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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Calculation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calculation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Input_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Input_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Input data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Input_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prone_to_manipulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prone_to_manipulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Prone to manipulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prone_to_manipulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_shortcomings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_shortcomings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Other shortcomings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_shortcomings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives_and_modifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives_and_modifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Alternatives and modifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives_and_modifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>h</i>-index</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D8%A5%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="مؤشر إتش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مؤشر إتش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hir%C5%9Fa_indeksi" title="Hirşa indeksi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hirşa indeksi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="H-индекс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="H-индекс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dndex_h" title="Índex h – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Índex h" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D3%97" title="Хирш индексӗ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хирш индексӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirsch%C5%AFv_index" title="Hirschův index – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hirschův index" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-indeks" title="H-indeks – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="H-indeks" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Index" title="H-Index – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="H-Index" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-indeks" title="H-indeks – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="H-indeks" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82_h" title="Δείκτης επιστημονικής ποιότητας h – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δείκτης επιστημονικής ποιότητας h" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dndice_h" title="Índice h – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Índice h" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H_indize" title="H indize – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="H indize" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B5_%D8%A7%DA%86" title="شاخص اچ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شاخص اچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indice_h" title="Indice h – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Indice h" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/H_%EC%A7%80%EC%88%98" title="H 지수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="H 지수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%81" title="H-գործակից – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="H-գործակից" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeks-h" title="Indeks-h – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Indeks-h" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indice_H" title="Indice H – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Indice H" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A9" title="מדד הירש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדד הירש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/H_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="H ინდექსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="H ინდექსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%88-%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Хирш-индекси – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Хирш-индекси" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hir%C5%A1a_indekss" title="Hirša indekss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hirša indekss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-index" title="H-index – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="H-index" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-index" title="H-index – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="H-index" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" title="H指数 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="H指数" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-indeks" title="H-indeks – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="H-indeks" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wska%C5%BAnik_Hirscha" title="Wskaźnik Hirscha – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wskaźnik Hirscha" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dndice_h" title="Índice h – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Índice h" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indice_h" title="Indice h – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Indice h" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Индекс Хирша – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индекс Хирша" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Index" title="H-Index – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="H-Index" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirschov_index" title="Hirschov index – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hirschov index" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-indeks" title="H-indeks – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="H-indeks" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-indeksi" title="H-indeksi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="H-indeksi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-index" title="H-index – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="H-index" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A" title="ดัชนีเอช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดัชนีเอช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8_h_(%D0%AD%D0%B9%D1%87)" title="Шохиси h (Эйч) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шохиси h (Эйч)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H_endeksi" title="H endeksi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="H endeksi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="H-індекс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="H-індекс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-index" title="H-index – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="H-index" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" title="H指数 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="H指数" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q310663#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirsch_number&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirsch number">Hirsch number</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Metric that attempts to measure the productivity and citation impact of a person's publications</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the index of scientific research impact. 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_metrics" title="Category:Citation metrics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">Citation metrics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif/lossy-page1-110px-Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif/lossy-page1-165px-Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics">Altmetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article-level_metrics" title="Article-level metrics">Article-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author-level_metrics" title="Author-level metrics">Author-level</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eigenfactor" title="Eigenfactor">Eigenfactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-index" title="G-index">G-index</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H-index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_coupling" title="Bibliographic coupling">Bibliographic coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">Citation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citation_analysis" title="Citation analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_dynamics" title="Citation dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_graph" title="Citation graph">Graph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-citation" title="Co-citation">Co-citation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-citation_Proximity_Analysis" title="Co-citation Proximity Analysis">Proximity Analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercive_citation" title="Coercive citation">Coercive citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_cartel" title="Citation cartel">Citation cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_Open_Citations" title="Initiative for Open Citations">I4OC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_ranking" title="Journal ranking">Journal-level</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CiteScore" title="CiteScore">CiteScore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">Impact factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCImago_Journal_Rank" title="SCImago Journal Rank">SCImago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardashian_Index" title="Kardashian Index">Kardashian Index</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_metrics" title="Template:Citation metrics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Citation_metrics" title="Template talk:Citation metrics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Citation_metrics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Citation metrics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b><i>h</i>-index</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Author-level_metric" class="mw-redirect" title="Author-level metric">author-level metric</a> that measures both the <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">citation impact</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_publication" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific publication">publications</a>, initially used for an individual <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientist</a> or scholar. The <i>h</i>-index correlates with success indicators such as winning the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>, being accepted for research fellowships and holding positions at top universities.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The index is based on the set of the scientist's most cited papers and the number of citations that they have received in other publications. The index has more recently been applied to the productivity and impact of a <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholarly journal">scholarly journal</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a group of scientists, such as a department or university or country.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The index was suggested in 2005 by <a href="/wiki/Jorge_E._Hirsch" title="Jorge E. Hirsch">Jorge E. Hirsch</a>, a physicist at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">UC San Diego</a>, as a tool for determining <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physicists</a>' relative quality<sup id="cite_ref-Hirsch2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirsch2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is sometimes called the <b>Hirsch index </b>or <b>Hirsch number</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_purpose">Definition and purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H-index&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>h</i>-index is defined as the maximum value of <i>h</i> such that the given author/journal has published at least <i>h</i> papers that have each been cited at least <i>h</i> times.<sup id="cite_ref-Hirsch2005_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirsch2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McDonald2005_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonald2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The index is designed to improve upon simpler measures such as the total number of citations or publications. The index works best when comparing scholars working in the same field, since citation conventions differ widely among different fields.<sup id="cite_ref-LSE2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSE2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calculation">Calculation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H-index&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Calculation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H-index-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/H-index-en.svg/300px-H-index-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/H-index-en.svg/450px-H-index-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/H-index-en.svg/600px-H-index-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption><i>h</i>-index from a plot of numbers of citations for an author's numbered papers (arranged in decreasing order)</figcaption></figure><p>The <i>h</i>-index is the largest number <i>h</i> such that <i>h</i> articles have at least <i>h</i> citations each. For example, if an author has five publications, with 9, 7, 6, 2, and 1 citations (ordered from greatest to least), then the author's <i>h</i>-index is 3, because the author has three publications with 3 or more citations. However, the author does <i>not</i> have four publications with 4 or more citations. </p><p>Clearly, an author's <i>h</i>-index can only be as great as their number of publications. For example, an author with only one publication can have a maximum <i>h</i>-index of 1 (if their publication has 1 or more citations). On the other hand, an author with many publications, each with only 1 citation, would also have an <i>h</i>-index of 1. </p><p>Formally, if <i>f</i> is the function that corresponds to the number of citations for each publication, we compute the <i>h</i>-index as follows: First we order the values of <i>f</i> from the largest to the lowest value. Then, we look for the last position in which <i>f</i> is greater than or equal to the position (we call <i>h</i> this position). For example, if we have a researcher with 5 publications A, B, C, D, and E with 10, 8, 5, 4, and 3 citations, respectively, the <i>h</i>-index is equal to 4 because the 4th publication has 4 citations and the 5th has only 3. In contrast, if the same publications have 25, 8, 5, 3, and 3 citations, then the index is 3 (i.e. the 3rd position) because the fourth paper has only 3 citations. </p> <dl><dd><i>f</i>(A)=10, <i>f</i>(B)=8, <i>f</i>(C)=5, <i>f</i>(D)=4, <i>f</i>(E)=3　→ <i>h</i>-index=4</dd> <dd><i>f</i>(A)=25, <i>f</i>(B)=8, <i>f</i>(C)=5, <i>f</i>(D)=3, <i>f</i>(E)=3　→ <i>h</i>-index=3</dd></dl> <p>If we have the function <i>f</i> ordered in decreasing order from the largest value to the lowest one, we can compute the <i>h</i>-index as follows: </p> <dl><dd><i>h</i>-index (<i>f</i>) = <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \max\{i\in \mathbb {N} :f(i)\geq i\}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>i</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi> </mrow> <mo>:</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>i</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>≥</mo> <mi>i</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \max\{i\in \mathbb {N} :f(i)\geq i\}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d94958e3aa230763f408edfe59576e00a3688583" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.7ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \max\{i\in \mathbb {N} :f(i)\geq i\}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>The Hirsch index is analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington#Eddington_number_for_cycling" title="Arthur Eddington">Eddington number</a>, an earlier metric used for evaluating cyclists.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeffers2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeffers2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>h</i>-index is also related to <a href="/wiki/Sugeno_integral" title="Sugeno integral">Sugeno integral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ky_Fan_metric" class="mw-redirect" title="Ky Fan metric">Ky Fan metric</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>h</i>-index serves as an alternative to more traditional journal <a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">impact factor</a> metrics in the evaluation of the impact of the work of a particular researcher. Because only the most highly cited articles contribute to the <i>h</i>-index, its determination is a simpler process. Hirsch has demonstrated that <i>h</i> has high predictive value for whether a scientist has won honors like <a href="/wiki/National_academy" title="National academy">National Academy</a> membership or the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>. The <i>h</i>-index grows as citations accumulate and thus it depends on the "<a href="/wiki/Academic_age" title="Academic age">academic age</a>" of a researcher. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Input_data">Input data</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H-index&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Input data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>h</i>-index can be manually determined by using citation databases or using automatic tools. Subscription-based databases such as <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a> provide automated calculators. From July 2011 <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> have provided an automatically calculated <i>h</i>-index and <i>i10</i>-index within their own <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a> profile.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, specific databases, such as the <a href="/wiki/INSPIRE-HEP" title="INSPIRE-HEP">INSPIRE-HEP</a> database can automatically calculate the <i>h</i>-index for researchers working in <a href="/wiki/High_energy_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="High energy physics">high energy physics</a>. </p><p>Each database is likely to produce a different <i>h</i> for the same scholar, because of different coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A detailed study showed that the Web of Science has strong coverage of journal publications, but poor coverage of high impact conferences. Scopus has better coverage of conferences, but poor coverage of publications prior to 1996; Google Scholar has the best coverage of conferences and most journals (though not all), but like Scopus has limited coverage of pre-1990 publications.<sup id="cite_ref-Meho2007_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meho2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meho&Yang2006_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meho&Yang2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exclusion of conference proceedings papers is a particular problem for scholars in <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, where conference proceedings are considered an important part of the literature.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Google Scholar has been criticized for producing "phantom citations", including <a href="/wiki/Gray_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray literature">gray literature</a> in its citation counts, and failing to follow the rules of <a href="/wiki/Boolean_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Boolean logic">Boolean logic</a> when combining search terms.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the Meho and Yang study found that Google Scholar identified 53% more citations than Web of Science and Scopus combined, but noted that because most of the additional citations reported by Google Scholar were from low-impact journals or conference proceedings, they did not significantly alter the relative ranking of the individuals. It has been suggested that in order to deal with the sometimes wide variation in <i>h</i> for a single academic measured across the possible citation databases, one should assume false negatives in the databases are more problematic than false positives and take the maximum <i>h</i> measured for an academic.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H-index&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little systematic investigation has been done on how the <i>h</i>-index behaves over different institutions, nations, times and academic fields.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hirsch suggested that, for physicists, a value for <i>h</i> of about 12 might be typical for advancement to tenure (associate professor) at major [US] research universities. A value of about 18 could mean a full professorship, 15–20 could mean a fellowship in the <a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a>, and 45 or higher could mean membership in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">United States National Academy of Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hirsch estimated that after 20 years a "successful scientist" would have an <i>h</i>-index of 20, an "outstanding scientist" would have an <i>h</i>-index of 40, and a "truly unique" individual would have an <i>h</i>-index of 60.<sup id="cite_ref-Hirsch2005_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirsch2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the most highly cited scientists in the period 1983–2002, Hirsch identified the top 10 in the life sciences (in order of decreasing <i>h</i>): <a href="/wiki/Solomon_H._Snyder" title="Solomon H. Snyder">Solomon H. Snyder</a>, <i>h</i> = 191; <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a>, <i>h</i> = 160; <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Gallo" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert C. Gallo">Robert C. Gallo</a>, <i>h</i> = 154; <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Chambon" title="Pierre Chambon">Pierre Chambon</a>, <i>h</i> = 153; <a href="/wiki/Bert_Vogelstein" title="Bert Vogelstein">Bert Vogelstein</a>, <i>h</i> = 151; <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Moncada" title="Salvador Moncada">Salvador Moncada</a>, <i>h</i> = 143; <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Dinarello" title="Charles A. Dinarello">Charles A. Dinarello</a>, <i>h</i> = 138; <a href="/wiki/Tadamitsu_Kishimoto" title="Tadamitsu Kishimoto">Tadamitsu Kishimoto</a>, <i>h</i> = 134; <a href="/wiki/Ronald_M._Evans" title="Ronald M. Evans">Ronald M. Evans</a>, <i>h</i> = 127; and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_L._Brinster" title="Ralph L. Brinster">Ralph L. Brinster</a>, <i>h</i> = 126. Among 36 new inductees in the National Academy of Sciences in biological and biomedical sciences in 2005, the median <i>h</i>-index was 57.<sup id="cite_ref-Hirsch2005_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirsch2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Hirsch noted that values of <i>h</i> will vary among disparate fields.<sup id="cite_ref-Hirsch2005_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirsch2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the 22 scientific disciplines listed in the <a href="/wiki/Essential_Science_Indicators" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential Science Indicators">Essential Science Indicators</a> citation thresholds (thus excluding <a href="/wiki/Non-science" title="Non-science">non-science</a> academics), physics has the second most citations after <a href="/wiki/Space_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Space science">space science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ESI2010_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESI2010-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period January 1, 2000 – February 28, 2010, a physicist had to receive 2073 citations to be among the most cited 1% of physicists in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-ESI2010_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESI2010-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The threshold for space science is the highest (2236 citations), and physics is followed by <a href="/wiki/Clinical_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical medicine">clinical medicine</a> (1390) and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a> & <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> (1229). Most disciplines, such as environment/ecology (390), have fewer scientists, fewer papers, and fewer citations.<sup id="cite_ref-ESI2010_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESI2010-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, these disciplines have lower citation thresholds in the Essential Science Indicators, with the lowest citation thresholds observed in social sciences (154), <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> (149), and <a href="/wiki/Multidisciplinary_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Multidisciplinary science">multidisciplinary sciences</a> (147).<sup id="cite_ref-ESI2010_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESI2010-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numbers are very different in social science disciplines: The <i>Impact of the Social Sciences</i> team at <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> found that social scientists in the United Kingdom had lower average <i>h</i>-indices. The <i>h</i>-indices for ("full") professors, based on <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a> data ranged from 2.8 (in law), through 3.4 (in <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>), 3.7 (in <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>), 6.5 (in geography) and 7.6 (in economics). On average across the disciplines, a professor in the social sciences had an <i>h</i>-index about twice that of a lecturer or a senior lecturer, though the difference was the smallest in geography.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H-index&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hirsch intended the <i>h</i>-index to address the main disadvantages of other bibliometric indicators. The total number of papers metric does not account for the quality of scientific publications. The total number of citations metric, on the other hand, can be heavily affected by participation in a single publication of major influence (for instance, methodological papers proposing successful new techniques, methods or approximations, which can generate a large number of citations). The <i>h</i>-index is intended to measure simultaneously the quality and quantity of scientific output. Until 2010 the <i>h</i>-index showed a <a href="/wiki/Kendall_rank_correlation_coefficient" title="Kendall rank correlation coefficient">Kendall's correlation</a> of 0.3 to 0.4 with scientific awards.<sup id="cite_ref-h-frac_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h-frac-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H-index&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of situations in which <i>h</i> may provide misleading information about a scientist's output.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The correlation between <i>h</i>-index and scientific awards dropped significantly since 2010 after the widespread usage of <i>h</i>-index,<sup id="cite_ref-h-frac_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h-frac-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following <a href="/wiki/Goodhart%27s_law" title="Goodhart's law">Goodhart's law</a>. The decrease of correlation is partially attributed to the spread of hyperauthorship with more than 100 coauthors per paper. </p><p>Some of the following failures are not exclusive to the <i>h</i>-index but rather shared with other <a href="/wiki/Author-level_metrics#Criticism" title="Author-level metrics">author-level metrics</a>: </p> <ul><li>The <i>h</i>-index does not account for the number of authors of a paper. In the original paper, Hirsch suggested partitioning citations among co-authors. One such fractional index is known as <i>h-frac</i>, which accounts for multiple authors but is not widely available through the use of automatic tools.<sup id="cite_ref-h-frac_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h-frac-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>h</i>-index does not account for the different typical number of citations in different fields, e.g. experimental over theoretical. Citation behavior in general is affected by field-dependent factors,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may invalidate comparisons not only across disciplines but even within different fields of research of one discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>h</i>-index discards the information contained in author placement in the authors' list, which in some scientific fields is significant though in others it is not.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>h</i>-index is an <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integer</a>, which reduces its discriminatory power. <a href="/wiki/Frances_P._Ruane" title="Frances P. Ruane">Ruane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Tol" title="Richard Tol">Tol</a> therefore propose a <a href="/wiki/Rational_number" title="Rational number">rational</a> <i>h</i>-index that interpolates between <i>h</i> and <i>h</i> + 1.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prone_to_manipulation">Prone to manipulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H-index&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prone to manipulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Weaknesses apply to the purely quantitative calculation of scientific or academic output. Like other metrics that count citations, the <i>h</i>-index can be manipulated by <a href="/wiki/Coercive_citation" title="Coercive citation">coercive citation</a>, a practice in which an editor of a journal forces authors to add spurious citations to their own articles before the journal will agree to publish it.<sup id="cite_ref-science1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nature_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>h</i>-index can be manipulated through self-citations,<sup id="cite_ref-10.1007/s11192-017-2330-1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1007/s11192-017-2330-1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and if based on <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a> output, then even computer-generated documents can be used for that purpose, e.g. using <a href="/wiki/SCIgen" title="SCIgen">SCIgen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ike-antkare_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ike-antkare-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>h</i>-index can be also manipulated by hyperauthorship. Recent research shows clearly that the correlation of the <i>h</i>-index with awards that indicate recognition by the scientific community has substantially declined.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_shortcomings">Other shortcomings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H-index&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other shortcomings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>h</i>-index has been found in one study to have slightly less predictive <a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">accuracy and precision</a> than the simpler measure of mean citations per paper.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17183295_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17183295-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this finding was contradicted by another study by Hirsch.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>h</i>-index does not provide a significantly more accurate measure of impact than the total number of citations for a given scholar. In particular, by modeling the distribution of citations among papers as a random <a href="/wiki/Integer_partition" title="Integer partition">integer partition</a> and the <i>h</i>-index as the <a href="/wiki/Durfee_square" title="Durfee square">Durfee square</a> of the partition, Yong<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arrived at the formula <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h\approx 0.54{\sqrt {N}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>h</mi> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>0.54</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mi>N</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h\approx 0.54{\sqrt {N}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a0fbfe96c056cd6da462461427cf650b7808d758" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.571ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h\approx 0.54{\sqrt {N}}}"></span>, where <i>N</i> is the total number of citations, which, for mathematics members of the National Academy of Sciences, turns out to provide an accurate (with errors typically within 10–20 percent) approximation of <i>h</i>-index in most cases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives_and_modifications">Alternatives and modifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H-index&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Alternatives and modifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various proposals to modify the <i>h</i>-index in order to emphasize different features have been made.<sup id="cite_ref-BatistaEtal2006_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BatistaEtal2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_Hankin_Killworth_pp._577–588_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_Hankin_Killworth_pp._577–588-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baldock_Ma_Orton_pp._1043–1045_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baldock_Ma_Orton_pp._1043–1045-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-h-frac_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h-frac-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these variants, such as <a href="/wiki/G-index" title="G-index">g-index</a>, are highly correlated with the original <i>h</i>-index, which has led some researchers to consider them redundant.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One metric which is not highly correlated with <i>h</i>-index and is correlated with scientific awards is h-frac.<sup id="cite_ref-h-frac_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h-frac-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H-index&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indices similar to the <i>h</i>-index have been applied outside of author or journal evaluation. </p><p>The <i>h</i>-index has been applied to Internet Media, such as <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> channels. It is defined as the number of videos with ≥ h × 10<sup>5</sup> views. When compared with a video creator's total view count, the <i>h</i>-index and <i>g</i>-index better capture both productivity and impact in a single metric.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A successive Hirsch-type index for institutions has also been devised.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A scientific institution has a successive Hirsch-type index of <i>i</i> when at least <i>i</i> researchers from that institution have an <i>h</i>-index of at least <i>i</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H-index&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_research_networking_tools_and_research_profiling_systems" title="Comparison of research networking tools and research profiling systems">Comparison of research networking tools and research profiling systems</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H-index&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBornmannDaniel2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bornmann, Lutz; Daniel, Hans-Dieter (July 2007). 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(2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.rclis.org/13282/1/hIndexReviewAlonsoCabrerizoHerrera-Viedma.pdf">"<i>h</i>-index: A Review Focused in its Variants, Computation and Standardization for Different Scientific Fields"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Informetrics</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 273–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joi.2009.04.001">10.1016/j.joi.2009.04.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10481%2F64974">10481/64974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Informetrics&rft.atitle=h-index%3A+A+Review+Focused+in+its+Variants%2C+Computation+and+Standardization+for+Different+Scientific+Fields&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=273-89&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10481%2F64974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.joi.2009.04.001&rft.au=Alonso%2C+S.&rft.au=Cabrerizo%2C+F.+J.&rft.au=Herrera-Viedma%2C+E.&rft.au=Herrera%2C+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.rclis.org%2F13282%2F1%2FhIndexReviewAlonsoCabrerizoHerrera-Viedma.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH-index" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ball, Philip (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F436900a">"Index aims for fair ranking of scientists"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>436</b> (7053): 900. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.436..900B">2005Natur.436..900B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F436900a">10.1038/436900a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16107806">16107806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Index+aims+for+fair+ranking+of+scientists&rft.volume=436&rft.issue=7053&rft.pages=900&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16107806&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F436900a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.436..900B&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F436900a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH-index" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIglesiasPecharromán2007" class="citation journal cs1">Iglesias, Juan E.; Pecharromán, Carlos (2007). 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Tregenza, Tom (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1762413">"Gender differences in publication output: towards an unbiased metric of research performance"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>1</b> (1): e127. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PLoSO...1..127S">2006PLoSO...1..127S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000127">10.1371/journal.pone.0000127</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1762413">1762413</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17205131">17205131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Gender+differences+in+publication+output%3A+towards+an+unbiased+metric+of+research+performance&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e127&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1762413%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17205131&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000127&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PLoSO...1..127S&rft.aulast=Symonds&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rft.au=Gemmell%2C+Neil+J.&rft.au=Braisher%2C+Tamsin+L.&rft.au=Gorringe%2C+Kylie+L.&rft.au=Elgar%2C+Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1762413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH-index" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaber2005" class="citation journal cs1">Taber, Douglass F. (2005). "Quantifying Publication Impact". <i>Science</i>. <b>309</b> (5744): 2166a. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.309.5744.2166a">10.1126/science.309.5744.2166a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16195445">16195445</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41686509">41686509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Quantifying+Publication+Impact&rft.volume=309&rft.issue=5744&rft.pages=2166a&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41686509%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16195445&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.309.5744.2166a&rft.aulast=Taber&rft.aufirst=Douglass+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH-index" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoeginger2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_J._Woeginger" title="Gerhard J. Woeginger">Woeginger, Gerhard J.</a> (2008). "An axiomatic characterization of the Hirsch-index". <i>Mathematical Social Sciences</i>. <b>56</b> (2): 224–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mathsocsci.2008.03.001">10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2008.03.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematical+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=An+axiomatic+characterization+of+the+Hirsch-index&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=224-32&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mathsocsci.2008.03.001&rft.aulast=Woeginger&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH-index" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H-index&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/metrics.html">Google Scholar Metrics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guide2research.com"><i>H</i>-index for computer science and electronics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ideas.repec.org/top/top.person.hindex.html"><i>H</i>-index for economists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.ucla.edu/~palsberg/h-number.html"><i>H</i>-index for computer science researchers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guide2research.com/scientists/"><i>H</i> - index for computer scientists from Google Scholar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu"><i>H</i>-index for astronomers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rosenberglab.net/impact.html">Publication and Citation-based Impact</a>, listing 252 impact measures for one researcher with link to source code</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Academic_publishing" title="Template:Academic publishing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academic_publishing" title="Template talk:Academic publishing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academic_publishing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academic publishing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academic_publishing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic publishing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_journal" title="Public health journal">Public health</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing#Scholarly_paper" title="Academic publishing">Paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_article" title="Review article">Review article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Position_paper" title="Position paper">Position paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_review" title="Literature review">Literature review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_literature" title="Grey literature">Grey literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_paper" title="Working paper">Working paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">White paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_report" title="Technical report">Technical report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_report" title="Annual report">Annual report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">Pamphlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Lab notes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other publication types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_articles" title="Collection of articles">Collection of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">Patent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_patent" title="Chemical patent">Chemical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">Monograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_(books)" title="Chapter (books)">Chapter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poster_session" title="Poster session">Poster session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_proceedings" title="Conference proceedings">Proceedings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact and ranking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acknowledgment_index" title="Acknowledgment index">Acknowledgment index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics">Altmetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article-level_metrics" title="Article-level metrics">Article-level metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author-level_metrics" title="Author-level metrics">Author-level metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">Citation impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">Citation index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_ranking" title="Journal ranking">Journal ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eigenfactor" title="Eigenfactor">Eigenfactor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">h-index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">Impact factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCImago_Journal_Rank" title="SCImago Journal Rank">SCImago Journal Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">Scientometrics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reform and access</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal_publishing_reform" title="Academic journal publishing reform">Academic journal publishing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_citation_advantage" title="Open access citation advantage">Citation advantage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serials_crisis" title="Serials crisis">Serials crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICanHazPDF" title="ICanHazPDF">#ICanHazPDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versioning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">Preprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postprint" title="Postprint">Postprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Version_of_record" title="Version of record">Version of record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erratum" title="Erratum">Erratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retraction_in_academic_publishing" title="Retraction in academic publishing">Retraction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Indexes and search engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMiner_(database)" title="AMiner (database)">AMiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASE_(search_engine)" title="BASE (search engine)">BASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORE_(research_service)" title="CORE (research service)">CORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">Semantic Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperity" title="Paperity">Paperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAlex" title="OpenAlex">OpenAlex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">Imprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_writing" title="Scientific writing">Scientific writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_communication" title="Scholarly communication">Scholarly communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literature" title="Scientific literature">Scientific literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">Learned society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">Open research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_scientific_data" title="Open scientific data">Open scientific data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORCID" title="ORCID">ORCID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingelfinger_rule" title="Ingelfinger rule">Ingelfinger rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_publishable_unit" title="Least publishable unit">Least publishable unit</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Publish_or_perish" title="Publish or perish">Publish or perish</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_academic_journals" title="Lists of academic journals">Academic journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_journals" title="List of scientific journals">Scientific journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-access_journals" title="List of open-access journals">Open-access journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Academic databases and search engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_university_presses" title="List of university presses">University presses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_policies_of_academic_publishers" title="Copyright policies of academic publishers">Copyright policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_publishers_by_preprint_policy" title="List of academic publishers by preprint policy">Preprint policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_style_guides#Academic" title="List of style guides">Style/formatting guides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_publishing" title="Category:Academic publishing">Category:Academic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientific_documents" title="Category:Scientific documents">Category:Scientific documents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" 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