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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mali_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mali_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mali Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mali_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wassoulou_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wassoulou_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Wassoulou Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wassoulou_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_and_political_organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_and_political_organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Family and political organisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_and_political_organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_stratification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_stratification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Social stratification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_stratification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rites_of_passage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rites_of_passage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Rites of passage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rites_of_passage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Female_genital_mutilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_genital_mutilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Female genital mutilation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_genital_mutilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_kora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_kora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>The kora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_kora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature_and_other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature_and_other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In literature and other media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature_and_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Burkina_Faso" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burkina_Faso"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Burkina Faso</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burkina_Faso-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Gambia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Gambia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>The Gambia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Gambia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guinea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guinea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Guinea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guinea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guinea_Bissau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guinea_Bissau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Guinea Bissau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guinea_Bissau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ivory_Coast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ivory_Coast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Ivory Coast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ivory_Coast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Liberia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Mali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senegal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senegal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Senegal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senegal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sierra_Leone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sierra_Leone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Sierra Leone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sierra_Leone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Togo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Togo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Togo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Togo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mandinka people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinka_(volk)" title="Mandinka (volk) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mandinka (volk)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%8A" title="الشعب الماندينغي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الشعب الماندينغي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinga" title="Mandinga – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mandinga" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мандинка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мандинка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinka" title="Mandinka – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mandinka" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandenk%C3%A0s" title="Mandenkàs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mandenkàs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinkov%C3%A9" title="Mandinkové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mandinkové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinka" title="Mandinka – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mandinka" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%B1_(%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82)" title="Μαντίνκα (λαός) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαντίνκα (λαός)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinga" title="Mandinga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mandinga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinkoj" title="Mandinkoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mandinkoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinga" title="Mandinga – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mandinga" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ماندینکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماندینکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malink%C3%A9s" title="Malinkés – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Malinkés" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandancaigh" title="Mandancaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mandancaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_mandinga" title="Pobo mandinga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo mandinga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EB%94%A9%EC%B9%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="만딩카족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="만딩카족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinka" title="Mandinka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mandinka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Mandinka" title="Orang Mandinka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Mandinka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinka" title="Mandinka – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Mandinka" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandingo" title="Mandingo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mandingo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%94" title="מנדינקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנדינקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="მანდინკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მანდინკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_(%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B)" title="Мандинго (халық) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мандинго (халық)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamandinka" title="Wamandinka – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wamandinka" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Мандинкавлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Мандинкавлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandingai" title="Mandingai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mandingai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinga_(vahoaka)" title="Mandinga (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mandinga (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%89" title="الشعب الماندينجى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الشعب الماندينجى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinka_(volk)" title="Mandinka (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mandinka (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E6%97%8F" title="マンディンカ族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マンディンカ族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%98%DF%8B%DF%B2%DF%AB_%DF%A1%DF%8C%DF%AC%DF%99%DF%8C%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%98%DF%8C" title="ߡߊ߲߬ߘߋ߲߫ ߡߌ߬ߙߌ߲߬ߘߌ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߡߊ߲߬ߘߋ߲߫ ߡߌ߬ߙߌ߲߬ߘߌ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinka_(folk)" title="Mandinka (folk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mandinka (folk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinkafolk" title="Mandinkafolk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mandinkafolk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinka" title="Mandinka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mandinka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandingas" title="Mandingas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mandingas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Мандинка (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мандинка (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mandinka people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandigo" title="Mandigo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mandigo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Мандинке – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мандинке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinka" title="Mandinka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mandinka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinkat" title="Mandinkat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mandinkat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinka_(folkgrupp)" title="Mandinka (folkgrupp) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mandinka (folkgrupp)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மாண்டின்கா மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாண்டின்கா மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Мандінка (народ) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мандінка (народ)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinke" title="Mandinke – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Mandinke" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E4%B8%81%E6%88%88%E4%BA%BA" title="曼丁戈人 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">West African ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the larger <a href="/wiki/Mand%C3%A9_peoples" title="Mandé peoples">Mandé peoples</a> or the unrelated <a href="/wiki/Dinka_people" title="Dinka people">Dinka people</a> of Sudan.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Mandinka</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Catalan_Atlas_BNF_Sheet_6_Mansa_Musa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Catalan_Atlas_BNF_Sheet_6_Mansa_Musa.jpg/220px-Catalan_Atlas_BNF_Sheet_6_Mansa_Musa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Catalan_Atlas_BNF_Sheet_6_Mansa_Musa.jpg/330px-Catalan_Atlas_BNF_Sheet_6_Mansa_Musa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Catalan_Atlas_BNF_Sheet_6_Mansa_Musa.jpg/440px-Catalan_Atlas_BNF_Sheet_6_Mansa_Musa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="2647" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Musa_I_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa I of Mali">Mansa Musa</a>'s visit to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> in 1324 CE with large amounts of gold attracted Middle Eastern Muslims and Europeans to Mali.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-turner18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turner18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 11 million<sup id="cite_ref-PGGP2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGGP2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,786,101 (29.4%)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAFactbook2019gv_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAFactbook2019gv-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,772,102 (8.8%)<sup id="cite_ref-CIA-2021-Mali_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-2021-Mali-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></th><td class="infobox-data">900,617 (5.6%)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAFactbook2019sg_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAFactbook2019sg-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">700,568 (34.4%)<sup id="cite_ref-2013Census_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013Census-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></th><td class="infobox-data">647,458 (2%)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></th><td class="infobox-data">212,269 (14.7%)<sup id="cite_ref-Censo2009_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Censo2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">166,849 (3.2%)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAFactbook2019li_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAFactbook2019li-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></th><td class="infobox-data">160,080 (2.3%)<sup id="cite_ref-Census2015_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2015-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manding_languages" title="Manding languages">Manding languages</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(primary)</span></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Kassonke_language" title="Kassonke language">Western Maninka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maninka_language" title="Maninka language">Eastern Maninka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kita_Maninka_language" title="Kita Maninka language">Kita Maninka language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_language" title="Mandinka language">Mandinka</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> (Almost entirely)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Mand%C3%A9_peoples" title="Mandé peoples">Mandé peoples</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Bambara_people" title="Bambara people">Bambara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyula_people" title="Dyula people">Dioula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yalunka_people" title="Yalunka people">Yalunka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khassonk%C3%A9_people" title="Khassonké people">Khassonké</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Mandinka</b> or <b>Malinke</b><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> primarily found in southern <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numbering about 11 million,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they are the largest subgroup of the <a href="/wiki/Mand%C3%A9_peoples" title="Mandé peoples">Mandé peoples</a> and one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">largest ethnolinguistic groups in Africa</a>. They speak the <a href="/wiki/Manding_languages" title="Manding languages">Manding languages</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mande_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mande language">Mande language</a> family, which are a <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> in much of West Africa. Virtually all of Mandinka people are adherent to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, mostly based on the <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> jurisprudence. They are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence farmers</a> and live in rural villages. Their largest urban center is <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a>, the capital of Mali.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson1996p366_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson1996p366-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mandinka are the descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a>, which rose to power in the 13th century under the rule of king <a href="/wiki/Sundiata_Keita" title="Sundiata Keita">Sundiata Keita</a>, who founded an empire that would go on to span a large part of West Africa. They migrated west from the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a> in search of better agricultural lands and more opportunities for conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowadays, the Mandinka inhabit the <a href="/wiki/West_Sudanian_savanna" title="West Sudanian savanna">West Sudanian savanna</a> region extending from <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Casamance" title="Casamance">Casamance</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea Bissau</a>. Although widespread, the Mandinka constitute the largest ethnic group only in the countries of Mali, Guinea and The Gambia.<sup id="cite_ref-gatesmandinka_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gatesmandinka-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Mandinka live in family-related compounds in traditional rural villages. Their traditional society has featured socially stratified castes.<sup id="cite_ref-Godfrey2019_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godfrey2019-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 43–44">: 43–44 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hughesstrata_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hughesstrata-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hopkinsmandinka_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hopkinsmandinka-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mandinka communities have been fairly autonomous and self-ruled, being led by a chief and group of elders. Mandinka has been an <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral society</a>, where mythologies, history and knowledge are verbally transmitted from one generation to the next.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their music and literary traditions are preserved by a caste of <a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">griots</a>, known locally as <i>jalolu</i> (singular, <i>jali</i>), as well as guilds and brotherhoods like the <i><a href="/wiki/Dozo" title="Dozo">donso</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter">hunters</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the 16th and 19th centuries, many Muslim and non-Muslim Mandinka people, along with numerous other African ethnic groups, were <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">captured, enslaved and shipped</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. They intermixed with slaves and workers of other ethnicities, creating a <a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creole</a> culture. The Mandinka people significantly influenced the African heritage of descended peoples now found in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> and, to a lesser extent, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-muse.jhu.edu_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muse.jhu.edu-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of Mandinka, as with many Mandé peoples, begins with the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a>, also known as Wagadu. Mande hunters founded communities in <a href="/wiki/Manding_region" title="Manding region">Manden</a>, which would become the political and cultural center of the Mandinka,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also in <a href="/wiki/Bambuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambuk">Bambuk</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Senegal_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Senegal river">Senegal river</a> valley. The Mande diaspora from Ghana extended from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mythical ancestors of the Malinké and the <a href="/wiki/Bambara_people" title="Bambara people">Bambara people</a> are Kontron and Sanin, the founding "hunter brotherhood".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Manden was famous for the large number of animals and game that it sheltered, as well as its dense vegetation, so was a very popular hunting ground. The Camara (or Kamara) are believed to be the oldest family to have lived in Manden, after having left Wagadou, due to drought. They founded the first village of Manding, Kiri, then Kirina, <a href="/wiki/Siby,_Mali" title="Siby, Mali">Siby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kita,_Mali" title="Kita, Mali">Kita</a>. A very large number of families that make up the Mandinka community were born in Manden. Manding is the province from which the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> started, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Sundiata_Keita" title="Sundiata Keita">Sundiata Keita</a>. The Manden were initially a part of many fragmented kingdoms that formed after the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana empire</a> in the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Green2011p35_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green2011p35-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mali_Empire">Mali Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mali Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a></div> <p>During the rule of <a href="/wiki/Sundiata_Keita" title="Sundiata Keita">Sundiata Keita</a>, these kingdoms were consolidated, and the Mandinka expanded west from the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a> basin under Sundiata's general <a href="/wiki/Tiramakhan_Traore" title="Tiramakhan Traore">Tiramakhan Traore</a>. This expansion was a part of creating a region of conquest, according to the <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> of the Mandinka people. This migration began in the later part of the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Green2011p35_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green2011p35-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:33%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #CBEFCB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>The beginnings of Mandinka</b><br /> We originated from Tumbuktu in the land of the Mandinka: the Arabs were our neighbours there... All the Mandinka came from Mali to <a href="/wiki/Kaabu" title="Kaabu">Kaabu</a>. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<i>Mandinka de Bijini</i>, Transl: Toby Green<br />The oral traditions in Guinea-Bissau<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Another group of Mandinka people, under Faran Kamara – the son of the king of Tabou – expanded southeast of Mali, while a third group expanded with Fakoli Kourouma.<sup id="cite_ref-Apotsos2016_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apotsos2016-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the migration, many gold artisans and metal working Mandinka smiths settled along the coast and in the hilly <a href="/wiki/Fouta_Djallon" title="Fouta Djallon">Fouta Djallon</a> and plateau areas of West Africa. Their presence and products attracted Mandika merchants and brought trading caravans from north Africa and the eastern <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>, states Toby Green – a professor of African History and Culture. It also brought conflicts with other ethnic groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof people</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Jolof_Empire" title="Jolof Empire">Jolof Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Green2011p35_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green2011p35-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The caravan trade to North Africa and Middle East brought Islamic people into Mandinka people's original and expanded home region.<sup id="cite_ref-Green2011p38_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green2011p38-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslim traders sought presence in the host Mandinka community, and this likely initiated proselytizing efforts to convert the Mandinka from their traditional religious beliefs into Islam. In <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a>, for example, the Almoravids had divided its capital into two parts by 1077, one part was Muslim and the other non-Muslim. The Muslim influence from North Africa had arrived in the Mandinka region before this, via Islamic trading diasporas.<sup id="cite_ref-Green2011p38_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green2011p38-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MandingoMap-1906_with_color.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/MandingoMap-1906_with_color.png/450px-MandingoMap-1906_with_color.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/MandingoMap-1906_with_color.png/675px-MandingoMap-1906_with_color.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/MandingoMap-1906_with_color.png 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>A map of West Africa showing Mandinka peoples, languages and influence, 1906.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1324, <a href="/wiki/Mansa_Musa" title="Mansa Musa">Mansa Musa</a> who ruled <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, went on <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> pilgrimage to Mecca with a caravan carrying gold. <a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Umari" class="mw-redirect" title="Shihab al-Umari">Shihab al-Umari</a>, the Arabic historian, described his visit and stated that Musa built mosques in his kingdom, established Islamic prayers and took back Maliki school of Sunni jurists with him.<sup id="cite_ref-turner18_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turner18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Richard Turner – a professor of African American Religious History, Musa was highly influential in attracting North African and Middle Eastern Muslims to West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-turner18_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turner18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mandinka people of Mali converted early, but those who migrated to the west did not convert and retained their traditional religious rites. One of the legends among the Mandingo of western Africa is that the general Tiramakhan Traore led the migration, because people in Mali had converted to Islam and he did not want to.<sup id="cite_ref-Green2011p41_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green2011p41-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another legend gives a contrasting account, and states that Traore himself had converted and married <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s granddaughter.<sup id="cite_ref-Green2011p41_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green2011p41-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Traore's marriage with a Muhammad's granddaughter, states Toby Green, is fanciful, but these conflicting oral histories suggest that Islam had arrived well before the 13th century and had a complex interaction with the Mandinka people.<sup id="cite_ref-Green2011p41_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green2011p41-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through a series of conflicts, primarily with the <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a>-led jihads under <a href="/wiki/Imamate_of_Futa_Jallon" title="Imamate of Futa Jallon">Imamate of Futa Jallon</a>, many Mandinka converted to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hawthorne2010p65_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawthorne2010p65-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contemporary West Africa, the Mandinka are predominantly Muslim, with a few regions where significant portions of the population are not Muslim, such as Guinea Bissau, where 35 percent of the Mandinka practice Islam, more than 20 percent are Christian, and 15 percent follow traditional beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-MendyLobban2013263_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MendyLobban2013263-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery">Slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Slave raiding, capture and trading in the Mandinka regions may have existed in significant numbers before the European colonial era,<sup id="cite_ref-Green2011p35_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green2011p35-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as is evidenced in the memoirs of the 14th century Moroccan traveller and Islamic historian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slaves were part of the socially stratified Mandinka people, and several Mandinka language words, such as <i>Jong</i> or <i>Jongo</i> refer to slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hughesstrata_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hughesstrata-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were fourteen Mandinke kingdoms along the <a href="/wiki/Gambia_River" title="Gambia River">Gambia River</a> in the Senegambia region during the early 19th century, for example, where slaves were a part of the social strata in all these kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption style="text-align: center;">Slave shipment between 1501 and 1867, by region<sup id="cite_ref-eltis2015_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eltis2015-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="background: silver;">Region</th> <th scope="col">Total embarked</th> <th scope="col">Total disembarked </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">West central Africa </th> <td>5.69 million</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Bight of Benin </th> <td>2.00 million</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Bight of Biafra </th> <td>1.6 million</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #F4A460;"><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(region)" title="Gold Coast (region)">Gold Coast</a> </th> <td>1.21 million</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Windward Coast </th> <td>0.34 million</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Sierra Leone </th> <td>0.39 million</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #F4A460;"><a href="/wiki/Senegambia" title="Senegambia">Senegambia</a> </th> <td>0.76 million</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Mozambique </th> <td>0.54 million</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: silver;">Brazil (South America) </th> <td></td> <td>4.7 million </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: silver;">Rest of South America </th> <td></td> <td>0.9 million </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: silver;">Caribbean </th> <td></td> <td>4.1 million </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: silver;">North America </th> <td></td> <td>0.4 million </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: silver;">Europe </th> <td></td> <td>0.01 million </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to Toby Green, selling slaves along with gold was already a significant part of the trans-Saharan caravan trade across the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> between West Africa and the Middle East after the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the arrival of Portuguese explorers in Africa as they looked for a sea route to India, the European purchase of slaves had begun. The shipment of slaves by the Portuguese, primarily from the Jolof people, along with some Mandinka, started in the 15th century, states Green, but the earliest evidence of a trade involving Mandinka slaves is from and after 1497 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-green81_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green81-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In parallel with the start of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, the institution of slavery and slave-trading of West Africans into the Mediterranean region and inside Africa continued as a historic normal practice.<sup id="cite_ref-green81_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green81-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slavery grew significantly between the 16th and 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawthorne2010p65_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawthorne2010p65-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese considered slave sources in Guinea and Senegambia parts of Mandinka territory as belonging to them; their 16th to 18th-century slave trade-related documents refer to "our Guinea" and complain about slave traders from other European nations superseding them in the slave trade. Their slave exports from this region nearly doubled in the second half of the 18th century compared to the first, and most of these slaves disembarked in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-hawthorne61_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawthorne61-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars have offered several theories on the source of the transatlantic slave trade of Mandinka people. According to Boubacar Barry, a professor of History and African Studies, chronic violence between ethnic groups such as the Mandinka people and their neighbours, combined with weapons sold by slave traders and lucrative income from slave ships to the slave sellers, fed the practice of groups raiding for captives, conducting manhunts, and taking slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The victimised ethnic group felt justified in retaliating. Slavery was already an accepted practice before the 15th century, when most enslaved people were taken on routes to North Africa and western Asia by Arab traders. </p><p>As the demand grew, states Barry, Futa Jallon, led by an Islamic military theocracy, became one of the centers of this slavery-perpetuating violence. Farim of <a href="/wiki/Kaabu" title="Kaabu">Kaabu</a> (the commander of Mandinka people in Kaabu) energetically hunted for slaves on a large scale.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martin Klein (a professor of African Studies) states that Kaabu was one of the early suppliers of African slaves to European merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rodney" title="Walter Rodney">Walter Rodney</a> states that Mandinka and other ethnic groups already held slaves who had inherited slavery by birth, and who could be sold.<sup id="cite_ref-walter431_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walter431-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Islamic armies from <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> had long established the practice of slave raids and trade.<sup id="cite_ref-walter431_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walter431-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fula jihad from Futa Jallon plateau perpetuated and expanded this practice.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These jihads captured the highest number of slaves to sell to <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> traders at the ports controlled by Mandinka people.<sup id="cite_ref-hawthorne61_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawthorne61-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The insecure ethnic groups, states Rodney, stopped working productively and tried to withdraw for security, which made their social and economic conditions more desperate. Though less powerful, such groups also joined the retaliatory cycle of slave raids and violence.<sup id="cite_ref-walter431_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walter431-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walter Hawthorne (a professor of African History) states that the Barry and Rodney explanation was not universally true for all of Senegambia and Guinea, where high concentrations of Mandinka people have traditionally lived.<sup id="cite_ref-hawthorne61_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawthorne61-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hawthorne says that numerous Mandinka were not exported to the <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">various European colonies in North America, South America and the Caribbean</a> until the period between the mid-18th through to the 19th century. During these years, slave trade records show that nearly 33% of the slaves from <a href="/wiki/Senegambia" title="Senegambia">Senegambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> coasts were Mandinka people.<sup id="cite_ref-hawthorne61_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawthorne61-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hawthorne suggests three causes of Mandinka people being taken captive as slaves during this era: small-scale jihads by Muslims against non-Muslim Mandinka, non-religious reasons such as the economic greed of Islamic elites who wanted imports of goods and tools from the coast, and attacks by the Fula people on the Mandinka's <a href="/wiki/Kaabu" title="Kaabu">Kaabu</a>, with consequent cycle of violence.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wassoulou_Empire">Wassoulou Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wassoulou Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou Empire</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boilat-10-Marabout_mandingue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Boilat-10-Marabout_mandingue.jpg/220px-Boilat-10-Marabout_mandingue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Boilat-10-Marabout_mandingue.jpg/330px-Boilat-10-Marabout_mandingue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Boilat-10-Marabout_mandingue.jpg/440px-Boilat-10-Marabout_mandingue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>A Mandinka <a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">marabout</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 21st century, the Mandinka continue as rural <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence farmers</a> who rely on <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, and small-scale husbandry for their livelihood. During the <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a>, men plant peanuts as their main cash crop. Men also grow millet. The women grow rice (traditionally, <a href="/wiki/African_rice" class="mw-redirect" title="African rice">African rice</a>), tending the plants by hand.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaffer,_Matt_2003_p._6_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaffer,_Matt_2003_p._6-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is extremely labour-intensive and physically demanding work. Only about 50% of the rice consumption needs are met by local planting; the rest is imported from Asia and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaffer,_Matt_2003_p._6_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaffer,_Matt_2003_p._6-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest male is the head of the family, and marriages are commonly arranged. Small mud houses with conical thatch or tin roofs make up their villages, which are organised on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a> groups. While farming is the predominant profession among the Mandinka, men also work as tailors, butchers, taxi drivers, woodworkers, metalworkers, soldiers, nurses, and extension workers for aid agencies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, most Mandinka people practice <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Mandinka <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretise</a> Islam and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">traditional African religions</a>. Among these syncretists, it is believed that <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">spirits</a> can be controlled mainly through the power of a <a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">marabout</a>, who knows the protective formulas. In most cases, the people do not make important decisions without first consulting a marabout. Marabouts, who have Islamic training, write Qur'anic verses on slips of paper and sew them into leather pouches (<a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">talisman</a>); these are worn as protective amulets. </p><p>The conversion of the Mandinka to Islam took place over many centuries. According to Robert Wyndham Nicholls, Mandinka in <a href="/wiki/Senegambia_Confederation" title="Senegambia Confederation">Senegambia</a> started converting to Islam as early as the 17th century, and most of Mandinka leatherworkers there converted to Islam before the 19th century. Mandinka musicians, however, were last, converting to Islam mostly in the first half of the 20th century. As in other locales, these Muslims have continued some of their pre-Islamic religious practices as well, such as their annual rain ceremony and "sacrifice of the black bull" to their past deities.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandinka_Dancing,_Women%27s_Cultural_Celebration,_Gambia_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mandinka_Dancing%2C_Women%27s_Cultural_Celebration%2C_Gambia_2006.jpg/220px-Mandinka_Dancing%2C_Women%27s_Cultural_Celebration%2C_Gambia_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mandinka_Dancing%2C_Women%27s_Cultural_Celebration%2C_Gambia_2006.jpg/330px-Mandinka_Dancing%2C_Women%27s_Cultural_Celebration%2C_Gambia_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mandinka_Dancing%2C_Women%27s_Cultural_Celebration%2C_Gambia_2006.jpg/440px-Mandinka_Dancing%2C_Women%27s_Cultural_Celebration%2C_Gambia_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Mandinka dancing</figcaption></figure> <p>Most Mandinka live in family-related compounds in traditional rural villages. Mandinka villages are fairly <a href="/wiki/Autonomous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous">autonomous</a> and self-ruled, being led by a council of upper-class elders and a chief who functions as a first among equals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_and_political_organisation">Family and political organisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Family and political organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Mandinka society the <i>lu</i> (extended family) is the basic unit, and is led by a <i>fa</i> (family head) who manages relations with other <i>fa</i>. A <i>dugu</i> (village) is formed by a collection of <i>lu</i>, and the <i>dugu</i> is led by the <i>fa</i> of the most important <i>lu</i>, aided by the <i>dugu-tigi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Village_head" title="Village head">village head</a> or <i>fa</i> of the first <i>lu</i> that settled there). A group of <i>dugu-tigi</i> form a <i>kafu</i> (confederation) headed by a <i>kafu-tigi</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Keita_dynasty" title="Keita dynasty">Keita clan</a> initially held the status of <i>kafu-tigi</i> before <a href="/wiki/Sundiata_Keita" title="Sundiata Keita">Sundiata</a>'s expansion and the creation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mansa_(title)" title="Mansa (title)">mansa</a></i> (king/emperor).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_stratification">Social stratification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Social stratification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mandinka people have traditionally been a socially stratified society, as are many West African ethnic groups with <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">castes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mandinka society, states Arnold Hughes, a professor of West African Studies and African Politics, has been "divided into three endogamous castes – the freeborn (<i>foro</i>), slaves (<i>jongo</i>), and artisans and praise singers (<i>nyamolo</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-hughesstrata_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hughesstrata-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The freeborn castes are primarily farmers. The enslaved strata included labor providers to the farmers, as well as leather workers, pottery makers, metal smiths, <a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">griots</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-gatesmandinka_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gatesmandinka-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mandinka Muslim clerics and scribes have traditionally been considered a separate occupational caste called <i>Jakhanke</i>, with their Islamic roots traceable to about the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mandinka castes are hereditary, and marriages outside the caste was forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-gatesmandinka_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gatesmandinka-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their caste system is similar to those of other ethnic groups of the African <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These castes are also common across Mandinka communities such as those in <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, and other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hopkinsmandinka_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hopkinsmandinka-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rites_of_passage">Rites of passage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rites of passage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mandinka practice a rite of passage, <b>kuyangwoo</b>, which marks the beginning of adulthood for their children. At an age between four and fourteen, the youngsters have their genitalia ritually mutilated (see articles on <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">male</a> and <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a>), in separate groups according to their sex. In years past, the children spent up to a year in the bush, but that has been reduced now to coincide with their physical healing time, between three and four weeks. </p><p>During this time, they learn about their adult social responsibilities and rules of behaviour. Preparation is made in the village or compound for the return of the children. A celebration marks the return of these new adults to their families. As a result of these traditional teachings, in marriage a woman's loyalty remains to her parents and her family; a man's to his. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Female_genital_mutilation">Female genital mutilation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Female genital mutilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The women among the Mandinka people, like other ethnic groups near them, have traditionally practiced <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a> (FGM), traditionally referred to as "female circumcision." According to <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>, the female genital mutilation prevalence rates among the Mandinka of The Gambia is the highest at over 96%, followed by FGM among the women of the <a href="/wiki/Jola_people" title="Jola people">Jola people</a> at 91%, and <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula people</a> at 88%.<sup id="cite_ref-uniceffgmmandinka_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uniceffgmmandinka-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the Mandinka women of some other countries of West Africa, the FGM prevalence rates are lower, but still range between 40% and 90%.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cultural practice, locally called <i>Niaka</i> or <i>Kuyungo</i> or <i>Musolula Karoola</i> or <i>Bondo</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> involves the partial or total removal of the clitoris, or alternatively, the partial or total removal of the labia minora with the clitoris.<sup id="cite_ref-uniceffgmmandinka_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uniceffgmmandinka-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some surveys, such as those by the <a href="/wiki/Gambia_Committee_on_Traditional_Practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia Committee on Traditional Practices">Gambia Committee on Traditional Practices</a> (GAMCOTRAP), estimate FGM is prevalent among 100% of the Mandinka in <a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uniceffgmmandinka_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uniceffgmmandinka-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, after community efforts of UNICEF and the local government bodies, several Mandinka women's organization pledged to abandon the female genital mutilation practices.<sup id="cite_ref-uniceffgmmandinka_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uniceffgmmandinka-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marriages are traditionally arranged by family members rather than by either the bride or groom. This practice is particularly prevalent in the rural areas. The suitor's family formally sends Kola nuts, a bitter nut from a tree, to the male elders of the bride-to-be. If they accept the nuts, the courtship may begin. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a> has been practiced among the Mandinka since pre-Islamic days. A Mandinka man is legally allowed to have up to four wives, as long as he is able to care for each of them equally. Mandinka believe the crowning glory of any woman is the ability to produce children, especially sons. The first wife has authority over any subsequent wives. The husband has complete control over his wives and is responsible for feeding and clothing them. He also helps the wives' parents when necessary. Wives are expected to live together in <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a>, at least superficially. They share work responsibilities of the compound, such as cooking, laundry, and other tasks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papa1999.b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Papa1999.b.jpg/220px-Papa1999.b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Papa1999.b.jpg/330px-Papa1999.b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Papa1999.b.jpg/440px-Papa1999.b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A Mandinka <a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">Griot</a> Al-Haji <a href="/wiki/Papa_Susso" title="Papa Susso">Papa Susso</a> performing songs from the oral tradition of The Gambia on the <a href="/wiki/Kora_(instrument)" title="Kora (instrument)">kora</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mandinka culture is rich in tradition, music, and spiritual ritual. The Mandinka continue a long oral history tradition through stories, songs, and proverbs. In rural areas, the influence of western education is minimal; the literacy rate in <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> among these Mandinka is quite low. But, more than half the adult population can read the local <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> (including Mandinka <a href="/wiki/Ajami_script" title="Ajami script">Ajami</a>). Small <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'anic</a> schools for children where this is taught are quite common. Mandinka children are given their name on the eighth day after their birth. The children are almost always named after a very important person in their family. </p><p>The Mandinka have a rich oral history that is passed down through sung versions by <a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">griots</a>. This passing down of oral history through music has made the practice of music one of the most distinctive traits of the Mandinka. They have long been known for their drumming and also for their unique musical instrument, the <a href="/wiki/Kora_(instrument)" title="Kora (instrument)">kora</a>. The kora is a twenty-one-stringed West African <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a> made from a halved, dried, hollowed-out gourd covered with cow or goat skin. The strings are made of fishing line (these were traditionally made from a cow's tendons). It is played to accompany a griot's singing or simply on its own. </p><p>A Mandinka religious and cultural site under consideration for World Heritage status is located in <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gberedou/Hamana" title="Gberedou/Hamana">Gberedou/Hamana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallieni_MHNT_ETH_AC_595_Sabre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gallieni_MHNT_ETH_AC_595_Sabre.jpg/220px-Gallieni_MHNT_ETH_AC_595_Sabre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gallieni_MHNT_ETH_AC_595_Sabre.jpg/330px-Gallieni_MHNT_ETH_AC_595_Sabre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gallieni_MHNT_ETH_AC_595_Sabre.jpg/440px-Gallieni_MHNT_ETH_AC_595_Sabre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6318" data-file-height="2883" /></a><figcaption>Mandinka <a href="/wiki/Saber" class="mw-redirect" title="Saber">saber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallieni" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallieni">Gallieni</a> collection <a href="/wiki/MHNT" class="mw-redirect" title="MHNT">MHNT</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_kora">The kora</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The kora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kora_(instrument)" title="Kora (instrument)">kora</a> has become the hallmark of traditional <a href="/wiki/Djeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Djeli">Mandinka musicians</a>". The kora with its 21 strings is made from half a calabash, covered with cow's hide fastened on by decorative tacks. The kora has sound holes in the side which are used to store coins offered to the praise singers, in appreciation of their performance. The praise singers are called <i>jalibaa</i> or <i>jalolu</i> in Mandinka.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature_and_other_media">In literature and other media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In literature and other media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Malian author <a href="/wiki/Massa_Makan_Diabat%C3%A9" title="Massa Makan Diabaté">Massa Makan Diabaté</a> wrote novels that refer to Mandinka legends, including <i>Janjon</i>, which won the 1971 <a href="/wiki/Grand_prix_litt%C3%A9raire_d%27Afrique_noire" title="Grand prix littéraire d'Afrique noire">Grand prix littéraire d'Afrique noire</a>. His novels <i><a href="/wiki/Le_lieutenant_de_Kouta" title="Le lieutenant de Kouta">The Lieutenant of Kouta</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_coiffeur_de_Kouta" class="mw-redirect" title="Le coiffeur de Kouta">The Barber of Kouta</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Le_boucher_de_Kouta" class="mw-redirect" title="Le boucher de Kouta">The Butcher of Kouta</a></i> attempt to capture the proverbs and customs of the Mandinka people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In 1976 American writer <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a> published his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Roots:_The_Saga_of_an_American_Family" title="Roots: The Saga of an American Family">Roots: The Saga of an American Family</a></i>, tracing his family connections through free and enslaved generations to an 18th-century ancestor taken captive and brought to North America, a Mandinka man known as <a href="/wiki/Kunta_Kinte" title="Kunta Kinte">Kunta Kinte</a>. In the course of his research, he traveled to West Africa and heard about his people from a griot. The book was on the New York Times bestseller for many weeks and was also adapted as a popular TV mini-series. Many professional historians and at least one genealogist commented that this familial link was highly improbable (see D. Wright's <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_World_And_A_Very_Small_Place&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The World And A Very Small Place (page does not exist)">The World And A Very Small Place</a></i>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_R._Delany" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin R. Delany">Martin R. Delany</a>, a 19th-century abolitionist, military leader, politician and physician in the United States, was of partial Mandinka descent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin%C3%A9ad_O%27Connor" title="Sinéad O'Connor">Sinéad O'Connor</a>'s 1988 hit <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_(song)" title="Mandinka (song)">"Mandinka"</a> was inspired by Alex Haley's book.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._T" title="Mr. T">Mr. T</a>, of American television fame, once claimed that his distinctive hairstyle was modelled after a Mandinka warrior that he saw in <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his motivational video <i><a href="/wiki/Be_Somebody..._or_Be_Somebody%27s_Fool!" title="Be Somebody... or Be Somebody's Fool!">Be Somebody... or Be Somebody's Fool!</a></i>, Mr. T states: "My folks came from Africa. They were from the Mandinka tribe. They wore their hair like this. These gold chains I wear symbolize the fact that my ancestors were brought over here as slaves."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2006 interview, he reiterated that he modeled his hair style after photographs of Mandinka men he saw in <i>National Geographic</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burkina_Faso">Burkina Faso</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Burkina Faso"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joffrey_Bazi%C3%A9" title="Joffrey Bazié">Joffrey Bazié</a>, Burkinabé footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadou_Coulibaly" title="Amadou Coulibaly">Amadou Coulibaly</a>, Burkinabé footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaya_Darlaine_Coulibaly" title="Yaya Darlaine Coulibaly">Yaya Darlaine Coulibaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibril_Ouattara" title="Djibril Ouattara">Djibril Ouattara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ki-Zerbo" title="Joseph Ki-Zerbo">Joseph Ki-Zerbo</a>, political leader and historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakary_Kon%C3%A9" title="Bakary Koné">Bakary Koné</a>, Burkinabé footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheick_Kongo" title="Cheick Kongo">Cheick Kongo</a>, Burkinabé mixed martial artist</li> <li>General <a href="/wiki/Sangoul%C3%A9_Lamizana" title="Sangoulé Lamizana">Sangoulé Lamizana</a>, former president 1966–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oumarou_N%C3%A9bi%C3%A9" title="Oumarou Nébié">Oumarou Nébié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Sangar%C3%A9" title="Gustavo Sangaré">Gustavo Sangaré</a></li> <li>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Saye_Zerbo" title="Saye Zerbo">Saye Zerbo</a>, former President 1980–1982</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Gambia">The Gambia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The Gambia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adama_Barrow" title="Adama Barrow">Adama Barrow</a>, politician; third <a href="/wiki/President_of_The_Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="President of The Gambia">president of The Gambia</a> since 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit">[update]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (January 2022)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modou_Barrow" title="Modou Barrow">Modou Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Barrow" title="Musa Barrow">Musa Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assan_Ceesay" title="Assan Ceesay">Assan Ceesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatto_Ceesay" title="Jatto Ceesay">Jatto Ceesay</a>, footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ousainou_Darboe" title="Ousainou Darboe">Ousainou Darboe</a>, Foreign Minister of The Gambia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriff_Mustapha_Dibba" title="Sheriff Mustapha Dibba">Sheriff Mustapha Dibba</a>, veteran politician and the First vice President of The Gambia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alieu_Fadera" title="Alieu Fadera">Alieu Fadera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdoulie_Janneh" title="Abdoulie Janneh">Abdoulie Janneh</a>, former UN under-secretary general</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidia_Jatta" title="Sidia Jatta">Sidia Jatta</a>, opposition politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawda_Jawara" title="Dawda Jawara">Alhajj Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara</a>, first president of The Gambia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sona_Jobarteh" title="Sona Jobarteh">Sona Jobarteh</a>, first female <a href="/wiki/Kora_(instrument)" title="Kora (instrument)">kora</a> artist (musician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modou_Jobe" title="Modou Jobe">Modou Jobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaliba_Kuyateh" title="Jaliba Kuyateh">Jaliba Kuyateh</a>, kora artist and celebrated musician in the Mandinka language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasana_Manneh" title="Alasana Manneh">Alasana Manneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekuta_Manneh" title="Kekuta Manneh">Kekuta Manneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankuba_Minteh" title="Yankuba Minteh">Yankuba Minteh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamin_Sanneh" title="Lamin Sanneh">Professor Lamin O. Sanneh</a>, academician and author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdoulie_Sanyang" title="Abdoulie Sanyang">Abdoulie Sanyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadou_Sanyang" title="Amadou Sanyang">Amadou Sanyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrima_Sohna" title="Ebrima Sohna">Ebrima Sohna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alagie_Sosseh" title="Alagie Sosseh">Alagie Sosseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foday_Musa_Suso" title="Foday Musa Suso">Foday Musa Suso</a>, international musician.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamadou_Sumareh" title="Mohamadou Sumareh">Mohamadou Sumareh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momodou_Touray" title="Momodou Touray">Momodou Touray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saikou_Touray" title="Saikou Touray">Saikou Touray</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guinea">Guinea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Guinea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Washington_DC_en_1982.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Washington_DC_en_1982.jpg/220px-Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Washington_DC_en_1982.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Washington_DC_en_1982.jpg/330px-Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Washington_DC_en_1982.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Washington_DC_en_1982.jpg/440px-Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Washington_DC_en_1982.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2796" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption>Ahmed Sékou Touré, the President of Guinea from 1958 to 1984</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sekouba_Bambino" title="Sekouba Bambino">Sekouba Bambino</a>, Guinean musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdoul_Camara" title="Abdoul Camara">Abdoul Camara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Camara_(goalkeeper)" title="Moussa Camara (goalkeeper)">Moussa Camara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahima_Ciss%C3%A9" title="Ibrahima Cissé">Ibrahima Cissé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momo_Ciss%C3%A9" title="Momo Cissé">Momo Cissé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seydouba_Ciss%C3%A9" title="Seydouba Cissé">Seydouba Cissé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Cond%C3%A9" title="Alpha Condé">Alpha Condé</a>, former Guinean President</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheick_Cond%C3%A9" title="Cheick Condé">Cheick Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamady_Cond%C3%A9" title="Mamady Condé">Mamady Condé</a>, Guinean foreign minister from 2004 to 2007</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9kou_Cond%C3%A9" title="Sékou Condé">Sékou Condé</a>, Guinean footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sona_Tata_Cond%C3%A9" title="Sona Tata Condé">Sona Tata Condé</a>, Guinean musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadou_Diawara" title="Amadou Diawara">Amadou Diawara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djeli_Moussa_Diawara" title="Djeli Moussa Diawara">Djeli Moussa Diawara</a>, Guinean musician (also known as Jali Musa Jawara - 32-stringed <a href="/wiki/Kora_(instrument)" title="Kora (instrument)">Kora</a> player)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaba_Diawara" title="Kaba Diawara">Kaba Diawara</a>, Guinean footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamady_Doumbouya" title="Mamady Doumbouya">Mamady Doumbouya</a>, Guinean military officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daouda_Jabi" title="Daouda Jabi">Daouda Jabi</a>, Guinean footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamadi_Kaba" title="Mamadi Kaba">Mamadi Kaba</a>, Guinean footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sory_Kaba" title="Sory Kaba">Sory Kaba</a>, Guinean footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamadou_Kan%C3%A9_(footballer,_born_1997)" title="Mamadou Kané (footballer, born 1997)">Mamadou Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mory_Kant%C3%A9" title="Mory Kanté">Mory Kanté</a>, Guinean kora musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhassane_Keita" title="Alhassane Keita">Alhassane Keita</a>, Guinean footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamady_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Mamady Keïta">Mamady Keïta</a>, Guinean musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naby_Keita" class="mw-redirect" title="Naby Keita">Naby Keita</a>, Guinean footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabin%C3%A9_Komara" title="Kabiné Komara">Kabiné Komara</a>, former prime minister of Guinea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famoudou_Konat%C3%A9" title="Famoudou Konaté">Famoudou Konaté</a>, Guinean musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mory_Konat%C3%A9" title="Mory Konaté">Mory Konaté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9kouba_Konat%C3%A9" title="Sékouba Konaté">General Sékouba Konaté</a>, former Head of State of Guinea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansana_Kouyat%C3%A9" title="Lansana Kouyaté">Lansana Kouyaté</a>, former prime minister of Guinea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Faly_Kouyate" title="N'Faly Kouyate">N'Faly Kouyate</a>, Guinean musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fod%C3%A9_Mansar%C3%A9" title="Fodé Mansaré">Fodé Mansaré</a>, Guinean footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit_Sory" title="Petit Sory">Petit Sory</a>, Guinean footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morlaye_Sylla" title="Morlaye Sylla">Morlaye Sylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekou_Tour%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekou Touré">Sekou Touré</a>, President of Guinea from 1958 to 1984; grandson of Samory Touré</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarra_Traor%C3%A9" title="Diarra Traoré">Diarra Traoré</a>, former prime minister of Guinea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samori_Ture" title="Samori Ture">Samori Ture</a>, founder of the Wassoulou Empire, an Islamic military state that resisted French rule in West Africa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Yattara" title="Mohamed Yattara">Mohamed Yattara</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guinea_Bissau">Guinea Bissau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Guinea Bissau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aladje" title="Aladje">Aladje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalany_Baio" title="Yalany Baio">Yalany Baio</a>, Bissau-Guinean footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamadi_Camar%C3%A1_(footballer,_born_2003)" title="Mamadi Camará (footballer, born 2003)">Mamadi Camará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A1rio_Bar%C3%B3" title="Romário Baró">Romário Baró</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimito_Biai" title="Mimito Biai">Mimito Biai</a>, Bissau-Guinean footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sana_Cant%C3%A9" title="Sana Canté">Sana Canté</a>, Bissau-Guinean activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui_Dab%C3%B3" title="Rui Dabó">Rui Dabó</a>, Bissau-Guinean footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Dab%C3%B3" title="Tomás Dabó">Tomás Dabó</a>, Bissau-Guinean footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Jaquit%C3%A9" title="João Jaquité">João Jaquité</a>, Bissau-Guinean footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorginho_(footballer,_born_1995)" title="Jorginho (footballer, born 1995)">Jorginho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madi_Queta" title="Madi Queta">Madi Queta</a>, Bissau-Guinean footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neemias_Queta" title="Neemias Queta">Neemias Queta</a>, Bissau-Guinean basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfa_Semedo" title="Alfa Semedo">Alfa Semedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panutche_Camar%C3%A1" title="Panutche Camará">Panutche Camará</a>, Bissau-Guinean footballer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ivory_Coast">Ivory Coast</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ivory Coast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiken_Jah_Fakoly-IMG_5321.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tiken_Jah_Fakoly-IMG_5321.jpg/170px-Tiken_Jah_Fakoly-IMG_5321.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tiken_Jah_Fakoly-IMG_5321.jpg/255px-Tiken_Jah_Fakoly-IMG_5321.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tiken_Jah_Fakoly-IMG_5321.jpg/340px-Tiken_Jah_Fakoly-IMG_5321.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3375" data-file-height="5063" /></a><figcaption>Tiken Jah Fakoly</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidiki_Bakaba" title="Sidiki Bakaba">Sidiki Bakaba</a>, Ivorian actor and filmmaker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Blondy" title="Alpha Blondy">Alpha Blondy</a>, Ivorian (reggae) musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Ciss%C3%A9_(footballer,_born_1999)" title="Ibrahim Cissé (footballer, born 1999)">Ibrahim Cissé</a>, Ivorian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekou_Ciss%C3%A9" title="Sekou Cissé">Sekou Cissé</a>, Ivorian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fousseny_Coulibaly" title="Fousseny Coulibaly">Fousseny Coulibaly</a>, footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafoumba_Coulibaly" title="Kafoumba Coulibaly">Kafoumba Coulibaly</a>, footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souleymane_Coulibaly" title="Souleymane Coulibaly">Souleymane Coulibaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siriki_Demb%C3%A9l%C3%A9" title="Siriki Dembélé">Siriki Dembélé</a>, Ivorian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henriette_Diabat%C3%A9" title="Henriette Diabaté">Henriette Diabaté</a>, former Ivorian politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oumar_Diakit%C3%A9" title="Oumar Diakité">Oumar Diakité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%C3%ABl_Diomand%C3%A9_(footballer,_born_1992)" title="Ismaël Diomandé (footballer, born 1992)">Ismaël Diomandé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinaly_Diomande" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinaly Diomande">Sinaly Diomande</a>, footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheick_Doukour%C3%A9" title="Cheick Doukouré">Cheick Doukouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Ebou%C3%A9" title="Emmanuel Eboué">Emmanuel Eboué</a>, footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiken_Jah_Fakoly" title="Tiken Jah Fakoly">Tiken Jah Fakoly</a>, Ivorian (reggae) musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moryk%C3%A9_Fofana" title="Moryké Fofana">Moryké Fofana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassane_Kamara" title="Hassane Kamara">Hassane Kamara</a>, Ivorian Footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Kader_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Abdul Kader Keïta">Abdul Kader Keïta</a>, Ivorian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadel_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Fadel Keïta">Fadel Keïta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karim_Konat%C3%A9" title="Karim Konaté">Karim Konaté</a>, footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arouna_Kon%C3%A9" title="Arouna Koné">Arouna Koné</a>, Ivorian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakari_Kon%C3%A9" title="Bakari Koné">Bakari Koné</a>, Ivorian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Kon%C3%A9_(Ivorian_footballer)" title="Moussa Koné (Ivorian footballer)">Moussa Koné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiass%C3%A9_Kon%C3%A9" title="Tiassé Koné">Tiassé Koné</a>, Ivorian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadou_Kourouma" title="Ahmadou Kourouma">Ahmadou Kourouma</a>, Ivorian writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alassane_Ouattara" title="Alassane Ouattara">Alassane Ouattara</a>, Côte d'Ivoire president since 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit">[update]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (January 2022)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup>; Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire, 1990 - 1993</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badra_Ali_Sangar%C3%A9" title="Badra Ali Sangaré">Badra Ali Sangaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Sangar%C3%A9_(Ivorian_footballer)" title="Ibrahim Sangaré (Ivorian footballer)">Ibrahim Sangaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Sissoko" title="Alpha Sissoko">Alpha Sissoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Soro" title="Guillaume Soro">Guillaume Soro</a>, Ivorian politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolo_Tour%C3%A9" title="Kolo Touré">Kolo Touré</a>, Ivorian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9_(Ivory_Coast)" title="Sékou Touré (Ivory Coast)">Sékou Touré</a> Ivorian politician, environmental engineer, former UN Executive</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaya_Tour%C3%A9" title="Yaya Touré">Yaya Touré</a>, Ivorian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdou_Razack_Traor%C3%A9" title="Abdou Razack Traoré">Abdou Razack Traoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adama_Traor%C3%A9_(footballer,_born_1990)" title="Adama Traoré (footballer, born 1990)">Adama Traoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamed_Traor%C3%A8" title="Hamed Traorè">Hamed Traorè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacina_Traor%C3%A9" title="Lacina Traoré">Lacina Traoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Zoro" title="Marco Zoro">Marco Zoro</a>, footballer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberia">Liberia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Liberia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Balde" title="Prince Balde">Prince Balde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momolu_Dukuly" title="Momolu Dukuly">Momolu Dukuly</a>, former Liberian foreign minister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kamara_(footballer,_born_1997)" title="Abu Kamara (footballer, born 1997)">Abu Kamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Kamara" title="Mohammed Kamara">Mohammed Kamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nohan_Kenneh" title="Nohan Kenneh">Nohan Kenneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amara_Mohamed_Konneh" title="Amara Mohamed Konneh">Amara Mohamed Konneh</a>, Minister of Finance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._V._Kromah" title="G. V. Kromah">G. V. Kromah</a>, member of the defunct Liberian Council of State</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Nimely" title="Alex Nimely">Alex Nimely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Nimely" title="Sylvanus Nimely">Sylvanus Nimely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Sangare" title="Mohammed Sangare">Mohammed Sangare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansu_Toure" title="Ansu Toure">Ansu Toure</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mali">Mali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Mali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keita_August_2008_Joan_Gamper_Trophy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Keita_August_2008_Joan_Gamper_Trophy.jpg/170px-Keita_August_2008_Joan_Gamper_Trophy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Keita_August_2008_Joan_Gamper_Trophy.jpg/255px-Keita_August_2008_Joan_Gamper_Trophy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Keita_August_2008_Joan_Gamper_Trophy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seydou_Keita_(footballer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seydou Keita (footballer)">Seydou Keita</a> in action for <a href="/wiki/FC_Barcelona" title="FC Barcelona">FC Barcelona</a> in 2008</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoumana_Camara" title="Zoumana Camara">Zoumana Camara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souma%C3%AFla_Coulibaly_(footballer,_born_1978)" title="Soumaïla Coulibaly (footballer, born 1978)">Soumaila Coulibaly</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bako_Dagnon" title="Bako Dagnon">Bako Dagnon</a>, Malian female <a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">griot</a> singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souleymane_Demb%C3%A9l%C3%A9" title="Souleymane Dembélé">Souleymane Dembélé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheick_Diabat%C3%A9_(footballer,_born_1988)" title="Cheick Diabaté (footballer, born 1988)">Cheick Diabaté</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massa_Makan_Diabat%C3%A9" title="Massa Makan Diabaté">Massa Makan Diabaté</a>, Malian historian, writer and playwright</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamadou_Diabate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamadou Diabate">Mamadou Diabate</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toumani_Diabat%C3%A9" title="Toumani Diabaté">Toumani Diabaté</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drissa_Diakit%C3%A9" title="Drissa Diakité">Drissa Diakité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoro_Diakit%C3%A9" title="Yoro Diakité">Yoro Diakité</a>, former Malian prime minister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboubacar_Diarra" title="Aboubacar Diarra">Aboubacar Diarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamadou_Diarra" title="Mahamadou Diarra">Mahamadou Diarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatoumata_Diawara" title="Fatoumata Diawara">Fatoumata Diawara</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fousseni_Diawara" title="Fousseni Diawara">Fousseni Diawara</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daba_Diawara" title="Daba Diawara">Daba Diawara</a>, Malian politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Djenepo" title="Moussa Djenepo">Moussa Djenepo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarank%C3%A9_Fofana" title="Diaranké Fofana">Diaranké Fofana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youssouf_Fofana_(footballer,_born_1999)" class="mw-redirect" title="Youssouf Fofana (footballer, born 1999)">Youssouf Fofana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aoua_K%C3%A9ita" title="Aoua Kéita">Aoua Kéita</a>, Malian politician and activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Boubacar_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta">Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta</a>, President of Mali, September 2013 - August 2020</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Habib Keïta">Habib Keïta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modibo_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Modibo Keïta">Modibo Keïta</a>, President of Mali from 1960 to 1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salif_Keita" title="Salif Keita">Salif Keita</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seydou_Keita_(footballer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seydou Keita (footballer)">Seydou Keita</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundiata_Keita" title="Sundiata Keita">Sundiata Keita</a>, founder of the Mali Empire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%A9coro_Keita" title="Tiécoro Keita">Tiécoro Keita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Koita" title="Amy Koita">Amy Koita</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahima_Konat%C3%A9" title="Ibrahima Konaté">Ibrahima Konaté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_Konate" title="Pa Konate">Pa Konate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidy_Kon%C3%A9" title="Sidy Koné">Sidy Koné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makan_Konat%C3%A9" title="Makan Konaté">Makan Konaté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Kouyate" title="Moussa Kouyate">Moussa Kouyate</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansa_Musa" title="Mansa Musa">Mansa Musa</a>, (c. 1280 – c. 1337), the ninth, especially renowned, Mansa (emperor) of the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadi_Sacko" title="Hadi Sacko">Hadi Sacko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oumou_Sangar%C3%A9" title="Oumou Sangaré">Oumou Sangaré</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibril_Sidib%C3%A9_(footballer,_born_1992)" title="Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1992)">Djibril Sidibé</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamady_Sidib%C3%A9" title="Mamady Sidibé">Mamady Sidibé</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modibo_Sidib%C3%A9" title="Modibo Sidibé">Modibo Sidibé</a>, Prime Minister of Mali, 2007 - 2011</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Sissoko" title="Baba Sissoko">Baba Sissoko</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Sissoko" title="Mohamed Sissoko">Mohamed Sissoko</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adama_Soumaoro" title="Adama Soumaoro">Adama Soumaoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almamy_Tour%C3%A9" title="Almamy Touré">Almamy Touré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadou_Toumani_Tour%C3%A9" title="Amadou Toumani Touré">Amadou Toumani Touré</a>, President of Mali from 2002 to 2012</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birama_Tour%C3%A9" title="Birama Touré">Birama Touré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adama_Traor%C3%A9_(footballer,_born_5_June_1995)" title="Adama Traoré (footballer, born 5 June 1995)">Adama Traoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djimi_Traor%C3%A9" title="Djimi Traoré">Djimi Traoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramane_Traor%C3%A9" title="Dramane Traoré">Dramane Traoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalilou_Traor%C3%A9" title="Kalilou Traoré">Kalilou Traoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamane_Traor%C3%A9" title="Mahamane Traoré">Mahamane Traoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidiki_Diabat%C3%A9" title="Sidiki Diabaté">Sidiki Diabaté</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senegal">Senegal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Senegal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brancou_Badio" title="Brancou Badio">Brancou Badio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahima_Bald%C3%A9_(footballer,_born_1989)" title="Ibrahima Baldé (footballer, born 1989)">Ibrahima Baldé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keita_Bald%C3%A9" title="Keita Baldé">Keita Baldé</a>, Senegalese footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawda_Camara" title="Dawda Camara">Dawda Camara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamine_Camara" title="Lamine Camara">Lamine Camara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papa_Demba_Camara" title="Papa Demba Camara">Papa Demba Camara</a>, Senegalese footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souleymane_Camara" title="Souleymane Camara">Souleymane Camara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Ciss" title="Pathé Ciss">Pathé Ciss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliou_Ciss%C3%A9" title="Aliou Cissé">Aliou Cissé</a>, former Senegalese footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pape_Abou_Ciss%C3%A9" title="Pape Abou Cissé">Pape Abou Cissé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiss_Ciss%C3%A9" title="Papiss Cissé">Papiss Cissé</a>, Senegalese footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aly_Cissokho" title="Aly Cissokho">Aly Cissokho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_Cissokho_(footballer)" title="Issa Cissokho (footballer)">Issa Cissokho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdou_Diakhat%C3%A9" title="Abdou Diakhaté">Abdou Diakhaté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pape_Diakhat%C3%A9" title="Pape Diakhaté">Pape Diakhaté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamine_Diatta" title="Lamine Diatta">Lamine Diatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%A9pin_Diatta" title="Krépin Diatta">Krépin Diatta</a>, Senegalese footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souleymane_Diawara" title="Souleymane Diawara">Souleymane Diawara</a>, Senegalese footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Diawara" title="Baba Diawara">Baba Diawara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boukary_Dram%C3%A9" title="Boukary Dramé">Boukary Dramé</a>, Senegalese footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamine_Gassama" title="Lamine Gassama">Lamine Gassama</a>, Senegalese footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidiki_Kaba" title="Sidiki Kaba">Sidiki Kaba</a>, Justice Minister of Senegal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balla_Keita_(Lieutenant_General)" title="Balla Keita (Lieutenant General)">General Balla Keita</a>, MiNUSCA Force Commander</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seckou_Keita" title="Seckou Keita">Seckou Keita</a>, Senegalese musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalidou_Koulibaly" title="Kalidou Koulibaly">Kalidou Koulibaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Konat%C3%A9_(footballer)" title="Moussa Konaté (footballer)">Moussa Konaté</a>, Senegalese footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheikhou_Kouyat%C3%A9" title="Cheikhou Kouyaté">Cheikhou Kouyaté</a>, Senegalese footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moustapha_Mbow" title="Moustapha Mbow">Moustapha Mbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opa_Nguette" title="Opa Nguette">Opa Nguette</a>, Senegalese footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadou_Onana" title="Amadou Onana">Amadou Onana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdoulaye_San%C3%A9" title="Abdoulaye Sané">Abdoulaye Sané</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamine_San%C3%A9" title="Lamine Sané">Lamine Sané</a>, Senegalese footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boubakary_Soumar%C3%A9" title="Boubakary Soumaré">Boubakary Soumaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Sylva" title="Tony Sylva">Tony Sylva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amara_Traor%C3%A9" title="Amara Traoré">Amara Traoré</a>, former Senegalese footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminata_Tour%C3%A9_(Senegalese_politician)" title="Aminata Touré (Senegalese politician)">Aminata Touré</a>, former prime minister of Senegal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zargo_Tour%C3%A9" title="Zargo Touré">Zargo Touré</a>, Senegalese footballer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sierra_Leone">Sierra Leone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sierra Leone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadou_Bakayoko" title="Amadou Bakayoko">Amadou Bakayoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Jaffa_Condeh" title="Ibrahim Jaffa Condeh">Ibrahim Jaffa Condeh</a>, Sierra Leonean journalist and news anchor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji_Daramy" title="Kanji Daramy">Kanji Daramy</a>, journalist and spokesman for former Sierra Leone's president Ahmad Tejan Kabbah. He is also the former chairman of Sierra Leone National Telecommunications Commission</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabinty_Daramy" title="Mabinty Daramy">Mabinty Daramy</a>, current Sierra Leone's deputy minister of trade and industry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_B._Daramy" title="Mohamed B. Daramy">Mohamed B. Daramy</a>, former minister of development and economic planning from 2002 to 2007, former ECOWAS commissioner of income tax</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemoh_Fadika" title="Kemoh Fadika">Kemoh Fadika</a>, current Sierra Leone's high commissioner to the Gambia and former high commissioner to Nigeria, former ambassador to Egypt and Iran.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansana_Fadika" title="Lansana Fadika">Lansana Fadika</a>, Sierra Leonean businessman and former SLPP chairman for the Western Area. He is the younger brother of Kemoh Fadika</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidu_Fofanah" title="Saidu Fofanah">Saidu Fofanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomba_Jawara" title="Bomba Jawara">Bomba Jawara</a>, former MP of Sierra Leone from Koinadugu District (SLPP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Tejan_Kabbah" title="Ahmad Tejan Kabbah">Ahmad Tejan Kabbah</a>, President of Sierra Leone from 1996 to 2007</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haja_Afsatu_Kabba" title="Haja Afsatu Kabba">Haja Afsatu Kabba</a>, former Sierra Leone's Minister of Marine Resources and Fisheries; Energy and Power; Lands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamoh_Kabba" title="Karamoh Kabba">Karamoh Kabba</a>, Sierra Leonean author, writer and journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Kakay" title="Mohamed Kakay">Mohamed Kakay</a>, former MP of Sierra Leone from Koinadugu District (SLPP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhaji_Kamara" title="Alhaji Kamara">Alhaji Kamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Kamara" title="Glen Kamara">Glen Kamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Noah_Kamara" title="Musa Noah Kamara">Musa Noah Kamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidu_Bah_Kamara" title="Saidu Bah Kamara">Saidu Bah Kamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadijatu_Kebbay" title="Kadijatu Kebbay">Kadijatu Kebbay</a>, Sierra Leonean model; Miss University Sierra Leone 2006 winner and representative of Sierra Leone at the Miss World 2006 contest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brima_Dawson_Kuyateh" title="Brima Dawson Kuyateh">Brima Dawson Kuyateh</a>, journalist and the current president of the Sierra Leone Reporters Union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidique_Mansaray" title="Sidique Mansaray">Sidique Mansaray</a>, Sierra Leonean footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejan_Amadu_Mansaray" title="Tejan Amadu Mansaray">Tejan Amadu Mansaray</a>, former MP of Sierra Leone representing Koinadugu District (APC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekuba_Saccoh" title="Shekuba Saccoh">Shekuba Saccoh</a>, former Sierra Leone's ambassador to Guinea and former Minister of Social Welfare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-Man" title="K-Man">K-Man</a> (born Mohamed Saccoh), Sierra Leonean musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhaji_A._B._Sheriff" title="Alhaji A. B. Sheriff">Alhaji A. B. Sheriff</a>, former MP from Koinadugu District (SLPP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheka_Tarawalie" title="Sheka Tarawalie">Sheka Tarawalie</a>, Sierra Leonean journalist and former State House Press Secretary to president Koroma. Former Deputy Minister of Information and current Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Buya_Turay" title="Mohamed Buya Turay">Mohamed Buya Turay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitta_Umaru_Turay" title="Sitta Umaru Turay">Sitta Umaru Turay</a>, Sierra Leonean journalist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Togo">Togo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Togo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Kader" title="Mohamed Kader">Mohamed Kader Toure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assimiou_Tour%C3%A9" title="Assimiou Touré">Assimiou Touré</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboubacar_Keita" title="Aboubacar Keita">Aboubacar Keita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Bamba" title="Mo Bamba">Mo Bamba</a>, professional basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Delany" title="Martin Delany">Martin Delany</a>, abolitionist, journalist, physician and writer (had two Mandinka grandparents brought to America as slaves)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a>, writer, author of the 1976 book <i><a href="/wiki/Roots:_The_Saga_of_an_American_Family" title="Roots: The Saga of an American Family">Roots: The Saga of an American Family</a></i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunta_Kinte" title="Kunta Kinte">Kunta Kinte</a>, documented captured Mandinka warrior during the last years of the Atlantic slave trade. He is Alex Haley's ancestor and the key character in Haley's book <i>Roots</i>, and is also portrayed in the record-breaking TV miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/Roots_(1977_miniseries)" title="Roots (1977 miniseries)">Roots</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabourey_Sidibe" title="Gabourey Sidibe">Gabourey Sidibe</a>, actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foday_Musa_Suso" title="Foday Musa Suso">Foday Musa Suso</a>, griot musician and composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Wes" title="Sheck Wes">Sheck Wes</a>, rapper and professional basketball player.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djembe" title="Djembe">Djembe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravikord" title="Gravikord">Gravikord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandingo_people_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Mandingo people of Sierra Leone">Mandingo people of Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mane_people" title="Mane people">Mane people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="N'Ko alphabet">N'Ko alphabet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alternative spellings include <b>Maninka</b>, <b>Manding</b>, <b>Mandinga</b>, <b>Mandingo</b> and <b>Mandinko</b>. Forms with <i>g</i> are generally considered archaic and are mostly found in 19th-century and early-20th-century literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall2005_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nugent_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nugent-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have been sometimes erroneously referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Dyula_people" title="Dyula people">Dioula</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Bambara_people" title="Bambara people">Bambara</a></i>, which are other closely related Mandé peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-Godfrey2019_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godfrey2019-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schaffer_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaffer-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This slave trade volume excludes the slave trade by Swahili-Arabs in East Africa and North African ethnic groups to the Middle East and elsewhere. The exports and imports do not match, because of the large number of deaths and violent retaliation by captured people on the ships involved in the slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-eltis2015_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eltis2015-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mansa-musa-makes-his-hajj-displaying-malis-wealth-gold-and-becoming-first-sub-saharan-african-widely">"Mansa Musa Makes His Hajj, Displaying Mali's Wealth in Gold and Becoming the First Sub-Saharan African Widely Known among Europeans | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Mansa+Musa+Makes+His+Hajj%2C+Displaying+Mali%27s+Wealth+in+Gold+and+Becoming+the+First+Sub-Saharan+African+Widely+Known+among+Europeans+%26%23124%3B+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fscience%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fmansa-musa-makes-his-hajj-displaying-malis-wealth-gold-and-becoming-first-sub-saharan-african-widely&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turner18-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turner18_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turner18_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turner18_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Brent_Turner2003" class="citation book cs1">Richard Brent Turner (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamintheaf_turn_2003_000_10461993"><i>Islam in the African-American Experience</i></a></span>. Indiana University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamintheaf_turn_2003_000_10461993/page/n220">18</a>–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-21630-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-21630-3"><bdi>0-253-21630-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+African-American+Experience&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-253-21630-3&rft.au=Richard+Brent+Turner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamintheaf_turn_2003_000_10461993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PGGP2017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PGGP2017_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pggpopulation.org/population/Mandinka%20people?id=POP00122">"PGGPopulation"</a>. <i>www.pggpopulation.org</i>. 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Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4968-0118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4968-0118-0"><bdi>978-1-4968-0118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jumbies%27+Playing+Ground%3A+Old+World+Influences+on+Afro-Creole+Masquerades+in+the+Eastern+Caribbean&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2012-09-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4968-0118-0&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Robert+Wyndham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTOEaBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendyRichard_A._Lobban_Jr2013" class="citation book cs1">Mendy, Peter Michael Karibe; Richard A. Lobban Jr (2013). <i>Historical dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau</i> (Fourth ed.). Lanham: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8027-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8027-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-8027-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/861559444">861559444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+the+Republic+of+Guinea-Bissau&rft.place=Lanham&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F861559444&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-8027-6&rft.aulast=Mendy&rft.aufirst=Peter+Michael+Karibe&rft.au=Richard+A.+Lobban+Jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olson1996p366-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olson1996p366_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Stuart_Olson1996" class="citation book cs1">James Stuart Olson (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MdaAdBC-_S4C&pg=PA366"><i>The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary</i></a>. Greenwood. pp. 366–367. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27918-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27918-8"><bdi>978-0-313-27918-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peoples+of+Africa%3A+An+Ethnohistorical+Dictionary&rft.pages=366-367&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-27918-8&rft.au=James+Stuart+Olson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMdaAdBC-_S4C%26pg%3DPA366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogon2007" class="citation journal cs1">Logon, Roberta A. (May 2007). "Sundiata of Mali". <i>Calliope</i>. <b>17</b> (9): 34–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Calliope&rft.atitle=Sundiata+of+Mali&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=34-38&rft.date=2007-05&rft.aulast=Logon&rft.aufirst=Roberta+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gatesmandinka-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gatesmandinka_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gatesmandinka_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gatesmandinka_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_AppiahHenry_Louis_Gates2010" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC"><i>Encyclopedia of Africa</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 135–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533770-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Africa&rft.pages=135-136&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533770-9&rft.au=Anthony+Appiah&rft.au=Henry+Louis+Gates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0XNvklcqbwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hughesstrata-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hughesstrata_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hughesstrata_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hughesstrata_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold_HughesHarry_Gailey1999" class="citation book cs1">Arnold Hughes; Harry Gailey (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M9MUAQAAIAAJ"><i>Historical Dictionary of The Gambia, 3rd Edition</i></a>. Scarecrow. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3660-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3660-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-3660-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+The+Gambia%2C+3rd+Edition&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-3660-0&rft.au=Arnold+Hughes&rft.au=Harry+Gailey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM9MUAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hopkinsmandinka-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hopkinsmandinka_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hopkinsmandinka_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_S._Hopkins1971" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas S. Hopkins (1971). C. T. Hodge (ed.). <i>Mandinka Social Organization</i>. Vol. 3. Indiana University Press. pp. 99–128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mandinka+Social+Organization&rft.pages=99-128&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Nicholas+S.+Hopkins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Wright1978" class="citation journal cs1">Donald Wright (1978). "Koli Tengela in Sonko Traditions of Origin: an Example of the Process of Change in Mandinka Oral Tradition". <i>History in Africa</i>. <b>5</b>. Cambridge University Press: 257–271. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3171489">10.2307/3171489</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3171489">3171489</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162959732">162959732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+in+Africa&rft.atitle=Koli+Tengela+in+Sonko+Traditions+of+Origin%3A+an+Example+of+the+Process+of+Change+in+Mandinka+Oral+Tradition&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=257-271&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162959732%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3171489%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3171489&rft.au=Donald+Wright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetterssonLindberg-WadaPeterssonHelgesson2006" class="citation book cs1">Pettersson, Anders; Lindberg-Wada, Gunilla; Petersson, Margareta; Helgesson, Stefan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2muIgoqGR1kC&pg=PA271"><i>Literary History: Towards a Global Perspective</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018932-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018932-2"><bdi>978-3-11-018932-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literary+History%3A+Towards+a+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-11-018932-2&rft.aulast=Pettersson&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft.au=Lindberg-Wada%2C+Gunilla&rft.au=Petersson%2C+Margareta&rft.au=Helgesson%2C+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2muIgoqGR1kC%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-muse.jhu.edu-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-muse.jhu.edu_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatt_Schaffer2005" class="citation journal cs1">Matt Schaffer (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/article/187892">"Bound to Africa: The Mandingo Legacy in the New World"</a>. <i>History in Africa</i>. <b>32</b>: 321–369. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhia.2005.0021">10.1353/hia.2005.0021</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52045769">52045769</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+in+Africa&rft.atitle=Bound+to+Africa%3A+The+Mandingo+Legacy+in+the+New+World&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=321-369&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhia.2005.0021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52045769%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Matt+Schaffer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F187892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "The identification of Mande influence in the South [United States], the Caribbean and Brazil, must also be conditioned with a huge reality—ethnic diversity. Slaves from hundreds of ethnic groups from all over Africa came into the South and the rest of the Americas along with the Mandinka/Mande."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culturesofwestafrica.com/fr/glossary/mandingue/">"Mandingue"</a>. <i>Cultures d'Afrique de l'Ouest</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cultures+d%27Afrique+de+l%27Ouest&rft.atitle=Mandingue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturesofwestafrica.com%2Ffr%2Fglossary%2Fmandingue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFall2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fall, Mamadou (2021). "Les Terroirs Historiques et la Poussée Soninké". In Fall, Mamadou; Fall, Rokhaya; Mane, Mamadou (eds.). <i>Bipolarisation du Senegal du XVIe - XVIIe siécle</i> (in French). Dakar: HGS Editions. pp. 14–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+Terroirs+Historiques+et+la+Pouss%C3%A9e+Sonink%C3%A9&rft.btitle=Bipolarisation+du+Senegal+du+XVIe+-+XVIIe+si%C3%A9cle&rft.place=Dakar&rft.pages=14-39&rft.pub=HGS+Editions&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Fall&rft.aufirst=Mamadou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLange1994" class="citation cs2">Lange, Dierk (1994), "From Mande to Songhay: Towards a political and ethnic history of medieval Gao", <i>Journal of African History</i>, <b>35</b> (2): 275–301, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853700026438">10.1017/s0021853700026438</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/183220">183220</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153657364">153657364</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=From+Mande+to+Songhay%3A+Towards+a+political+and+ethnic+history+of+medieval+Gao&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=275-301&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153657364%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F183220%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021853700026438&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Dierk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green2011p35-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Green2011p35_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green2011p35_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green2011p35_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green2011p35_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToby_Green2011" class="citation book cs1">Toby Green (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wRM2aO9xey0C"><i>The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50358-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50358-7"><bdi>978-1-139-50358-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Trans-Atlantic+Slave+Trade+in+Western+Africa%2C+1300%E2%80%931589&rft.pages=35-38&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50358-7&rft.au=Toby+Green&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwRM2aO9xey0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2011" class="citation book cs1">Green (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wRM2aO9xey0C"><i>The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35 with footnote 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139503587" title="Special:BookSources/9781139503587"><bdi>9781139503587</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Trans-Atlantic+Slave+Trade+in+Western+Africa%2C+1300%E2%80%931589&rft.pages=35+with+footnote+7&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781139503587&rft.au=Green&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwRM2aO9xey0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apotsos2016-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Apotsos2016_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelle_Apotsos2016" class="citation book cs1">Michelle Apotsos (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cfwyDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52"><i>Architecture, Islam, and Identity in West Africa: Lessons from Larabanga</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 52–53, 63–64, 91–94, 112–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-27555-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-27555-8"><bdi>978-1-317-27555-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture%2C+Islam%2C+and+Identity+in+West+Africa%3A+Lessons+from+Larabanga&rft.pages=52-53%2C+63-64%2C+91-94%2C+112-113&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-27555-8&rft.au=Michelle+Apotsos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcfwyDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green2011p38-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Green2011p38_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green2011p38_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2011" class="citation book cs1">Green (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wRM2aO9xey0C"><i>The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139503587" title="Special:BookSources/9781139503587"><bdi>9781139503587</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Trans-Atlantic+Slave+Trade+in+Western+Africa%2C+1300%E2%80%931589&rft.pages=38-39&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781139503587&rft.au=Green&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwRM2aO9xey0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green2011p41-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Green2011p41_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green2011p41_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green2011p41_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2011" class="citation book cs1">Green (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wRM2aO9xey0C"><i>The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 41–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139503587" title="Special:BookSources/9781139503587"><bdi>9781139503587</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Trans-Atlantic+Slave+Trade+in+Western+Africa%2C+1300%E2%80%931589&rft.pages=41-42&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781139503587&rft.au=Green&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwRM2aO9xey0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatt_Schaffer2003" class="citation book cs1">Matt Schaffer (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tv454BAg1QoC&pg=PA3"><i>Djinns, Stars, and Warriors: Mandinka Legends from Pakao, Senegal</i></a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 3–6, 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13124-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13124-8"><bdi>90-04-13124-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Djinns%2C+Stars%2C+and+Warriors%3A+Mandinka+Legends+from+Pakao%2C+Senegal&rft.pages=3-6%2C+17&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-04-13124-8&rft.au=Matt+Schaffer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTv454BAg1QoC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawthorne2010p65-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hawthorne2010p65_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawthorne2010p65_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Hawthorne2010" class="citation book cs1">Walter Hawthorne (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LL0OGC-fUmkC&pg=PA65"><i>From Africa to Brazil: Culture, Identity and an Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1830</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-78876-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-78876-2"><bdi>978-1-139-78876-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Africa+to+Brazil%3A+Culture%2C+Identity+and+an+Atlantic+Slave+Trade%2C+1600%E2%80%931830&rft.pages=65-72&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-78876-2&rft.au=Walter+Hawthorne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLL0OGC-fUmkC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MendyLobban2013263-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MendyLobban2013263_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Karibe_MendyRichard_A._Lobban_Jr.2013" class="citation book cs1">Peter Karibe Mendy; Richard A. Lobban Jr. (17 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NbJ8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA234"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8027-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8027-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-8027-6</bdi></a>. <q>Islam is the predominant religion in Guinea-Bissau practiced by 35.1 percent of the population, compared to 22.1 percent of the population who adhere to the faith of Christianity and 14.9 percent who follow traditional beliefs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Republic+of+Guinea-Bissau&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013-10-17&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-8027-6&rft.au=Peter+Karibe+Mendy&rft.au=Richard+A.+Lobban+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNbJ8AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Brett2013" class="citation book cs1">Michael Brett (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oHMM3ESAahMC&pg=PA185"><i>Approaching African History</i></a>. Wiley. pp. 185–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84701-063-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84701-063-6"><bdi>978-1-84701-063-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Approaching+African+History&rft.pages=185-187&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84701-063-6&rft.au=Michael+Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoHMM3ESAahMC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_R._Wright1979" class="citation book cs1">Donald R. Wright (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H_3WAAAAMAAJ"><i>Oral Traditions from the Gambia: Mandinka griots</i></a>. Ohio University Center for International Studies, Africa Program. pp. 59 with note 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-083-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-083-0"><bdi>978-0-89680-083-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oral+Traditions+from+the+Gambia%3A+Mandinka+griots&rft.pages=59+with+note+17&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Center+for+International+Studies%2C+Africa+Program&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-89680-083-0&rft.au=Donald+R.+Wright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH_3WAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Perfect2016" class="citation book cs1">David Perfect (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9MknDAAAQBAJ"><i>Historical Dictionary of The Gambia</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-6526-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-6526-4"><bdi>978-1-4422-6526-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+The+Gambia&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-6526-4&rft.au=David+Perfect&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9MknDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eltis2015-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eltis2015_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eltis2015_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Eltis and David Richardson (2015), Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, 2nd Edition, Yale University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300212549" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300212549">978-0300212549</a>; Archive: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slavevoyages.org/assessment/intro-maps">Slave Route Maps</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161122214155/http://slavevoyages.org/assessment/intro-maps">Archived</a> 2016-11-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, see Map 9; The transatlantic slave trade volume over the 350+ years involved an estimated 12.5 million Africans, almost every country that bordered the Atlantic ocean, as well as Mozambique and the Swahili coast.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToby_Green2011" class="citation book cs1">Toby Green (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wRM2aO9xey0C"><i>The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–39, 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50358-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50358-7"><bdi>978-1-139-50358-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Trans-Atlantic+Slave+Trade+in+Western+Africa%2C+1300%E2%80%931589&rft.pages=37-39%2C+70&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50358-7&rft.au=Toby+Green&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwRM2aO9xey0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-green81-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-green81_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-green81_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2011" class="citation book cs1">Green (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wRM2aO9xey0C"><i>The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589</i></a>. pp. 81–83 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139503587" title="Special:BookSources/9781139503587"><bdi>9781139503587</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Trans-Atlantic+Slave+Trade+in+Western+Africa%2C+1300%E2%80%931589&rft.pages=81-83+with+footnotes&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781139503587&rft.au=Green&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwRM2aO9xey0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2011" class="citation book cs1">Green (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wRM2aO9xey0C"><i>The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589</i></a>. pp. 106–108, 226–234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139503587" title="Special:BookSources/9781139503587"><bdi>9781139503587</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Trans-Atlantic+Slave+Trade+in+Western+Africa%2C+1300%E2%80%931589&rft.pages=106-108%2C+226-234&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781139503587&rft.au=Green&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwRM2aO9xey0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hawthorne61-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hawthorne61_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hawthorne61_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hawthorne61_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hawthorne61_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Hawthorne2010" class="citation book cs1">Walter Hawthorne (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LL0OGC-fUmkC"><i>From Africa to Brazil: Culture, Identity, and an Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1830</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 61–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-78876-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-78876-2"><bdi>978-1-139-78876-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Africa+to+Brazil%3A+Culture%2C+Identity%2C+and+an+Atlantic+Slave+Trade%2C+1600%E2%80%931830&rft.pages=61-64&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-78876-2&rft.au=Walter+Hawthorne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLL0OGC-fUmkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoubacar_Barry1998" class="citation book cs1">Boubacar Barry (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rC7TYWPT--8C"><i>Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59226-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59226-0"><bdi>978-0-521-59226-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Senegambia+and+the+Atlantic+Slave+Trade&rft.pages=81-83&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59226-0&rft.au=Boubacar+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrC7TYWPT--8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry1998" class="citation book cs1">Barry (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rC7TYWPT--8C"><i>Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade</i></a>. pp. 16–21, 36, 42–45, 92, 114–117, 148–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521597609" title="Special:BookSources/9780521597609"><bdi>9780521597609</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Senegambia+and+the+Atlantic+Slave+Trade&rft.pages=16-21%2C+36%2C+42-45%2C+92%2C+114-117%2C+148-149&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780521597609&rft.au=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrC7TYWPT--8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_A._Klein1998" class="citation book cs1">Martin A. Klein (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-NnSmbqbtfoC"><i>Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59678-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59678-7"><bdi>978-0-521-59678-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+Colonial+Rule+in+French+West+Africa&rft.pages=37-50&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59678-7&rft.au=Martin+A.+Klein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-NnSmbqbtfoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span>; Quote: "Kaabu, for example, began as a Malian colony that provided sea salt and other coastal products to the Mandinka heartland, but it moved early into supplying slaves to European merchants". (p. 39)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-walter431-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-walter431_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walter431_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walter431_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodney1966" class="citation journal cs1">Rodney, Walter (1966). "African Slavery and other Forms of Social Oppression on the Upper Guinea Coast in the Context of the Atlantic Slave-Trade". <i>The Journal of African History</i>. <b>7</b> (3). Cambridge University Press: 431–443. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853700006514">10.1017/s0021853700006514</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162649628">162649628</a>. Accessed 2016-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=African+Slavery+and+other+Forms+of+Social+Oppression+on+the+Upper+Guinea+Coast+in+the+Context+of+the+Atlantic+Slave-Trade&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=431-443&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021853700006514&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162649628%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rodney&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Rodney (1968), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856749">"Jihad and Social Revolution in Futa Djalon in the Eighteenth Century"</a>, <i>Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria</i>, Volume 4, Number 2, pp. 269–284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Hawthorne2010" class="citation book cs1">Walter Hawthorne (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LL0OGC-fUmkC"><i>From Africa to Brazil: Culture, Identity, and an Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1830</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 67–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-78876-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-78876-2"><bdi>978-1-139-78876-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Africa+to+Brazil%3A+Culture%2C+Identity%2C+and+an+Atlantic+Slave+Trade%2C+1600%E2%80%931830&rft.pages=67-73&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-78876-2&rft.au=Walter+Hawthorne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLL0OGC-fUmkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaffer,_Matt_2003_p._6-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaffer,_Matt_2003_p._6_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaffer,_Matt_2003_p._6_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schaffer, Matt (2003).<i> Djinns, Stars, and Warriors: Mandinka Legends from Pakao, Senegal.</i> Leiden: Springer-Brill. p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref2-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref2_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn1973" class="citation journal cs1">Quinn, Charlotte A. (December 1973). "Mandingo Kingdoms of the Senegambia: Traditionalism, Islam and European Expansion". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>78</b> (5): 1506–1507. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1854194">10.2307/1854194</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1854194">1854194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Mandingo+Kingdoms+of+the+Senegambia%3A+Traditionalism%2C+Islam+and+European+Expansion&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1506-1507&rft.date=1973-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1854194&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1854194%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Charlotte+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Wyndham_Nicholls2012" class="citation book cs1">Robert Wyndham Nicholls (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TOEaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT168"><i>The Jumbies' Playing Ground: Old World Influences on Afro-Creole Masquerades in the Eastern Caribbean</i></a>. University Press of Mississippi. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4968-0118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4968-0118-0"><bdi>978-1-4968-0118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jumbies%27+Playing+Ground%3A+Old+World+Influences+on+Afro-Creole+Masquerades+in+the+Eastern+Caribbean&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4968-0118-0&rft.au=Robert+Wyndham+Nicholls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTOEaBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannos-Donnay2019" class="citation book cs1">Cannos-Donnay, Sirio (2019). "Mali Empire". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-266#acrefore-9780190277734-e-266-div1-3"><i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia: African History</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mali+Empire&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia%3A+African+History&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Cannos-Donnay&rft.aufirst=Sirio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fafricanhistory%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190277734-e-266%23acrefore-9780190277734-e-266-div1-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTal_Tamari1991" class="citation journal cs1">Tal Tamari (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa". <i>The Journal of African History</i>. <b>32</b> (2). Cambridge University Press: 221–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853700025718">10.1017/s0021853700025718</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/182616">182616</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162509491">162509491</a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"[Castes] are found among the Soninke, the various Manding-speaking populations, the Wolof, Tukulor, Senufo, Minianka, Dogon, Songhay and most Fulani, Moorish and Tuareg populations".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Caste+Systems+in+West+Africa&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=221-250&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162509491%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F182616%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021853700025718&rft.au=Tal+Tamari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_McKissackFredrick_McKissack2016" class="citation book cs1">Patricia McKissack; Fredrick McKissack (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AqVcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67"><i>The Royal Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay: Life in Medieval Africa</i></a>. Macmillan. pp. 66–68, 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-11351-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-11351-1"><bdi>978-1-250-11351-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Kingdoms+of+Ghana%2C+Mali%2C+and+Songhay%3A+Life+in+Medieval+Africa&rft.pages=66-68%2C+22-23&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2016-03&rft.isbn=978-1-250-11351-1&rft.au=Patricia+McKissack&rft.au=Fredrick+McKissack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAqVcCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZachary_Valentine_Wright2015" class="citation book cs1">Zachary Valentine Wright (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2h2oBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA63"><i>Living Knowledge in West African Islam</i></a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 63–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28946-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28946-8"><bdi>978-90-04-28946-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Knowledge+in+West+African+Islam&rft.pages=63-68&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28946-8&rft.au=Zachary+Valentine+Wright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2h2oBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElisabeth_BoesenLaurence_Marfaing2007" class="citation book cs1">Elisabeth Boesen; Laurence Marfaing (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NO6dACLQPaMC&pg=PA243"><i>Les nouveaux urbains dans l'espace Sahara-Sahel: un cosmopolitisme par le bas</i></a>. Paris: KARTHALA. pp. 243 with footnote 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84586-951-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84586-951-6"><bdi>978-2-84586-951-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+nouveaux+urbains+dans+l%27espace+Sahara-Sahel%3A+un+cosmopolitisme+par+le+bas&rft.pages=243+with+footnote+7&rft.pub=Paris%3A+KARTHALA&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-84586-951-6&rft.au=Elisabeth+Boesen&rft.au=Laurence+Marfaing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNO6dACLQPaMC%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "The Jakhanke, who now primarily speak Mandinka, have formed a specialized caste of Muslim clerics and educators since approximately the 13th century".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Shoup2007" class="citation journal cs1">John Shoup (2007). "The Griot Tradition in Ḥassāniyya Music: The "Īggāwen"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Quaderni di Studi Arabi</i>. <b>2</b>: 95–102. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25803021">25803021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaderni+di+Studi+Arabi&rft.atitle=The+Griot+Tradition+in+%E1%B8%A4ass%C4%81niyya+Music%3A+The+%22%C4%AAgg%C4%81wen%22&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=95-102&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25803021%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=John+Shoup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "The general organization of the society into castes is shared with Sahelian peoples such as the Mandinka, Wolof, (...)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKABBIR_CHAMCAROL_MACCORMACKABDOULAI_TOURAYSUSAN_BALDEH1987" class="citation journal cs1">KABBIR CHAM; CAROL MACCORMACK; ABDOULAI TOURAY; SUSAN BALDEH (1987). "Social organization and political factionalism: PHC in The Gambia". <i>Health Policy and Planning</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 214–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fheapol%2F2.3.214">10.1093/heapol/2.3.214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Policy+and+Planning&rft.atitle=Social+organization+and+political+factionalism%3A+PHC+in+The+Gambia&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=214-226&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fheapol%2F2.3.214&rft.au=KABBIR+CHAM&rft.au=CAROL+MACCORMACK&rft.au=ABDOULAI+TOURAY&rft.au=SUSAN+BALDEH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_G._Hoffman2001" class="citation book cs1">Barbara G. Hoffman (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N420DztTNJMC"><i>Griots at War: Conflict, Conciliation, and Caste in Mande</i></a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 9–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-10893-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-10893-4"><bdi>0-253-10893-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Griots+at+War%3A+Conflict%2C+Conciliation%2C+and+Caste+in+Mande&rft.pages=9-11&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-253-10893-4&rft.au=Barbara+G.+Hoffman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN420DztTNJMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uniceffgmmandinka-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uniceffgmmandinka_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uniceffgmmandinka_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uniceffgmmandinka_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uniceffgmmandinka_68-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/wcaro/wcaro_GAM_brief_FGM_feb2010.pdf">Accelerating the Abandonment of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) in The Gambia</a>, UNICEF (2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_State_Department" class="citation book cs1">US State Department. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7NMXABwIjyAC&pg=PA554"><i>Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2009</i></a>. Government Printing Office. pp. 554–555.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Reports+on+Human+Rights+Practices+2009&rft.pages=554-555&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.au=US+State+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7NMXABwIjyAC%26pg%3DPA554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Berhane_Ras-Work" title="Berhane Ras-Work">Berhane Ras-Work</a> (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Berhane%20Ras-Work%20revised_.pdf">LEGISLATION TO ADDRESS THE ISSUE OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION (FGM)</a>, UN, page 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/513205/MultiAgencyPracticeGuidelinesNov14.pdf">Multi-Agency Practice Guidelines: Female Genital Mutilation</a>, HM Government, United Kingdom (2014), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78246-414-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78246-414-3">978-1-78246-414-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1521/">"Architecture vernaculaire et paysage culturel mandingue du Gberedou/Hamana - UNESCO World Heritage Centre"</a>. whc.unesco.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Architecture+vernaculaire+et+paysage+culturel+mandingue+du+Gberedou%2FHamana+-+UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.pub=whc.unesco.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Ftentativelists%2F1521%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/traditional-music-gambia">"Traditional music in Gambia"</a>. <i>Music In Africa</i>. 2015-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Music+In+Africa&rft.atitle=Traditional+music+in+Gambia&rft.date=2015-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicinafrica.net%2Fmagazine%2Ftraditional-music-gambia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelist.com/1359004/real-meaning-behind-mandinka-sinead-oconnor/">"The Real Meaning Behind Mandinka by Sinéad O'Connor"</a>. 10 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Real+Meaning+Behind+Mandinka+by+Sin%C3%A9ad+O%27Connor&rft.date=2023-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelist.com%2F1359004%2Freal-meaning-behind-mandinka-sinead-oconnor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mentioned in a number of interviews, including <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allhiphop.com/stories/features/archive/2006/11/09/18133735.aspx">Mr. T: Pity The Fool</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080321072758/http://allhiphop.com/stories/features/archive/2006/11/09/18133735.aspx">Archived</a> 2008-03-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, allhiphop.com, Published 9 November 2006. Mr. T gives a 1977 date, for an article with photos on the Mandinka in Mali. <i>National Geographic Magazine<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s index has no record of such an article. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publicationsindex.nationalgeographic.com/">http://publicationsindex.nationalgeographic.com/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130611185206/http://publicationsindex.nationalgeographic.com/">Archived</a> 2013-06-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zv0m1YzRu4M">Be Somebody... or Be Somebody's Fool!</a> at Youtube</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allhiphop.com/2006/11/09/mr-t-pity-the-fool/">Mr. T: Pity The Fool</a>, interview by Greg Watkins, 09 November 2006</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharry2000" class="citation book cs1">Charry, Eric S. (2000). <i>Mande Music: Traditional and Modern Music of the Maninka and Mandinka of Western Africa</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-10161-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-10161-4"><bdi>0-226-10161-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mande+Music%3A+Traditional+and+Modern+Music+of+the+Maninka+and+Mandinka+of+Western+Africa&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-226-10161-4&rft.aulast=Charry&rft.aufirst=Eric+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lucie Gallistel Colvin. <i>Historical Dictionary of Senegal</i>. Scarecrow Press/ Metuchen. NJ - Kondon (1981), pp. 216–217</li> <li>Pascal James Imperato. <i>Historical Dictionary of Mali</i>. Scarecrow Press/ Metuchen. NJ - Kondon (1986), pp. 190–191</li> <li>Robert J. Mundt. <i>Historical Dictionary of the Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</i>. Scarecrow Press/ Metuchen. NJ - Kondon (1987), pp. 98–99</li> <li>Robert W. Nicholls. "The Mocko Jumbie of the U.S. Virgin Islands; History and Antecedents". <i>African Arts</i>, Vol. 32, No. 3 (Autumn 1999), pp. 48–61, 94–96</li> <li>Matt Schaffer (editor). "Djinns, Stars and Warriors: Mandinka Legends from Pakao, Senegal" (<i>African Sources for African History</i>, 5), Brill Academic Publishers (2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13124-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13124-8">978-90-04-13124-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaffer_Matt2005" class="citation journal cs1">Schaffer Matt (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/history_in_africa/v032/32.1schaffer.html">"Bound to Africa: The Mandinka Legacy in The New World"</a>. <i>History in Africa</i>. <b>32</b>: 321–369. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhia.2005.0021">10.1353/hia.2005.0021</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52045769">52045769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+in+Africa&rft.atitle=Bound+to+Africa%3A+The+Mandinka+Legacy+in+The+New+World&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=321-369&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhia.2005.0021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52045769%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Schaffer+Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fdemo%2Fhistory_in_africa%2Fv032%2F32.1schaffer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mnk">ETHNOLOGUE Languages of the World- Thirteenth Edition (1996)</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Malinke">Pauls, Elizabeth Prine (February 2007). "Malinke people". In: Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, (online) <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051228053720/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/oldworld/africa/mandinka.html">Mandinka</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100531210522/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/oldworld/africa/malinke.html">Malinke</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190627172151/http://www.beatrootbeat.org.uk/">A UK based website devoted to playing Malinke djembe rhythms</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mlq">The Ethnologue page for this people group</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Mandingo" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Mandingo">Mandingo</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mandingo&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mandingo" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mandingo">Mandingo</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mandingo&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandinka+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mandé_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mand%C3%A9_peoples" title="Mandé peoples">Mandé peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_language" title="Boko language">Boko people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobo_people" title="Bobo people">Bobo people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpee_language" title="Kpee language">Kpee people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo_language_(Burkina)" title="Samo language (Burkina)">Samo people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sembla_language" title="Sembla language">Seenku people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beng_language" title="Beng language">Beng people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gagu language">Gban people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_people" title="Dan people">Dan people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goo_language" title="Goo language">Goo people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guro_language" title="Guro language">Guro people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeri_language" title="Jeri language">Jeri people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwan_language" title="Mwan language">Mwan people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tura_language" title="Tura language">Tura people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_language" title="Wan language">Wan people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaure_language" title="Yaure language">Yaure people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bissa_people" title="Bissa people">Bissa people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyula_people" title="Dyula people">Dyula people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligbi_language" title="Ligbi language">Ligbi people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soninke_Wangara" title="Soninke Wangara">Wangara people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakhanke_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakhanke people">Jakhanke people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakabe_language" title="Kakabe language">Kakabe people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lele_language_(Guinea)" title="Lele language (Guinea)">Lele people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_people" title="Loma people">Loma people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixifore_language" title="Mixifore language">Mogofin people</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Susu_people" title="Susu people">Susu people</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yalunka_people" title="Yalunka people">Yalunka people</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zialo_people" title="Zialo people">Zialo people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_people" title="Dan people">Dan people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbandi_people" title="Gbandi people">Gbandi people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_people" title="Mano people">Mano people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_people" title="Vai people">Vai people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bambara_people" title="Bambara people">Bambara people</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banka_language" title="Banka language">Banka people</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bozo_people" title="Bozo people">Bozo people</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duun_language" title="Duun language">Duun people</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dyula_people" title="Dyula people">Dyula people</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jowulu_language" title="Jowulu language">Jowulu people</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malinke people</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marka_people" title="Marka people">Marka people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soninke_Wangara" title="Soninke Wangara">Wangara people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Busa_language_(Mande)" title="Busa language (Mande)">Busa people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyenga_language" title="Kyenga language">Kyenga people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanga_language" title="Shanga language">Shangawa people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>/<a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mandinka people</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kono_people" title="Kono people">Kono people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_people" title="Kpelle people">Kpelle people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuranko_language" title="Kuranko language">Kuranko people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loko_people" title="Loko people">Loko people</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mandingo_people_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Mandingo people of Sierra Leone">Mandingo people</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_people" title="Mende people">Mende people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Ethnic groups whose languages are in the <a href="/wiki/Manding_languages" title="Manding languages">Manding</a> group of Mandé are in <b>Bold</b>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Burkina_Faso" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Burkina_Faso" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso">Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bissa_people" title="Bissa people">Bissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobo_people" title="Bobo people">Bobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwa_people" title="Bwa people">Bwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagaaba_people" title="Dagaaba people">Dagaaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djimini_people" title="Djimini people">Djimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyula_people" title="Dyula people">Dyula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulse_people" title="Fulse people">Fulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouin_people" title="Gouin people">Gouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurma_people" title="Gurma people">Gurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurunsi_people" title="Gurunsi people">Gurunsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwellemmedan_people" title="Iwellemmedan people">Iwellemmedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakhanke" title="Jakhanke">Jakhanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassena" title="Kassena">Kassena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusasi_people" title="Kusasi people">Kusasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobi_people" title="Lobi people">Lobi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mandinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossi_people" title="Mossi people">Mossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senufo_people" title="Senufo people">Senufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turka_people" title="Turka people">Turka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarse" title="Yarse">Yarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Zarma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Chad" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Chad" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Chad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Chad" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Chad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Chad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Chad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Chad" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chad" title="Ethnic groups in Chad">Ethnic groups in Chad</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdang_people" title="Amdang people">Amdang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggara_Arabs" title="Baggara Arabs">Baggara Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuweihat_tribe" title="Shuweihat tribe">Shuweihat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagirmi_people" title="Bagirmi people">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buduma_people" title="Buduma people">Buduma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_Daju_Daju_people" title="Dar Daju Daju people">Dar Daju Daju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fongoro_people" title="Fongoro people">Fongoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_people" title="Fur people">Fur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gula_people" title="Gula people">Gula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddad_people" title="Haddad people">Haddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadjarai_peoples" title="Hadjarai peoples">Hadjarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Kanuri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanembu_people" title="Kanembu people">Kanembu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerwa_Kanuri_people" title="Yerwa Kanuri people">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_people" title="Kim people">Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotoko_people" title="Kotoko people">Kotoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kujarke_people" title="Kujarke people">Kujarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisi_people" title="Lisi people">Lisi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilala_people" title="Bilala people">Bilala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maba_people" title="Maba people">Maba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandara_people" title="Mandara people">Mandara</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mandinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mararit_people" title="Mararit people">Mararit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masa_people" title="Masa people">Masa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masalit_people" title="Masalit people">Masalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musgum_people" title="Musgum people">Musgum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_people" title="Sara people">Sara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinyar_people" title="Sinyar people">Sinyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_refugees_in_Chad" title="Sudanese refugees in Chad">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungor_people" title="Sungor people">Sungor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tama_people" title="Tama people">Tama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimr_people" title="Kimr people">Kimr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toubou_people" title="Toubou people">Toubou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Gouran">Gouran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anakaza_tribe" title="Anakaza tribe">Anakaza</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunjur_people" title="Tunjur people">Tunjur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupuri_people" title="Tupuri people">Tupuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_people" title="Zaghawa people">Zaghawa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidayat_dialect" title="Bidayat dialect">Bidayat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Gambia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Gambia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in the Gambia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Gambia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in the Gambia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Gambia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in the Gambia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Gambia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in the Gambia">Ethnic groups in the Gambia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aku_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aku people">Aku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bainuk_people" title="Bainuk people">Bainuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanta_people" title="Balanta people">Balanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassari_people" title="Bassari people">Bassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biafada_people" title="Biafada people">Biafada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakhanke_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakhanke people">Jakhanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jola_people" title="Jola people">Jola</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mandinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjak_people" title="Manjak people">Manjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankanya_people" title="Mankanya people">Mankanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Laalaa" title="Serer-Laalaa">Laalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Ndut_people" title="Serer-Ndut people">Ndut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niominka_people" title="Niominka people">Niominka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Noon" title="Serer-Noon">Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palor_people" title="Palor people">Palor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saafi_people" title="Saafi people">Saafi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/16px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/24px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/32px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:The_Gambia" title="Portal:The Gambia">The Gambia portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Guinea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Guinea" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Guinea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Guinea" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Guinea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Guinea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Guinea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Guinea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Guinea#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Guinea">Ethnic groups in Guinea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baga_people" title="Baga people">Baga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassari_people" title="Bassari people">Bassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyula_people" title="Dyula people">Dyula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbandi_people" title="Gbandi people">Gbandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyagui_people" title="Konyagui people">Konyagui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_people" title="Kpelle people">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landuma_people" title="Landuma people">Landuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_people" title="Loma people">Loma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mandinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_people" title="Mende people">Mende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalu_people" title="Nalu people">Nalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papel_people" title="Papel people">Papel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susu_people" title="Susu people">Susu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalunka_people" title="Yalunka people">Yalunka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zialo_people" title="Zialo people">Zialo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Guinea-Bissau" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Guinea-Bissau" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Guinea-Bissau#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Guinea-Bissau">Ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bainuk_people" title="Bainuk people">Bainuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanta_people" title="Balanta people">Balanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassari_people" title="Bassari people">Bassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biafada_people" title="Biafada people">Biafada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jola_people" title="Jola people">Jola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landuma_people" title="Landuma people">Landuma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mandinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjak_people" title="Manjak people">Manjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankanya_people" title="Mankanya people">Mankanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalu_people" title="Nalu people">Nalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papel_people" title="Papel people">Papel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guineans" title="Portuguese Guineans">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Ivory_Coast" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Ivory_Coast" title="Template:Ethnic groups in the Ivory Coast"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Ivory_Coast" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in the Ivory Coast"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Ivory_Coast" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in the Ivory Coast"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Ivory_Coast" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Ivory Coast">Ethnic groups in the Ivory Coast</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_people" title="Abbé people">Abbé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjoukrou_people" title="Adjoukrou people">Adjoukrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyi_people" title="Anyi people">Anyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aowin" title="Aowin">Aowin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attie_people" title="Attie people">Attie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avikam_people" title="Avikam people">Avikam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoul%C3%A9_people" title="Baoulé people">Baoulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bono_people" title="Bono people">Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evalue_people" title="Evalue people">Evalue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fante_people" title="Fante people">Fante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Arabs in Ivory Coast">Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Lebanese people in Ivory Coast">Lebanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Ivory_Coast" title="French people in Ivory Coast">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%27Bato" title="M'Bato">M'Bato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchaman" title="Tchaman">Tchaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Wassa">Wassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_people" title="Bété people">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djimini_people" title="Djimini people">Djimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyula_people" title="Dyula people">Dyula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagu_people" title="Gagu people">Gagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gio_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gio people">Gio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krahn_people" title="Krahn people">Krahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobi_people" title="Lobi people">Lobi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mandinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossi_people" title="Mossi people">Mossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senufo_people" title="Senufo people">Senufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Senegal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Senegal" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Senegal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Senegal" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Senegal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Senegal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Senegal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Senegal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Senegal" title="Ethnic groups in Senegal">Ethnic groups in Senegal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bainuk_people" title="Bainuk people">Bainuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanta_people" title="Balanta people">Balanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassari_people" title="Bassari people">Bassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedick_people" title="Bedick people">Bedick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biafada_people" title="Biafada people">Biafada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyula_people" title="Dyula people">Dyula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakhanke_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakhanke people">Jakhanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jola_people" title="Jola people">Jola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoninka_people" title="Karoninka people">Karoninka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyagui_people" title="Konyagui people">Konyagui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebu_people" title="Lebu people">Lebu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mandinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjak_people" title="Manjak people">Manjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankanya_people" title="Mankanya people">Mankanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papel_people" title="Papel people">Papel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Laalaa" title="Serer-Laalaa">Laalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Ndut_people" title="Serer-Ndut people">Ndut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niominka_people" title="Niominka people">Niominka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Noon" title="Serer-Noon">Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palor_people" title="Palor people">Palor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saafi_people" title="Saafi people">Saafi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susu_people" title="Susu people">Susu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_people" title="Toucouleur people">Toucouleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_Senegal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_Senegal" title="Template:Immigration to Senegal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_Senegal" title="Template talk:Immigration to Senegal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_Senegal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to Senegal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_Senegal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Senegal#Net_migration_rate" title="Demographics of Senegal">Immigration to Senegal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdeans_in_Senegal" title="Cape Verdeans in Senegal">Cape Verdeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Senegal" title="Chinese people in Senegal">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Senegal" title="French people in Senegal">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Senegal" title="Lebanese people in Senegal">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanians_in_Senegal" title="Mauritanians in Senegal">Mauritanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_community_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese community in Senegal">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q819186#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q819186#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q819186#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85080442">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11938611q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11938611q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandingové"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph314838&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX550935">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548330205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027317552">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&oldid=1259282660">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandinka_people&oldid=1259282660</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mandinka" title="Category:Mandinka">Mandinka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso">Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Guinea" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Guinea">Ethnic groups in Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau">Ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Ivory Coast">Ethnic groups in Ivory Coast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Liberia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Liberia">Ethnic groups in Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Mali" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Mali">Ethnic groups in Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Mauritania" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Mauritania">Ethnic groups in Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Senegal" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Senegal">Ethnic groups in Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone">Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Gambia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in the Gambia">Ethnic groups in the Gambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muslim_communities_in_Africa" title="Category:Muslim communities in Africa">Muslim communities in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muslim_ethnoreligious_groups_in_Africa" title="Category:Muslim ethnoreligious groups in Africa">Muslim ethnoreligious groups in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_African_people" title="Category:West African people">West African people</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%22Related_ethnic_groups%22_needing_confirmation" title="Category:"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation">"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_ethnic_group_with_image_parameters" title="Category:Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters">Articles using infobox ethnic group with image 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