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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speed_bumps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed_bumps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Speed bumps</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Speed_bumps-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Speed bumps subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Speed_bumps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynamic_speed_bumps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynamic_speed_bumps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Dynamic speed bumps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynamic_speed_bumps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speed_humps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed_humps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Speed humps</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Speed_humps-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Speed humps subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Speed_humps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_speed_bumps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_speed_bumps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Comparison to speed bumps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_speed_bumps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speed_cushions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed_cushions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Speed cushions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Speed_cushions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Speed cushions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Speed_cushions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_North_America_and_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_North_America_and_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Use in North America and Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_North_America_and_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speed_tables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed_tables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Speed tables</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Speed_tables-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Speed tables subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Speed_tables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Results_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In the United Kingdom subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Speed bump</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="مطب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مطب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Ляжачы паліцэйскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ляжачы паліцэйскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Ляжачы паліцыянт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ляжачы паліцыянт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ressalt" title="Ressalt – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ressalt" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zpomalovac%C3%AD_pr%C3%A1h" title="Zpomalovací práh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zpomalovací práh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vejbump" title="Vejbump – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vejbump" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ضوضان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ضوضان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsschwelle" title="Bremsschwelle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bremsschwelle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductor_de_velocidad" title="Reductor de velocidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reductor de velocidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strat%C4%9Dibo" title="Stratĝibo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stratĝibo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="دست‌انداز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دست‌انداز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralentisseur_(route)" title="Ralentisseur (route) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ralentisseur (route)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EC%86%8D%EB%B0%A9%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B1" title="과속방지턱 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="과속방지턱" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uspornik" title="Uspornik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Uspornik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisi_tidur" title="Polisi tidur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polisi tidur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosso_stradale" title="Dosso stradale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dosso stradale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%98%D7%94" title="פס האטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פס האטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisi_turu" title="Polisi turu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Polisi turu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80truma_sl%C4%81p%C4%93t%C4%81js" title="Ātruma slāpētājs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ātruma slāpētājs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Успорник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Успорник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkeersdrempel" title="Verkeersdrempel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verkeersdrempel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkeersdrumpel" title="Verkeersdrumpel – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Verkeersdrumpel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97_(%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF)" title="ハンプ (道路) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハンプ (道路)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eershoper" title="Eershoper – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Eershoper" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fartshump" title="Fartshump – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fartshump" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3g_zwalniaj%C4%85cy" title="Próg zwalniający – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Próg zwalniający" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebra-molas" title="Quebra-molas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quebra-molas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prag_limitator_de_vitez%C4%83" title="Prag limitator de viteză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Prag limitator de viteză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Лежачий полицейский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лежачий полицейский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoma%C4%BEovac%C3%AD_prah" title="Spomaľovací prah – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Spomaľovací prah" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%AE%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="کۆسپەی خێرایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆسپەی خێرایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Лежећи полицајац – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лежећи полицајац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C5%BEe%C4%87i_policajac" title="Ležeći policajac – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ležeći policajac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farthinder" title="Farthinder – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Farthinder" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Speed_bump" title="Special:EditPage/Speed bump">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Speed+bump%22">"Speed bump"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Speed+bump%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Speed+bump%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Speed+bump%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Speed+bump%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Speed+bump%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the speed changes in cinematography, see <a href="/wiki/Slow_motion#In_action_films" title="Slow motion">Slow motion § In action films</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Speed_bump_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Speed bump (disambiguation)">Speed bump (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpeedBump.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/SpeedBump.JPG/220px-SpeedBump.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/SpeedBump.JPG/330px-SpeedBump.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/SpeedBump.JPG/440px-SpeedBump.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Speed bump and warning signs</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Road_sign_Humps_for_1_mile_Lilley_Hertfordshire_2011-06-17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Road_sign_Humps_for_1_mile_Lilley_Hertfordshire_2011-06-17.jpg/220px-Road_sign_Humps_for_1_mile_Lilley_Hertfordshire_2011-06-17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Road_sign_Humps_for_1_mile_Lilley_Hertfordshire_2011-06-17.jpg/330px-Road_sign_Humps_for_1_mile_Lilley_Hertfordshire_2011-06-17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Road_sign_Humps_for_1_mile_Lilley_Hertfordshire_2011-06-17.jpg/440px-Road_sign_Humps_for_1_mile_Lilley_Hertfordshire_2011-06-17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="3651" /></a><figcaption>A road sign "Humps for 1 mile" in <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Speed bumps</b> (also called <b>traffic thresholds</b>, <b>speed breakers</b> or <b>sleeping policemen</b>) are a class of <a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">traffic calming</a> devices that use vertical deflection to slow motor-vehicle traffic in order to improve safety conditions. Variations include the <b>speed hump</b>, <b>speed cushion</b>, and <b>speed table</b>. </p><p>The use of vertical deflection devices is widespread around the world, and they are most commonly used to enforce a <a href="/wiki/Speed_limit" title="Speed limit">speed limit</a> under 40 km/h (25 mph). </p><p>Although speed bumps are effective in keeping vehicle speeds down, their use is sometimes controversial—as they can increase traffic noise, may damage vehicles if traversed at too great a speed (despite that being the point), and slow emergency vehicles. Poorly-designed speed bumps that stand too tall or with too-sharp an angle can be disruptive for drivers, and may be difficult to navigate for vehicles with low <a href="/wiki/Ride_height" title="Ride height">ground clearance</a>, even at very low speeds. Many <a href="/wiki/Sports_car" title="Sports car">sports cars</a> have this problem with such speed bumps. Speed bumps can also pose serious hazards to <a href="/wiki/Motorcyclist" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorcyclist">motorcyclists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bicyclist" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicyclist">bicyclists</a> if they are not clearly visible, though in some cases a small cut across the bump allows those vehicles to traverse without impediment. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_bump&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Speed_bump" title="Special:EditPage/Speed bump">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Each of these devices can be made from a variety of materials, including <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>, recycled <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Vulcanization" title="Vulcanization">vulcanized rubber</a>. Several trade-offs must be made when selecting the material for a new speed cushion. Traditionally most vertical deflection devices have been constructed of asphalt or concrete. Due to the rigidity and durability of these materials, they have more permanence and are more effective at slowing traffic. However, they can be difficult to shape and form into consistent forms and precise dimensions. </p><p>Rubber products are pre-shaped to standard sizes to meet industry standards. Preformed rubber products are typically bolted down, making them easier to install or remove. Temporary bolt-down installations can be ideal for planners in testing the use and positioning of speed bumps before implementing them in a larger project. Bolt-down products can also be removed or relocated during winter snow periods—where speed bumps are easily concealed and may be damaged by snowplows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_bump&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 7, 1906, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> reported on an early implementation of what might be considered speed bumps in <a href="/wiki/Chatham,_New_Jersey" title="Chatham, New Jersey">Chatham, New Jersey</a>, which planned to raise its crosswalks five inches (13 cm) above the road level: "This scheme of stopping automobile speeding has been discussed by different municipalities, but Chatham is the first place to put it in practice".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average automobile's top speed at the time was around 50 km/h (30 mph), but braking was poor by modern standards.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Arthur Holly Compton</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and winner of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> in physics in 1927 for his discoveries resulting in major changes in <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic theory">electromagnetic theory</a>. He is commonly known for his work on the <a href="/wiki/Compton_Effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Compton Effect">Compton Effect</a> with <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a>. He also invented what he called "traffic control bumps", the basic design for the speed hump, in 1953. Compton began designs on the speed bump after noticing the speed at which motorists passed Brookings Hall at <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>, where he was <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">chancellor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British Transport and Road Research Laboratory published a comprehensive report in 1973 examining vehicle behavior for a large variety of different bump geometries.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time speed humps were not permitted on public roads but had been installed on private roads. </p><p>According to a publication by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Transportation_Engineers" title="Institute of Transportation Engineers">Institute of Transportation Engineers</a>, the first speed bump in Europe was built in 1970 in the city of <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speed_bumps">Speed bumps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_bump&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Speed bumps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Speed_bump_(asphalt).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Speed_bump_%28asphalt%29.jpg/220px-Speed_bump_%28asphalt%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Speed_bump_%28asphalt%29.jpg/330px-Speed_bump_%28asphalt%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Speed_bump_%28asphalt%29.jpg/440px-Speed_bump_%28asphalt%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>Speed bump made of <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le%C5%BEe%C4%87i_policajac_016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Le%C5%BEe%C4%87i_policajac_016.jpg/220px-Le%C5%BEe%C4%87i_policajac_016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Le%C5%BEe%C4%87i_policajac_016.jpg/330px-Le%C5%BEe%C4%87i_policajac_016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Le%C5%BEe%C4%87i_policajac_016.jpg/440px-Le%C5%BEe%C4%87i_policajac_016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Speed bump made of <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A speed bump is also known as a <i>sleeping policeman</i> in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maltese_English" title="Maltese English">Maltese English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean English</a>, a <i>judder bar</i> in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a>, and a <i>lying-down policeman</i> in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. A speed bump is a bump in a roadway with heights typically ranging between 8 and 10 centimetres (3 and 4 in). The traverse distance of a speed bump is typically less than or near to 0.3 m (1 ft); contrasting with the wider speed humps, which typically have a traverse distance of 3.0 to 4.3 m (10 to 14 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Speed bumps are used in parking lots and on small-neighborhood roads where space and cost are limited. They are being replaced by Speed Humps (discussed in this Wikipedia section) in higher-traffic areas where speed bumps would be ineffective because bumps are mere blips to law-breaking speeders, while law-abiding drivers must slow to far below the speed limit to avoid large vehicle accelerations and displacements. These are the counter-productive results produced by unavoidable dynamic vehicle response. (See <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://lindberglce.com/tech/Worst_Roads.PDF">https://lindberglce.com/tech/Worst_Roads.PDF</a>). </p><p>Because of these counter-productive responses, speed bumps traversals of at least 2 m (about 5 ft.) with smooth approach and exit should be used wherever possible. </p><p>Speed bumps vary in length, but it is typical to leave space between the bump and either edge of an enclosed road (i.e. with curbs and gutters) to allow for drainage. Spaces on either side may also allow more expedient passage for emergency vehicles, though effectiveness will depend on the type of vehicle and specific road design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_bump&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Local_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Local authority">Local authorities</a> have cited disadvantages to speed bumps: </p> <ul><li>The city of <a href="/wiki/Modesto,_California" title="Modesto, California">Modesto</a> in California, produced a <a href="/wiki/Fact_sheet" title="Fact sheet">fact sheet</a> which contains the following disadvantages:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Slow response time of emergency vehicles;</li> <li>May divert traffic to parallel residential streets; and</li> <li>Possible increase in noise and pollution for residents living immediately adjacent to the speed bumps.</li></ul></li> <li>The English town of <a href="/wiki/Eastleigh" title="Eastleigh">Eastleigh</a> states the following as disadvantages:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Can cause damage to some vehicles;</li> <li>Can increase traffic noise, especially when <a href="/wiki/Large_goods_vehicle" title="Large goods vehicle">large goods vehicles</a> pass by;</li> <li>Required signs, street lighting and white lines may be visually intrusive;</li> <li>Can cause discomfort for drivers and passengers;</li> <li>Can cause problems for emergency services and buses.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Other sources argue that speed bumps: </p> <ul><li>Distract drivers from other hazards such as children</li> <li>Increase pollution as traffic travels in a lower gear using significantly more fuel per mile;</li> <li>Are a compromise for more active enforcement;</li> <li>Increase noise by creating tire-to-bump thumping and increasing the amount of engine-revving;</li> <li>Cause spinal damage<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and aggravate chronic backache.</li></ul> <p>In 2003, the chairman of the London Ambulance Service, Sigurd Reinton claimed that delays caused by speed bumps were responsible for up to 500 avoidable deaths from cardiac arrest each year. He later denied the statement.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Sweden, an evaluation of spinal stress in bus drivers against ISO 2631-5 required on health grounds that:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>bus drivers avoid certain streets until the humps were modified; and</li> <li>the maximum acceptable speed be reduced to 10 kilometres per hour (6.2 mph; 2.8 m/s) on one street for drivers encountering 150 humps in a day.</li></ul> <p>Speed bumps can also have adverse environmental impact. A study found that in one north London street with a speed limit of 20 miles per hour (32 km/h; 8.9 m/s) and fitted with road humps, a petrol driven car produced 64 per cent more nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) than in a similar 20 miles per hour (32 km/h; 8.9 m/s) street fitted with road cushions. It also produced 47 per cent more particulate matter (PM) and nearly 60 per cent more carbon monoxide (CO) emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study estimated that, for a private automobile, the increase in fuel consumption due a pass over a speed bump is responsible for fuel waste of 10ml.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This multiplied with the number of vehicles going over a particular speed bump every day suggests significant annual fuel wastage for a single speed bump. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynamic_speed_bumps">Dynamic speed bumps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_bump&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dynamic speed bumps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dynamic speed bumps differ from conventional speed bumps in that they only activate if a vehicle is traveling above a certain speed. Vehicles traveling below this speed will not experience the discomfort of a conventional speed bump. Dynamic speed bumps may allow the passage of <a href="/wiki/Emergency_vehicle" title="Emergency vehicle">emergency vehicles</a> at higher speeds. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Actibump" title="Actibump">Actibump</a> system, successfully used in Sweden, is based on powered equipment integrated into the road surface, which operates a platform that is lowered a few centimeters when a speeding vehicle approaches. Any vehicle approaching at or under the speed limit will pass on a level road. The system measures the speed of an oncoming vehicle by using radar.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In another design, a rubber housing is fitted with a <a href="/wiki/Pressure_relief_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure relief valve">pressure relief valve</a> that determines the speed of a vehicle. If the vehicle is traveling below the set speed, the valve opens allowing the bump to deflate as the vehicle drives over it, but it remains closed if the vehicle is traveling too fast. The valve can also be set to allow heavy vehicles, such as <a href="/wiki/Fire_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire apparatus">fire trucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambulance" title="Ambulance">ambulances</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a> to cross at higher speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speed_humps">Speed humps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_bump&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Speed humps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asphalt_Speed_Hump.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Asphalt_Speed_Hump.jpg/220px-Asphalt_Speed_Hump.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Asphalt_Speed_Hump.jpg/330px-Asphalt_Speed_Hump.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Asphalt_Speed_Hump.jpg/440px-Asphalt_Speed_Hump.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1675" /></a><figcaption>Speed hump made of <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>speed hump</b> (also called a <b>road hump</b>, or <b>undulation</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-ITE_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITE-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>speed ramp</b>) is a rounded <a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">traffic calming</a> device used to reduce vehicle speed and thus sound volume on residential streets. Humps are placed across the road to slow traffic and are often installed in a series of several humps to prevent cars from speeding before and after the hump. Common speed hump shapes are <a href="/wiki/Parabola" title="Parabola">parabolic</a>, circular, and <a href="/wiki/Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">sinusoidal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ITE_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITE-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, speed humps are often placed at pedestrian crossings. </p><p>Generally, speed humps have a traverse distance of about 3.7 to 4.3 m (12 to 14 ft) and span the width of the road. The height of each hump ranges from 8 to 10 cm (3 to 4 in).<sup id="cite_ref-ITE_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITE-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traverse distance and height of each hump determines the speed at which traffic will travel over the devices. Shorter traverse lengths and greater heights slow cars most drastically. When placed in a series 110–170 m (350–550 ft) apart, humps will reduce 85th percentile speeds by 13–16 km/h (8–10 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warning signs should be used to notify approaching motorists of upcoming humps. Humps generally have pavement markings to enhance visibility and a taper edge near the curb to allow a gap for drainage.<sup id="cite_ref-ITE_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITE-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Speed humps are used in locations where low speeds are desired and suitable for the surrounding traffic environment.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speed humps are typically placed on residential roads and are not used on major roads, bus routes, or primary emergency response routes. Placement is generally mid-block between intersections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Results">Results</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_bump&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Speed humps typically limit vehicle speeds to about 25–30 km/h (15–20 mph) at the hump and 40–50 km/h (25–30 mph) at the midpoint between humps, depending on spacing. Studies show an average 18% reduction in traffic volume and an average 13% reduction in collisions.<sup id="cite_ref-ITE_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITE-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_to_speed_bumps">Comparison to speed bumps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_bump&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Comparison to speed bumps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While similar to speed bumps, humps are less aggressive than speed bumps at low speeds. Humps are often used on streets, while bumps are used more in parking lots.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While speed bumps generally slow cars to 10–15 km/h (5–10 mph), humps slow cars to 25–30 km/h (15–20 mph). The narrow traverse distance of speed bumps often allows vehicles to pass over them at high speed with only mild disturbance to the wheels and suspension, and hardly affecting the vehicle cab and its occupants. The relatively long slopes of speed humps are less disruptive at low–moderate speeds, but they create a greater, more sustained vertical deflection; at higher speeds, a more sustained deflection is less-absorbed by vehicle suspensions and has a greater effect on the vehicle as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Problems">Problems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_bump&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One problematic aspect of speed humps is their effect on <a href="/wiki/Emergency_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency vehicles">emergency vehicles</a>. Response time is slowed by 3–5 seconds per hump for <a href="/wiki/Fire_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire apparatus">fire trucks and fire engines</a> and up to 10 seconds for <a href="/wiki/Ambulances" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambulances">ambulances</a> with patients on board.<sup id="cite_ref-ITE_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITE-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speed humps are thus usually not placed on primary response routes. Speed cushions may be placed on these routes instead. </p><p>Occasionally, there is an increase in traffic noise from <a href="/wiki/Braking" class="mw-redirect" title="Braking">braking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">acceleration</a> of vehicles on streets with speed humps, particularly from buses and trucks. Other effects include increased fuel consumption and emissions<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as well as increased wear and tear on brakes, engine and suspension components. </p><p>Damage caused by <a href="/wiki/Snow_plow" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow plow">snow plows</a> during the winter months is an additional concern. </p><p>Heavy <a href="/wiki/Sedan_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedan (car)">sedans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">trucks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport utility vehicle">SUVs</a> are less affected by speed humps, and may not have to slow down as dramatically. </p><p>Thin cuts are sometimes placed in the middle of a hump in order to allow <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycle</a> traffic to pass through. However, forcing cyclists to take a particular line on the road compromises their ability to position themselves safely according to the other traffic on the road at the time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speed_cushions">Speed cushions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_bump&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Speed cushions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubber_speed_cushions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Rubber_speed_cushions.jpg/220px-Rubber_speed_cushions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Rubber_speed_cushions.jpg/330px-Rubber_speed_cushions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Rubber_speed_cushions.jpg/440px-Rubber_speed_cushions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Speed cushions in Canada. Gaps allow wide-track emergency vehicles to pass at higher speeds than they can through other traffic calming devices like speed bumps.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Speed cushions</b> are a type of speed hump installation designed to alleviate the negative impacts that vertical deflections have on emergency vehicle response times. Speed cushions installations are typically made up of several small speed humps installed across the width of the road with spaces between them. They force normal cars to slow down as they ride with one or both wheels over the humps. Meanwhile, they allow fire engines (and other large vehicles) with wider axles to straddle the cushions without slowing down.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wider, American-style ambulances might also be able to straddle speed cushions. However, in Europe and Australia, where vehicles like the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Sprinter" title="Mercedes-Benz Sprinter">Mercedes-Benz Sprinter</a> are used most frequently as ambulances, there is no advantage. In these jurisdictions, narrower speed cushions are sometimes placed between lanes to allow ambulances to pass unobstructed while driving over the <a href="/wiki/Road_surface_marking" title="Road surface marking">centre line</a> during an emergency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages">Advantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_bump&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Speed cushions have several distinct advantages over similar <a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">traffic calming</a> devices. Many <a href="/wiki/Municipalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities">municipalities</a> are challenged by opposition to speed humps and speed tables since they slow down <a href="/wiki/Emergency_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency vehicles">emergency vehicles</a> and buses. Speed cushions address this problem by allowing larger vehicles to straddle the cushion without slowing down. This is also an advantage for <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a>, as lower floor vehicles can sometimes ground out on traditional humps.<sup id="cite_ref-Layfield-1998_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Layfield-1998-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speed cushions are often less costly than speed humps or tables, and most cities report them to be just as effective. In some jurisdictions, narrower speed cushions are placed at more frequent intervals to allow ambulances to pass while driving over the centre line. Large trucks are also not slowed down. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_North_America_and_Europe">Use in North America and Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_bump&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Use in North America and Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Development of speed cushions has focused primarily on the European context. European vehicles typically have a narrower track width than American vehicles, meaning their left and right wheels are closer together. Emergency vehicles still feature a wide track width, and the difference between them makes speed cushions more applicable. </p><p>In North America, however, consumer vehicles have a track width of 1,300–1,500 millimetres (50–59 in). Many emergency vehicles are also equipped with dual tires on their rear axles. The additional tires limit track width to as narrow as 1,200 millimetres (48 in), meaning speed cushions may not be suitable for their intended use.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="European track width should be listed as a comparison with US track width (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speed_tables">Speed tables</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_bump&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Speed tables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerb_Extension_Nuffield_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kerb_Extension_Nuffield_Street.jpg/220px-Kerb_Extension_Nuffield_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kerb_Extension_Nuffield_Street.jpg/330px-Kerb_Extension_Nuffield_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kerb_Extension_Nuffield_Street.jpg/440px-Kerb_Extension_Nuffield_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A less intrusive table in Auckland, New Zealand, which sacrifices some height and visual effect for integration into a high-quality road finish area. Note that part of the traffic calming effect is reached here via rough cobble stones.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>speed table</b> (also called a <b>bus-friendly hump</b>, <b>flat top hump</b>, or <b>raised pedestrian crossing</b>) is designed as a long speed hump with a flat section in the middle. Speed tables are generally long enough for the entire <a href="/wiki/Wheelbase" title="Wheelbase">wheelbase</a> of a passenger car to rest on top.<sup id="cite_ref-ite.org_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ite.org-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long, flat design allows cars to pass without slowing as significantly as with speed humps or cushions.<sup id="cite_ref-trafficcalming.org_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trafficcalming.org-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because they slow cars less than similar devices, speed tables are often used on roads with typical residential speed limits. </p><p>Speed tables can also be signed as <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">pedestrian crossings</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Zebra_crossing" title="Zebra crossing">zebra crossings</a>. A raised zebra crossing is referred to as a <b>wombat crossing</b> in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other road features may be included, such as <a href="/wiki/Junction_(traffic)" title="Junction (traffic)">junctions</a>, or even <a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">mini-roundabouts</a>. Speed tables are used with zebra crossings repeatedly in <a href="/wiki/Leighton_Buzzard" title="Leighton Buzzard">Leighton Buzzard</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Results_2">Results</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_bump&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typical speeds resulting from 7-metre (22 ft) speed tables are 32–48 kilometres per hour (20–30 mph). One sample of 8 sites found a 45% decrease in accidents per year with the use of speed tables.<sup id="cite_ref-trafficcalming.org_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trafficcalming.org-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wombat crossings may reduce casualties by 63%.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages_2">Advantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_bump&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Speed tables are effective in calming traffic on streets where the speed limit needs to be maintained rather than slowing cars more significantly. Traffic speed, volumes, and accidents have been shown to decrease with the use of tables. Although not as responsive to emergency vehicles as speed cushions, speed tables cause less of a delay than humps and are typically preferred by fire departments over speed humps.<sup id="cite_ref-ite.org_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ite.org-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_United_Kingdom">In the United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_bump&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the UK, vertical deflection in highways for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">traffic calming</a> typically takes one of the following forms: </p> <ul><li>Road humps are the most common variety, and are usually round-topped.</li> <li>Speed tables, a type of hump with a central plateau which is both long and broad, and which may include a <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">pedestrian crossing</a>, junction or roundabout, are preferred by some emergency services and bus operators.</li> <li>Speed cushions, a raised portion of road with a flat top only extending over part of the carriageway's width, are used singly, in a <a href="/wiki/Curb_extension" title="Curb extension">pinch point</a>, or in pairs or triples.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_strip" title="Rumble strip">Rumble strips</a>, uneven road surfaces, are now only used in rural areas and retail parks because of the noise.</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Transport" title="Department for Transport">Department for Transport</a> defines the regulations for the design and use of road humps.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition">Opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_bump&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Speed bumps in some areas have been removed after protests by local residents. Such protests cite the lack of any consultation as one factor.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, complaints from <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a> residents prompted the removal of 146 speed bumps from streets at a cost of £460,000. Similar incidents have been reported elsewhere in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UK news sources reported a cyclist being killed in a crash while attempting to avoid a speed bump.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_bump&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakover_angle" title="Breakover angle">Breakover angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_road_transport_terms" title="Glossary of road transport terms">Glossary of road transport terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_surface_marking" title="Road surface marking">Road surface marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_strip" title="Rumble strip">Rumble strip</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_bump&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1">"Democratic Rate Plan Favored by Roosevelt [and other news]". <i>New York Times</i>. 1906-03-07. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Democratic+Rate+Plan+Favored+by+Roosevelt+%5Band+other+news%5D&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1906-03-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+bump" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615162332/http://library.wustl.edu/units/spec/archives/facts/images/traffic_control_sketch_1953.pdf">"Original Traffic control sketch made by Compton in 1953"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington University Libraries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.wustl.edu/units/spec/archives/facts/images/traffic_control_sketch_1953.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-06-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Original+Traffic+control+sketch+made+by+Compton+in+1953&rft.pub=Washington+University+Libraries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.wustl.edu%2Funits%2Fspec%2Farchives%2Ffacts%2Fimages%2Ftraffic_control_sketch_1953.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+bump" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Road humps for the control of vehicle speeds by G.R. 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UK Department of Transport.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Highways+%28Road+Humps%29+Regulations+1999+%28replacing+the+1996+regulations%29&rft.pub=UK+Department+of+Transport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opsi.gov.uk%2Fsi%2Fsi1999%2Fuksi_19991025_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+bump" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/news/autoexpressnews/67775/speed_humps_dumped_after_protest.html">"Speed humps dumped after protest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Auto_Express" title="Auto Express">Auto Express</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Speed+humps+dumped+after+protest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autoexpress.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fautoexpressnews%2F67775%2Fspeed_humps_dumped_after_protest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+bump" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://driving.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/driving/article994719.ece">"Bumps: Britain gets the hump"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London. October 19, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Strathspey & Badenoch Herald.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Crash+victim%27s+family+may+file+civil+action&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strathspey-herald.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ffullstory.php%2Faid%2F2691%2FCrash_victim_s_family_may_file_civil_action.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+bump" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_bump&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Speed_bumps" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Speed bumps">Speed bumps</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unimattraffic-usa.com/blog/page/2">Speed Bumps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970117044955/http://www.ci.austin.tx.us/roadworks/rwspdhmp.htm">Questions and Answers about Speed Humps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010306131244/http://www.ci.austin.tx.us/roadworks/cushions.htm">City of Austin Speed Cushion Description</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20081023012419/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roads/tpm/tal/trafficmanagement/speedcushions?page=2">UK Department for Transport Speed Cushion Description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120823071545/http://www.london.gov.uk/who-runs-london/the-london-assembly/publications/transport/londons-got-hump">London's got the hump</a>, April 2004. An examination of speed humps conducted by the London Assembly’s Transport Committee.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729060600/http://www.ite.org/traffic/table.asp">Institute of Transportation Engineers Speed Table Description</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927000214/http://www.transalt.org/press/magazine/042Spring/12speedhumps.html">Speed Humps Protect Children from Injury</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213081715/http://www.students.bucknell.edu/projects/trafficcalming/Measures/SpeedHump.html">Speed Hump Description</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vertical_deflection_traffic_calming_devices" title="Template:Vertical deflection traffic calming devices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vertical_deflection_traffic_calming_devices" title="Template talk:Vertical deflection traffic calming devices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vertical_deflection_traffic_calming_devices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vertical deflection traffic calming devices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vertical_deflection_traffic_calming_devices47" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vertical_deflection_traffic_calming_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical deflection traffic calming device">Vertical deflection traffic calming devices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_strip" title="Rumble strip">Rumble strip</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Speed bump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_hump" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed hump">Speed hump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_cushion" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed cushion">Speed cushion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed table">Speed table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Road_hierarchy380" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Road_types" title="Template:Road types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Road_types" title="Template talk:Road types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Road_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Road types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Road_hierarchy380" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a> <a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">hierarchy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_road" title="Types of road">Types of road</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">Limited-access</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_highway" title="Bicycle highway">Bicycle highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">Freeway / Motorway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_highway" title="Elevated highway">Elevated highway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Limited-access_roads_by_country" title="Category:Limited-access roads by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Australia" title="Highways in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belgium#Road_transport" title="Transport in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highway_System" title="Brazilian Highway System">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Canada" title="Roads in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Croatia" title="Highways in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Highways in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" title="Highways in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of streets and roads in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-quality_dual_carriageway" title="High-quality dual carriageway">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Nepal" title="Roads in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Pakistan" title="Roads in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Poland" title="Highways in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Portugal" title="Roads in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Spain" title="Highways in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_system_in_Taiwan" title="Highway system in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States" title="Numbered highways in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">Arterial road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collector_road" title="Collector road">Collector road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_highway" title="County highway">County highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local%E2%80%93express_lanes" title="Local–express lanes">Express–collector setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm-to-market_road" title="Farm-to-market road">Farm-to-market road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_road" title="Link road">Link road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-lane_expressway" title="Two-lane expressway">Two-lane expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B1_road" title="2+1 road">2+1 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_road" title="2+2 road">2+2 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkway" title="Parkway">Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">Ring road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_road" title="Trunk road">Trunk road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_systems_by_country" title="Highway systems by country">Highway systems by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Alley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_(landscape)" title="Avenue (landscape)">Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_road" title="Back road">Back road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_boulevard" title="Bicycle boulevard">Bicycle boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_lane" title="Country lane">Country lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead-end_street" title="Dead-end street">Dead end</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">Driveway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontage_road" title="Frontage road">Frontage road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_lane_(road)" title="Green lane (road)">Green lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Street" title="Main Street">Main street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_road" title="Primitive road">Primitive road</a></li> <li>Road</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_road" title="Side road">Side road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_carriageway" title="Single carriageway">Single carriageway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-track_road" title="Single-track road">Single-track road</a></li> <li>Street</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunken_lane" title="Sunken lane">Sunken lane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(road)" title="Concurrency (road)">Concurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detour" title="Detour">Detour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">Road hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_highway" title="Private highway">Private highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_number" title="Route number">Route number</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_route" title="Special route">special route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_route" title="Business route">business route</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stravenue" title="Stravenue">Stravenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroad" title="Stroad">Stroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">Toll road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_road" title="Winter road">Winter road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_junction" title="Road junction">Road junctions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">Interchanges</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade-separated</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange" title="Cloverleaf interchange">Cloverleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_interchange" title="Diamond interchange">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_interchange" title="Free-flow interchange">Free-flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Directional_T_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Directional T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diverging_diamond_interchange" title="Diverging diamond interchange">Diverging diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange" title="Partial cloverleaf interchange">Parclo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raindrop_interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Raindrop interchange">Raindrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout_interchange" title="Roundabout interchange">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange" title="Single-point urban interchange">Single-point urban (SPUI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_interchange" title="Stack interchange">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-level_diamond_interchange" title="Three-level diamond interchange">Three-level diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Trumpet_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Trumpet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">Intersections<br /><span class="nobold">(at-grade)</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-way_junction" title="Three-way junction">3-way junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowtie_(road)" title="Bowtie (road)">Bowtie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_junction" title="Box junction">Box junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelization_(roads)" title="Channelization (roads)">Channelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous-flow_intersection" title="Continuous-flow intersection">Continuous flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_turn" title="Hook turn">Hook turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jughandle" title="Jughandle">Jughandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_left" title="Michigan left">Michigan left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offset_T-intersection" title="Offset T-intersection">Offset T-intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_intersection" title="Protected intersection">Protected intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_roadway_intersection" title="Quadrant roadway intersection">Quadrant roadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-in/right-out" title="Right-in/right-out">Right-in/right-out (RIRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagull_intersection" title="Seagull intersection">Seagull intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_intersection" title="Split intersection">Split intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstreet" title="Superstreet">Superstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_U-turn" title="Texas U-turn">Texas U-turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnaround_(road)" title="Turnaround (road)">Turnaround</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">Surfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">Asphalt concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioasphalt" title="Bioasphalt">Bioasphalt</a></li> <li>Brick</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipseal" title="Chipseal">Chipseal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">Cobblestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete#Roads" title="Concrete">Concrete</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">Reinforced concrete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_cracking" title="Crocodile cracking">Crocodile cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_grinding_of_pavement" title="Diamond grinding of pavement">Diamond grinding of pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">Dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_depth_recycling" title="Full depth recycling">Full depth recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassphalt" title="Glassphalt">Glassphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_road" title="Gravel road">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_road" title="Ice road">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam">Macadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_milling" title="Pavement milling">Pavement milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeable_paving" title="Permeable paving">Permeable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_road" title="Plank road">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_road" title="Plastic road">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberized_asphalt" title="Rubberized asphalt">Rubberized asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealcoat" title="Sealcoat">Sealcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sett_(paving)" title="Sett (paving)">Sett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamped_asphalt" title="Stamped asphalt">Stamped asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmacadam" title="Tarmacadam">Tarmac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_texture" title="Road texture">Texture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">Road safety<br />factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road and<br />environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaplaning" title="Aquaplaning">Aquaplaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_ice" title="Black ice">Black ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_(roads)" title="Bleeding (roads)">Bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosswind" title="Crosswind">Crosswind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Man%27s_Curve" title="Dead Man's Curve">Dead Man's Curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_joint" title="Expansion joint">Expansion joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairpin_turn" title="Hairpin turn">Hairpin turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhole_cover" title="Manhole cover">Manhole cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversize_load" title="Oversize load">Oversize load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole" title="Pothole">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_debris" title="Road debris">Road debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_slipperiness" title="Road slipperiness">Road slipperiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_train" title="Road train">Road train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill" title="Roadkill">Roadkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockfall" title="Rockfall">Rockfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rut_(roads)" title="Rut (roads)">Rut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Speed bump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">Traffic light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washboarding" title="Washboarding">Washboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washout_(erosion)" title="Washout (erosion)">Washout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteout_(weather)" title="Whiteout (weather)">Whiteout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Human factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_education" title="Driver's education">Driver's education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving under the influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowsy_driving" title="Drowsy driving">Drowsy driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_rage" title="Road rage">Road rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-vehicle_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-vehicle crash">Single-vehicle crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">Airbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_safety" title="Automotive safety">Automotive safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crumple_zone" title="Crumple zone">Crumple zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_belt" title="Seat belt">Seat belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_compensation#Road_transport" title="Risk compensation">Risk compensation (road transport)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underride_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Underride guard">Underride guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic#Rules_of_the_road" title="Traffic">Space and<br />time allocation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_transfer_machine" title="Barrier transfer machine">Barrier transfer machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bike_lane" title="Bike lane">Bike lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_lane" title="Climbing lane">Climbing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane" title="Contraflow lane">Contraflow lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane_reversal" title="Contraflow lane reversal">Contraflow lane reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_toll_lane" title="High-occupancy toll lane">High-occupancy toll lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">High-occupancy vehicle lane</a></li> <li>Lane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_street" title="Living street">Living street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_lane" title="Managed lane">Managed lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_strip" title="Median strip">Median / Central reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_lane" title="Motorcycle lane">Motorcycle lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_lane" title="Passing lane">Passing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">Pedestrian crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_island" title="Refuge island">Refuge island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversible_lane" title="Reversible lane">Reversible lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_diet" title="Road diet">Road diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_verge" title="Road verge">Road verge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_truck_ramp" title="Runaway truck ramp">Runaway truck ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_space" title="Shared space">Shared space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">Sidewalk / Pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_(road)" title="Shoulder (road)">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_running_train" title="Street running train">Street-running railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">Traffic calming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Traffic directionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_island" title="Traffic island">Traffic island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_lanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lanes">Traffic lanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_signal_preemption" title="Traffic signal preemption">Traffic signal preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_bypass" title="Truck bypass">Truck bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unused_highway" title="Unused highway">Unused highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_outside_lane" title="Wide outside lane">Wide outside lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woonerf" title="Woonerf">Woonerf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demarcation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bollard" title="Bollard">Bollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botts%27_dots" title="Botts' dots">Botts' dots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_barrier" title="Cable barrier">Cable barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_eye_(road)" title="Cat's eye (road)">Cat's eye (road)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_step_barrier" title="Concrete step barrier">Concrete step barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-slope_barrier" title="Constant-slope barrier">Constant-slope barrier</a></li> <li>Curb</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-shape_barrier" title="F-shape barrier">F-shape barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_rail" title="Guard rail">Guard rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_barrier" title="Jersey barrier">Jersey barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_pavement_marker" title="Raised pavement marker">Raised pavement marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_surface_marking" title="Road surface marking">Road surface marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_strip" title="Rumble strip">Rumble strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_barrier" title="Traffic barrier">Traffic barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_cone" title="Traffic cone">Traffic cone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">Overpass / Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Underpass / Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance<br />indicators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_condition_index" title="Pavement condition index">Pavement condition index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_roughness_index" title="International roughness index">International roughness index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_serviceability_index" title="Present serviceability index">Present serviceability index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_performance_modeling" title="Pavement performance modeling">Pavement performance modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_base_equivalency" title="Granular base equivalency">Granular base equivalency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_road_transport_terms" title="Glossary of road transport terms">Glossary of road transport terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_road_types_by_features" class="mw-redirect" title="List of road types by features">Road types by features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Traffic_signs" title="Template:Traffic signs">Template:Traffic signs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Speed humps"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh98000523">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ralentisseurs (sécurité routière)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12010958f">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ralentisseurs (sécurité routière)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12010958f">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="zpomalovací prahy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph455210&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>38 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7c5dd74596-8fsnq","wgBackendResponseTime":118,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.674","walltime":"0.830","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4003,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":139080,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6241,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":131536,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 706.629 1 -total"," 31.46% 222.288 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.31% 115.222 5 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