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<ul id="toc-Degree_of_autonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Altitude </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composite_criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composite_criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Composite criteria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composite_criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Power Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_drones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_drones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Early drones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_drones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Postwar period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_UAVs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_UAVs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Modern UAVs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_UAVs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Design </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Design subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aircraft_configuration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft_configuration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Aircraft configuration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft_configuration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propulsion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propulsion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Propulsion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propulsion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ornithopters_–_wing_propulsion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ornithopters_–_wing_propulsion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Ornithopters – wing propulsion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ornithopters_–_wing_propulsion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_control_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_control_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Computer control systems </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Computer_control_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Computer control systems subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Computer_control_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sensors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Sensors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Actuators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actuators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Actuators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actuators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Software </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loop_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loop_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Loop principles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loop_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.5 Communications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Autonomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Performance considerations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performance_considerations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Performance considerations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Performance_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flight_envelope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight_envelope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Flight envelope </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight_envelope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endurance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endurance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Endurance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endurance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reliability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reliability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Reliability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reliability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Warfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Civil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aerial_photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerial_photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Aerial photography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerial_photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3 Environmental monitoring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geological_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geological_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.4 Geological hazards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geological_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture,_forestry_and_environmental_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture,_forestry_and_environmental_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.5 Agriculture, forestry and environmental studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture,_forestry_and_environmental_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.6 Law enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanitarian_Aid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanitarian_Aid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.7 Humanitarian Aid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanitarian_Aid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_and_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_and_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Safety and security </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety_and_security-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Safety and security subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Safety_and_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Threats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Threats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuisance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuisance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Nuisance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuisance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_vulnerabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_vulnerabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.2 Security vulnerabilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_vulnerabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aggression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aggression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.3 Aggression </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aggression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countermeasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countermeasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Countermeasures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countermeasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Counter_unmanned_air_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counter_unmanned_air_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Counter unmanned air system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counter_unmanned_air_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Regulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-EU_Drone_Certification_-_Class_Identification_Label" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EU_Drone_Certification_-_Class_Identification_Label"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 EU Drone Certification - Class Identification Label </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EU_Drone_Certification_-_Class_Identification_Label-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Export_controls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Export_controls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.2 Export controls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Export_controls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Unmanned aerial vehicle</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 101 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" > 101 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onbemande_vliegtuig" title="Onbemande vliegtuig – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Onbemande vliegtuig" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmannod_lyftw%C3%A6gn" title="Unmannod lyftwægn – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Unmannod lyftwægn" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9)" title="مسيرة (طائرة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مسيرة (طائرة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Տռոն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Տռոն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veh%C3%ADculu_aereu_non_tripul%C3%A1u" title="Vehículu aereu non tripuláu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vehículu aereu non tripuláu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilotsuz_u%C3%A7u%C5%9F_aparat%C4%B1" title="Pilotsuz uçuş aparatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pilotsuz uçuş aparatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B4_%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="اینسانسیز اوچوش وسیله‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اینسانسیز اوچوش وسیله‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="মনুষ্যবিহীন আকাশযান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মনুষ্যবিহীন আকাশযান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BB-j%C3%AEn_h%C3%A2ng-khong-ki" title="Bû-jîn hâng-khong-ki – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bû-jîn hâng-khong-ki" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D2%BB%D1%8B%D2%99_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%83_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Пилотһыҙ осоу аппараты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пилотһыҙ осоу аппараты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Беспілотны лятальны апарат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Беспілотны лятальны апарат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Бесьпілётнік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бесьпілётнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone" title="Drone – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Drone" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дрон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дрон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bespilotna_letjelica" title="Bespilotna letjelica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bespilotna letjelica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dron" title="Dron – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dron" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_aeri_no_tripulat" title="Vehicle aeri no tripulat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vehicle aeri no tripulat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezpilotn%C3%AD_letadlo" title="Bezpilotní letadlo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bezpilotní letadlo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%B4n" title="Drôn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Drôn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAV" title="UAV – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="UAV" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbemanntes_Luftfahrzeug" title="Unbemanntes Luftfahrzeug – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unbemanntes Luftfahrzeug" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehitamata_%C3%B5hus%C3%B5iduk" title="Mehitamata õhusõiduk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mehitamata õhusõiduk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B7_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%B1%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%87%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Μη επανδρωμένο αερόχημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μη επανδρωμένο αερόχημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veh%C3%ADculo_a%C3%A9reo_no_tripulado" title="Vehículo aéreo no tripulado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vehículo aéreo no tripulado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senpilota_aviadilo" title="Senpilota aviadilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Senpilota aviadilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone" title="Drone – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Drone" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="پهپاد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پهپاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone" title="Drone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Drone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbemanne_fleanmasine" title="Unbemanne fleanmasine – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Unbemanne fleanmasine" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerfheithicil_gan_foireann" title="Aerfheithicil gan foireann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aerfheithicil gan foireann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veh%C3%ADculo_a%C3%A9reo_non_tripulado" title="Vehículo aéreo non tripulado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vehículo aéreo non tripulado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%9D%B8_%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5%EA%B8%B0" title="무인 항공기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무인 항공기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D6%85%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%A9%D5%BC%D5%B9%D5%B8%D5%B2_%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%84" title="Անօդաչու թռչող սարք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անօդաչու թռչող սարք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="मानव रहित विमान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानव रहित विमान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bespilotna_letjelica" title="Bespilotna letjelica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bespilotna letjelica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senpilotist_aviacilo" title="Senpilotist aviacilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Senpilotist aviacilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesawat_nirawak" title="Pesawat nirawak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pesawat nirawak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone" title="Drone – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Drone" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone" title="Drone – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Drone" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INdiza_eswelumuntu" title="INdiza eswelumuntu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INdiza eswelumuntu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%B3ni" title="Dróni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dróni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeromobile_a_pilotaggio_remoto" title="Aeromobile a pilotaggio remoto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aeromobile a pilotaggio remoto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A9" title="כלי טיס בלתי מאויש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כלי טיס בלתי מאויש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montor_mabur_nirawak" title="Montor mabur nirawak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Montor mabur nirawak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%8F%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF" title="ಯುಏವಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯುಏವಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B7_%D2%B1%D1%88%D1%83_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Ұшқышсыз ұшу аппараты – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұшқышсыз ұшу аппараты" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balafira_b%C3%AAmirov" title="Balafira bêmirov – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Balafira bêmirov" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%87%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B7_%D1%83%D1%87%D1%83%D1%83%D1%87%D1%83_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Учкучсуз учуучу аппарат – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Учкучсуз учуучу аппарат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleplanum" title="Teleplanum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Teleplanum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezpilota_lidapar%C4%81ts" title="Bezpilota lidaparāts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bezpilota lidaparāts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dron" title="Dron – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Dron" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bepilotis_orlaivis" title="Bepilotis orlaivis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bepilotis orlaivis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93nbemand_l%C3%B3chvoertuug" title="Ónbemand lóchvoertuug – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ónbemand lóchvoertuug" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pil%C3%B3ta_n%C3%A9lk%C3%BCli_rep%C3%BCl%C5%91g%C3%A9p" title="Pilóta nélküli repülőgép – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pilóta nélküli repülőgép" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Беспилотно летало – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Беспилотно летало" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%B4na" title="Drôna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Drôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8F%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE" title="അൺമാൻഡ് ഏരിയൽ വെഹിക്കിൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അൺമാൻഡ് ഏരിയൽ വെഹിക്കിൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87" title="मानवरहित हवाई वाहने – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मानवरहित हवाई वाहने" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesawat_udara_tanpa_pemandu" title="Pesawat udara tanpa pemandu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pesawat udara tanpa pemandu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasawat_nirawak" title="Pasawat nirawak – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pasawat nirawak" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дрон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дрон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA" title="မောင်းသူမဲ့လေယာဉ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မောင်းသူမဲ့လေယာဉ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onbemand_luchtvaartuig" title="Onbemand luchtvaartuig – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Onbemand luchtvaartuig" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E4%BA%BA%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%A9%9F" title="無人航空機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="無人航空機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone" title="Drone – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Drone" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone" title="Drone – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Drone" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchuvchisiz_uchish_apparati" title="Uchuvchisiz uchish apparati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Uchuvchisiz uchish apparati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਡ੍ਰੋਨ ਜਹਾਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡ੍ਰੋਨ ਜਹਾਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AC%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="ڈرون جہاز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈرون جہاز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%90_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%87" title="بې پيلوټه الوتکه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بې پيلوټه الوتکه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezza%C5%82ogowy_statek_powietrzny" title="Bezzałogowy statek powietrzny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bezzałogowy statek powietrzny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C3%ADculo_a%C3%A9reo_n%C3%A3o_tripulado" title="Veículo aéreo não tripulado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Veículo aéreo não tripulado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronav%C4%83_f%C4%83r%C4%83_pilot" title="Aeronavă fără pilot – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aeronavă fără pilot" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Беспилотный летательный аппарат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Беспилотный летательный аппарат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="मानवरहितविमानम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मानवरहितविमानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automjeti_ajror_pa_pilot" title="Automjeti ajror pa pilot – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Automjeti ajror pa pilot" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droni" title="Droni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Droni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="නියමුවන් රහිත ගුවන් යානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නියමුවන් රහිත ගුවන් යානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone" title="Drone – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Drone" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="ڊرون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڊرون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezpilotn%C3%A9_lietadlo" title="Bezpilotné lietadlo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bezpilotné lietadlo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voja%C5%A1ko_brezpilotno_letalo" title="Vojaško brezpilotno letalo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vojaško brezpilotno letalo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DA%95%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8E_%D9%81%DA%95%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فڕۆکەی بێ فڕۆکەوان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فڕۆکەی بێ فڕۆکەوان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Беспилотна летелица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Беспилотна летелица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bespilotna_letjelica" title="Bespilotna letjelica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bespilotna letjelica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miehitt%C3%A4m%C3%A4t%C3%B6n_ilma-alus" title="Miehittämätön ilma-alus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Miehittämätön ilma-alus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%B6nare_(luftfarkost)" title="Drönare (luftfarkost) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Drönare (luftfarkost)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="ஆளில்லாத வானூர்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆளில்லாத வானூர்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dron" title="Dron – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Dron" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="మానవరహిత వైమానిక వాహనం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మానవరహిత వైమానిక వాహనం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99" title="โดรน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โดรน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Паҳпод – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Паҳпод" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsans%C4%B1z_hava_arac%C4%B1" title="İnsansız hava aracı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnsansız hava aracı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Безпілотний літальний апарат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Безпілотний літальний апарат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_(%D8%A8%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D9%B9_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%A7%DA%91%DB%8C)" title="ڈرون (بغیر پائلٹ کی فضائی گاڑی) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈرون (بغیر پائلٹ کی فضائی گاڑی)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%B2_%D8%A6%DB%87%DA%86%D9%82%DB%87" title="ئادەمسىز ئۇچقۇ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئادەمسىز ئۇچقۇ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ti%E1%BB%87n_bay_kh%C3%B4ng_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_l%C3%A1i" title="Phương tiện bay không người lái – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phương tiện bay không người lái" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E4%BA%BA%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%BC%89%E5%85%B7" title="無人航空載具 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="無人航空載具" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicles&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned aerial vehicles">Unmanned aerial vehicles</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Aircraft without any human pilot on board</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"UAV" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/UAV_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="UAV (disambiguation)">UAV (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NGP_DSC_0364.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/NGP_DSC_0364.jpg/300px-NGP_DSC_0364.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/NGP_DSC_0364.jpg/450px-NGP_DSC_0364.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/NGP_DSC_0364.jpg/600px-NGP_DSC_0364.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2189" data-file-height="1459" /></a><figcaption>Elbit Systems <a href="/wiki/Elbit_Hermes_450" title="Elbit Hermes 450">Hermes-450</a> taking off</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northrop_Grumman_Bat_UAV_in_flight_in_June_2014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Northrop_Grumman_Bat_UAV_in_flight_in_June_2014.JPG/300px-Northrop_Grumman_Bat_UAV_in_flight_in_June_2014.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Northrop_Grumman_Bat_UAV_in_flight_in_June_2014.JPG/450px-Northrop_Grumman_Bat_UAV_in_flight_in_June_2014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Northrop_Grumman_Bat_UAV_in_flight_in_June_2014.JPG/600px-Northrop_Grumman_Bat_UAV_in_flight_in_June_2014.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_Bat" title="Northrop Grumman Bat">Northrop Grumman Bat</a> carrying EO/IR and SAR sensors, laser rangefinders, laser designators, infrared cameras</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DJI_Phantom_2_Vision%2B_V3_hovering_over_Weissfluhjoch_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/DJI_Phantom_2_Vision%2B_V3_hovering_over_Weissfluhjoch_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-DJI_Phantom_2_Vision%2B_V3_hovering_over_Weissfluhjoch_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/DJI_Phantom_2_Vision%2B_V3_hovering_over_Weissfluhjoch_%28cropped%29.jpg/450px-DJI_Phantom_2_Vision%2B_V3_hovering_over_Weissfluhjoch_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/DJI_Phantom_2_Vision%2B_V3_hovering_over_Weissfluhjoch_%28cropped%29.jpg/600px-DJI_Phantom_2_Vision%2B_V3_hovering_over_Weissfluhjoch_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2131" data-file-height="1343" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/DJI_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="DJI (company)">DJI</a> <a href="/wiki/Phantom_(UAV)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phantom (UAV)">Phantom</a> <a href="/wiki/Quadcopter" title="Quadcopter">quadcopter</a> UAV for commercial and recreational <a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">aerial photography</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MQ-9_Reaper_UAV_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/MQ-9_Reaper_UAV_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-MQ-9_Reaper_UAV_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/MQ-9_Reaper_UAV_%28cropped%29.jpg/450px-MQ-9_Reaper_UAV_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/MQ-9_Reaper_UAV_%28cropped%29.jpg/600px-MQ-9_Reaper_UAV_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3022" data-file-height="1986" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-9_Reaper" title="General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper">General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper</a>, a hunter-killer surveillance UAV</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_110930-N-JQ696-401_An_MQ-8B_Fire_Scout_unmanned_aerial_vehicle_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/US_Navy_110930-N-JQ696-401_An_MQ-8B_Fire_Scout_unmanned_aerial_vehicle_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-US_Navy_110930-N-JQ696-401_An_MQ-8B_Fire_Scout_unmanned_aerial_vehicle_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/US_Navy_110930-N-JQ696-401_An_MQ-8B_Fire_Scout_unmanned_aerial_vehicle_%28cropped%29.jpg/450px-US_Navy_110930-N-JQ696-401_An_MQ-8B_Fire_Scout_unmanned_aerial_vehicle_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/US_Navy_110930-N-JQ696-401_An_MQ-8B_Fire_Scout_unmanned_aerial_vehicle_%28cropped%29.jpg/600px-US_Navy_110930-N-JQ696-401_An_MQ-8B_Fire_Scout_unmanned_aerial_vehicle_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2568" data-file-height="1548" /></a><figcaption>Although most large military UAVs are <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotorcraft" title="Rotorcraft">rotorcraft</a> designs (i.e., RUAVs) such as this <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_MQ-8_Fire_Scout" title="Northrop Grumman MQ-8 Fire Scout">MQ-8B Fire Scout</a> are also used.</figcaption></figure> An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), or unmanned aircraft system (UAS), commonly known as a drone, is an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> with no human <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">pilot</a>, crew, or passengers on board. UAVs were originally developed through the twentieth century for military missions too "dull, dirty or dangerous"<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> for humans, and by the twenty-first, they had become essential assets to most militaries. As control technologies improved and costs fell, their use expanded to many non-military applications.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> These include <a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">aerial photography</a>, area coverage,<a href="#cite_note-tits-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_drone" title="Agricultural drone">precision agriculture</a>, forest fire monitoring,<a href="#cite_note-ast-4">[4]</a> river monitoring,<a href="#cite_note-ELSEVIER_-_HEALTH_SCIENCE-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">environmental monitoring</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> policing and surveillance, infrastructure inspections, smuggling,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Delivery_drone" title="Delivery drone">product deliveries</a>, entertainment, and <a href="/wiki/Drone_racing" title="Drone racing">drone racing</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> Many terms are used for aircraft which fly without any persons on board. The term drone has been used from the early days of <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a>, some being applied to remotely flown target <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> used for practice firing of a battleship's guns, such as the 1920s <a href="/wiki/Fairey_III" title="Fairey III">Fairey Queen</a> and 1930s <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Tiger_Moth#Gunnery_target_drone" title="De Havilland Tiger Moth">de Havilland Queen Bee</a>. Later examples included the <a href="/wiki/Airspeed_Queen_Wasp" title="Airspeed Queen Wasp">Airspeed Queen Wasp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miles_Martinet" title="Miles Martinet">Miles Queen Martinet</a>, before ultimate replacement by the <a href="/wiki/GAF_Jindivik" title="GAF Jindivik">GAF Jindivik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The term remains in common use. In addition to the software, autonomous drones also employ a host of advanced technologies that allow them to carry out their missions without human intervention, such as cloud computing, computer vision, artificial intelligence, machine learning, deep learning, and thermal sensors.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> For recreational uses, an <a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">aerial photography</a> drone is an aircraft that has first-person video, autonomous capabilities, or both.<a href="#cite_note-dronesetc-14">[14]</a> An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is defined as a "powered, aerial vehicle that does not carry a human operator, uses <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic_force" title="Aerodynamic force">aerodynamic forces</a> to provide vehicle lift, can fly autonomously or be piloted remotely, can be expendable or recoverable, and can carry a lethal or nonlethal payload".<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> UAV is a term that is commonly applied to military use cases.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">Missiles</a> with warheads are generally not considered UAVs because the vehicle itself is a munition, but certain types of propeller-based missile are often called "<a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">kamikaze drones</a>" by the public and media. Also, the relation of UAVs to <a href="/wiki/Radio-controlled_aircraft" title="Radio-controlled aircraft">remote controlled model aircraft</a> is unclear,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] UAVs may or may not include remote-controlled model aircraft. Some jurisdictions base their definition on size or weight; however, the US FAA defines any unmanned flying craft as a UAV regardless of size. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A similar term is remotely piloted aerial vehicle (RPAV). UAVs or RPAVs can also be seen as a component of an unmanned aircraft system (UAS), which also includes a ground-based controller and a system of communications with the aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-ast-4">[4]</a> The term UAS was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> (DoD) and the United States <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> (FAA) in 2005 according to their Unmanned Aircraft System Roadmap 2005–2030.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a> (ICAO) and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)">British Civil Aviation Authority</a> adopted this term, also used in the European Union's <a href="/wiki/SESAR_Joint_Undertaking" title="SESAR Joint Undertaking">Single European Sky (SES) Air Traffic Management (ATM) Research</a> (SESAR Joint Undertaking) roadmap for 2020.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> This term emphasizes the importance of elements other than the aircraft. It includes elements such as ground control stations, data links and other support equipment. Similar terms are unmanned aircraft vehicle system (UAVS) and remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Many similar terms are in use. Under new regulations which came into effect 1 June 2019, the term RPAS has been adopted by the Canadian Government to mean "a set of configurable elements consisting of a remotely piloted aircraft, its control station, the command and control links and any other system elements required during flight operation".<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_types">Classification types</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification types">edit</a>]</div> UAVs may be classified like any other <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>, according to design configuration such as weight or engine type, maximum flight altitude, degree of operational autonomy, operational role, etc. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a>, UAVs are classified into five categories below:<a href="#cite_note-uavclassificationA-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-uavclassificationB-22">[22]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Group: </th> <th>Group 1 </th> <th>Group 2 </th> <th>Group 3 </th> <th>Group 4 </th> <th>Group 5 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Size </th> <td>Small </td> <td>Medium </td> <td>Large </td> <td>Larger </td> <td>Largest </td></tr> <tr> <th>Max take-off wt </th> <td>< 20 lb (9.1 kg) </td> <td>> 20 & < 55 </td> <td>> 55 & < 1320 </td> <td>>1,320 lb (600 kg) </td> <td>>1,320 lb (600 kg) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Operating altitude </th> <td>< 1,200 ft (370 m) </td> <td>< 3,500 ft (1,100 m) </td> <td>< 18,000 ft (5,500 m) </td> <td>< 18,000 ft (5,500 m) </td> <td>> 18,000 ft (5,500 m) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Speed </th> <td>< 100 kn (190 km/h) </td> <td>< 250 kn (460 km/h) </td> <td>< 250 kn (460 km/h) </td> <td>Any speed </td> <td>Any speed </td></tr></tbody></table> Other classifications of UAVs include:<a href="#cite_note-uavclassificationA-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Range_and_endurance">Range and endurance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Range and endurance">edit</a>]</div> There are usually five categories when UAVs are classified by range and endurance:<a href="#cite_note-uavclassificationA-21">[21]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Category: </th> <th>Very close range UAVs </th> <th>Close range UAVs </th> <th>Short range UAVs </th> <th>Medium range UAVs </th> <th>Long range UAVs </th></tr> <tr> <td>Range (km): </td> <td>< 5 </td> <td>> 5 & < 50 </td> <td>> 50 & < 150 </td> <td>> 150 & < 650 </td> <td>> 650 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Endurance (hr): </td> <td>0.5 – 0.75 </td> <td>1–6 </td> <td>8–12 </td> <td>12 – 36 or 48 </td> <td>> 36 or 48 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Size">edit</a>]</div> There are usually four categories when UAVs are classified by size, with at least one of the dimensions (length or wingspan) meet the following respective limits:<a href="#cite_note-uavclassificationA-21">[21]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Category: </th> <th>Micro/Very small UAVs </th> <th>Mini/Small UAVs </th> <th>Medium UAVs </th> <th>Large UAVs </th></tr> <tr> <td>Length/Wingspan: </td> <td>< 50 cm </td> <td>> 50 cm & < 2 m </td> <td>5 –10 m </td> <td>> 10 m </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weight">Weight</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Weight">edit</a>]</div> Based on their weight, drones can be classified into 5 categories— <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Category: </th> <th>Nano </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Micro_air_vehicle" title="Micro air vehicle">Micro air vehicles</a> (MAV) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Miniature_UAV" title="Miniature UAV">Miniature UAV</a> or Small (SUAV) </th> <th>Medium UAVs </th> <th>Large UAVs </th></tr> <tr> <td>Weight: </td> <td>< 250 gm </td> <td>≥ 250 gm & <02  kg </td> <td>≥ 02 kg & <25  kg </td> <td>≥ 25 kg & <150  kg </td> <td>≥ 150 kg </td></tr></tbody></table> .<a href="#cite_note-dr1-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degree_of_autonomy">Degree of autonomy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Degree of autonomy">edit</a>]</div> Drones could also be classified based on the degree of autonomy in their flight operations. ICAO classifies unmanned aircraft as either remotely piloted aircraft or fully autonomous.<a href="#cite_note-Percepto_Drones-24">[24]</a> Some UAVs offer intermediate degrees of autonomy. For example, a vehicle may be remotely piloted in most contexts but have an autonomous return-to-base operation. Some aircraft types may optionally fly manned or as UAVs, which may include manned aircraft transformed into manned or Optionally Piloted UAVs (OPVs). The flight of UAVs may operate under remote control by a human operator, as remotely piloted aircraft (RPA), or with various degrees of <a href="/wiki/Vehicular_automation" title="Vehicular automation">autonomy</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">autopilot</a> assistance, up to fully autonomous aircraft that have no provision for human intervention.<a href="#cite_note-ICAO-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Altitude">Altitude</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Altitude">edit</a>]</div> Based on the altitude, the following UAV classifications have been used at industry events such as <a href="/wiki/ParcAberporth" title="ParcAberporth">ParcAberporth</a> Unmanned Systems forum: <ul><li>Hand-held 2,000 ft (600 m) altitude, about 2 km range</li> <li>Close 5,000 ft (1,500 m) altitude, up to 10 km range</li> <li>NATO type 10,000 ft (3,000 m) altitude, up to 50 km range</li> <li>Tactical 18,000 ft (5,500 m) altitude, about 160 km range</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-altitude_long-endurance_unmanned_aerial_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle">MALE (medium altitude, long endurance)</a> up to 30,000 ft (9,000 m) and range over 200 km</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Altitude_Long_Endurance" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Altitude Long Endurance">HALE (high altitude, long endurance)</a> over 30,000 ft (9,100 m) and indefinite range</li> <li>Hypersonic high-speed, supersonic (Mach 1–5) or hypersonic (Mach 5+) 50,000 ft (15,200 m) or suborbital altitude, range over 200 km</li> <li>Orbital low Earth orbit (Mach 25+)</li> <li>CIS Lunar Earth-Moon transfer</li> <li>Computer Assisted Carrier Guidance System (CACGS) for UAVs</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composite_criteria">Composite criteria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Composite criteria">edit</a>]</div> An example of classification based on the composite criteria is U.S. Military's <a href="/wiki/U.S._military_UAS_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. military UAS groups">unmanned aerial systems</a> (UAS) classification of UAVs based on weight, maximum altitude and speed of the UAV component. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_Sources">Power Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Power Sources">edit</a>]</div> UAVs can be classified based on their power or energy source, which significantly impacts their flight duration, range, and environmental impact. The main categories include: <ul><li>Battery-powered (Electric): These UAVs use rechargeable batteries, offering quiet operation and lower maintenance but potentially limited flight times. The reduced noise levels make them suitable for urban environments and sensitive operations.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li> <li>Fuel-powered (Internal Combustion): Utilizing traditional fuels like gasoline or diesel, these UAVs often have longer flight times but may be noisier and require more maintenance. They are typically used for applications requiring extended endurance or heavy payload capacity.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li> <li>Hybrid: Combining electric and fuel power sources, hybrid UAVs aim to balance the benefits of both systems for improved performance and efficiency. This configuration could allow for versatility in mission profiles and adaptability to different operational requirements.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li> <li>Solar-powered: Equipped with solar panels, these UAVs can potentially achieve extended flight times by harnessing solar energy, especially at high altitudes. Solar-powered UAVs may be particularly suited for long-endurance missions and environmental monitoring applications.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li>Nuclear-powered: While nuclear power has been explored for larger aircraft, its application in UAVs remains largely theoretical due to safety concerns and regulatory challenges. Research in this area is ongoing but faces significant hurdles before practical implementation.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li> <li>Hydrogen Fuel Cell: An emerging technology, hydrogen fuel cells offer the potential for longer flight times with zero emissions, though the technology is still developing for widespread UAV use. The high energy density of hydrogen makes it a promising option for future UAV propulsion systems.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_unmanned_aerial_vehicles" title="History of unmanned aerial vehicles">History of unmanned aerial vehicles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winston_Churchill_and_the_Secretary_of_State_for_War_waiting_to_see_the_launch_of_a_de_Havilland_Queen_Bee_radio-controlled_target_drone,_6_June_1941._H10307.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Winston_Churchill_and_the_Secretary_of_State_for_War_waiting_to_see_the_launch_of_a_de_Havilland_Queen_Bee_radio-controlled_target_drone%2C_6_June_1941._H10307.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Winston_Churchill_and_the_Secretary_of_State_for_War_waiting_to_see_the_launch_of_a_de_Havilland_Queen_Bee_radio-controlled_target_drone%2C_6_June_1941._H10307.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Winston_Churchill_and_the_Secretary_of_State_for_War_waiting_to_see_the_launch_of_a_de_Havilland_Queen_Bee_radio-controlled_target_drone%2C_6_June_1941._H10307.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2415" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and others waiting to watch the launch of a <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Tiger_Moth#Gunnery_target_drone" title="De Havilland Tiger Moth">de Havilland Queen Bee</a> <a href="/wiki/Target_drone" title="Target drone">target drone</a>, 6 June 1941</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teledyne-Ryan-Firebee-hatzerim-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Teledyne-Ryan-Firebee-hatzerim-1.jpg/220px-Teledyne-Ryan-Firebee-hatzerim-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Teledyne-Ryan-Firebee-hatzerim-1.jpg/330px-Teledyne-Ryan-Firebee-hatzerim-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Teledyne-Ryan-Firebee-hatzerim-1.jpg/440px-Teledyne-Ryan-Firebee-hatzerim-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Firebee" title="Ryan Firebee">Ryan Firebee</a>, one of a series of target drones/unpiloted aerial vehicles that first flew in 1951. <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force_Museum" title="Israeli Air Force Museum">Israeli Air Force Museum</a>, Hatzerim airbase, Israel, 2006</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Last_preparation_before_first_tactical_mission_across_Suez_canal_(1969).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Last_preparation_before_first_tactical_mission_across_Suez_canal_%281969%29.jpg/220px-Last_preparation_before_first_tactical_mission_across_Suez_canal_%281969%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Last_preparation_before_first_tactical_mission_across_Suez_canal_%281969%29.jpg/330px-Last_preparation_before_first_tactical_mission_across_Suez_canal_%281969%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Last_preparation_before_first_tactical_mission_across_Suez_canal_%281969%29.jpg/440px-Last_preparation_before_first_tactical_mission_across_Suez_canal_%281969%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Last preparations before the first tactical UAV mission across the Suez canal (1969). Standing: Major Shabtai Brill from the Israeli intelligence corps, the innovator of the tactical UAV.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tadiran-Mastiff-III-hatzerim-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tadiran-Mastiff-III-hatzerim-1.jpg/220px-Tadiran-Mastiff-III-hatzerim-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tadiran-Mastiff-III-hatzerim-1.jpg/330px-Tadiran-Mastiff-III-hatzerim-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tadiran-Mastiff-III-hatzerim-1.jpg/440px-Tadiran-Mastiff-III-hatzerim-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1295" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>The Israeli <a href="/wiki/Tadiran_Mastiff" title="Tadiran Mastiff">Tadiran Mastiff</a>, which first flew in 1975, is seen by many as the first modern battlefield UAV, due to its data-link system, endurance-loitering, and live video-streaming.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_drones">Early drones</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Early drones">edit</a>]</div> The earliest recorded use of an unmanned aerial vehicle for warfighting occurred in July 1849,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Balloon_carrier" title="Balloon carrier">balloon carrier</a> (the precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-35">[35]</a> in the first offensive use of <a href="/wiki/Air_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Air power">air power</a> in <a href="/wiki/Naval_aviation" title="Naval aviation">naval aviation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hallion-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-LaymanFirst-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-RennerFirst-38">[38]</a> Austrian forces besieging Venice attempted to launch some 200 <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_balloon" title="Incendiary balloon">incendiary balloons</a> at the besieged city. The balloons were launched mainly from land; however, some were also launched from the Austrian ship <a href="/wiki/SMS_Vulcano" title="SMS Vulcano">SMS Vulcano</a>. At least one bomb fell in the city; however, due to the wind changing after launch, most of the balloons missed their target, and some drifted back over Austrian lines and the launching ship Vulcano.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haydon-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mikesh-41">[41]</a> The Spanish engineer <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Torres_Quevedo" title="Leonardo Torres Quevedo">Leonardo Torres Quevedo</a> introduced a radio-based control-system called the <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Torres_Quevedo#Radio_control:_the_Telekino" title="Leonardo Torres Quevedo">Telekino</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Academy of Science">Paris Academy of Science</a> in 1903, as a way of testing <a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airships</a> without risking human life.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Significant development of drones started in the 1900s, and originally focused on providing practice targets for training <a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">military personnel</a>. The earliest attempt at a powered UAV was <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Low" title="Archibald Low">A. M. Low</a>'s "Aerial Target" in 1916.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-46">[46]</a> Low confirmed that Geoffrey de Havilland's monoplane was the one that flew under control on 21 March 1917 using his radio system.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Following this successful demonstration in the spring of 1917 Low was transferred to develop aircraft controlled fast motor launches <a href="/wiki/Coastal_Motor_Boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Motor Boat">D.C.B.s</a> with the Royal Navy in 1918 intended to attack shipping and port installations and he also assisted <a href="/wiki/Frank_Arthur_Brock" title="Frank Arthur Brock">Wing Commander Brock</a> in preparations for the <a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a>. Other <a href="/wiki/British_unmanned_aerial_vehicles_of_World_War_I" title="British unmanned aerial vehicles of World War I">British unmanned developments</a> followed, leading to the fleet of over 400 <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Tiger_Moth" title="De Havilland Tiger Moth">de Havilland 82 Queen Bee</a> aerial targets that went into service in 1935. <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> described a fleet of uncrewed aerial combat vehicles in 1915.<a href="#cite_note-armyeyes-48">[48]</a> These developments also inspired the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Kettering_Bug" title="Kettering Bug">Kettering Bug</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kettering" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Kettering">Charles Kettering</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, Ohio</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hewitt-Sperry_Automatic_Airplane" title="Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane">Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane</a> – initially meant as an uncrewed plane that would carry an explosive payload to a predetermined target. Development continued during World War I, when the <a href="/wiki/Dayton-Wright_Airplane_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayton-Wright Airplane Company">Dayton-Wright Airplane Company</a> invented a pilotless <a href="/wiki/Aerial_torpedo" title="Aerial torpedo">aerial torpedo</a> that would explode at a preset time.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The film star and <a href="/wiki/Model-airplane" class="mw-redirect" title="Model-airplane">model-airplane</a> enthusiast <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Denny_(actor)" title="Reginald Denny (actor)">Reginald Denny</a> developed the first scaled remote piloted vehicle in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-46">[46]</a> Soviet researchers experimented with controlling <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_TB-1" title="Tupolev TB-1">Tupolev TB-1</a> bombers remotely in the late 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> In 1940, Denny started the <a href="/wiki/Radioplane_Company" title="Radioplane Company">Radioplane Company</a> and more models emerged during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> – used both to train antiaircraft gunners and to fly attack-missions. <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> produced and used various UAV aircraft during the war, like the <a href="/wiki/Argus_As_292" title="Argus As 292">Argus As 292</a> and the <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bomb</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a> developed a specialised drone version of the <a href="/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.79_Sparviero" title="Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 Sparviero">Savoia-Marchetti SM.79</a> flown by remote control, although the Armistice with Italy was enacted prior to any operational deployment.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_period">Postwar period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Postwar period">edit</a>]</div> After World War II development continued in vehicles such as the American <a href="/wiki/JB-4" title="JB-4">JB-4</a> (using television/radio-command guidance), the Australian <a href="/wiki/GAF_Jindivik" title="GAF Jindivik">GAF Jindivik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Aeronautical" title="Ryan Aeronautical">Teledyne Ryan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Firebee" title="Ryan Firebee">Firebee I</a> of 1951, while companies like <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft" title="Beechcraft">Beechcraft</a> offered their <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_MQM-61_Cardinal" title="Beechcraft MQM-61 Cardinal">Model 1001</a> for the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-46">[46]</a> Nevertheless, they were little more than remote-controlled airplanes until the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. In 1959, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a>, concerned about losing pilots over hostile territory, began planning for the use of uncrewed aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1982xi-52">[52]</a> Planning intensified after the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">shot down a U-2</a> in 1960. Within days, a highly <a href="/wiki/Classified_information" title="Classified information">classified</a> UAV program started under the code name of "Red Wagon".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1982xi,_xii-53">[53]</a> The August 1964 <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_Gulf_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonkin Gulf Incident">clash in the Tonkin Gulf</a> between naval units of the U.S. and the <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnamese_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="North Vietnamese Navy">North Vietnamese Navy</a> initiated America's highly classified UAVs (<a href="/wiki/Ryan_Model_147" title="Ryan Model 147">Ryan Model 147</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryan_AQM-91_Firefly" title="Ryan AQM-91 Firefly">Ryan AQM-91 Firefly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_D-21" title="Lockheed D-21">Lockheed D-21</a>) into their first combat missions of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1982xii-54">[54]</a> When the Chinese government<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner198279-55">[55]</a> showed photographs of downed U.S. UAVs via Wide World Photos,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner198278,_79-56">[56]</a> the official U.S. response was "no comment". During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a> (1967–1970) in the Middle East, Israeli intelligence tested the first tactical UAVs installed with <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> cameras, which successfully returned photos from across the Suez Canal. This was the first time that tactical UAVs that could be launched and landed on any short runway (unlike the heavier jet-based UAVs) were developed and tested in battle.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> used UAVs as decoys to spur opposing forces into wasting expensive anti-aircraft missiles.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> After the 1973 Yom Kippur war, a few key people from the team that developed this early UAV joined a small startup company that aimed to develop UAVs into a commercial product, eventually purchased by Tadiran and leading to the development of the first Israeli UAV.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">pages needed</a>] In 1973, the U.S. military officially confirmed that they had been using UAVs in Southeast Asia (Vietnam).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1982202-60">[60]</a> Over 5,000 U.S. airmen had been killed and over 1,000 more were <a href="/wiki/Missing_In_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Missing In Action">missing</a> or <a href="/wiki/POW" class="mw-redirect" title="POW">captured</a>. The USAF <a href="/wiki/100th_Strategic_Reconnaissance_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="100th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing">100th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing</a> flew about 3,435 UAV missions during the war<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1982200,_212-61">[61]</a> at a cost of about 554 UAVs lost to all causes. In the words of USAF <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a> <a href="/wiki/George_S._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="George S. Brown">George S. Brown</a>, Commander, <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Systems_Command" title="Air Force Systems Command">Air Force Systems Command</a>, in 1972, "The only reason we need (UAVs) is that we don't want to needlessly expend the man in the cockpit."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1982208-62">[62]</a> Later that year, General <a href="/wiki/John_C._Meyer" title="John C. Meyer">John C. Meyer</a>, Commander in Chief, <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command</a>, stated, "we let the drone do the high-risk flying ... the loss rate is high, but we are willing to risk more of them ...they save lives!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1982208-62">[62]</a> During the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>, Soviet-supplied <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missile</a>-batteries in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> caused heavy damage to Israeli <a href="/wiki/Fighter_jet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighter jet">fighter jets</a>. As a result, Israel developed the <a href="/wiki/IAI_Scout" title="IAI Scout">IAI Scout</a> as the first UAV with real-time surveillance.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The images and radar decoys provided by these UAVs helped Israel to <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mole_Cricket_19" title="Operation Mole Cricket 19">completely neutralize</a> the Syrian <a href="/wiki/Air_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Air defense">air defenses</a> at the start of the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a>, resulting in no pilots downed.<a href="#cite_note-WSJLevinson-66">[66]</a> In Israel in 1987, UAVs were first used as proof-of-concept of super-agility, post-stall controlled flight in combat-flight simulations that involved tailless, stealth-technology-based, three-dimensional thrust vectoring flight-control, and jet-steering.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_UAVs">Modern UAVs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modern UAVs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STM_Kargu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/STM_Kargu.png/220px-STM_Kargu.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/STM_Kargu.png/330px-STM_Kargu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/STM_Kargu.png/440px-STM_Kargu.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>The Turkish <a href="/wiki/STM_Kargu" title="STM Kargu">STM Kargu</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Lethal_autonomous_weapon" title="Lethal autonomous weapon">lethal autonomous weapon</a> to attack enemy combatants in warfare.</figcaption></figure> With the maturing and miniaturization of applicable technologies in the 1980s and 1990s, interest in UAVs grew within the higher echelons of the U.S. military. The U.S. funded the <a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism_Mission_Center" title="Counterterrorism Mission Center">Counterterrorism Center</a> (CTC) within the CIA, which sought to fight terrorism with the aid of modernized drone technology.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In the 1990s, the U.S. DoD gave a contract to <a href="/wiki/AAI_Corporation" title="AAI Corporation">AAI Corporation</a> along with Israeli company Malat. The U.S. Navy bought the <a href="/wiki/AAI_RQ-2_Pioneer" title="AAI RQ-2 Pioneer">AAI Pioneer UAV</a> that AAI and Malat developed jointly. Many of these UAVs saw service in the <a href="/wiki/1991_Gulf_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Gulf War">1991 Gulf War</a>. UAVs demonstrated the possibility of cheaper, more capable fighting-machines, deployable without risk to aircrews. Initial generations primarily involved <a href="/wiki/Surveillance_aircraft" title="Surveillance aircraft">surveillance aircraft</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_combat_air_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned combat air vehicle">some carried armaments</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-1_Predator" title="General Atomics MQ-1 Predator">General Atomics MQ-1 Predator</a>, that launched <a href="/wiki/AGM-114_Hellfire" title="AGM-114 Hellfire">AGM-114 Hellfire</a> <a href="/wiki/Air-to-ground_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-to-ground missile">air-to-ground missiles</a>. <a href="/wiki/CAPECON_project" title="CAPECON project">CAPECON</a>, a <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Project" title="Project">project</a> to develop UAVs,<a href="#cite_note-Z._Goraj,_A._Frydrychewicz,_R._Świtkiewicz,_B._Hernik,_J._Gadomski,_T._Goetzendorf-Grabowski,_M._Figat,_St_Suchodolski,_W._Chajec-69">[69]</a> ran from 1 May 2002 to 31 December 2005.<a href="#cite_note-CORDIS-70">[70]</a> As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> (USAF) employed 7,494 UAVs – almost one in three USAF aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-WIRED-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Singer-72">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> <a href="/wiki/Use_of_UAVs_by_the_CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="Use of UAVs by the CIA">also operated UAVs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> By 2013 at least 50 countries used UAVs. China, Iran, Israel, Pakistan, Turkey, and others designed and built their own varieties. The use of drones has continued to increase.<a href="#cite_note-sayler-74">[74]</a> Due to their wide proliferation, no comprehensive list of UAV systems exists.<a href="#cite_note-Singer-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Franke-75">[75]</a> The development of smart technologies and improved electrical-power systems led to a parallel increase in the use of drones for consumer and general aviation activities. As of 2021, <a href="/wiki/Quadcopter" title="Quadcopter">quadcopter</a> drones exemplify the widespread popularity of hobby <a href="/wiki/Radio-controlled_aircraft" title="Radio-controlled aircraft">radio-controlled aircraft</a> and toys, however the use of UAVs in commercial and general aviation is limited by a lack of autonomy[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] and by new regulatory environments which require line-of-sight contact with the pilot.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2020, a <a href="/wiki/STM_Kargu" title="STM Kargu">Kargu 2</a> drone hunted down and attacked a human target in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, according to a report from the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a>'s Panel of Experts on Libya, published in March 2021. This may have been the first time an <a href="/wiki/Lethal_autonomous_weapon" title="Lethal autonomous weapon">autonomous killer-robot</a> armed with lethal weaponry attacked human beings.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Superior drone technology, specifically the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Bayraktar_TB2" title="Bayraktar TB2">Bayraktar TB2</a>, played a role in Azerbaijan's successes in the <a href="/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war">2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war</a> against Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helicopter_Above_Perseverance_on_Mars_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Helicopter_Above_Perseverance_on_Mars_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Helicopter_Above_Perseverance_on_Mars_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Helicopter_Above_Perseverance_on_Mars_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Helicopter_Above_Perseverance_on_Mars_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Helicopter_Above_Perseverance_on_Mars_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Helicopter_Above_Perseverance_on_Mars_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>Artist's concept of <a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)">Ingenuity</a> landing on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></figcaption></figure> UAVs are also used in <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> missions. The <a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)">Ingenuity</a> helicopter is an autonomous UAV that operated on Mars from 2021 to 2024. Current the <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly spacecraft</a> is being developed, and is aiming to reach and examine <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>'s moon <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>. Its primary goal is to roam around the surface, expanding the amount of area to be researched previously seen by <a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">landers</a>. As a UAV, Dragonfly allows examination of potentially diverse types of soil. The drone is set to launch in 2027, and is estimated to take seven more years to reach the Saturnian system. Miniaturization is also supporting the development of small UAVs which can be used as individual system or in a fleet offering the possibility to survey large areas, in a relatively small amount of time.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> According to data from <a href="/wiki/GlobalData" title="GlobalData">GlobalData</a>, the global military uncrewed aerial systems (UAS) market, which forms a significant part of the UAV industry, is projected to experience a compound annual growth rate of 4.8% over the next decade. This represents a near doubling in market size, from $12.5 billion in 2024 to an estimated $20 billion by 2034.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Design">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UAV_Physical_and_hardware.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/UAV_Physical_and_hardware.jpg/220px-UAV_Physical_and_hardware.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/UAV_Physical_and_hardware.jpg/330px-UAV_Physical_and_hardware.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/UAV_Physical_and_hardware.jpg/440px-UAV_Physical_and_hardware.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>General physical structure of a UAV</figcaption></figure> Crewed and uncrewed aircraft of the same type generally have recognizably similar physical components. The main exceptions are the <a href="/wiki/Cockpit" title="Cockpit">cockpit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_control_system_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental control system (aircraft)">environmental control system</a> or <a href="/wiki/Life_support_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Life support system">life support systems</a>. Some UAVs carry payloads (such as a camera) that weigh considerably less than an adult human, and as a result, can be considerably smaller. Though they carry heavy payloads, weaponized military UAVs are lighter than their crewed counterparts with comparable armaments. Small civilian UAVs have no <a href="/wiki/Life-critical_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Life-critical system">life-critical systems</a>, and can thus be built out of lighter but less sturdy materials and shapes, and can use less robustly tested electronic control systems. For small UAVs, the <a href="/wiki/Quadcopter" title="Quadcopter">quadcopter</a> design has become popular, though this layout is rarely used for crewed aircraft. Miniaturization means that less-powerful propulsion technologies can be used that are not feasible for crewed aircraft, such as small electric motors and batteries. Control systems for UAVs are often different from crewed craft. For remote human control, a camera and video link almost always replace the cockpit windows; radio-transmitted digital commands replace physical cockpit controls. <a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">Autopilot</a> software is used on both crewed and uncrewed aircraft, with varying feature sets.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aircraft_configuration">Aircraft configuration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Aircraft configuration">edit</a>]</div> UAVs can be designed in different configurations than manned aircraft both because there is no need for a cockpit and its windows, and there is no need to optimize for human comfort, although some UAVs are adapted from piloted examples, or are designed for optionally piloted modes. <a href="/wiki/Air_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Air safety">Air safety</a> is also less of a critical requirement for unmanned aircraft, allowing the designer greater freedom to experiment. Instead, UAVs are typically designed around their onboard payloads and their ground equipment. These factors have led to a great variety of airframe and motor configurations in UAVs. For conventional flight the <a href="/wiki/Flying_wing" title="Flying wing">flying wing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blended_wing_body" title="Blended wing body">blended wing body</a> offer light weight combined with low <a href="/wiki/Drag_(aerodynamics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag (aerodynamics)">drag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stealth_aircraft" title="Stealth aircraft">stealth</a>, and are popular configurations for many use cases. Larger types which carry a variable payload are more likely to feature a distinct <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a> with a tail for stability, control and trim, although the <a href="/wiki/Wing_configuration" title="Wing configuration">wing configurations</a> in use vary widely. For uses that require vertical flight or hovering, the tailless <a href="/wiki/Quadcopter" title="Quadcopter">quadcopter</a> requires a relatively simple control system and is common for smaller UAVs. <a href="/wiki/Multirotor" title="Multirotor">Multirotor</a> designs with 6 or more rotors is more common with larger UAVs, where redundancy is prioritized.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propulsion">Propulsion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Propulsion">edit</a>]</div> Traditional <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal combustion">internal combustion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engines</a> remain in use for drones requiring long range. However, for shorter-range missions electric power has almost entirely taken over. The distance record for a UAV (built from balsa wood and mylar skin) across the North Atlantic Ocean is held by a gasoline model airplane or UAV. Manard Hill "in 2003 when one of his creations flew 1,882 miles across the Atlantic Ocean on less than a gallon of fuel" holds this record.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Besides the traditional piston engine, the <a href="/wiki/Wankel_rotary_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wankel rotary engine">Wankel rotary engine</a> is used by some drones. This type offers high power output for lower weight, with quieter and more vibration-free running. Claims have also been made for improved reliability and greater range.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Small drones mostly use <a href="/wiki/Lithium_polymer_battery" title="Lithium polymer battery">lithium-polymer batteries</a> (Li-Po), while some larger vehicles have adopted the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fuel_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen fuel cell">hydrogen fuel cell</a>. The energy density of modern Li-Po batteries is far less than gasoline or hydrogen. However electric motors are cheaper, lighter and quieter. Complex multi-engine, multi-propeller installations are under development with the goal of improving aerodynamic and propulsive efficiency. For such complex power installations, <a href="/wiki/Battery_eliminator_circuit" title="Battery eliminator circuit">battery elimination circuitry</a> (BEC) may be used to centralize power distribution and minimize heating, under the control of a <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontroller unit</a> (MCU). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ornithopters_–_wing_propulsion">Ornithopters – wing propulsion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ornithopters – wing propulsion">edit</a>]</div> Flapping-wing <a href="/wiki/Ornithopter" title="Ornithopter">ornithopters</a>, imitating birds or insects, have been flown as <a href="/wiki/Micro_air_vehicle" title="Micro air vehicle">microUAVs</a>. Their inherent stealth recommends them for spy missions. Sub-1g microUAVs inspired by flies, albeit using a power tether, have been able to "land" on vertical surfaces.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Other projects mimic the flight of beetles and other insects.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_control_systems">Computer control systems</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Computer control systems">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AbuseMark_AfroFlight_Naze_32_Flight_Controller_rev5_white.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/AbuseMark_AfroFlight_Naze_32_Flight_Controller_rev5_white.jpg/300px-AbuseMark_AfroFlight_Naze_32_Flight_Controller_rev5_white.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/AbuseMark_AfroFlight_Naze_32_Flight_Controller_rev5_white.jpg/450px-AbuseMark_AfroFlight_Naze_32_Flight_Controller_rev5_white.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/AbuseMark_AfroFlight_Naze_32_Flight_Controller_rev5_white.jpg/600px-AbuseMark_AfroFlight_Naze_32_Flight_Controller_rev5_white.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6300" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>A flight controller run on either CleanFlight or BaseFlight firmware for <a href="/wiki/Multirotor" title="Multirotor">multirotor</a> UAVs</figcaption></figure> UAV computing capability followed the advances of computing technology, beginning with analog controls and evolving into microcontrollers, then <a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">system-on-a-chip</a> (SOC) and <a href="/wiki/Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer">single-board computers</a> (SBC). Modern system hardware for UAV control is often called the flight controller (FC), flight controller board (FCB) or autopilot. Common <a href="/wiki/UAV-systems_hardware_chart#Consumer_UAV_Flight_Controller_List" title="UAV-systems hardware chart">UAV-systems control hardware</a> typically incorporate a primary microprocessor, a secondary or failsafe processor, and sensors such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, and barometers into a single module. In 2024 EASA agreed on the first certification basis for a UAV flight controller in compliance with the ETSO-C198 for Embention's autopilot. The certification of the UAV flight control systems aims to facilitate the integration of UAVs within the airspace and the operation of drones in critical areas. <a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sensors">Sensors</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sensors">edit</a>]</div> Position and movement sensors give information about the aircraft state. Exteroceptive sensors deal with external information like distance measurements, while exproprioceptive ones correlate internal and external states.<a href="#cite_note-Nature_-_Future_of_sUAVs-90">[90]</a> Non-cooperative sensors are able to detect targets autonomously so they are used for separation assurance and collision avoidance.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Degrees of freedom (DOF) refers to both the amount and quality of sensors on board: 6 DOF implies 3-axis gyroscopes and accelerometers (a typical <a href="/wiki/Inertial_measurement_unit" title="Inertial measurement unit">inertial measurement unit</a> – IMU), 9 DOF refers to an IMU plus a compass, 10 DOF adds a barometer and 11 DOF usually adds a GPS receiver.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In addition to the navigation sensors, the UAV (or UAS) can be also equipped with monitoring devices such as: <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multispectral_imaging" title="Multispectral imaging">multispectral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperspectral_imaging" title="Hyperspectral imaging">hyper-spectral</a> cameras or <a href="/wiki/Lidar" title="Lidar">LiDAR</a>, which may allow providing specific measurements or observations.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Actuators">Actuators</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Actuators">edit</a>]</div> UAV <a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">actuators</a> include <a href="/wiki/Electronic_speed_control" title="Electronic speed control">digital electronic speed controllers</a> (which control the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">RPM</a> of the motors) linked to motors/<a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">engines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">propellers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Servomotor" title="Servomotor">servomotors</a> (for planes and helicopters mostly), weapons, payload actuators, LEDs and speakers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Software">Software</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Software">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The software running on a UAV is called the autopilot or the flight stack. The purpose of the flight stack is to fly the mission autonomously or with remote-pilot input. An autopilot achieves this by obtaining data from sensors, controlling the motors to make progress along a path, and facilitate communications with ground control and mission planning.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> UAVs are <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real-time</a> systems that require high-frequency to changing sensor data. As a result, UAVs rely on single-board computers for their computational needs. Examples of such single-board computers include <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pis</a>, <a href="/wiki/BeagleBoard" title="BeagleBoard">Beagleboards</a>, etc. shielded with <a href="/w/index.php?title=NavIO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NavIO (page does not exist)">NavIO</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PXFMini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PXFMini (page does not exist)">PXFMini</a>, etc. or designed from scratch such as <a href="/wiki/NuttX" title="NuttX">NuttX</a>, preemptive-<a href="/wiki/RT_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="RT Linux">RT Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenomai" title="Xenomai">Xenomai</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orocos-Robot_Operating_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orocos-Robot Operating System (page does not exist)">Orocos-Robot Operating System</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=DDS-ROS_2.0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DDS-ROS 2.0 (page does not exist)">DDS-ROS 2.0</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Flight stack overview </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Layer </th> <th>Requirement </th> <th>Operations </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>Firmware </td> <td>Time-critical </td> <td>From machine code to processor execution, memory access </td> <td>ArduCopter-v1, PX4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Middleware </td> <td>Time-critical </td> <td>Flight control, navigation, radio management </td> <td>PX4, Cleanflight, ArduPilot </td></tr> <tr> <td>Operating system </td> <td>Computer-intensive </td> <td>Optical flow, obstacle avoidance, SLAM, decision-making </td> <td>ROS, Nuttx, Linux distributions, Microsoft IOT </td></tr></tbody></table> Due to the open-source nature of UAV software, they can be customized to fit specific applications. For example, researchers from the Technical University of Košice have replaced the default control algorithm of the PX4 autopilot.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> This flexibility and collaborative effort has led to a large number of different open-source stacks, some of which are forked from others, such as CleanFlight, which is forked from BaseFlight and from which three other stacks are forked. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Loop_principles">Loop principles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Loop principles">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UAV_Flight_control.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/UAV_Flight_control.jpg/220px-UAV_Flight_control.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/UAV_Flight_control.jpg/330px-UAV_Flight_control.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/UAV_Flight_control.jpg/440px-UAV_Flight_control.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Typical flight-control loops for a multirotor</figcaption></figure> UAVs employ open-loop, closed-loop or hybrid control architectures. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open-loop_controller" title="Open-loop controller">Open loop</a> – This type provides a positive control signal (faster, slower, left, right, up, down) without incorporating feedback from sensor data.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed-loop_transfer_function" title="Closed-loop transfer function">Closed loop</a> – This type incorporates sensor feedback to adjust behavior (reduce speed to reflect tailwind, move to altitude 300 feet). The <a href="/wiki/PID_controller" class="mw-redirect" title="PID controller">PID controller</a> is common. Sometimes, <a href="/wiki/Feed_forward_(control)" title="Feed forward (control)">feedforward</a> is employed, transferring the need to close the loop further.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communications">Communications</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Communications">edit</a>]</div> UAVs use a <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> for control and <a href="/wiki/Data_link" title="Data link">exchange of video and other data</a>. Early UAVs had only <a href="/wiki/Narrowband" title="Narrowband">narrowband</a> uplink. Downlinks came later. These bi-directional narrowband radio links carried command and control (C&C) and <a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a> data about the status of aircraft systems to the remote operator. In most modern UAV applications, video transmission is required. So instead of having separate links for C&C, telemetry and video traffic, a <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> link is used to carry all types of data. These broadband links can leverage <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_service" title="Quality of service">quality of service</a> techniques and carry <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> traffic that can be routed over the internet. The radio signal from the operator side can be issued from either: <ul><li>Ground control – a human operating a <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">radio transmitter</a>/receiver, a smartphone, a tablet, a computer, or the original meaning of a <a href="/wiki/UAV_ground_control_station" title="UAV ground control station">military ground control station (GCS)</a>.</li> <li>Remote network system, such as satellite duplex data links for some <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces">military powers</a>. Downstream digital video over mobile networks has also entered consumer markets, while direct UAV control uplink over the cellular mesh and LTE have been demonstrated and are in trials.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li> <li>Another aircraft, serving as a relay or mobile control station – military manned-unmanned teaming (MUM-T).<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li></ul> Modern networking standards have explicitly considered drones and therefore include optimizations. The 5G standard has mandated reduced user plane latency to 1ms while using ultra-reliable and low-latency communications.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> UAV-to-UAV coordination supported by <a href="/wiki/Remote_ID" title="Remote ID">Remote ID</a> communication technology. Remote ID messages (containing the UAV coordinates) are broadcast and can be used for collision-free navigation.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autonomy">Autonomy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Autonomy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_aircraft" title="Autonomous aircraft">Autonomous aircraft</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Degrees_of_autonomy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Degrees_of_autonomy.jpg/220px-Degrees_of_autonomy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Degrees_of_autonomy.jpg/330px-Degrees_of_autonomy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Degrees_of_autonomy.jpg/440px-Degrees_of_autonomy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>UAV's degrees of autonomy</figcaption></figure> The level of autonomy in UAVs varies widely. UAV manufacturers often build in specific autonomous operations, such as:<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <ul><li>Self-level: attitude stabilization on the pitch and roll axes.</li> <li>Altitude hold: The aircraft maintains its altitude using barometric pressure and/or GPS data.</li> <li>Hover/position hold: Keep level pitch and roll, stable yaw heading and altitude while maintaining position using <a href="/wiki/GNSS" class="mw-redirect" title="GNSS">GNSS</a> or inertial sensors.</li> <li>Headless mode: Pitch control relative to the position of the pilot rather than relative to the vehicle's axes.</li> <li>Care-free: automatic roll and yaw control while moving horizontally</li> <li>Take-off and landing (using a variety of aircraft or ground-based sensors and systems; see also "<a href="/wiki/Autoland" title="Autoland">autoland</a>")</li> <li>Failsafe: automatic landing or return-to-home upon loss of control signal</li> <li>Return-to-home: Fly back to the point of takeoff (often gaining altitude first to avoid possible intervening obstructions such as trees or buildings).</li> <li>Follow-me: Maintain relative position to a moving pilot or other object using GNSS, <a href="/wiki/Image_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Image recognition">image recognition</a> or homing beacon.</li> <li>GPS waypoint navigation: Using GNSS to navigate to an intermediate location on a travel path.</li> <li>Orbit around an object: Similar to Follow-me but continuously circle a target.</li> <li>Pre-programmed <a href="/wiki/Aerobatics" title="Aerobatics">aerobatics</a> (such as rolls and loops)</li> <li>Pre-programmed delivery ( delivery drones)</li></ul> One approach to quantifying autonomous capabilities is based on <a href="/wiki/OODA_loop" title="OODA loop">OODA</a> terminology, as suggested by a 2002 US <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Research_Laboratory" title="Air Force Research Laboratory">Air Force Research Laboratory</a> report, and used in the table on the right.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:X-47B_receives_fuel_from_an_Omega_K-707_tanker_while_operating_in_the_Atlantic_Test_Ranges.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/X-47B_receives_fuel_from_an_Omega_K-707_tanker_while_operating_in_the_Atlantic_Test_Ranges.jpg/220px-X-47B_receives_fuel_from_an_Omega_K-707_tanker_while_operating_in_the_Atlantic_Test_Ranges.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/X-47B_receives_fuel_from_an_Omega_K-707_tanker_while_operating_in_the_Atlantic_Test_Ranges.jpg/330px-X-47B_receives_fuel_from_an_Omega_K-707_tanker_while_operating_in_the_Atlantic_Test_Ranges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/X-47B_receives_fuel_from_an_Omega_K-707_tanker_while_operating_in_the_Atlantic_Test_Ranges.jpg/440px-X-47B_receives_fuel_from_an_Omega_K-707_tanker_while_operating_in_the_Atlantic_Test_Ranges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="2830" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_X-47B" title="Northrop Grumman X-47B">Northrop Grumman X-47B</a> unmanned combat aircraft demonstrator of the US Navy refuels in flight from a tanker aircraft.</figcaption></figure> Full autonomy is available for specific tasks, such as <a href="/wiki/Airborne_refueling" class="mw-redirect" title="Airborne refueling">airborne refueling</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> or ground-based battery switching. Other functions available or under development include; collective flight, real-time <a href="/wiki/Collision_avoidance_system" title="Collision avoidance system">collision avoidance</a>, wall following, corridor centring, simultaneous localization and mapping and <a href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">swarming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_radio" title="Cognitive radio">cognitive radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>. In this context, <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a> can play an important role for automatically ensuring flight safety. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_considerations">Performance considerations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Performance considerations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flight_envelope">Flight envelope</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Flight envelope">edit</a>]</div> UAVs can be programmed to perform aggressive maneuvers or landing/perching on inclined surfaces,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> and then to climb toward better communication spots.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Some UAVs can control flight with varying flight modelisation,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> such as VTOL designs. UAVs can also implement perching on a flat vertical surface.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endurance">Endurance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Endurance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UAV-741-F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/UAV-741-F.jpg/220px-UAV-741-F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/UAV-741-F.jpg/330px-UAV-741-F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/UAV-741-F.jpg/440px-UAV-741-F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>UEL UAV-741 Wankel engine for UAV operations</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flight_time_against_mass_of_small_drones.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flight_time_against_mass_of_small_drones.svg/220px-Flight_time_against_mass_of_small_drones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flight_time_against_mass_of_small_drones.svg/330px-Flight_time_against_mass_of_small_drones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flight_time_against_mass_of_small_drones.svg/440px-Flight_time_against_mass_of_small_drones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Flight time against mass of small (less than 1 kg) drones<a href="#cite_note-Nature_-_Future_of_sUAVs-90">[90]</a></figcaption></figure> UAV endurance is not constrained by the physiological capabilities of a human pilot. Because of their small size, low weight, low vibration and high power to weight ratio, <a href="/wiki/Wankel_rotary_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Wankel rotary engines">Wankel rotary engines</a> are used in many large UAVs. Their engine rotors cannot seize; the engine is not susceptible to shock-cooling during descent and it does not require an enriched fuel mixture for cooling at high power. These attributes reduce fuel usage, increasing range or payload. Proper drone cooling is essential for long-term drone endurance. Overheating and subsequent engine failure is the most common cause of drone failure.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fuel_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen fuel cells">Hydrogen fuel cells</a>, using hydrogen power, may be able to extend the endurance of small UAVs, up to several hours.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Micro air vehicles endurance is so far best achieved with flapping-wing UAVs, followed by planes and multirotors standing last, due to lower <a href="/wiki/Reynolds_number" title="Reynolds number">Reynolds number</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nature_-_Future_of_sUAVs-90">[90]</a> Solar-electric UAVs, a concept originally championed by the AstroFlight Sunrise in 1974, have achieved flight times of several weeks. Solar-powered atmospheric satellites ("atmosats") designed for operating at altitudes exceeding 20 km (12 miles, or 60,000 feet) for as long as five years could potentially perform duties more economically and with more versatility than <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> satellites. Likely applications include <a href="/wiki/Weather_drone" title="Weather drone">weather drones</a> for <a href="/wiki/Weather_reconnaissance" title="Weather reconnaissance">weather monitoring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_management#Recovery" title="Emergency management">disaster recovery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth imaging">Earth imaging</a> and communications. Electric UAVs powered by microwave power transmission or laser power beaming are other potential endurance solutions.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Another application for a high endurance UAV would be to "stare" at a battlefield for a long interval (ARGUS-IS, Gorgon Stare, Integrated Sensor Is Structure) to record events that could then be played backwards to track battlefield activities. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Lengthy endurance flights </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>UAV</th> <th>Flight time hours:minutes</th> <th>Date</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Condor" title="Boeing Condor">Boeing Condor</a></td> <td>58:11</td> <td>1989</td> <td>The aircraft is currently in the <a href="/wiki/Hiller_Aviation_Museum" title="Hiller Aviation Museum">Hiller Aviation Museum</a>. <a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_Gnat" title="General Atomics Gnat">General Atomics Gnat</a></td> <td>40:00</td> <td>1992</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Butts_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spirit of Butts Farm">TAM-5</a></td> <td>38:52</td> <td>11 August 2003</td> <td>Smallest UAV to cross the Atlantic <a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/QinetiQ_Zephyr" class="mw-redirect" title="QinetiQ Zephyr">QinetiQ Zephyr</a> Solar Electric</td> <td>54:00</td> <td>September 2007</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RQ-4_Global_Hawk" class="mw-redirect" title="RQ-4 Global Hawk">RQ-4 Global Hawk</a></td> <td>33:06</td> <td>22 March 2008</td> <td>Set an endurance record for a full-scale, operational uncrewed aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/QinetiQ_Zephyr" class="mw-redirect" title="QinetiQ Zephyr">QinetiQ Zephyr</a> Solar Electric</td> <td>82:37</td> <td>28–31 July 2008</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Airbus_Zephyr" title="Airbus Zephyr">QinetiQ Zephyr 7</a></td> <td>336:22</td> <td>9–23 July 2010</td> <td>Solar electric powered. Remained aloft for 14 days. Also filed for FAI altitude record of 70,740 ft (21,561 m)<a href="#cite_note-qinetiq.com-121">[121]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The delicacy of the British <a href="/wiki/PHASA-35" class="mw-redirect" title="PHASA-35">PHASA-35</a> military drone (at a late stage of development) is such that traversing the first turbulent twelve miles of atmosphere is a hazardous endeavor. It has, however, remained on station at 65,000 feet for 24 hours. Airbus' Zephyr in 2023 has attained 70,000 feet and flown for 64 days; 200 days aimed at. This is sufficiently close enough to <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line" title="Kármán line">near-space</a> for them to be regarded in "pseudo-satellites" as regards to their operational capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reliability">Reliability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Reliability">edit</a>]</div> Reliability improvements target all aspects of UAV systems, using <a href="/wiki/Resilience_(engineering_and_construction)" title="Resilience (engineering and construction)">resilience engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">fault tolerance</a> techniques. Individual reliability covers robustness of flight controllers, to ensure safety without excessive redundancy to minimize cost and weight.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Besides, dynamic assessment of <a href="/wiki/Flight_envelope" title="Flight envelope">flight envelope</a> allows damage-resilient UAVs, using <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_system" title="Nonlinear system">non-linear analysis</a> with ad hoc designed loops or neural networks.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> UAV software liability is bending toward the design and certifications of <a href="/wiki/Avionics_software" title="Avionics software">crewed avionics software</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Swarm resilience involves maintaining operational capabilities and reconfiguring tasks given unit failures.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_unmanned_aerial_vehicle_applications" title="List of unmanned aerial vehicle applications">List of unmanned aerial vehicle applications</a></div> In recent years, autonomous drones have begun to transform various application areas as they can fly beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS)<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> while maximizing production, reducing costs and risks, ensuring site safety, security and regulatory compliance,<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> and protecting the human workforce in times of a pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> They can also be used for consumer-related missions like package delivery, as demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Air" title="Amazon Prime Air">Amazon Prime Air</a>, and critical deliveries of health supplies. There are numerous civilian, commercial, military, and aerospace applications for UAVs.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> These include: <dl><dt>General</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disaster_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaster relief">disaster relief</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archeology</a>, conservation of <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">biodiversity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">habitat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>.</dd> <dt>Commercial</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_aircraft" title="Surveillance aircraft">Aerial surveillance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">filmmaking</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mademlis2019-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freight_transport" title="Freight transport">cargo transport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station" title="Photovoltaic power station">solar farming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_station" title="Thermal power station">thermal energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">ports</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warfare">Warfare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Warfare">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_combat_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned combat aerial vehicle">Unmanned combat aerial vehicle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone warfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering munition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_surveillance_and_reconnaissance_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned surveillance and reconnaissance aerial vehicle">Unmanned surveillance and reconnaissance aerial vehicle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miniature_UAV" title="Miniature UAV">Miniature UAV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micro_air_vehicle" title="Micro air vehicle">Micro air vehicle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Target_drone" title="Target drone">Target drone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayraktar_TB2_of_UAF,_2020,_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bayraktar_TB2_of_UAF%2C_2020%2C_09.jpg/220px-Bayraktar_TB2_of_UAF%2C_2020%2C_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bayraktar_TB2_of_UAF%2C_2020%2C_09.jpg/330px-Bayraktar_TB2_of_UAF%2C_2020%2C_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bayraktar_TB2_of_UAF%2C_2020%2C_09.jpg/440px-Bayraktar_TB2_of_UAF%2C_2020%2C_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Baykar_Bayraktar_TB2" class="mw-redirect" title="Baykar Bayraktar TB2">Baykar Bayraktar TB2</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Air_Force" title="Ukrainian Air Force">Ukrainian Air Force</a> armed with <a href="/wiki/MAM_(Smart_Micro_Munition)" class="mw-redirect" title="MAM (Smart Micro Munition)">MAM-L</a>; two <a href="/wiki/UAV_ground_control_station" title="UAV ground control station">ground control stations</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> As of 2020, seventeen countries have armed UAVs, and more than 100 countries use UAVs in a military capacity.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The first five countries producing domestic UAV designs are the United States, China, Israel, Iran and Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-Strengthening_Turkish_Policy_on_Drone_Exports-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Turkey's_defense_industry_targets_more_than_$4_billion_in_exports_this_year:_Official-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-ch-136">[136]</a> Top military UAV manufactures are including <a href="/wiki/General_Atomics" title="General Atomics">General Atomics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baykar" title="Baykar">Baykar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Turkish_defence_industry_grows_as_Akinci_UCAV_signs_first_export_deal-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Turkey's_defense_industry_targets_more_than_$4_billion_in_exports_this_year:_Official-134">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Aerospace_Industries" title="Turkish Aerospace Industries">TAI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran_Aviation_Industries_Organization" title="Iran Aviation Industries Organization">IAIO</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation">CASC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chengdu_Aircraft_Industry_Group" title="Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group">CAIG</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ch-136">[136]</a> China has established and expanded its presence in military UAV market<a href="#cite_note-ch-136">[136]</a> since 2010. In the early 2020s, Turkey also established and expanded its presence in the military UAV market.<a href="#cite_note-Strengthening_Turkish_Policy_on_Drone_Exports-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-ch-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Turkey's_defense_industry_targets_more_than_$4_billion_in_exports_this_year:_Official-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Turkish_defence_industry_grows_as_Akinci_UCAV_signs_first_export_deal-137">[137]</a> In the early 2010s, Israeli companies mainly focus on small surveillance UAV systems, and by the number of drones, Israel exported 60.7% (2014) of UAVs on the market while the United States exported 23.9% (2014).<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_report_2015-138">[138]</a> Between 2010 and 2014, there were 439 drones exchanged compared to 322 in the five years previous to that, among these only small fraction of overall trade – just 11 (2.5%) of the 439 are armed drones.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_report_2015-138">[138]</a> The US alone operated over 9,000 military UAVs in 2014; among them more than 7000 are <a href="/wiki/AeroVironment_RQ-11_Raven" title="AeroVironment RQ-11 Raven">RQ-11 Raven</a> <a href="/wiki/Miniature_UAV" title="Miniature UAV">miniature UAVs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Since 2010, Chinese drone companies have begun to export large quantities of drones to the global military market. Of the 18 countries that are known to have received military drones between 2010 and 2019, the top 12 all purchased their drones from China.<a href="#cite_note-ch-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The shift accelerated in the 2020s due to China's advancement in drone technologies and manufacturing, compounded by market demand from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">Israel-Gaza conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-wsj_drone-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> For intelligence and reconnaissance missions, the inherent stealth of <a href="/wiki/Micro_air_vehicle" title="Micro air vehicle">micro UAV</a> flapping-wing <a href="/wiki/Ornithopter" title="Ornithopter">ornithopters</a>, imitating birds or insects, offers potential for covert surveillance and makes them difficult targets to bring down. <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_surveillance_and_reconnaissance_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned surveillance and reconnaissance aerial vehicle">Unmanned surveillance and reconnaissance aerial vehicle</a> are used for <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">attack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demining" title="Demining">demining</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Target_practice" title="Target practice">target practice</a>. Following the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> a dramatic increase in UAV development took place with Ukraine creating the <a href="/wiki/Brave1" title="Brave1">Brave1</a> platform to promote rapid development of innovative systems. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil">Civil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Civil">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zipline_Drone_Launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Zipline_Drone_Launch.jpg/220px-Zipline_Drone_Launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Zipline_Drone_Launch.jpg/330px-Zipline_Drone_Launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Zipline_Drone_Launch.jpg/440px-Zipline_Drone_Launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3570" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zipline_(drone_delivery_company)" title="Zipline (drone delivery company)">Zipline's</a> aircraft being launched from a base in Rwanda to deliver blood products</figcaption></figure> The civilian (commercial and general) drone market is dominated by Chinese companies. Chinese manufacturer <a href="/wiki/DJI_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="DJI (company)">DJI</a> alone had 74% of the civil market share in 2018, with no other company accounting for more than 5%.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The companies continue to hold over 70% of global market share by 2023, despite under increasing scrutinies and sanctions from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> The US Interior Department grounded its fleet of DJI drones in 2020, while the Justice Department prohibited the use of federal funds for the purchase of DJI and other foreign-made UAVs.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> DJI is followed by American company <a href="/wiki/3D_Robotics" title="3D Robotics">3D Robotics</a>, Chinese company <a href="/wiki/Yuneec_International" title="Yuneec International">Yuneec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autel_Robotics" title="Autel Robotics">Autel Robotics</a>, and French company <a href="/wiki/Parrot_SA" title="Parrot SA">Parrot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> As of May 2021, 873,576 UAVs had been registered with the US <a href="/wiki/FAA" class="mw-redirect" title="FAA">FAA</a>, of which 42% were categorized as commercial and 58% as recreational.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> 2018 NPD point to consumers increasingly purchasing drones with more advanced features with 33 percent growth in both the $500+ and $1000+ market segments.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The civil UAV market is relatively new compared to the military one. Companies are emerging in both developed and developing nations at the same time. Many early-stage startups have received support and funding from investors, as is the case in the United States, and from government agencies, as is the case in India.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Some universities offer research and training programs or degrees.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Private entities also provide online and in-person training programs for both recreational and commercial UAV use.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Consumer drones are widely used by police and military organizations worldwide because of the cost-effective nature of consumer products. Since 2018, the Israeli military have used DJI UAVs for light reconnaissance missions.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-wsj_drone-142">[142]</a> DJI drones have been used by Chinese police in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> since 2017<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_police" class="mw-redirect" title="American police">American police</a> departments nationwide since 2018.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Both Ukraine and Russia used commercial DJI drones extensively during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dji_usage_uk-162">[162]</a> These civilian DJI drones were sourced by governments, hobbyists, international donations to Ukraine and Russia to support each side on the battlefield, and were often flown by drone hobbyists recruited by the armed forces. The prevalence of DJI drones was attributable to their market dominance, affordability, high performance, and reliability.<a href="#cite_note-fp_2302-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Entertainment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Drone_art" title="Drone art">Drone art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drone_racing" title="Drone racing">Drone racing</a></div> Drones are also used in nighttime <a href="/wiki/Drone_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone display">displays</a> for artistic and advertising purposes with the main benefits are that they are safer, quieter and better for the environment than fireworks. They can replace or be an adjunct for fireworks displays to reduce the financial burden of festivals. In addition they can complement fireworks due to the ability for drones to carry them, creating new forms of artwork in the process.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Drones can also be used for racing, either with or without VR functionality. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aerial_photography">Aerial photography</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Aerial photography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Drone_journalism" title="Drone journalism">Drone journalism</a></div> Drones are ideally suited to capturing aerial shots in photography and cinematography, and are widely used for this purpose.<a href="#cite_note-Mademlis2019-131">[131]</a> Small drones avoid the need for precise coordination between pilot and cameraman, with the same person taking on both roles. Big drones with professional cine cameras usually have a drone pilot and a camera operator who controls camera angle and lens. For example, the AERIGON cinema drone which is used in film production in big blockbuster movies is operated by 2 people.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Drones provide access to dangerous, remote or otherwise inaccessible sites. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environmental_monitoring">Environmental monitoring</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Environmental monitoring">edit</a>]</div> UASs or UAVs offer the great advantage for environmental monitoring to generate a new generation of survey at very-high or ultra-high resolution both in space and time. This gives the opportunity to bridge the existing gap between satellite data and field monitoring. This has stimulated a huge number of activities in order to enhance the description of natural and agricultural ecosystems. Most common applications are: <ul><li>Topographic surveys<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> for the production of orthomosaics, digital surface models and 3D models;</li> <li>Monitoring of natural ecosystems for biodiversity monitoring,<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> habitat mapping,<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> detection of <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive alien species</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> and study of ecosystem degradation due to invasive species or disturbances;</li> <li>Precision agriculture<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> which exploits all available technologies including UAV in order to produce more with less (e.g., optimisation of fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation);</li> <li>River monitoring several methods have been developed to perform flow monitoring using image velocimetry methods which allow to properly describe the 2D flow velocity fields.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></li> <li>Structural integrity of any type of structure whether it be a dam, railway or other dangerous, inaccessible or massive locations for building monitoring.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></li></ul> These activities can be completed with different measurements, such as <a href="/wiki/Photogrammetry" title="Photogrammetry">photogrammetry</a>, thermography, multispectral images, 3D field scanning, and <a href="/wiki/Normalized_difference_vegetation_index" title="Normalized difference vegetation index">normalized difference vegetation index</a> maps. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Geological_hazards">Geological hazards</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Geological hazards">edit</a>]</div> UAVs have become a widely used tool for studying <a href="/wiki/Geohazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Geohazard">geohazards</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Various sensors, including radar, optical, and thermal, can be mounted on UAVs to monitor different properties. UAVs enable the capture of images of various <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslide</a> features, such as transverse, radial, and longitudinal cracks, ridges, scarps, and surfaces of rupture, even in inaccessible areas of the sliding mass.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Moreover, processing the optical images captured by UAVs also allows for the creation of <a href="/wiki/Point_cloud" title="Point cloud">point clouds</a> and 3D models, from which these properties can be derived.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Comparing <a href="/wiki/Point_cloud" title="Point cloud">point clouds</a> obtained at different times allows for the detection of changes caused by landslide deformation.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agriculture,_forestry_and_environmental_studies">Agriculture, forestry and environmental studies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Agriculture, forestry and environmental studies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_drone" title="Agricultural drone">Agricultural drone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drone_crop_fertilizer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Drone_crop_fertilizer.jpg/220px-Drone_crop_fertilizer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Drone_crop_fertilizer.jpg/330px-Drone_crop_fertilizer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Drone_crop_fertilizer.jpg/440px-Drone_crop_fertilizer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1662" data-file-height="2182" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_drone" title="Agricultural drone">Agricultural drone</a> on trailer setup</figcaption></figure> As global demand for food production grows exponentially, resources are depleted, farmland is reduced, and agricultural labor is increasingly in short supply, there is an urgent need for more convenient and smarter agricultural solutions than traditional methods, and the agricultural drone and robotics industry is expected to make progress.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Agricultural drones have been used to help build sustainable agriculture all over the world leading to a new generation of agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> In this context, there is a proliferation of innovations in both tools and methodologies which allow precise description of vegetation state and also may help to precisely distribute nutrients, pesticides or seeds over a field.<a href="#cite_note-ELSEVIER_-_HEALTH_SCIENCE-5">[5]</a> The use of UAVs is also being investigated to help detect and fight wildfires, whether through observation or launching pyrotechnic devices to start <a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">backfires</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> UAVs are also now widely used to survey wildlife such as nesting seabirds, seals and even wombat burrows.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Law enforcement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Use_of_UAVs_in_law_enforcement" title="Use of UAVs in law enforcement">Use of UAVs in law enforcement</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">Police</a> can use drones for applications such as <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traffic_monitoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic monitoring">traffic monitoring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Humanitarian_Aid">Humanitarian Aid</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Humanitarian Aid">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Delivery_drone" title="Delivery drone">Delivery drone</a></div> Drones are increasingly finding their application in humanitarian aid and disaster relief, where they are used for a wide range of applications such as delivering food, medicine and essential items to remote areas or image mapping before and following disasters <a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety_and_security">Safety and security</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Safety and security">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_UAV-related_incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UAV-related incidents">List of UAV-related incidents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_combat_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned combat aerial vehicle">Unmanned combat aerial vehicle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USDA_Drone_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/USDA_Drone_poster.jpg/200px-USDA_Drone_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/USDA_Drone_poster.jpg/300px-USDA_Drone_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/USDA_Drone_poster.jpg/400px-USDA_Drone_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>US Department of Agriculture poster warning about the risks of flying UAVs near wildfires</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threats">Threats</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Threats">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuisance">Nuisance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Nuisance">edit</a>]</div> UAVs can threaten airspace security in numerous ways, including unintentional collisions or other interference with other aircraft, deliberate attacks or by distracting pilots or flight controllers. The first incident of a drone-airplane collision occurred in mid-October 2017 in Quebec City, Canada.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> The first recorded instance of a drone collision with a <a href="/wiki/Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon">hot air balloon</a> occurred on 10 August 2018 in <a href="/wiki/Driggs,_Idaho" title="Driggs, Idaho">Driggs, Idaho</a>, United States; although there was no significant damage to the balloon nor any injuries to its 3 occupants, the balloon pilot reported the incident to the <a href="/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board" title="National Transportation Safety Board">National Transportation Safety Board</a>, stating that "I hope this incident helps create a conversation of respect for nature, the airspace, and rules and regulations".<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Unauthorized UAV flights into or near major airports have prompted extended shutdowns of commercial flights.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Drones caused <a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport_drone_incident" title="Gatwick Airport drone incident">significant disruption at Gatwick Airport during December 2018</a>, needing the deployment of the British Army.<a href="#cite_note-2018-12-01-j-post-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-2018-12-20-guardian-191">[191]</a> In the United States, flying close to a wildfire is punishable by a maximum $25,000 fine. Nonetheless, in 2014 and 2015, firefighting air support in California was hindered on several occasions, including at the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Fire" title="Lake Fire">Lake Fire</a><a href="#cite_note-atc-192">[192]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="North Fire">North Fire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> In response, California legislators introduced a bill that would allow firefighters to disable UAVs which invaded restricted airspace.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> The FAA later required registration of most UAVs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Security_vulnerabilities">Security vulnerabilities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Security vulnerabilities">edit</a>]</div> By 2017, drones were being used to drop contraband into prisons.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> The interest in UAVs cybersecurity has been raised greatly after the Predator UAV video stream hijacking incident in 2009,<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> where Islamic militants used cheap, off-the-shelf equipment to stream video feeds from a UAV. Another risk is the possibility of hijacking or jamming a UAV in flight. Several security researchers have made public some vulnerabilities in commercial UAVs, in some cases even providing full source code or tools to reproduce their attacks.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> At a workshop on UAVs and privacy in October 2016, researchers from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> showed they were able to hack into three different consumer <a href="/wiki/Quadcopter" title="Quadcopter">quadcopters</a> and noted that UAV manufacturers can make their UAVs more secure by the basic security measures of encrypting the Wi-Fi signal and adding password protection.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aggression">Aggression</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Aggression">edit</a>]</div> Many UAVs have been loaded with dangerous payloads, and/or crashed into targets. Payloads have included or could include explosives, chemical, radiological or biological hazards. UAVs with generally non-lethal payloads could possibly be hacked and put to malicious purposes. Counter-UAV systems (C-UAS), from detection to electronic warfare to UAVs designed to destroy other UAVs, are in development and being deployed by states to counter this threat. Such developments have occurred despite the difficulties. As J. Rogers stated in a 2017 interview to A&T, "There is a big debate out there at the moment about what the best way is to counter these small UAVs, whether they are used by hobbyists causing a bit of a nuisance or in a more sinister manner by a terrorist actor".<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countermeasures">Countermeasures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Countermeasures">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Counter_unmanned_air_system">Counter unmanned air system</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Counter unmanned air system">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_Army_-_17th_Anti-aircraft_Artillery_Regiment_%22Sforzesca%22_troops_with_CPM-Drone_Jammer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Italian_Army_-_17th_Anti-aircraft_Artillery_Regiment_%22Sforzesca%22_troops_with_CPM-Drone_Jammer.jpg/220px-Italian_Army_-_17th_Anti-aircraft_Artillery_Regiment_%22Sforzesca%22_troops_with_CPM-Drone_Jammer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Italian_Army_-_17th_Anti-aircraft_Artillery_Regiment_%22Sforzesca%22_troops_with_CPM-Drone_Jammer.jpg/330px-Italian_Army_-_17th_Anti-aircraft_Artillery_Regiment_%22Sforzesca%22_troops_with_CPM-Drone_Jammer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Italian_Army_-_17th_Anti-aircraft_Artillery_Regiment_%22Sforzesca%22_troops_with_CPM-Drone_Jammer.jpg/440px-Italian_Army_-_17th_Anti-aircraft_Artillery_Regiment_%22Sforzesca%22_troops_with_CPM-Drone_Jammer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2527" data-file-height="1687" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_Army" title="Italian Army">Italian Army</a> soldiers of the 17th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment "Sforzesca" with a portable drone jammer in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannon_support_of_anti-drone_complex_%22Rat%60h%22_on_the_SBA-70K2_chassis_(front_view).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cannon_support_of_anti-drone_complex_%22Rat%60h%22_on_the_SBA-70K2_chassis_%28front_view%29.jpg/220px-Cannon_support_of_anti-drone_complex_%22Rat%60h%22_on_the_SBA-70K2_chassis_%28front_view%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cannon_support_of_anti-drone_complex_%22Rat%60h%22_on_the_SBA-70K2_chassis_%28front_view%29.jpg/330px-Cannon_support_of_anti-drone_complex_%22Rat%60h%22_on_the_SBA-70K2_chassis_%28front_view%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cannon_support_of_anti-drone_complex_%22Rat%60h%22_on_the_SBA-70K2_chassis_%28front_view%29.jpg/440px-Cannon_support_of_anti-drone_complex_%22Rat%60h%22_on_the_SBA-70K2_chassis_%28front_view%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3207" /></a><figcaption>Cannon anti-drone system</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">Electronic warfare</a></div> The malicious use of UAVs has led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare#Anti-UAV_defences" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">counter unmanned air system</a> (C-UAS) technologies. Automatic tracking and detection of UAVs from commercial cameras have become accurate thanks to the development of deep learning based machine learning algorithms.<a href="#cite_note-issacmedina21unmanned-201">[201]</a> It is also possible to automatically identify UAVs across different cameras with different view points and hardware specification with re-identification methods.<a href="#cite_note-organisciak22uavreid-202">[202]</a> Commercial systems such as the Aaronia <a href="/w/index.php?title=AARTOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AARTOS (page does not exist)">AARTOS</a> have been installed on major international airports.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Once a UAV is detected, it can be countered with kinetic force (missiles, projectiles or another UAV) or by non-kinetic force (laser, microwaves, communications jamming).<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Anti-aircraft missile systems such as the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Dome" title="Iron Dome">Iron Dome</a> are also being enhanced with C-UAS technologies. Utilising a smart UAV swarm to counter one or more hostile UAVs is also proposed.<a href="#cite_note-hartley21formation-206">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulation">Regulation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Regulation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_unmanned_aerial_vehicles" title="Regulation of unmanned aerial vehicles">Regulation of unmanned aerial vehicles</a></div> Regulatory bodies around the world are developing <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aircraft_system_traffic_management" title="Unmanned aircraft system traffic management">unmanned aircraft system traffic management</a> solutions to better integrate UAVs into airspace.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> The use of unmanned aerial vehicles is becoming increasingly regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_authority" title="Civil aviation authority">civil aviation authorities</a> of individual countries. Regulatory regimes can differ significantly according to drone size and use. The <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)</a> began exploring the use of drone technology as far back as 2005, which resulted in a 2011 report.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> France was among the first countries to set a national framework based on this report and larger aviation bodies such as the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">FAA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Aviation_Safety_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="European Aviation Safety Agency">EASA</a> quickly followed suit.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> In 2021, the FAA published a rule requiring all commercially used UAVs and all UAVs regardless of intent weighing 250 g or more to participate in <a href="/wiki/Remote_ID" title="Remote ID">Remote ID</a>, which makes drone locations, controller locations, and other information public from takeoff to shutdown; this rule has since been challenged in the pending federal lawsuit <a href="/wiki/RaceDayQuads_v._FAA" title="RaceDayQuads v. FAA">RaceDayQuads v. FAA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="EU_Drone_Certification_-_Class_Identification_Label">EU Drone Certification - Class Identification Label</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: EU Drone Certification - Class Identification Label">edit</a>]</div> The implementation of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eudroneport.com/blog/uas-class-label/">Class Identification Label</a> serves a crucial purpose in the regulation and operation of drones.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> The label is a verification mechanism designed to confirm that drones within a specific class meet the rigorous standards set by administrations for design and manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> These standards are necessary to ensure the safety and reliability of drones in various industries and applications. By providing this assurance to customers, the Class Identification Label helps to increase confidence in drone technology and encourages wider adoption across industries. This, in turn, contributes to the growth and development of the drone industry and supports the integration of drones into society. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Export_controls">Export controls</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Export controls">edit</a>]</div> The export of UAVs or technology capable of carrying a 500 kg payload at least 300 km is restricted in many countries by the <a href="/wiki/Missile_Technology_Control_Regime" title="Missile Technology Control Regime">Missile Technology Control Regime</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unmanned_aerial_vehicles" title="List of unmanned aerial vehicles">List of unmanned aerial vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_drone" title="Delivery drone">Delivery drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_in_a_Box" title="Drone in a Box">Drone in a Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glide_bomb" title="Glide bomb">Glide bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Aerial_Robotics_Competition" title="International Aerial Robotics Competition">International Aerial Robotics Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_drones" title="List of films featuring drones">List of films featuring drones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_electronics_of_the_United_States" title="List of military electronics of the United States">List of military electronics of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARSS_Interceptor" title="MARSS Interceptor">MARSS Interceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromechanical_Flying_Insect" title="Micromechanical Flying Insect">Micromechanical Flying Insect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ParcAberporth" title="ParcAberporth">ParcAberporth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadcopter" title="Quadcopter">Quadcopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-controlled_aircraft" title="Radio-controlled aircraft">Radio-controlled aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_aircraft" title="Autonomous aircraft">Autonomous aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optionally_piloted_vehicle" title="Optionally piloted vehicle">Optionally piloted vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sypaq_Corvo_Precision_Payload_Delivery_System" title="Sypaq Corvo Precision Payload Delivery System">Sypaq Corvo Precision Payload Delivery System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Sentinel_Project" title="Satellite Sentinel Project">Satellite Sentinel Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_Control_System" title="Tactical Control System">Tactical Control System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UAV_ground_control_station" title="UAV ground control station">UAV ground control station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_underwater_vehicle" title="Unmanned underwater vehicle">Unmanned underwater vehicle</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 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href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Engineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Engineering</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/19px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/29px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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.reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTice1991" 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Retrieved 17 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Drones+smuggling+porn%2C+drugs+to+inmates+around+the+world&rft.date=2017-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fus%2Fdrones-smuggling-porn-drugs-to-inmates-around-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnmanned+aerial+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Note; the term "<a href="/wiki/Drone_(bee)" title="Drone (bee)">drone</a>" refers to the male bee that serves only to fertilize the <a href="/wiki/Queen_bee" title="Queen bee">queen bee</a>, hence the use of the name in reference to the DH Queen Bee aerial target. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.droneii.com/drones-and-artificial-intelligence">"Drones and Artificial Intelligence"</a>. 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Unmanned Systems of World Wars I and II. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. pp. 91–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02922-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02922-3"><bdi>978-0-262-02922-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unmanned+Systems+of+World+Wars+I+and+II&rft.pages=91-95&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-262-02922-3&rft.au=H.+R.+Everett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnmanned+aerial+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_46-2">c</a> Taylor, John W. R.. Jane's Pocket Book of Remotely Piloted Vehicles. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Professor A. M. Low FLIGHT, 3 October 1952 page 436 "The First Guided Missile" </li> <li id="cite_note-armyeyes-48"><a href="#cite_ref-armyeyes_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDempsey2010" class="citation web cs1">Dempsey, Martin E. (9 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180922052536/http://www.rucker.army.mil/usaace/uas/US%20Army%20UAS%20RoadMap%202010%202035.pdf">"Eyes of the Army—U.S. Army Roadmap for Unmanned Aircraft Systems 2010–2035"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rucker.army.mil/usaace/uas/US%20Army%20UAS%20RoadMap%202010%202035.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eyes+of+the+Army%E2%80%94U.S.+Army+Roadmap+for+Unmanned+Aircraft+Systems+2010%E2%80%932035&rft.pub=U.S.+Army&rft.date=2010-04-09&rft.aulast=Dempsey&rft.aufirst=Martin+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rucker.army.mil%2Fusaace%2Fuas%2FUS%2520Army%2520UAS%2520RoadMap%25202010%25202035.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnmanned+aerial+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSays2012" class="citation web cs1">Says, Robert Kanyike (21 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://understandingempire.wordpress.com/2-0-a-brief-history-of-u-s-drones/">"History of U.S. Drones"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190926020824/https://understandingempire.wordpress.com/2-0-a-brief-history-of-u-s-drones/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+U.S.+Drones&rft.date=2012-05-21&rft.aulast=Says&rft.aufirst=Robert+Kanyike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funderstandingempire.wordpress.com%2F2-0-a-brief-history-of-u-s-drones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnmanned+aerial+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersson1994" class="citation book cs1">Andersson, Lennart (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1lzbAAAAMAAJ">Soviet Aircraft and Aviation, 1917–1941</a>. The Putnam Aviation Series. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557507709" title="Special:BookSources/9781557507709"><bdi>9781557507709</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227213805/https://books.google.com/books?id=1lzbAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2021. <q>Experiments with a pilotless drone version of the TB-1 controlled by radio from other aircraft started in 1935 and continued until 1939.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Aircraft+and+Aviation%2C+1917%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.series=The+Putnam+Aviation+Series&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781557507709&rft.aulast=Andersson&rft.aufirst=Lennart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1lzbAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnmanned+aerial+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._R._Everett2015" class="citation book cs1">H. R. Everett (2015). Unmanned Systems of World Wars I and II. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fNjgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA318">318</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262029223" title="Special:BookSources/9780262029223"><bdi>9780262029223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unmanned+Systems+of+World+Wars+I+and+II&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780262029223&rft.au=H.+R.+Everett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnmanned+aerial+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1982xi-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1982xi_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1982">Wagner 1982</a>, p. xi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1982xi,_xii-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1982xi,_xii_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1982">Wagner 1982</a>, p. xi, xii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1982xii-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1982xii_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1982">Wagner 1982</a>, p. xii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner198279-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner198279_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1982">Wagner 1982</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner198278,_79-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner198278,_79_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1982">Wagner 1982</a>, p. 78, 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunstan2013" class="citation book cs1">Dunstan, Simon (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CPm8EocIfoQC&pg=PA16">Israeli Fortifications of the October War 1973</a>. Osprey Publishing. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782004318" title="Special:BookSources/9781782004318"><bdi>9781782004318</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 October 2015. <q>The War of Attrition was also notable for the first use of UAVs, or unmanned aerial vehicles, carrying reconnaissance cameras in combat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israeli+Fortifications+of+the+October+War+1973&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781782004318&rft.aulast=Dunstan&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCPm8EocIfoQC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnmanned+aerial+vehicle" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxena2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Army_Air_Defence#Director_General" title="Corps of Army Air Defence">Saxena, V. K.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hwWqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">The Amazing Growth and Journey of UAV's and Ballistic Missile Defence Capabilities: Where the Technology is Leading to?</a>. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789382573807" title="Special:BookSources/9789382573807"><bdi>9789382573807</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227213814/https://books.google.com/books?id=hwWqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2015. <q>During the Yom Kippur War the Israelis used Teledyne Ryan 124 R RPVs along with the home-grown Scout and Mastiff UAVs for reconnaissance, surveillance, and as decoys to draw fire from Arab SAMs. This resulted in Arab forces expending costly and scarce missiles on inappropriate targets [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Amazing+Growth+and+Journey+of+UAV%27s+and+Ballistic+Missile+Defence+Capabilities%3A+Where+the+Technology+is+Leading+to%3F&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Vij+Books+India+Pvt+Ltd&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789382573807&rft.aulast=Saxena&rft.aufirst=V.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhwWqCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnmanned+aerial+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum2003" class="citation book cs1">Blum, Howard (2003). The eve of destruction: the untold story of the Yom Kippur War. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060013998" title="Special:BookSources/9780060013998"><bdi>9780060013998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+eve+of+destruction%3A+the+untold+story+of+the+Yom+Kippur+War&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780060013998&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnmanned+aerial+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1982202-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1982202_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1982">Wagner 1982</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1982200,_212-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1982200,_212_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1982">Wagner 1982</a>, p. 200, 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1982208-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1982208_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1982208_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1982">Wagner 1982</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.howstuffworks.com/reaper1.htm">"A Brief History of UAVs"</a>. Howstuffworks.com. 22 July 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522111255/http://www.howstuffworks.com/reaper1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+UAVs&rft.pub=Howstuffworks.com&rft.date=2008-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.howstuffworks.com%2Freaper1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnmanned+aerial+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htairfo/articles/20090409.aspx">"Russia Buys A Bunch of Israeli UAVs"</a>. Strategypage.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131026110814/http://strategypage.com/htmw/htairfo/articles/20090409.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+Buys+A+Bunch+of+Israeli+UAVs&rft.pub=Strategypage.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strategypage.com%2Fhtmw%2Fhtairfo%2Farticles%2F20090409.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnmanned+aerial+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzoulai2011" class="citation web cs1">Azoulai, Yuval (24 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000691790">"Unmanned combat vehicles shaping future warfare"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Globes_(newspaper)" title="Globes (newspaper)">Globes</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203060756/http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000691790">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Globes&rft.atitle=Unmanned+combat+vehicles+shaping+future+warfare&rft.date=2011-10-24&rft.aulast=Azoulai&rft.aufirst=Yuval&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globes.co.il%2Fserveen%2Fglobes%2Fdocview.asp%3Fdid%3D1000691790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnmanned+aerial+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJLevinson-66"><a href="#cite_ref-WSJLevinson_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinson2010" class="citation news cs1">Levinson, Charles (13 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB126325146524725387">"Israeli Robots Remake Battlefield"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. p. A10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313163718/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB126325146524725387">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Israeli+Robots+Remake+Battlefield&rft.pages=A10&rft.date=2010-01-13&rft.aulast=Levinson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB126325146524725387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnmanned+aerial+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGal-Or1990" class="citation book cs1">Gal-Or, Benjamin (1990). Vectored Propulsion, Supermaneuverability & Robot Aircraft. Springer Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-97161-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-97161-0"><bdi>978-3-540-97161-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vectored+Propulsion%2C+Supermaneuverability+%26+Robot+Aircraft&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-3-540-97161-0&rft.aulast=Gal-Or&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnmanned+aerial+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2015" class="citation journal cs1">Fuller, Christopher J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2014.895569">"The Eagle Comes Home to Roost: The Historical Origins of the CIA's Lethal Drone Program"</a>. Intelligence and National Security. 30 (6): 769–792. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684527.2014.895569">10.1080/02684527.2014.895569</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154927243">154927243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+and+National+Security&rft.atitle=The+Eagle+Comes+Home+to+Roost%3A+The+Historical+Origins+of+the+CIA%27s+Lethal+Drone+Program&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=769-792&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02684527.2014.895569&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154927243%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F02684527.2014.895569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnmanned+aerial+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Z._Goraj,_A._Frydrychewicz,_R._Świtkiewicz,_B._Hernik,_J._Gadomski,_T._Goetzendorf-Grabowski,_M._Figat,_St_Suchodolski,_W._Chajec-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Z._Goraj,_A._Frydrychewicz,_R._Świtkiewicz,_B._Hernik,_J._Gadomski,_T._Goetzendorf-Grabowski,_M._Figat,_St_Suchodolski,_W._Chajec_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZ._GorajA._FrydrychewiczR._ŚwitkiewiczB._Hernik" class="citation book cs1">Z. 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ISBN 978 1 52677 026 4</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayler2015" class="citation web cs1">Sayler, Kelley (June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306050607/http://www.cnas.org/sites/default/files/publications-pdf/CNAS%20World%20of%20Drones_052115.pdf">"A world of proliferated drones: a technology primer"</a> (PDF). Center for a New American Security. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnas.org/sites/default/files/publications-pdf/CNAS%20World%20of%20Drones_052115.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+a+New+American+Security&rft.atitle=A+world+of+proliferated+drones%3A+a+technology+primer&rft.date=2015-06&rft.aulast=Sayler&rft.aufirst=Kelley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnas.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications-pdf%2FCNAS%2520World%2520of%2520Drones_052115.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnmanned+aerial+vehicle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1982" class="citation cs2">Wagner, William (1982), Lightning Bugs and other Reconnaissance Drones; The can-do story of Ryan's unmanned spy planes, Armed Forces Journal International : Aero Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8168-6654-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8168-6654-0"><bdi>978-0-8168-6654-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lightning+Bugs+and+other+Reconnaissance+Drones%3B+The+can-do+story+of+Ryan%27s+unmanned+spy+planes&rft.pub=Armed+Forces+Journal+International+%3A+Aero+Publishers&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-8168-6654-0&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnmanned+aerial+vehicle" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahill2022" class="citation journal cs1">Cahill, Bill (April 2022). "Lightning Bugs & Buffalo Hunters: The Ryan Model 147 Drone in Vietnam". The Aviation Historian (39): 18–27. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2051-1930">2051-1930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Aviation+Historian&rft.atitle=Lightning+Bugs+%26+Buffalo+Hunters%3A+The+Ryan+Model+147+Drone+in+Vietnam&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=18-27&rft.date=2022-04&rft.issn=2051-1930&rft.aulast=Cahill&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnmanned+aerial+vehicle" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hill, J., & Rogers, A. (2014). <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10613/2480" class="extiw" title="hdl:10613/2480">The rise of the drones: From The Great War to Gaza</a>. Vancouver Island University Arts & Humanities Colloquium Series.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJavier_Garcia-BernardoaPeter_Sheridan_DoddsNeil_F._Johnson2016" class="citation web cs1">Javier Garcia-Bernardoa; Peter Sheridan Dodds; Neil F. Johnson (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206104147/http://www.uvm.edu/~pdodds/research/papers/files/2016/garcia-bernardo2016a.pdf">"Quantitative patterns in drone wars"</a> (PDF). Science direct. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uvm.edu/~pdodds/research/papers/files/2016/garcia-bernardo2016a.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+direct&rft.atitle=Quantitative+patterns+in+drone+wars&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Javier+Garcia-Bernardoa&rft.au=Peter+Sheridan+Dodds&rft.au=Neil+F.+Johnson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uvm.edu%2F~pdodds%2Fresearch%2Fpapers%2Ffiles%2F2016%2Fgarcia-bernardo2016a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnmanned+aerial+vehicle" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rogers, A., & Hill, J. (2014). Unmanned: Drone warfare and global security. Between the Lines. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781771131544" title="Special:BookSources/9781771131544">9781771131544</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_aerial_vehicle&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 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this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lists_of_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lists of aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_aircraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft" title="List of aircraft">Lists of aircraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_name" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By name</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(pre-1914)" title="List of aircraft (pre-1914)">pre-1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(0%E2%80%93Ah)" title="List of aircraft (0–Ah)">0–Ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Ai%E2%80%93Am)" title="List of aircraft (Ai–Am)">Ai–Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(An%E2%80%93Az)" title="List of aircraft (An–Az)">An–Az</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(B%E2%80%93Be)" title="List of aircraft (B–Be)">B–Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Bf%E2%80%93Bo)" title="List of aircraft (Bf–Bo)">Bf–Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Br%E2%80%93Bz)" title="List of aircraft (Br–Bz)">Br–Bz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(C%E2%80%93Cc)" title="List of aircraft (C–Cc)">C–Cc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Cd%E2%80%93Cn)" title="List of aircraft (Cd–Cn)">Cd–Cn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Co%E2%80%93Cz)" title="List of aircraft (Co–Cz)">Co–Cz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(D)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft (D)">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(E)" title="List of aircraft (E)">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(F)" title="List of aircraft (F)">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(G%E2%80%93Gn)" title="List of aircraft (G–Gn)">G–Gn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Go%E2%80%93Gz)" title="List of aircraft (Go–Gz)">Go–Gz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(H)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft (H)">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(I)" title="List of aircraft (I)">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(J)" title="List of aircraft (J)">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(K)" title="List of aircraft (K)">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(La%E2%80%93Lh)" title="List of aircraft (La–Lh)">La–Lh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Li%E2%80%93Lz)" title="List of aircraft (Li–Lz)">Li–Lz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(M)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft (M)">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(N)" title="List of aircraft (N)">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(O)" title="List of aircraft (O)">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(P)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft (P)">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Q)" title="List of aircraft (Q)">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(R)" title="List of aircraft (R)">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(S)" title="List of aircraft (S)">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(T)" title="List of aircraft (T)">T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(U)" title="List of aircraft (U)">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(V)" title="List of aircraft (V)">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(W)" title="List of aircraft (W)">W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(X)" title="List of aircraft (X)">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Y)" title="List of aircraft (Y)">Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Z)" title="List of aircraft (Z)">Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gliders" title="List of gliders">Gliders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human-powered_aircraft" title="List of human-powered aircraft">List</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human-powered_aircraft" title="Human-powered aircraft">human-powered aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unmanned_aerial_vehicles" title="List of unmanned aerial vehicles">List</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">unmanned aerial vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Civil_aircraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_aircraft" title="List of civil aircraft">Civil aircraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="By_characteristic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By characteristic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aerobatic_aircraft" title="List of aerobatic aircraft">Aerobatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_plane" title="Bush plane">Bush planes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electric_aircraft" title="List of electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flying_wings" title="List of flying wings">Flying wings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gliders" title="List of gliders">Gliders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human-powered_aircraft" title="List of human-powered aircraft">Human-powered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prone_pilot#List_of_prone-pilot_aircraft" title="Prone pilot">Prone-pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocket_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rocket aircraft">Rocket-powered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flying_boats_and_floatplanes" title="List of flying boats and floatplanes">Flying boats and floatplanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_STOL_aircraft" title="List of STOL aircraft">STOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supersonic_aircraft" title="List of supersonic aircraft">Supersonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimotor" title="Trimotor">Trimotors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_triplanes" title="List of triplanes">Triplanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unmanned_aerial_vehicles" title="List of unmanned aerial vehicles">Unmanned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_VTOL_aircraft" title="List of VTOL aircraft">VTOL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuselage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double-deck_aircraft" title="Double-deck aircraft">Double-deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-body_aircraft" title="Narrow-body aircraft">Narrow-body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft" title="Wide-body aircraft">Wide-body</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Weight</li><li>Size</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airliners_by_maximum_takeoff_weight" title="List of airliners by maximum takeoff weight">Maximum takeoff weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_production_certified_light_aircraft" title="List of current production certified light aircraft">Light aircraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_very_light_jets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of very light jets">very light jets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_large_aircraft" title="List of large aircraft">Large aircraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Airbus_Group_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Airbus Group aircraft">Airbus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Antonov_aircraft" title="Template:Antonov aircraft">Antonov</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Boeing_airliners" title="Template:Boeing airliners">Boeing</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Bombardier_aircraft" title="Template:Bombardier aircraft">Bombardier</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Douglas_airliners" title="Template:Douglas airliners">Douglas / McDonnell Douglas</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Embraer_aircraft" title="Template:Embraer aircraft">Embraer</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Ilyushin_aircraft" title="Template:Ilyushin aircraft">Ilyushin</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Tupolev_aircraft" title="Template:Tupolev aircraft">Tupolev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engine number</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twinjet" title="Twinjet">Twinjets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trijet" title="Trijet">Trijets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimotor" title="Trimotor">Trimotors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-engined_jet_aircraft" title="Four-engined jet aircraft">Four-engined jet aircraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Range</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jet_airliners" class="mw-redirect" title="List of jet airliners">Jet airliners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_airliners" title="List of regional airliners">Regional airliners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_racing_aircraft" title="List of racing aircraft">Racers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_airliner" title="Regional airliner">Regional airliner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_jet" title="Regional jet">regional jet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_flying_machines" title="Early flying machines">Early flying machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_experimental_aircraft" title="List of experimental aircraft">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_X-planes" title="List of X-planes">X-planes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rotor-powered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rotorcraft" title="List of rotorcraft">Rotorcraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_utility_helicopters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of utility helicopters">utility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiltrotor#List_of_tiltrotor_aircraft" title="Tiltrotor">Tiltrotors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Executive</li><li>Private</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_jet" title="Business jet">Business jets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-sport_aircraft" title="Light-sport aircraft">Light-sport aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_car" title="Flying car">Flying car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="Other_lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_by_date_and_usage_category" title="List of aircraft by date and usage category">By date and usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_by_tail_number" title="List of aircraft by tail number">By tail number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-produced_aircraft" title="List of most-produced aircraft">Most-produced</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Military_aircraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">Military aircraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Role</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airborne_early_warning_aircraft" title="List of airborne early warning aircraft">AEW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attack_aircraft" title="List of attack aircraft">Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bomber_aircraft" title="List of bomber aircraft">Bomber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_torpedo_bombers" title="List of torpedo bombers">Torpedo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_carrier-based_aircraft" title="List of carrier-based aircraft">Carrier-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fighter_aircraft" title="List of fighter aircraft">Fighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_maritime_patrol_aircraft" title="List of maritime patrol aircraft">Maritime patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarine-borne_aircraft" title="List of submarine-borne aircraft">Submarine-borne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tanker_aircraft" title="List of tanker aircraft">Tanker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_aircraft_by_nation" title="Lists of military aircraft by nation">Nation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Afghan_Air_Force_aircraft" title="List of Afghan Air Force aircraft">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_Air_Force_aircraft" title="List of Albanian Air Force aircraft">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Argentine_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Argentine Air Force">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Royal_Australian_Air_Force_aircraft" title="List of current Royal Australian Air Force aircraft">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Bangladesh_military_aircraft" title="List of active Bangladesh military aircraft">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belize_Defence_Force_Air_Wing_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Belize Defence Force Air Wing aircraft">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Brazilian_military_aircraft" title="List of active Brazilian military aircraft">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Bulgarian_military_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of active Bulgarian military aircraft">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_Canada%27s_air_forces" title="List of aircraft of Canada's air forces">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Chile_military_aircraft" title="List of active Chile military aircraft">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_People%27s_Liberation_Army_aircraft" title="List of active People's Liberation Army aircraft">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of military aircraft of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Denmark" title="List of military aircraft of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Egyptian_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Egyptian Air Force">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Finland" title="List of military aircraft of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_France" title="List of military aircraft of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Germany" title="List of military aircraft of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Hellenic_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft of the Hellenic Air Force">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Indian_military_aircraft" title="List of active Indian military aircraft">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="List of aircraft of the Indonesian National Armed Forces">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Iranian_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Iranian Air Force">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Irish_Air_Corps" title="List of aircraft of the Irish Air Corps">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Israeli_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Israeli Air Force">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Italian_military_aircraft" title="List of active Italian military aircraft">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Japan" title="List of military aircraft of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Malaysian_Armed_Forces" title="List of aircraft of the Malaysian Armed Forces">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Moroccan_military_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of active Moroccan military aircraft">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_New_Zealand_military_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of active New Zealand military aircraft">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Norway" title="List of military aircraft of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Pakistan_military_aircraft" title="List of active Pakistan military aircraft">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_military_aircraft_of_the_Philippines" title="List of active military aircraft of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_retired_Polish_Air_Force_aircraft" title="List of retired Polish Air Force aircraft">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Portuguese_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft of the Portuguese Air Force">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Romanian_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Romanian Air Force">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_currently_active_Russian_military_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of currently active Russian military aircraft">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_South_African_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the South African Air Force">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Spanish_Air_and_Space_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft of the Spanish Air and Space Force">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of military aircraft of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Sweden" title="List of military aircraft of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Swiss_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Swiss Air Force">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Royal Thai Air Force">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Turkish_Air_Force_aircraft" title="List of active Turkish Air Force aircraft">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_United_Kingdom_military_aircraft" title="List of active United Kingdom military aircraft">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_United_States_military_aircraft" title="List of active United States military aircraft">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_Entente_aircraft" title="List of World War I Entente aircraft">WWI Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_Central_Powers_aircraft" title="List of World War I Central Powers aircraft">WWI Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interwar_military_aircraft" title="List of interwar military aircraft">Interwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II" title="List of aircraft of World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jet_aircraft_of_World_War_II" title="List of jet aircraft of World War II">World War II jets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_producing_stealth_aircraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stealth_aircraft" title="Template:Stealth aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stealth_aircraft" title="Template talk:Stealth aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stealth_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stealth aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_producing_stealth_aircraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries producing <a href="/wiki/Stealth_aircraft" title="Stealth aircraft">stealth aircraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">Stealth technology</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_aircraft" title="Experimental aircraft">Experimental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_853-21_Quiet_Bird" title="Boeing Model 853-21 Quiet Bird">Boeing Model 853-21 Quiet Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing%E2%80%93Sikorsky_RAH-66_Comanche" title="Boeing–Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche">Boeing–Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Bird_of_Prey" title="Boeing Bird of Prey">Boeing Bird of Prey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-32" title="Boeing X-32">Boeing X-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-45" title="Boeing X-45">Boeing X-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-19" title="F-19">F-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Have_Blue" title="Lockheed Have Blue">Lockheed Have Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_YF-22" title="Lockheed YF-22">Lockheed YF-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_FB-22" title="Lockheed Martin FB-22">Lockheed Martin FB-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-35" title="Lockheed Martin X-35">Lockheed Martin X-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-44_MANTA" title="Lockheed Martin X-44 MANTA">Lockheed Martin X-44 MANTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_A-12_Avenger_II" title="McDonnell Douglas A-12 Avenger II">McDonnell Douglas A-12 Avenger II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Tacit_Blue" title="Northrop Tacit Blue">Northrop Tacit Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_X-47B" title="Northrop Grumman X-47B">Northrop Grumman X-47B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_YF-23" title="Northrop YF-23">Northrop YF-23</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor" title="Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor">Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">Attack</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-117_Nighthawk" title="Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk">Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_B-2_Spirit" title="Northrop B-2 Spirit">Northrop B-2 Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-21_Raider" title="Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider">Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UAVs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-20_Avenger" title="General Atomics MQ-20 Avenger">General Atomics MQ-20 Avenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_MQ-25_Stingray" title="Boeing MQ-25 Stingray">Boeing MQ-25 Stingray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Phantom_Ray" title="Boeing Phantom Ray">Boeing Phantom Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Sea_Ghost" title="Lockheed Martin Sea Ghost">Lockheed Martin Sea Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_RQ-170_Sentinel" title="Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel">Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_RQ-180" title="Northrop Grumman RQ-180">Northrop Grumman RQ-180</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kratos_XQ-58_Valkyrie" title="Kratos XQ-58 Valkyrie">Kratos XQ-58 Valkyrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_XQ-67A" title="General Atomics XQ-67A">General Atomics XQ-67A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Tactical_Fighter" title="Advanced Tactical Fighter">Advanced Tactical Fighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F/A-XX_program" title="F/A-XX program">F/A-XX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Strike_Fighter_program" title="Joint Strike Fighter program">Joint Strike Fighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_Helicopter_Experimental" title="Light Helicopter Experimental">Light Helicopter Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Range_Strike_Bomber" title="Long Range Strike Bomber">Long Range Strike Bomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Air_Dominance" title="Next Generation Air Dominance">Next Generation Air Dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-Generation_Bomber" title="Next-Generation Bomber">Next-Generation Bomber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="UAVs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UAVs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_MQ-28_Ghost_Bat" title="Boeing MQ-28 Ghost Bat">Boeing MQ-28 Ghost Bat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu_J-20" title="Chengdu J-20">Chengdu J-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_FC-31" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenyang FC-31">Shenyang FC-31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xian_H-20" class="mw-redirect" title="Xian H-20">Xian H-20</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UAVs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hongdu_GJ-11" title="Hongdu GJ-11">Hongdu GJ-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVIC_Dark_Sword" title="AVIC Dark Sword">AVIC Dark Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu_WZ-10" title="Chengdu WZ-10">CAIG Wing Loong-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH-7_(UAV)" class="mw-redirect" title="CH-7 (UAV)">CASC Rainbow-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FL-71" title="FL-71">FL-71</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_aircraft" title="Experimental aircraft">Experimental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-43" title="Yakovlev Yak-43">Yakovlev Yak-43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-47" title="Sukhoi Su-47">Sukhoi Su-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_Project_1.44" title="Mikoyan Project 1.44">Mikoyan Project 1.44</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_LMFS" title="Mikoyan LMFS">Mikoyan LMFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_PAK_DP" title="Mikoyan PAK DP">Mikoyan PAK DP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-57" title="Sukhoi Su-57">Sukhoi Su-57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-75_Checkmate" title="Sukhoi Su-75 Checkmate">Sukhoi Su-75 Checkmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi/HAL_FGFA" title="Sukhoi/HAL FGFA">Sukhoi/HAL FGFA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_PAK_DA" title="Tupolev PAK DA">Tupolev PAK DA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UAVs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_Skat" title="Mikoyan Skat">Mikoyan Skat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_S-70_Okhotnik-B" title="Sukhoi S-70 Okhotnik-B">Sukhoi S-70 Okhotnik-B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_aircraft" title="Experimental aircraft">Experimental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_P.125" title="British Aerospace P.125">British Aerospace P.125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Replica" title="BAE Systems Replica">BAE Systems Replica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Combat_Air_Programme" title="Global Combat Air Programme">Global Combat Air Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UAVs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Taranis" title="BAE Systems Taranis">BAE Systems Taranis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_aircraft" title="Experimental aircraft">Experimental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_X-2_Shinshin" title="Mitsubishi X-2 Shinshin">Mitsubishi X-2 Shinshin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Combat_Air_Programme" title="Global Combat Air Programme">Global Combat Air Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Combat_Air_Programme" title="Global Combat Air Programme">Global Combat Air Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UAVs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dassault_nEUROn" title="Dassault nEUROn">Dassault nEUROn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HAL_AMCA" title="HAL AMCA">HAL AMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi/HAL_FGFA" title="Sukhoi/HAL FGFA">Sukhoi/HAL FGFA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UAVs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DRDO_Ghatak" title="DRDO Ghatak">DRDO Ghatak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_Combat_Air_System" title="Future Combat Air System">Future Combat Air System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UAVs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dassault_nEUROn" title="Dassault nEUROn">Dassault nEUROn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_Combat_Air_System" title="Future Combat Air System">Future Combat Air System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UAVs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EADS_Barracuda" title="EADS Barracuda">EADS Barracuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassault_nEUROn" title="Dassault nEUROn">Dassault nEUROn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbus_Wingman" title="Airbus Wingman">Airbus Wingman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_aircraft" title="Experimental aircraft">Experimental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/MBB_Lampyridae" title="MBB Lampyridae">MBB Lampyridae</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_Combat_Air_System" title="Future Combat Air System">Future Combat Air System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UAVs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EADS_Barracuda" title="EADS Barracuda">EADS Barracuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbus_Wingman" title="Airbus Wingman">Airbus Wingman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sweden</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fighters" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flygsystem_2020" title="Flygsystem 2020">Flygsystem 2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAI_TF_Kaan" title="TAI TF Kaan">TAI TF Kaan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UAVs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baykar_Bayraktar_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lelma" class="mw-redirect" title="Baykar Bayraktar Kızılelma">Bayraktar Kızılelma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAI_Anka-3" title="TAI Anka-3">TAI Anka-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Korea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fighters" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KAI_KF-21_Boramae" title="KAI KF-21 Boramae">KAI KF-21 Boramae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fighters" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IAIO_Qaher-313" title="IAIO Qaher-313">IAIO Qaher-313</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HESA_Shafaq" title="HESA Shafaq">HESA Shafaq </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484000#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484000#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484000#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4332556-7">Germany</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4154756-1">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85039623">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13334941r">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13334941r">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph451662&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph958788&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph785847&CON_LNG=ENG">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562721905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10675342">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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