025-02-25T04:38:30Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d5\/The_British_Housewife%2C_Martha_Bradley_-_Frontispiece_and_title_page.jpg","headline":"Bradley, Martha (fl. 1740s\u20131755), writer on cookery"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-mw-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>