CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Operation Unokat - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"bec3ff56-37eb-44d3-8fe3-717090924d5d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Operation_Unokat","wgTitle":"Operation Unokat","wgCurRevisionId":1274659341,"wgRevisionId":1274659341,"wgArticleId":67522663,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Good articles","Use dmy dates from January 2024","Use British English from January 2024","CS1: long volume value","Conflicts in 1961","Congo Crisis","December 1961 in Africa","United Nations operations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","Battles involving Sweden","Battles involving Ireland","History of Lubumbashi"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage": "en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Operation_Unokat","wgRelevantArticleId":67522663,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q106819357","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile", "model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/On_duty_in_the_Congo_%284824514461%29.jpg/1200px-On_duty_in_the_Congo_%284824514461%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="735"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/On_duty_in_the_Congo_%284824514461%29.jpg/800px-On_duty_in_the_Congo_%284824514461%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="490"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/On_duty_in_the_Congo_%284824514461%29.jpg/640px-On_duty_in_the_Congo_%284824514461%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="392"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Operation Unokat - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Unokat"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Unokat&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Unokat"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Operation_Unokat rootpage-Operation_Unokat skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Operation+Unokat" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Operation+Unokat" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Operation+Unokat" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Operation+Unokat" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Prelude </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposing_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposing_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Opposing forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposing_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Operation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Operation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Initial actions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UN_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UN_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 UN offensive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UN_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceasefire_and_Kitona_Declaration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceasefire_and_Kitona_Declaration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Ceasefire and Kitona Declaration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceasefire_and_Kitona_Declaration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_UN_atrocities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_UN_atrocities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Alleged UN atrocities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_UN_atrocities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Political consequences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Operation Unokat</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" > Add languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q106819357#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unokat" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Operation_Unokat" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unokat">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Unokat&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Unokat&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unokat">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Unokat&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Unokat&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Operation_Unokat" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Operation_Unokat" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Unokat&oldid=1274659341" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Unokat&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Operation_Unokat&id=1274659341&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOperation_Unokat">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOperation_Unokat">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Operation_Unokat&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Unokat&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q106819357" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1961 UN offensive in the Congo</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Operation Unokat</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:On_duty_in_the_Congo_(4824514461).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/On_duty_in_the_Congo_%284824514461%29.jpg/250px-On_duty_in_the_Congo_%284824514461%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/On_duty_in_the_Congo_%284824514461%29.jpg/375px-On_duty_in_the_Congo_%284824514461%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/On_duty_in_the_Congo_%284824514461%29.jpg/500px-On_duty_in_the_Congo_%284824514461%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1761" data-file-height="1079" /></a> Irish ONUC troops man a position over a road into <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabethville" class="mw-redirect" title="Élisabethville">Élisabethville</a> during Operation Unokat</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>5 December 1961 – 21 December 1961</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabethville" class="mw-redirect" title="Élisabethville">Élisabethville</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">State of Katanga</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> ONUC victory <ul><li>Kitona Declaration</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">ONUC</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897%E2%80%931974).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li></ul> Supported by: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28L%C3%A9opoldville%29_%281960%E2%80%931963%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28L%C3%A9opoldville%29_%281960%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28L%C3%A9opoldville%29_%281960%E2%80%931963%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28L%C3%A9opoldville%29_%281960%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28L%C3%A9opoldville%29_%281960%E2%80%931963%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28L%C3%A9opoldville%29_%281960%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Congo-L%C3%A9opoldville" class="mw-redirect" title="Congo-Léopoldville">Congo-Léopoldville</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_Katanga.svg/20px-Flag_of_Katanga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_Katanga.svg/31px-Flag_of_Katanga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_Katanga.svg/40px-Flag_of_Katanga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">Katanga</a> Supported by: <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland"><img alt="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/U_Thant" title="U Thant">U Thant</a> <a href="/wiki/K.A.S._Raja" title="K.A.S. Raja">K.A.S. Raja</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%AFse_Tshombe" title="Moïse Tshombe">Moïse Tshombe</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 4,500</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 2,500+</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 10–25 killed 34–120 wounded 15 captured</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 80–206 killed 250–401 wounded 33–58 captured</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Congo_Crisis2583" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Congo_Crisis" title="Template:Campaignbox Congo Crisis"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Congo_Crisis" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Congo Crisis"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Congo_Crisis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Congo Crisis"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Congo_Crisis2583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Force_Publique_mutinies" title="1960 Force Publique mutinies">Force Publique mutinies</a></li> <li>Secession crisis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">Katanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kasai" title="South Kasai">South Kasai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Kasai" title="Invasion of South Kasai">Invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Free Republic of the Congo">Congo-Stanleyville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">UN intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rum_Punch" title="Operation Rum Punch">Rum Punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niemba_ambush" title="Niemba ambush">Niemba ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kabalo" title="Battle of Kabalo">Battle of Kabalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jadotville" title="Siege of Jadotville">Jadotville</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UNOKAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Camp_Massart" title="Attack on Camp Massart">Camp Massart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grandslam" title="Operation Grandslam">Grandslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindu_atrocity" title="Kindu atrocity">Kindu atrocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Francqui_incident" title="Port Francqui incident">Port Francqui incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyarwanda_War" title="Kanyarwanda War">Kanyarwanda War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwilu_rebellion" title="Kwilu rebellion">Kwilu rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragon_Rouge" title="Operation Dragon Rouge">Dragon Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Dragon_Noir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Dragon Noir (page does not exist)">Dragon Noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_White_Giant" title="Operation White Giant">White Giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Violettes_Imperiales" title="Operation Violettes Imperiales">Violettes Imperiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_South" title="Operation South">South</a></li></ul></li></ul> Other major events <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Lumumba_Government" title="Dissolution of the Lumumba Government">Dissolution of the Lumumba Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Final_days_and_assassination" title="Patrice Lumumba">Torture and killing of Lumumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Dag Hammarskjöld">Death of Dag Hammarskjöld</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> Operation Unokat, also styled Operation UNOKAT, was an offensive undertaken by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">United Nations peacekeeping</a> forces from 5 to 21 December 1961 against the <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Gendarmerie" class="mw-redirect" title="Katanga Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">State of Katanga</a>, a secessionist state rebelling against the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Republic of the Congo</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>. The United Nations had tried several times to reconcile the government of the Congo with the State of Katanga, which had declared independence under <a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%AFse_Tshombe" title="Moïse Tshombe">Moïse Tshombe</a> with Belgian support in 1960. Following the failure of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Morthor" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Morthor">Operation Morthor</a> and the death of <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a>, the new Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/U_Thant" title="U Thant">U Thant</a>, backed by renewed international support, called for a more robust peacekeeping approach and for the UN to take more military action. A number of skirmishes between Katangese troops and UN forces in the Katangese capital of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabethville" class="mw-redirect" title="Élisabethville">Élisabethville</a>, and the establishment of roadblocks by the Katangese, led to the UN launching Operation Unokat. The Katangese forces were gradually pushed back and UN forces secured Élisabethville. The Katangese agreed to negotiate an agreement with the Congolese central government, which led to the Kitona Declaration stating that Katanga was part of the Congo and planned to re-integrate with the Congo. However, the agreement was not carried out, forcing the UN to launch <a href="/wiki/Operation_Grandslam" title="Operation Grandslam">Operation Grandslam</a> to forcibly reintegrate Katanga and end the secession. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Unokat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></div> Following the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Republic of the Congo</a>'s independence from <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> in 1960 after over 50 years of <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">colonial rule</a>, the country fell into disorder as <a href="/wiki/1960_Force_Publique_mutinies" title="1960 Force Publique mutinies">the army mutinied</a>. Shortly thereafter <a href="/wiki/South_Kasai" title="South Kasai">South Kasai</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">State of Katanga</a> declared independence from the Congolese government. The latter contained the vast majority of the Congo's valuable mineral resources and attracted significant mining activity under Belgian rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennesLarmer201631-6">[5]</a> Many Katangese felt entitled to the revenue generated through the lucrative industry, and feared that under the new central government it would be distributed among the Congo's poorer provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennesLarmer201640-7">[6]</a> Resulting <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativist</a> politics with support from the Belgian government and private interests such as the <a href="/wiki/Union_Mini%C3%A8re_du_Haut-Katanga" title="Union Minière du Haut-Katanga">Union Minière du Haut-Katanga</a> (UMHK) precipitated the Katangese secession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennesLarmer201659–60-8">[7]</a> To prevent a complete collapse of order within the country, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> established a major <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">peacekeeping mission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">United Nations Operation in the Congo</a> (known under its <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> acronym as ONUC<a href="#cite_note-9">[b]</a>). In addition to a large body of troops (20,000 at its peak strength), a civilian mission was sent to provide technical assistance to the Congolese government.<a href="#cite_note-onuc-10">[8]</a> A new Congolese coalition government was formed in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Léopoldville</a> under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Cyrille_Adoula" title="Cyrille Adoula">Cyrille Adoula</a> in August 1961. It faced great pressure to reintegrate Katanga into the Congo<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965399-11">[9]</a> and risked collapse if this was not achieved, something ONUC was keen to avoid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965401–402-12">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> also desired reintegration for this end, fearing Adoula's removal would result in his replacement by left-wing politician <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Gizenga" title="Antoine Gizenga">Antoine Gizenga</a> and allow the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> to gain influence in the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201078-13">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> passed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_161" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 161">a resolution</a> permitting ONUC to use military force to prevent civil war, make arrests, halt military operations, arrange ceasefires, and deport foreign military personnel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199943-14">[12]</a> Under the authorisation of this resolution,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockaitis199932–33-15">[13]</a> UN forces launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rum_Punch" title="Operation Rum Punch">Operation Rum Punch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Morthor" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Morthor">Operation Morthor</a> with the aim of securing their own positions in Katanga and eliminating the presence of mercenaries in <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabethville" class="mw-redirect" title="Élisabethville">Élisabethville</a>, the Katangese capital. The former, though limited in scope, was largely successful, but the latter failed to achieve its objectives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulden200135–36-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler2011126-17">[15]</a> As Morthor was underway, <a href="/wiki/Special_Representative_of_the_Secretary-General" title="Special Representative of the Secretary-General">Special Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/Conor_Cruise_O%27Brien" title="Conor Cruise O'Brien">Conor Cruise O'Brien</a> announced, "The secession of Katanga has ended."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler2011126-17">[15]</a> This statement was quickly realised to be premature; Katanga fought the offensive to a stalemate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler2011126-17">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Secretary-General">United Nations Secretary-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a> attempted to meet Tshombe for negotiations in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a>, but on the night of 17 September <a href="/wiki/1961_Ndola_Transair_Sweden_DC-6_crash" title="1961 Ndola Transair Sweden DC-6 crash">his plane crashed</a>, killing all aboard. Hammarskjöld's untimely death, combined with an overall rise in tensions, helped rally international support for a more robust peacekeeping approach. His replacement, <a href="/wiki/U_Thant" title="U Thant">U Thant</a>, was less averse to using military force in the Congo and believed that the UN should intervene in internal Congolese affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorn201621-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorn2007159-19">[17]</a> Thant promptly requested that the Security Council grant ONUC a stronger mandate. This came in the form of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_169" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 169">a resolution</a> on 24 November, which maintained the goals of previous ONUC resolutions and cleared up any remaining ambiguities surrounding the role and nature of the UN's intervention. It reaffirmed ONUC's ability to detain and deport foreign military personnel and mercenaries with force, described Katanga's secessionist activities as illegal, and declared the UN's support for the central government of the Congo in its efforts to "maintain law and order and national integrity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockaitis199932–33-15">[13]</a> Tshombe immediately responded to the resolution by broadcasting an inflammatory speech against ONUC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockaitis199933-20">[18]</a> ONUC's command structure in Katanga, mindful of the new mandate, issued instructions to UN troops to put "an end to Katangese resistance to UN policy by destruction of Gendarmerie and other anti-UN resistance".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockaitis199933-20">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Unokat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prelude">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kongo_1961_map_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kongo_1961_map_en.png/220px-Kongo_1961_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kongo_1961_map_en.png/330px-Kongo_1961_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kongo_1961_map_en.png/440px-Kongo_1961_map_en.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Map of the factions in the Congo in 1961 with the State of Katanga in green</figcaption></figure> On 28 November 1961 members of the <a href="/wiki/Katangese_Gendarmerie" title="Katangese Gendarmerie">Katangese Gendarmerie</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[c]</a> assaulted the UN Representative in Katanga <a href="/wiki/George_Ivan_Smith" title="George Ivan Smith">George Ivan Smith</a> and diplomat <a href="/wiki/Brian_Urquhart" title="Brian Urquhart">Brian Urquhart</a> as they travelled to a diplomatic function. Smith was allowed to leave, but the gendarmes held Urquhart overnight. ONUC subsequently sent out teams to search for him, and its Katanga-based command structure issued an order to respond to such incidents with "hard hitting swiftness. ... Such measures entail hitting at gendarmerie. ... We must have sufficient strength NOT only to hit such concentrations but to take all the consequences of such actions such as meeting counter attacks at various points and putting down ruthlessly European mercenaries and volunteer elements."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockaitis199933-20">[18]</a> Tshombe secured Urquhart's release after the UN threatened to attack his presidential palace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler2011130-24">[21]</a> On 2 December a skirmish broke out between Indian ONUC troops and Katangese gendarmes at the <a href="/wiki/Lubumbashi_International_Airport" title="Lubumbashi International Airport">Élisabethville airport</a>, resulting in the detention and disarmament of the latter. The Katangese Gendarmerie feared this signalled the beginning of a new ONUC offensive, and established a roadblock along the thoroughfare to the Swedish ONUC camp on the outskirts of the city where it passed as a tunnel under the railway.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965448–449-25">[22]</a> The ONUC military commander for South Katanga, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Jonas_W%C3%A6rn" title="Jonas Wærn">Jonas Wærn</a>, called numerous officials to have the block cleared, but was given evasive responses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForest1964122-26">[23]</a> Two Irish peacekeepers who approached the block were fired upon but escaped without harm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201753-27">[24]</a> On 3 December, after the UN entreaties to have the block removed had gone unheeded, a Swedish soldier was killed and two ONUC officers were wounded when they attempted to pass through the tunnel and were fired upon by gendarmes. UN medical personnel who attempted to assist them were detained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForest1964122–123-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965450-29">[26]</a> Smith then requested that all Katangese forces be withdrawn to their barracks and if not, Katangese officials would be responsible for any action the UN took "to ensure the maintenance of law and order and for the protection of its own personnel".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965450-29">[26]</a> The warning had no effect on the Katangese authorities, and the UN reported later that day that 14 soldiers and civilian personnel had been detained by the Katangese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965450-29">[26]</a> At the same time, urgent negotiations were taking place between the UN and Katangese officials in New York, with the heavy involvement of the United States. Thant sent a message to UN forces in Élisabethville, authorising local UN officials "to act vigorously to establish law and order to protect life and property in Katanga".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965451-30">[27]</a> On 4 December Tshombe, then visiting France, declared there were no foreign mercenaries in Katanga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199957-31">[28]</a> Meanwhile, in the Congo, tensions increased as central government troops occupied <a href="/wiki/Kongolo,_Tanganyika" title="Kongolo, Tanganyika">Kongolo</a> in northern Katanga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199957-31">[28]</a> That day Brigadier <a href="/wiki/K.A.S._Raja" title="K.A.S. Raja">K.A.S. Raja</a>—the commander of all UN forces in Katanga—and Smith toured all ONUC outposts to encourage their troops to remain patient, stressing that they could take no action against the Katangese forces without the permission of the Security Council. After having lunch with the <a href="/wiki/Dogra_Regiment" title="Dogra Regiment">Dogra Regiment</a> at the Élisabethville airport, Raja and Smith left for the local ONUC headquarters. To their surprise, they discovered that the Katangese Gendarmerie had established three new roadblocks which cut them off from the centre of the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965450-29">[26]</a> One of these was placed at a roundabout along Avenue Saio-Stanley.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201753-27">[24]</a> Smith telephoned Urquhart, who was at the headquarters, and asked him to scout out the Katangese positions from his vantage. Urquhart complied and reported that the largest roadblock was manned by armoured cars and as many as 300 troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965450-29">[26]</a> Smith then telephoned <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hoffacker" title="Lewis Hoffacker">Lewis Hoffacker</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Denzil_Dunnett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denzil Dunnett (page does not exist)">Denzil Dunnett</a>, the United States' and United Kingdom's respective consuls in Élisabethville. He asked them to intercede with Katangese Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_Kimba" title="Évariste Kimba">Évariste Kimba</a>—who was left in charge of the government while Tshombe was abroad—and ask him to remove the roadblocks. The consuls did so and reported that Kimba promised the roadblocks would be removed by 18:00.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965450-29">[26]</a> Before Tshombe departed Paris to attempt to visit Brazil, a United States official informed him that if the roadblocks were not removed the UN would have to take action. Tshombe indicated to the official that he was powerless to have the blocks cleared and that it would be disastrous for him to order such.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965451-30">[27]</a> ONUC troops who had been entrenching themselves near the airport roadblock withdrew, but by the morning of 5 December it was apparent to the UN forces that roadblocks remained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965450-29">[26]</a> UN officials concluded that Kimba had no control of the gendarmerie and concluded that the Katangese forces were using the roadblocks to cutoff the ONUC camps from one another so that they could be <a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">defeated in detail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965451-30">[27]</a> Radio intercepts also indicated that the gendarmes were attempting to isolate the UN position at the airport.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201076-32">[29]</a> Upon receiving word that Katangese armoured cars were moving out of <a href="/wiki/Likasi" title="Likasi">Jadotville</a>, Smith became convinced that ONUC had to take quick military action to ensure its local presence would survive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965451-30">[27]</a> Thant concurred that action should be taken to restore ONUC's freedom of movement, and once the necessary orders were delivered to Raja, Indian ONUC troops began establishing positions near the Katangese roadblocks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965451-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler2011130-24">[21]</a> At noon the UN announced that Raja was assuming control of all of ONUC's presence in Katanga.<a href="#cite_note-ThantNYT-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposing_forces">Opposing forces</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Unokat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opposing forces">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalemie,_Province_du_Tanganyika,_RD_Congo_-_Partiellement_enterr%C3%A9e,_une_automitrailleuse_de_type_Ferret_du_bataillon_malaysien_l%27ONUC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kalemie%2C_Province_du_Tanganyika%2C_RD_Congo_-_Partiellement_enterr%C3%A9e%2C_une_automitrailleuse_de_type_Ferret_du_bataillon_malaysien_l%27ONUC.jpg/220px-Kalemie%2C_Province_du_Tanganyika%2C_RD_Congo_-_Partiellement_enterr%C3%A9e%2C_une_automitrailleuse_de_type_Ferret_du_bataillon_malaysien_l%27ONUC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kalemie%2C_Province_du_Tanganyika%2C_RD_Congo_-_Partiellement_enterr%C3%A9e%2C_une_automitrailleuse_de_type_Ferret_du_bataillon_malaysien_l%27ONUC.jpg/330px-Kalemie%2C_Province_du_Tanganyika%2C_RD_Congo_-_Partiellement_enterr%C3%A9e%2C_une_automitrailleuse_de_type_Ferret_du_bataillon_malaysien_l%27ONUC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kalemie%2C_Province_du_Tanganyika%2C_RD_Congo_-_Partiellement_enterr%C3%A9e%2C_une_automitrailleuse_de_type_Ferret_du_bataillon_malaysien_l%27ONUC.jpg/440px-Kalemie%2C_Province_du_Tanganyika%2C_RD_Congo_-_Partiellement_enterr%C3%A9e%2C_une_automitrailleuse_de_type_Ferret_du_bataillon_malaysien_l%27ONUC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Ferret_armoured_car" title="Ferret armoured car">Ferret armoured car</a> formerly operated by the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Armed_Forces" title="Malaysian Armed Forces">Malayan</a> ONUC contingent, salvaged at <a href="/wiki/Kalemie" title="Kalemie">Kalemie</a> in 2016</figcaption></figure> At the time of Operation Unokat, ONUC had two operational brigades. These included two Swedish battalions, two Indian battalions, two Ethiopian battalions, one Irish battalion, as well as Swedish, Irish and <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Malayan</a> <a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armoured cars</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott201412–13-2">[2]</a> 2,500 soldiers were in Élisabethville at the beginning of the operation, with several thousand additional personnel elsewhere in Katanga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199958-33">[30]</a> ONUC was able to establish an air force in October consisting of five Swedish <a href="/wiki/Saab_29_Tunnan" title="Saab 29 Tunnan">Saab 29 Tunnan</a> (J-29) jets, four Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">F-86 Sabre</a> jets, and four Indian <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Canberra" title="English Electric Canberra">B(I)58 Canberra</a> light bombers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorn201624-34">[31]</a> ONUC had also been reinforced with new artillery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler2011129-35">[32]</a> At Thant's request, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> placed several <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-124_Globemaster_II" title="Douglas C-124 Globemaster II">Douglas C-124 Globemaster II</a> transports at ONUC's disposal to bring supplies and troops into Katanga.<a href="#cite_note-ThantNYT-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201749-36">[33]</a> They were opposed by six battalions of <a href="/wiki/Katangese_Gendarmerie" title="Katangese Gendarmerie">Katangese Gendarmerie</a>, backed by units of military police, <a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">commandos</a>, presidential guard, paramilitaries, and militias.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott201413–14-37">[34]</a> Of 10,000–11,000 total gendarmes, 2,500 were stationed in Élisabethville.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199958-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201076-32">[29]</a> Foreign mercenaries, especially from Belgium, supported and assisted the Gendamerie from its inception despite the UN's attempts in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rum_Punch" title="Operation Rum Punch">Operation Rum Punch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Morthor" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Morthor">Operation Morthor</a> and in <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_169" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 169">Security Council Resolution 169</a> to expel them from the Congo. The <a href="/wiki/Katangese_Air_Force" title="Katangese Air Force">Katangese Air Force</a> was headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Kolwezi" title="Kolwezi">Kolwezi</a>, where gendarmes controlled the local airstrip. Though it had lost a large number of its aircraft during the earlier Operation Rum Punch, the Katangese were in possession of one operational <a href="/wiki/Fouga_CM.170_Magister" title="Fouga CM.170 Magister">Fouga CM.170 Magister</a>. Throughout October and November the Gendarmerie had been reinforced with additional mercenaries, munitions, and aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965447-38">[35]</a> During the operation the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a> provided Katanga with support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201079-39">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Unokat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Operation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_actions">Initial actions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Unokat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Initial actions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_troops_move_into_position_near_Elisabethville_airport_in_Katanga_Province,_December_5,_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Swedish_troops_move_into_position_near_Elisabethville_airport_in_Katanga_Province%2C_December_5%2C_1961.jpg/220px-Swedish_troops_move_into_position_near_Elisabethville_airport_in_Katanga_Province%2C_December_5%2C_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Swedish_troops_move_into_position_near_Elisabethville_airport_in_Katanga_Province%2C_December_5%2C_1961.jpg/330px-Swedish_troops_move_into_position_near_Elisabethville_airport_in_Katanga_Province%2C_December_5%2C_1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Swedish_troops_move_into_position_near_Elisabethville_airport_in_Katanga_Province%2C_December_5%2C_1961.jpg/440px-Swedish_troops_move_into_position_near_Elisabethville_airport_in_Katanga_Province%2C_December_5%2C_1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Swedish troops move into position near <a href="/wiki/Lubumbashi_International_Airport" title="Lubumbashi International Airport">Elisabethville airport</a> in Katanga Province, December 5, 1961</figcaption></figure> Operation Unokat<a href="#cite_note-43">[d]</a> began on 5 December at 12:15 when ONUC <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_regiments_(India)" title="Gorkha regiments (India)">Indian Gorkha troops</a> holding the airport launched an attack to remove the gendarmerie roadblock on the highway between themselves and Élisabethville. Under the command of Brigadier Raja, they were able to clear the road with armoured cars by 14:30<a href="#cite_note-UPI1-44">[40]</a> with the support of the Irish and Swedish contingents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasad2005173-45">[41]</a> The Gorkhas subsequently established a roadblock of their own. A platoon under the command of Captain <a href="/wiki/Gurbachan_Singh_Salaria" title="Gurbachan Singh Salaria">Gurbachan Singh Salaria</a> attempted to link up with the roadblock but came under attack from 90 gendarmes and two armoured vehicles dug in at the old Élisabethville airstrip. With support from grenades and a rocket launcher, Salaria led a bayonet and <a href="/wiki/Kukri" title="Kukri">kukri</a> charge which drove the gendarmes from their positions. The Katangese lost 40 men and the armoured cars, while 12 Indians were wounded and Salaria killed. He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Param_Vir_Chakra" title="Param Vir Chakra">Param Vir Chakra</a> posthumously for his actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravorty199569-46">[42]</a> That day a Katangese plane bombed the Élisabethville airport,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorn201636-47">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199957-31">[28]</a> and the Irish contingent's camp began receiving sniper fire. ONUC aircraft began patrolling the skies and, though they did not engage any targets, their presence heavily improved UN morale.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201754-48">[44]</a> They also scattered leaflets across Katanga, telling the population that ONUC sought to ensure peace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorn201636-47">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UN_bomber_over_Elisabethville.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/UN_bomber_over_Elisabethville.jpg/220px-UN_bomber_over_Elisabethville.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/UN_bomber_over_Elisabethville.jpg/330px-UN_bomber_over_Elisabethville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/UN_bomber_over_Elisabethville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="175" /></a><figcaption>UN <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Canberra" title="English Electric Canberra">Canberra bomber</a> in action over Elisabethville</figcaption></figure> On 6 December Swedish peacekeepers secured the tunnel under the railway<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965451-30">[27]</a> and removed the roadblock near there after a brief exchange of fire with the gendarmes, who retreated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForest1964126-49">[45]</a> In retaliation for the Katangese strike on Élisabethville airport,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199957-31">[28]</a> ONUC Canberra bombers raided the <a href="/wiki/Kolwezi" title="Kolwezi">Kolwezi</a> airstrip, destroying a dummy of the Katangese Fouga jet and three other planes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965451-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorn201624,_36-50">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[e]</a> Several other Katangese Air Force craft were stored at other small airstrips and avoided destruction. The presence of UN combat aircraft forced the remnants of the force, under the leadership of mercenary Jerry Puren, to only conduct sorties at night, which were ineffective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201754,_64–65-52">[47]</a> Kimba blamed the United States for the air attacks. The Katangese placed Hoffacker under house arrest, and Kimba rejected the notion of seeking a ceasefire, vowing that Katangese forces would enact a <a href="/wiki/Scorched-earth_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorched-earth policy">scorched-earth policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a> Over the following days ONUC planes attacked several targets throughout Katanga, including a military train east of Kolwezi and the Jadotville airfield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorn201623,_36-54">[49]</a> They bombed several UMHK facilities, including the Luili <a href="/wiki/Electrowinning" title="Electrowinning">electrolytic</a> refinery near Kolwezi, disabling several auxiliary fuelling and power facilities. As a result, UMHK removed its copper <a href="/wiki/Financial_quote" title="Financial quote">quotations</a> from international markets and did not resume posting them until January.<a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a> Throughout the following week ONUC troops focused on holding their positions on the outskirts of town and maintaining their lines of communication while awaiting reinforcements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulden200137-56">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965452-57">[52]</a> ONUC jets sortied to attack specific locations and disrupt Katangese attempts to reinforce themselves in the city;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965452-57">[52]</a> they destroyed railroad bridges linking to Jadotville and Kolwezi.<a href="#cite_note-Tanner-58">[53]</a> Under the direction of mercenaries and European officers, Katangese gendarmes subjected UN positions to mortar bombardments and clashed with ONUC forces on the periphery of Élisabethville.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965452-57">[52]</a> ONUC contingents reported that local European civilians were aiding the Katangese as snipers and that mercenaries were attacking their positions from ambulances, schools, and hospitals so as to exploit ONUC efforts to counter them for propaganda purposes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965452-57">[52]</a> Smith reported to the UN that <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> delegate <a href="/wiki/Georges_Olivet" title="Georges Olivet">Georges Olivet</a> "confirmed" to him that "Katanga military and mercenaries are making use of the Red Cross symbol to protect their military operations against the United Nations."<a href="#cite_note-Tanner-58">[53]</a> One group of snipers took up positions in houses adjacent to the American <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a> mission to fire upon the ONUC headquarters. After one afternoon of intense fire from these snipers, Urquhart asked the United States consul to evacuate the Adventist mission so ONUC could counterattack. Once the missionaries evacuated, the snipers withdrew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForest1964125–126-59">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[f]</a> The Katangese authorities exaggerated the scale of the fighting and the number of casualties, highlighting damage inflicted to schools, churches, and hospitals. Most foreign journalists were staying in the centre of town, which was occupied by the Katangese, thus the former were able to easily disseminate their version of events. The Katanga Information Services also established a bureau in the foyer of the largest hotel in the city. Newspapers around the world carried stories of UN-inflicted atrocities and destruction, evoking letters and editorials of protest in right-wing media.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965452-57">[52]</a> A full-page advertisement was run in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> announcing the creation of an "American Committee for Aid to Katanga Freedom Fighters". The UN's own media organs generally proved unable to counter these stories with their own information.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965453-61">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hospital_at_Shinkolobwe,_damaged_by_fighting_during_Operation_Unokat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hospital_at_Shinkolobwe%2C_damaged_by_fighting_during_Operation_Unokat.jpg/220px-Hospital_at_Shinkolobwe%2C_damaged_by_fighting_during_Operation_Unokat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hospital_at_Shinkolobwe%2C_damaged_by_fighting_during_Operation_Unokat.jpg/330px-Hospital_at_Shinkolobwe%2C_damaged_by_fighting_during_Operation_Unokat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hospital_at_Shinkolobwe%2C_damaged_by_fighting_during_Operation_Unokat.jpg/440px-Hospital_at_Shinkolobwe%2C_damaged_by_fighting_during_Operation_Unokat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>Photo of damage to the hospital at <a href="/wiki/Shinkolobwe" title="Shinkolobwe">Shinkolobwe</a> inflicted during the fighting, published in a pamphlet issued by the Katangese government</figcaption></figure> On 7 December Tshombe, having been denied a <a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">visa</a> to Brazil after fighting broke out, returned to Élisabethville.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965452-57">[52]</a> Katangese mortars bombarded the Irish camp and a patrol was sent out to locate their position but was unsuccessful in finding them. The Katangese then launched a direct attack on the camp but were repelled. Indian mortar teams at the Swedish camp responded by bombarding Camp Massart, a large gendarmerie base.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201754–55-62">[56]</a> A company of gendarmes attacked an Indian Dogra platoon at the Jadotville road juncture with an armoured bulldozer, hoping to achieve surprise in the poor visibility. The bulldozer was destroyed by a <a href="/wiki/Recoilless_rifle" title="Recoilless rifle">recoilless rifle</a> and the gendarmes were driven off with heavy casualties by mortars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasad2005173-45">[41]</a> That day United States Globemasters flew 400 Ethiopian and Irish troops into Élisabethville.<a href="#cite_note-smith-63">[57]</a> Three of them were damaged by anti-aircraft fire while landing, as the Canberras attempted to cover them by attacking Katangese positions near the airport.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201749–50-64">[58]</a> In response, Tshombe declared that the United States was "murdering Katanga".<a href="#cite_note-smith-63">[57]</a> By 8 December ONUC had achieved <a href="/wiki/Air_superiority" class="mw-redirect" title="Air superiority">air superiority</a> over Katanga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorn201636-47">[43]</a> That day Irish troops cleared several homes of snipers near their camp, though a mortar strike killed one peacekeeper and wounded five others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201755-65">[59]</a> United States President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> hoped UN military pressure would force Tshombe to seek an agreement with Adoula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201076–77-3">[3]</a> Kennedy feared that his foreign policy was struggling to earn a positive public appraisal;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201078-13">[11]</a> opinion among American politicians concerning the situation in Katanga was strongly divided, and American officials defended their support for the UN by stressing that Congolese unity was necessary to achieve regional stability and prevent communist exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965453-61">[55]</a> In the United Kingdom, some <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party (United Kingdom)">Conservative</a> members of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> attacked the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_government,_1957%E2%80%931964" title="Conservative government, 1957–1964">Macmillan government</a> for failing to stop what they saw as an unfair attack on Katanga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201076–78-66">[60]</a> Outrage over an announcement that the United Kingdom would supply bombs to the Indian Canberras led them to craft a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_censure" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion of censure">motion of censure</a> against the government. In turn, the United Kingdom reneged on its munitions offer and instead requested a pause in the fighting. The fighting also garnered strong protests from France, Portugal, the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, South Africa, and <a href="/wiki/Congo-Brazzaville" class="mw-redirect" title="Congo-Brazzaville">Congo-Brazzaville</a>. Belgian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a> sent two telegrams voicing his objections to the UN's action to Thant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965453-61">[55]</a> On 9 December ONUC halted all rail traffic between Élisabethville and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a>, believing that it was being used to smuggle weapons. Following a meeting between Adoula and ONUC Chief Sture Linnér, the Congolese government and the UN issued a joint communique in Élisabethville stating that the UN's only objectives were the "restoration of law and order and arrest of foreign mercenaries" and further declaring that the Adoula Government would "seek a political solution" in Katanga once this was completed.<a href="#cite_note-Tanner-58">[53]</a> That day the UN scheduled a conference of military commanders to be held at its Élisabethville headquarters, with UN Force Commander General <a href="/wiki/Sean_MacEoin_(general)" title="Sean MacEoin (general)">Sean MacEoin</a> traveling from Léopoldville to attend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForest1964126-49">[45]</a> Colonel Wærn and four of his battalion commanders took an armoured car along the route between the airport and headquarters and were ambushed by gendarmes hiding in drainage ditches. The car's gunner was fatally wounded and two commanders were also wounded, but they reached the headquarters building for the conference.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForest1964126–127-67">[61]</a> The Katangese initiated a mortar strike on the building. They launched an estimated 106 rounds,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201756-68">[62]</a> destroying an armoured car and forcing the ONUC commanders to hold their conference in the building's cellar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForest1964127-69">[63]</a> MacEoin decided that ONUC should draw up plans to clear Élisabethville of all Katangese forces to ensure its freedom of movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasad2005173-45">[41]</a> Afterwards, the Swedish commanders took the remaining four armoured cars they had at their headquarters to the airport. They were ambushed again by gendarmes, but the Katangese fire was inaccurate and MacEoin was successfully evacuated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForest1964127–128-70">[64]</a> The following morning the ONUC Canberras, covered by the J-29s, bombed Camp Massart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201756–57-71">[65]</a> Over the following days the Katangese established a roadblock along Avenue Usoke near the Socopetrol fuel depot to protect their fuel supplies, but the depot's tanks were set ablaze in a raid by Irish troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201764-72">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UN_offensive">UN offensive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Unokat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: UN offensive">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Camp_Massart" title="Attack on Camp Massart">Attack on Camp Massart</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katangese_gendarmes_in_battle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Katangese_gendarmes_in_battle.jpg/220px-Katangese_gendarmes_in_battle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Katangese_gendarmes_in_battle.jpg/330px-Katangese_gendarmes_in_battle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Katangese_gendarmes_in_battle.jpg/440px-Katangese_gendarmes_in_battle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Katangese_Gendarmerie" title="Katangese Gendarmerie">Katangese gendarmes</a> battling UN peacekeepers in Élisabethville</figcaption></figure> ONUC planned to engage in major operations on 13 December, and if not then, once it had its reinforcements ready.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201076-32">[29]</a> Ultimately, 2,000 additional troops were flown in, bring the number of ONUC personnel participating in the operation up to 4,500.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199958-33">[30]</a> By 15 December their preparations were complete<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965453–454-73">[67]</a> and ONUC initiated a general offensive to occupy the centre of Élisabethville and block Katangese escape routes to the west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELefeverJoshua1966P-22-42">[39]</a> UN troops successfully secured areas to the east and west of their headquarters in the city. Through the evening and the following day the Ethiopian contingent fought through the Lido area to block Katangese paths of escape to Kipushi and Rhodesia, the Ghorkas attacked the city centre, and the Irish and Swedes secured the industrial district in preparation for <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Camp_Massart" title="Attack on Camp Massart">an attack</a> on Camp Massart, the main gendarmerie base, which was subsequently achieved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965454-74">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELefeverJoshua1966P-22-42">[39]</a> On 16 December Irish troops of the 36th Battalion secured the main railway line into Élisabethville in what became known as 'The Battle of the Tunnel'. Three men from Company A died in the fighting but the Irish managed to take the railway bridge and secure the road tunnel underneath to cut the main links into the city.<a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a> On 17 December ONUC troops made further advances and their jets struck the UMHK headquarters after the Ethiopian contingent reported being fired upon from its environs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965454-74">[68]</a> Occupation of the city progressed slowly, a fact which Urquhart attributed to a lack of respect for Raja by his Indian subordinates, tension between the Indian and Swedish contingents, and a lack of discipline among the Ethiopian contingent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler2011131-78">[72]</a> By 18 December ONUC had near-total control of Élisabethville with the key exceptions of Tshombe's presidential palace and the UMHK headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201079-39">[36]</a> Sporadic mortar and sniper fired continued as the Ethiopians and Ghorkas continued mopping-up resistance. Some <a href="/wiki/Luba_people" title="Luba people">Baluba</a> refugees from the nearby refugee camp came into the town to loot; UN Headquarters established a depot to store confiscated plunder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2017104-79">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceasefire_and_Kitona_Declaration">Ceasefire and Kitona Declaration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Unokat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ceasefire and Kitona Declaration">edit</a>]</div> Thant and American officials rejected the initial calls for a pause in UN military action issued by the United Kingdom—which were supported by France—citing the necessity of achieving "minimum objectives".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965453-61">[55]</a> On 14 December Tshombe began appealing for a ceasefire agreement, sending a telegram to President Kennedy expressing his desire to meet with Adoula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201076,_79-80">[74]</a> Adoula requested that the United States refrain from pushing ONUC to prematurely offer a ceasefire until Tshombe could be forced into a weaker position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201078-13">[11]</a> As the fighting continued, officials from different <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> member states intensely debated what policy should be pursued. United States Ambassador to the Congo <a href="/wiki/Edmund_A._Gullion" title="Edmund A. Gullion">Edmund A. Gullion</a> and American intelligence officials believed UN military action should continue to pressure Tshombe, British officials threatened to withdraw their support for the UN's policy if the fighting intensified, and French Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Maurice Couve de Murville</a> pushed for an immediate ceasefire, wishing to avoid a military defeat for either Tshombe or ONUC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201077-81">[75]</a> The Belgian government also sought an immediate ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201078-13">[11]</a> The United States responded to Tshombe's entreaties by asking UN diplomat <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a> to set up a meeting between Tshombe and Adoula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201079-39">[36]</a> Tshombe agreed to meet with representatives of the Congolese central government at <a href="/wiki/Kitona_Air_Base" title="Kitona Air Base">Kitona Air Base</a> on 20 December under a joint guarantee of protection from the United States and UN to seek a political agreement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965444–455-82">[76]</a> He left for Kitona on the morning of 19 December, as Thant directed ONUC forces to adhere to a ceasefire;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201079-39">[36]</a> Raja in turn ordered his forces to hold their fire and only respond if attacked.<a href="#cite_note-tanner1-83">[77]</a> The order went into effect at 7:15.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2017106-84">[78]</a> Sporadic fighting continued as ONUC contingents were subject to sniper fire from various areas in Élisabethville.<a href="#cite_note-tanner1-83">[77]</a> Gendarmes withdrew from the post office, while Ethiopian troops assaulted and captured the UMHK headquarters. Throughout the city UN ordinance officers collected unexploded munitions and civilians began to walk around freely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2017107-85">[79]</a> Bunche and Ambassador Gullion represented the UN and the United States, respectively during the talks at Kitona.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965444–455-82">[76]</a> Adoula brought a delegation consisting of his most stridently anti-secessionist ministers.<a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a> The negotiations started with only the Katangese and Congolese delegations, but when their debate intensified Bunche and Gullion joined them to mediate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965455-87">[81]</a> With tensions arising from Tshombe's argument that he was not solely competent to negotiate on behalf of Katanga concerning future constitutional matters, Gullion made a breakthrough in the talks by suggesting that in addition to a written Katangese-Congolese agreement, Tshombe could express his views in a letter to Bunche.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201080-88">[82]</a> At 2:30 on 21 December Tshombe agreed to sign an eight-point document,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965455-87">[81]</a> the Kitona Declaration,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulden200138-89">[83]</a> which in-effect renounced Katanga's secession and recognised the application of the Congolese constitution throughout the entire country. Upon receiving word of Tshombe's signature, Thant confirmed the UN ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965455-87">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Unokat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Unokat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> Casualty estimates for Operation Unokat vary. According to political scientist Catherine Hoskyns, over the course of the operation 25 ONUC soldiers were killed and 120 wounded. Approximately 80 Katangese gendarmes were killed and 250 wounded. The <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="International Red Cross">International Red Cross</a> reported that at most 32 European civilians were killed. Statistics were not collected on African civilian deaths but minimal fighting took place in African-populated areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965457-90">[84]</a> According to Ernest W. Lefever and Wynfred Joshua, 21 ONUC soldiers were killed while 84 were wounded. They further list 206 Katangese troops as killed with 50 civilians killed or wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELefeverJoshua1966P-22-42">[39]</a> Meisler lists 21 ONUC deaths, 200 Katangese gendarme deaths, and six Katangese European mercenary deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler2011131-78">[72]</a> According to George Marteli, 10 peacekeepers were killed with 34 wounded, while the Katangese suffered 141 dead with 401 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobbins_et_al.200117-91">[85]</a> B. Chakravorty stated that 21 ONUC soldiers were killed and 100 wounded, while 202 Katangese soldiers were killed and 58 captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravorty1976100-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[g]</a> On 15 January 1962 the Red Cross hosted a prisoner exchange; ONUC exchanged 33 Katangese prisoners for 15 ONUC peacekeepers detained by the Katangese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravorty1976104-93">[86]</a> The fate of the Katangese Fouga jet is ultimately unknown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorn201624-34">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alleged_UN_atrocities">Alleged UN atrocities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Unokat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alleged UN atrocities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tshombe_with_Operation_Unokat_casualty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tshombe_with_Operation_Unokat_casualty.jpg/220px-Tshombe_with_Operation_Unokat_casualty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tshombe_with_Operation_Unokat_casualty.jpg/330px-Tshombe_with_Operation_Unokat_casualty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tshombe_with_Operation_Unokat_casualty.jpg/440px-Tshombe_with_Operation_Unokat_casualty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Katangese President Tshombe visiting a civilian casualty of Operation Unokat</figcaption></figure> Operation Unokat attracted a large number of journalists and the attention of many politicians. While international opinion had grown accustomed to news of Congolese-inflicted atrocities, many commentators were taken aback by the collateral damage of ONUC's actions. Several researchers published a series of reports on the operation. British human rights advocate <a href="/wiki/Edward_Russell,_2nd_Baron_Russell_of_Liverpool" title="Edward Russell, 2nd Baron Russell of Liverpool">Edward Russell</a> conducted a fact-finding tour and subsequently wrote The Tragedy of the Congo. In it he accused ONUC of indiscriminately bombing civilian centres and suggested that one peacekeeping contingent was completely lacking in discipline. He recommended that an enquiry into ONUC's deployments be commissioned to investigate his findings. A handful of doctors who had witnessed the fighting released their report in Belgium, entitled Forty-six Angry Men. They accused three specific contingents of violating the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> by shooting unarmed men. Their claims were reinforced with photographic evidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199959-94">[87]</a> The UN later admitted that two instances of rape and some limited looting were the fault of ONUC troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965457-90">[84]</a> Red Cross delegate Olivet and two volunteers, Nicole Vroonen and Styts Smeding, were shot and killed while operating their ambulance during the fighting on 13 December.<a href="#cite_note-95">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[90]</a> The results of a joint UN-International Red Cross investigation of the incident and the identity of their killers were not made public, but the UN paid a settlement to Olivet's family and Belgian news reports held an Ethiopian peacekeeper responsible.<a href="#cite_note-98">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_consequences">Political consequences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Unokat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Political consequences">edit</a>]</div> Operation Unokat left the UN with control of most strategic locations in Élisabethville and eliminated the threat posed by the Katangese Air Force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennesLarmer201655-99">[92]</a> Tshombe's government accused the Baluba burgomasters of the Albert and <a href="/wiki/Katuba" title="Katuba">Katuba</a> communes of failing to support it during the December conflict and suspended them from their duties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung1965430-100">[93]</a> Prime Minister of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland <a href="/wiki/Roy_Welensky" title="Roy Welensky">Roy Welensky</a> was infuriated by the outcome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1996151-101">[94]</a> In a cover letter to Bunche concerning his signature of the Kitona Declaration, Tshombe noted that he had not been mandated to represent Katanga's position at Kitona and stated that he would have to consult other officials when he returned to Katanga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965455-87">[81]</a> An official communique released by the Katangese authorities indicated that Tshombe's government strongly disliked the terms of the declaration, felt it was non-binding, and had no consensus on its implementation. Bunche and United States officials feared Tshombe would completely renege on the agreement and articulated a plan of UN pressure to ensure his cooperation, though they ruled out further military action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201080–81-102">[95]</a> The Soviet Union expressed dissatisfaction with the situation, arguing that the UN had stopped short of forcing Tshombe to submit to central government authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuard2016290-103">[96]</a> Tshombe subsequently submitted the Kitona Declaration to the Katangese Parliament for ratification. The body appointed a commission to evaluate the agreement's legality. The commission produced a report which recommended ratification, but the Katangese Parliament edited the report to refer to the declaration as a "working draft" which could serve as a basis for Katanga's reintegration into the Congo. Commissions were established to consider all points of reintegration. Tshombe proved reluctant to consider the most substantive aspects of rejoining the Congo, and in June 1962 he broke off negotiations with the central government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockaitis199934-104">[97]</a> In August 1962 Thant proposed a "Plan for National Reconciliation" by which Katanga would rejoin a <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalised</a> Congo. Adoula and Tshombe both accepted the proposal. Thant was wary of Tshombe's delaying tactics and applied increasing political pressure on the Katangese government to abide by the plan's timetable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockaitis199935-105">[98]</a> Tshombe ultimately rejected the plan and pushed for a looser Congolese confederation, while Thant grew impatient and increasingly sought to end the Katangese secession and the UN's presence in the Congo. In December 1962 fighting broke out between ONUC and Katangese forces in Élisabethville. ONUC initiated <a href="/wiki/Operation_Grandslam" title="Operation Grandslam">Operation Grandslam</a>, pushing through southern Katanga and occupying Jadotville and Kolwezi. In January 1963 Tshombe surrendered and ended the secession. ONUC withdrew from the Congo in June 1964.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobbins_et_al.200117-91">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Unokat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Numerous national forces participated in ONUC, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> Operation in the Congo. For Operation Unokat, this officially included troops from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Malaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravorty1976100-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott201412–13-2">[2]</a> The United States provided logistical support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201076–77-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-ThantNYT-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Opération des Nations Unies au Congo </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> The Katangese Gendarmerie was Katanga's regular army, not a police force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECordierHarrelson2013275-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennesLarmer201647-22">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Unokat is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of "UN over Katanga."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker201593-40">[37]</a> The episode of fighting was also dubbed "Round Two" in reference to other UN–Katangese "rounds" of fighting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1996146–147-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELefeverJoshua1966P-22-42">[39]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> According to journalist Stan Meisler, the ONUC planes sortied from <a href="/wiki/Luluabourg_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luluabourg (city)">Luluabourg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler2011130-24">[21]</a> According to political scientist Catherine Hoskyns, the bombers had been moved from Luluabourg to Kamina and took off from there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965451-30">[27]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> According to Meisler, the UN forces actually bombarded the mission accidentally while it was occupied by the missionaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler2011130-24">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Chakravorty specified that the Ethiopians suffered 8 dead and 27 wounded, the Indians 7 dead and 33 wounded, the Irish 3 dead and 21 wounded, the Swedes 3 dead and 18 wounded, and the Malayans 1 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravorty1976100-1">[1]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Unokat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravorty1976100-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravorty1976100_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravorty1976100_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravorty1976100_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFChakravorty1976">Chakravorty 1976</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott201412–13-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott201412–13_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott201412–13_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbbott2014">Abbott 2014</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201076–77-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent201076–77_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent201076–77_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKent2010">Kent 2010</a>, pp. 76–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-ThantNYT-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ThantNYT_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThantNYT_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThantNYT_4-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1961/12/06/archives/thant-approves-offensive-by-un-orders-all-ground-and-air-action.html">"Thant Approves Offensive By U.N.: Orders All Ground and Air Action Necessary to End Elisabethville Threat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 6 December 1961. pp. 1, 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Thant+Approves+Offensive+By+U.N.%3A+Orders+All+Ground+and+Air+Action+Necessary+to+End+Elisabethville+Threat&rft.pages=1%2C+6&rft.date=1961-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1961%2F12%2F06%2Farchives%2Fthant-approves-offensive-by-un-orders-all-ground-and-air-action.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennesLarmer201631-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennesLarmer201631_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennesLarmer2016">Kennes & Larmer 2016</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennesLarmer201640-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennesLarmer201640_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennesLarmer2016">Kennes & Larmer 2016</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennesLarmer201659–60-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennesLarmer201659–60_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennesLarmer2016">Kennes & Larmer 2016</a>, pp. 59–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-onuc-10"><a href="#cite_ref-onuc_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190215031808/http://www.un.org:80/Depts/DPKO/Missions/onucB.htm">"Republic of the Congo – ONUC Background"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/DPKO/Missions/onucB.htm">the original</a> on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Republic+of+the+Congo+%E2%80%93+ONUC+Background&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2FDPKO%2FMissions%2FonucB.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965399-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965399_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoskyns1965">Hoskyns 1965</a>, p. 399. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965401–402-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965401–402_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoskyns1965">Hoskyns 1965</a>, pp. 401–402. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201078-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent201078_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent201078_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent201078_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent201078_13-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKent2010">Kent 2010</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199943-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199943_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Ballance1999">O'Ballance 1999</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockaitis199932–33-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMockaitis199932–33_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMockaitis199932–33_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMockaitis1999">Mockaitis 1999</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulden200135–36-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoulden200135–36_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoulden2001">Boulden 2001</a>, pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler2011126-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisler2011126_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisler2011126_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisler2011126_17-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeisler2011">Meisler 2011</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorn201621-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorn201621_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorn2016">Dorn 2016</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorn2007159-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorn2007159_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorn2007">Dorn 2007</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockaitis199933-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMockaitis199933_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMockaitis199933_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMockaitis199933_20-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMockaitis1999">Mockaitis 1999</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECordierHarrelson2013275-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECordierHarrelson2013275_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCordierHarrelson2013">Cordier & Harrelson 2013</a>, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennesLarmer201647-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennesLarmer201647_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennesLarmer2016">Kennes & Larmer 2016</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler2011130-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisler2011130_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisler2011130_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisler2011130_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisler2011130_24-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeisler2011">Meisler 2011</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965448–449-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965448–449_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoskyns1965">Hoskyns 1965</a>, pp. 448–449. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForest1964122-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForest1964122_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForest1964">Forest 1964</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201753-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201753_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201753_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2017">Harvey 2017</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForest1964122–123-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForest1964122–123_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForest1964">Forest 1964</a>, pp. 122–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965450-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965450_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965450_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965450_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965450_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965450_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965450_29-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965450_29-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoskyns1965">Hoskyns 1965</a>, p. 450. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965451-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965451_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965451_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965451_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965451_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965451_30-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965451_30-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965451_30-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965451_30-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoskyns1965">Hoskyns 1965</a>, p. 451. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199957-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199957_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199957_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199957_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199957_31-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Ballance1999">O'Ballance 1999</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201076-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent201076_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent201076_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent201076_32-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKent2010">Kent 2010</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199958-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199958_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199958_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199958_33-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Ballance1999">O'Ballance 1999</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorn201624-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorn201624_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorn201624_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorn2016">Dorn 2016</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler2011129-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisler2011129_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeisler2011">Meisler 2011</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201749-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201749_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2017">Harvey 2017</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott201413–14-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott201413–14_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbbott2014">Abbott 2014</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965447-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965447_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoskyns1965">Hoskyns 1965</a>, p. 447. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201079-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent201079_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent201079_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent201079_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent201079_39-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKent2010">Kent 2010</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker201593-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker201593_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaker2015">Baker 2015</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1996146–147-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1996146–147_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJames1996">James 1996</a>, pp. 146–147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELefeverJoshua1966P-22-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELefeverJoshua1966P-22_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELefeverJoshua1966P-22_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELefeverJoshua1966P-22_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELefeverJoshua1966P-22_42-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLefeverJoshua1966">Lefever & Joshua 1966</a>, p. P-22. </li> <li id="cite_note-UPI1-44"><a href="#cite_ref-UPI1_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19611205.2.10">"CONGO CEASE FIRE BROKEN; U.N., KATANGA IN BATTLE - Elizabethville Fighting Rages As Plan Found"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Desert_Sun" title="The Desert Sun">The Desert Sun</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a>. 5 December 1961. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231123125223/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=DS19611205.2.10">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Desert+Sun&rft.atitle=CONGO+CEASE+FIRE+BROKEN%3B+U.N.%2C+KATANGA+IN+BATTLE+-+Elizabethville+Fighting+Rages+As+Plan+Found&rft.date=1961-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcdnc%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DDS19611205.2.10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasad2005173-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasad2005173_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasad2005173_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasad2005173_45-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrasad2005">Prasad 2005</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravorty199569-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravorty199569_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChakravorty1995">Chakravorty 1995</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorn201636-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorn201636_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorn201636_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorn201636_47-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorn2016">Dorn 2016</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201754-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201754_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2017">Harvey 2017</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForest1964126-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForest1964126_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForest1964126_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFForest1964">Forest 1964</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorn201624,_36-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorn201624,_36_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorn2016">Dorn 2016</a>, pp. 24, 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201754,_64–65-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201754,_64–65_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2017">Harvey 2017</a>, pp. 54, 64–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1961/12/07/archives/key-point-seized-swedish-troops-gain-us-consul-under-house-arrest.html">"U.N. Jets Smash 4 Planes of Katanga's Air Force; Battle Goes Into 2d Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> (late city ed.). Associated Press. 7 December 1961. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.N.+Jets+Smash+4+Planes+of+Katanga%27s+Air+Force%3B+Battle+Goes+Into+2d+Day&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1961-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1961%2F12%2F07%2Farchives%2Fkey-point-seized-swedish-troops-gain-us-consul-under-house-arrest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorn201623,_36-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorn201623,_36_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorn2016">Dorn 2016</a>, pp. 23, 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1962/01/08/archives/labor-and-congo-hold-copper-key-fear-of-strikes-and-unrest-in.html">"Labor and Congo Hold Copper Key : Fear of Strikes and Unrest in Katanga Cause Concern Could Shake Market"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 8 January 1962. p. 84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Labor+and+Congo+Hold+Copper+Key+%3A+Fear+of+Strikes+and+Unrest+in+Katanga+Cause+Concern+Could+Shake+Market&rft.pages=84&rft.date=1962-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1962%2F01%2F08%2Farchives%2Flabor-and-congo-hold-copper-key-fear-of-strikes-and-unrest-in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulden200137-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoulden200137_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoulden2001">Boulden 2001</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965452-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965452_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965452_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965452_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965452_57-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965452_57-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965452_57-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoskyns1965">Hoskyns 1965</a>, p. 452. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tanner-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tanner_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tanner_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tanner_58-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner1961" class="citation news cs1">Tanner, Henry (10 December 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1961/12/10/archives/offensive-by-un-set.html">"Offensive by U.N. Set"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Offensive+by+U.N.+Set&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1961-12-10&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1961%2F12%2F10%2Farchives%2Foffensive-by-un-set.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForest1964125–126-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForest1964125–126_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForest1964">Forest 1964</a>, pp. 125–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965453-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965453_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965453_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965453_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965453_61-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoskyns1965">Hoskyns 1965</a>, p. 453. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201754–55-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201754–55_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2017">Harvey 2017</a>, pp. 54–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1961" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Neil (8 December 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19611208.2.14&srpos=18&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-Katanga-------1">"More U.N. Troops Fly Into Congo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Desert_Sun" title="The Desert Sun">The Desert Sun</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a>. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231123001115/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=DS19611208.2.14&srpos=18">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Desert+Sun&rft.atitle=More+U.N.+Troops+Fly+Into+Congo&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1961-12-08&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcdnc%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DDS19611208.2.14%26srpos%3D18%26e%3D-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-Katanga-------1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201749–50-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201749–50_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2017">Harvey 2017</a>, pp. 49–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201755-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201755_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2017">Harvey 2017</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201076–78-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent201076–78_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKent2010">Kent 2010</a>, pp. 76–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForest1964126–127-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForest1964126–127_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForest1964">Forest 1964</a>, pp. 126–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201756-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201756_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2017">Harvey 2017</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForest1964127-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForest1964127_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForest1964">Forest 1964</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForest1964127–128-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForest1964127–128_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForest1964">Forest 1964</a>, pp. 127–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201756–57-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201756–57_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2017">Harvey 2017</a>, pp. 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201764-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201764_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2017">Harvey 2017</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965453–454-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965453–454_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoskyns1965">Hoskyns 1965</a>, pp. 453–454. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965454-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965454_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965454_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoskyns1965">Hoskyns 1965</a>, p. 454. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbayawickrema2020" class="citation web cs1">Abayawickrema, Ronan (22 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.independent.ie/life/magnificent-a-company-battle-in-the-congo/26845730.html">"Magnificent A Company: Battle in the Congo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Irish Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110004733/https://m.independent.ie/life/magnificent-a-company-battle-in-the-congo/26845730.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Magnificent+A+Company%3A+Battle+in+the+Congo&rft.date=2020-04-22&rft.aulast=Abayawickrema&rft.aufirst=Ronan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.independent.ie%2Flife%2Fmagnificent-a-company-battle-in-the-congo%2F26845730.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaleigh2018" class="citation web cs1">Raleigh, David (16 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-30892393.html">"Kilkenny soldier remembers bloody 'Battle of the Tunnel' in Congo 57 years ago"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Examiner" title="Irish Examiner">Irish Examiner</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211216095520/https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-30892393.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Examiner&rft.atitle=Kilkenny+soldier+remembers+bloody+%27Battle+of+the+Tunnel%27+in+Congo+57+years+ago&rft.date=2018-12-16&rft.aulast=Raleigh&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishexaminer.com%2Fnews%2Farid-30892393.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.militaryarchives.ie/fileadmin/user_upload/Documents_2/Congo_Unit_Histories/36_Inf_Bn_Congo.pdf">"36th Infantry Battalion Congo November 1961 to May 1962"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Irish_Defence_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Defence Forces">Irish Defence Forces</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226105749/https://www.militaryarchives.ie/fileadmin/user_upload/Documents_2/Congo_Unit_Histories/36_Inf_Bn_Congo.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=36th+Infantry+Battalion+Congo+November+1961+to+May+1962&rft.pub=Irish+Defence+Forces&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.militaryarchives.ie%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2FDocuments_2%2FCongo_Unit_Histories%2F36_Inf_Bn_Congo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler2011131-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisler2011131_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisler2011131_78-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeisler2011">Meisler 2011</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2017104-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2017104_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2017">Harvey 2017</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201076,_79-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent201076,_79_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKent2010">Kent 2010</a>, pp. 76, 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201077-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent201077_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKent2010">Kent 2010</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965444–455-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965444–455_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965444–455_82-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoskyns1965">Hoskyns 1965</a>, pp. 444–455. </li> <li id="cite_note-tanner1-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tanner1_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tanner1_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner1961" class="citation news cs1">Tanner, Henry (21 December 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1961/12/21/archives/ceasefire-pending.html">"Cease-Fire Pending"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cease-Fire+Pending&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1961-12-21&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1961%2F12%2F21%2Farchives%2Fceasefire-pending.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2017106-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2017106_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2017">Harvey 2017</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2017107-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2017107_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2017">Harvey 2017</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/45806375/">"Tshombe, Adoula Meet; Seek Way To End Katanga Secession"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Danville_Register_%26_Bee" title="Danville Register & Bee">The Bee</a>. Associated Press. 19 December 1961. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231216095558/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/45806375/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bee&rft.atitle=Tshombe%2C+Adoula+Meet%3B+Seek+Way+To+End+Katanga+Secession&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1961-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fnewspage%2F45806375%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965455-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965455_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965455_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965455_87-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965455_87-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoskyns1965">Hoskyns 1965</a>, p. 455. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201080-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent201080_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKent2010">Kent 2010</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoulden200138-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoulden200138_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoulden2001">Boulden 2001</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965457-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965457_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965457_90-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoskyns1965">Hoskyns 1965</a>, p. 457. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobbins_et_al.200117-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobbins_et_al.200117_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobbins_et_al.200117_91-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDobbins_et_al.2001">Dobbins et al. 2001</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravorty1976104-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravorty1976104_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChakravorty1976">Chakravorty 1976</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199959-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199959_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Ballance1999">O'Ballance 1999</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://international-review.icrc.org/sites/default/files/S0020860400012444a.pdf">"After the death of Georges Olivet: Delegate of the International Committee of the Red Cross"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/International_Review_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Review of the Red Cross">International Review of the Red Cross</a> (10). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 21–28. January 1962. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110151423/https://international-review.icrc.org/sites/default/files/S0020860400012444a.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+the+Red+Cross&rft.atitle=After+the+death+of+Georges+Olivet%3A+Delegate+of+the+International+Committee+of+the+Red+Cross&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=1962-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finternational-review.icrc.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FS0020860400012444a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://international-review.icrc.org/sites/default/files/S0020860400012584a.pdf">"Following the death of Georges Olivet: Delegate of the International Committee of the Red Cross"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/International_Review_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Review of the Red Cross">International Review of the Red Cross</a> (11). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 84–88. March 1962. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110152243/https://international-review.icrc.org/sites/default/files/S0020860400012584a.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+the+Red+Cross&rft.atitle=Following+the+death+of+Georges+Olivet%3A+Delegate+of+the+International+Committee+of+the+Red+Cross&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=1962-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finternational-review.icrc.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FS0020860400012584a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://international-review.icrc.org/sites/default/files/S0020860400063191a.pdf">"In Memory of Georges Olivet"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/International_Review_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Review of the Red Cross">International Review of the Red Cross</a> (101). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 429, 430. August 1969. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110152849/https://international-review.icrc.org/sites/default/files/S0020860400063191a.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+the+Red+Cross&rft.atitle=In+Memory+of+Georges+Olivet&rft.issue=101&rft.pages=429%2C+430&rft.date=1969-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finternational-review.icrc.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FS0020860400063191a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSohier1977" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sohier, J. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kaowarsom.be/documents/bbom/Tome_VIIb/Olivet.Georges.pdf">"Olivet (Georges)"</a> (PDF). Biographie Belge d'Outre-Mer (in French). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_for_Overseas_Sciences" title="Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences">Académie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219203106if_/https://www.kaowarsom.be/documents/bbom/Tome_VIIb/Olivet.Georges.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Olivet+%28Georges%29&rft.btitle=Biographie+Belge+d%27Outre-Mer&rft.pub=Acad%C3%A9mie+Royale+des+Sciences+d%27Outre-Mer&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Sohier&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaowarsom.be%2Fdocuments%2Fbbom%2FTome_VIIb%2FOlivet.Georges.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennesLarmer201655-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennesLarmer201655_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennesLarmer2016">Kennes & Larmer 2016</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung1965430-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung1965430_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoung1965">Young 1965</a>, p. 430. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1996151-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1996151_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJames1996">James 1996</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent201080–81-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent201080–81_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKent2010">Kent 2010</a>, pp. 80–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuard2016290-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuard2016290_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLuard2016">Luard 2016</a>, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockaitis199934-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMockaitis199934_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMockaitis1999">Mockaitis 1999</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockaitis199935-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMockaitis199935_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMockaitis1999">Mockaitis 1999</a>, p. 35. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Unokat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott2014" class="citation book cs1">Abbott, Peter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j6ajCwAAQBAJ">Modern African Wars (4): The Congo 1960–2002</a>. Oxford; New York City: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-076-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-076-1"><bdi>978-1-78200-076-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+African+Wars+%284%29%3A+The+Congo+1960%E2%80%932002&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York+City&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78200-076-1&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj6ajCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2015" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, Patrick S. (May 2015). "Mercenaries and the Congo Crisis". Saber and Scroll Historical Society. 2 (1) (edited and revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.874.8627">10.1.1.874.8627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saber+and+Scroll+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Mercenaries+and+the+Congo+Crisis&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.874.8627%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Patrick+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulden2001" class="citation book cs1">Boulden, Jane (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-_TiwKXJkcC">Peace Enforcement: The United Nations Experience in Congo, Somalia, and Bosnia</a> (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275969066" title="Special:BookSources/9780275969066"><bdi>9780275969066</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+Enforcement%3A+The+United+Nations+Experience+in+Congo%2C+Somalia%2C+and+Bosnia&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780275969066&rft.aulast=Boulden&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7-_TiwKXJkcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakravorty1995" class="citation book cs1">Chakravorty, B. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uzizVBSb4YsC">Stories of Heroism: PVC & MVC Winners</a> (illustrated ed.). Allied Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170235163" title="Special:BookSources/9788170235163"><bdi>9788170235163</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stories+of+Heroism%3A+PVC+%26+MVC+Winners&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9788170235163&rft.aulast=Chakravorty&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuzizVBSb4YsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakravorty1976" class="citation book cs1">Chakravorty, B. (1976). Prasad, S. N. (ed.). The Congo Operation, 1960–63. Delhi: Historical Section, Ministry of Defence, Govt. of India. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7739489">7739489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congo+Operation%2C+1960%E2%80%9363&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Historical+Section%2C+Ministry+of+Defence%2C+Govt.+of+India&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7739489&rft.aulast=Chakravorty&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordierHarrelson2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cordier" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Cordier">Cordier, Andrew Wellington</a>; Harrelson, Max, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wOmnX146HHoC">Public Papers of the Secretaries General of the United Nations</a>. Vol. 6. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231513807" title="Special:BookSources/9780231513807"><bdi>9780231513807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Papers+of+the+Secretaries+General+of+the+United+Nations&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780231513807&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwOmnX146HHoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbins_et_al.2001" class="citation book cs1">Dobbins, James; Jones, Seth G.; Crane, Keith; Rathmell, Andrew; Steele, Brett (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=09NuUlBI4JoC">The UN's Role in Nation-Building: From the Congo to Iraq</a>. RAND Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-3756-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-3756-5"><bdi>978-0-8330-3756-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+UN%27s+Role+in+Nation-Building%3A+From+the+Congo+to+Iraq&rft.pub=RAND+Corporation&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8330-3756-5&rft.aulast=Dobbins&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Jones%2C+Seth+G.&rft.au=Crane%2C+Keith&rft.au=Rathmell%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Steele%2C+Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D09NuUlBI4JoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorn2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Dorn" title="Walter Dorn">Dorn, A. Walter</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sw7PCwAAQBAJ">Air Power in UN Operations: Wings for Peace</a>. Military Strategy and Operational Art. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317183396" title="Special:BookSources/9781317183396"><bdi>9781317183396</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Power+in+UN+Operations%3A+Wings+for+Peace&rft.series=Military+Strategy+and+Operational+Art&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317183396&rft.aulast=Dorn&rft.aufirst=A.+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsw7PCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorn2007" class="citation book cs1">Dorn, A. Walter (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.walterdorn.net/163-u-thant-buddhism-in-action">"U Thant: Buddhism in Action"</a>. In Kille, Kent J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J8WZE-Xe3cMC">The UN Secretary-General and Moral Authority: Ethics and Religion in International Leadership</a>. Georgetown University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589014732" title="Special:BookSources/9781589014732"><bdi>9781589014732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=U+Thant%3A+Buddhism+in+Action&rft.btitle=The+UN+Secretary-General+and+Moral+Authority%3A+Ethics+and+Religion+in+International+Leadership&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781589014732&rft.aulast=Dorn&rft.aufirst=A.+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walterdorn.net%2F163-u-thant-buddhism-in-action&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForest1964" class="citation news cs1">Forest, Philip (February 1964). "Sudden Emergency". <a href="/wiki/The_Wide_World_Magazine" title="The Wide World Magazine">The Wide World Magazine</a>. Vol. 132, no. 785. pp. 122–129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wide+World+Magazine&rft.atitle=Sudden+Emergency&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=785&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E122-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.date=1964-02&rft.aulast=Forest&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Harvey_(historian)" title="Dan Harvey (historian)">Harvey, Dan</a> (2017). Into Action : Irish Peacekeepers Under Fire, 1960-2014 (online ed.). Kildare: Merrion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785371226" title="Special:BookSources/9781785371226"><bdi>9781785371226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Into+Action+%3A+Irish+Peacekeepers+Under+Fire%2C+1960-2014&rft.place=Kildare&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Merrion+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781785371226&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoskyns1965" class="citation book cs1">Hoskyns, Catherine (1965). The Congo Since Independence: January 1960 – December 1961. London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/414961">414961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congo+Since+Independence%3A+January+1960+%E2%80%93+December+1961&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F414961&rft.aulast=Hoskyns&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1996" class="citation book cs1">James, Alan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qQexCwAAQBAJ">Britain and the Congo Crisis, 1960–63</a> (illustrated ed.). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-24528-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-24528-4"><bdi>978-1-349-24528-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Congo+Crisis%2C+1960%E2%80%9363&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-349-24528-4&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqQexCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennesLarmer2016" class="citation book cs1">Kennes, Erik; <a href="/wiki/Miles_Larmer" title="Miles Larmer">Larmer, Miles</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WCFjDAAAQBAJ">The Katangese Gendarmes and War in Central Africa: Fighting Their Way Home</a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253021502" title="Special:BookSources/9780253021502"><bdi>9780253021502</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Katangese+Gendarmes+and+War+in+Central+Africa%3A+Fighting+Their+Way+Home&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780253021502&rft.aulast=Kennes&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Larmer%2C+Miles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWCFjDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent2010" class="citation book cs1">Kent, John (2010). America, the UN and Decolonisation: Cold War Conflict in the Congo. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415464147" title="Special:BookSources/9780415464147"><bdi>9780415464147</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%2C+the+UN+and+Decolonisation%3A+Cold+War+Conflict+in+the+Congo&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780415464147&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefeverJoshua1966" class="citation book cs1">Lefever, Ernest W.; Joshua, Wynfred (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r7Dx-_yQ7oIC">United Nations Peacekeeping in the Congo: 1960–1964</a>. Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/631685344">631685344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Peacekeeping+in+the+Congo%3A+1960%E2%80%931964&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F631685344&rft.aulast=Lefever&rft.aufirst=Ernest+W.&rft.au=Joshua%2C+Wynfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr7Dx-_yQ7oIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuard2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Luard, Evan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BeW-DAAAQBAJ">A History of the United Nations</a>. Vol. 2: The Age of Decolonization, 1955–1965 (illustrated ed.). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-20030-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-20030-6"><bdi>978-1-349-20030-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+United+Nations&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-20030-6&rft.aulast=Luard&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBeW-DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeisler2011" class="citation book cs1">Meisler, Stanley (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kXOGGjrB28EC">United Nations: A History</a> (revised ed.). Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802194992" title="Special:BookSources/9780802194992"><bdi>9780802194992</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+Nations%3A+A+History&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780802194992&rft.aulast=Meisler&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkXOGGjrB28EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMockaitis1999" class="citation book cs1">Mockaitis, Thomas R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=THalVADg3EkC">Peace Operations and Intrastate Conflict: The Sword Or the Olive Branch?</a> (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275961732" title="Special:BookSources/9780275961732"><bdi>9780275961732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+Operations+and+Intrastate+Conflict%3A+The+Sword+Or+the+Olive+Branch%3F&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780275961732&rft.aulast=Mockaitis&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTHalVADg3EkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Ballance1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_O%27Ballance" title="Edgar O'Ballance">O'Ballance, Edgar</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vfCADAAAQBAJ">The Congo-Zaire Experience, 1960–98</a> (illustrated ed.). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230286481" title="Special:BookSources/9780230286481"><bdi>9780230286481</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congo-Zaire+Experience%2C+1960%E2%80%9398&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780230286481&rft.aulast=O%27Ballance&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvfCADAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasad2005" class="citation book cs1">Prasad, Shankar (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Wxsgt6_0TYC">The Gallant Dogras: An Illustrated History of the Dogra Regiment</a>. Lancer Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170622680" title="Special:BookSources/9788170622680"><bdi>9788170622680</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gallant+Dogras%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+the+Dogra+Regiment&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788170622680&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=Shankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Wxsgt6_0TYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._Crawford_Young" title="M. Crawford Young">Young, Crawford</a> (1965). Politics in the Congo: Decolonization and Independence. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/307971">307971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+in+the+Congo%3A+Decolonization+and+Independence&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F307971&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Crawford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Unokat" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Congo_Crisis_(1960–1965)5880" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Congo_Crisis_footer" title="Template:Congo Crisis footer"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Congo_Crisis_footer" title="Template talk:Congo Crisis footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Congo_Crisis_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Congo Crisis footer"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Congo_Crisis_(1960–1965)5880" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a> (1960–1965)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:center;">Political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrille_Adoula" title="Cyrille Adoula">Cyrille Adoula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egide_Bocheley-Davidson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egide Bocheley-Davidson (page does not exist)">Egide Bocheley-Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens">Gaston Eyskens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Gbenye" title="Christophe Gbenye">Christophe Gbenye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Kalonji" title="Albert Kalonji">Albert Kalonji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu" title="Joseph Kasa-Vubu">Joseph Kasa-Vubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9o_Lef%C3%A8vre" title="Théo Lefèvre">Théo Lefèvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Joseph-Désiré Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mulele" title="Pierre Mulele">Pierre Mulele</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaston_Soumialot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaston Soumialot (page does not exist)">Gaston Soumialot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_Thant" title="U Thant">U Thant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%AFse_Tshombe" title="Moïse Tshombe">Moïse Tshombe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:center;">Congolese government forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_National_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Congolese National Army">Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:center;">Rebel forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katangese_Gendarmerie" title="Katangese Gendarmerie">Katangese Gendarmerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kasai" title="South Kasai">South Kasai forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Armée Populaire de Libération ("Simbas")</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:center;">UN contingent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">United Nations Operation in the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo#Canadian_Army_involvement" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo#Irish_Army_involvement" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo#Swedish_Army_involvement" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo#Indian_Army_leadership_and_involvement" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo#Ethiopia" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo#Ghana,_Nigeria,_Egypt" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">Ghana, Nigeria and Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:center;">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="CIA activities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">CIA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:center;">Belgian / mercenary units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercenaries_and_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mercenaries and the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Commando_Battalion_(Belgium)" title="2nd Commando Battalion (Belgium)">2nd Commando Battalion (Belgium)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Commando_Battalion_(Belgium)" title="4th Commando Battalion (Belgium)">4th Commando Battalion (Belgium)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Commando_Battalion_(Belgium)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Commando Battalion (Belgium) (page does not exist)">6th Commando Battalion (Belgium)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Legion_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Legion (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (page does not exist)">White Legion (Compagnie Internationale)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5_Mechanised_Brigade_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5 Mechanised Brigade (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (page does not exist)">5 Mechanised Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Commando_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="4 Commando (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">4 Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_Commando_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="5 Commando (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">5 Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6_Commando_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="6 Commando (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">6 Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=9_Commando_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9 Commando (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (page does not exist)">9 Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11_Commando_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11 Commando (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (page does not exist)">11 Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=12_Commando_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="12 Commando (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (page does not exist)">12 Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=13_Commando_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13 Commando (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (page does not exist)">13 Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=14_Commando_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14 Commando (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (page does not exist)">14 Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=15_Commando_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15 Commando (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (page does not exist)">15 Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=211_Makasi_Squadron_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="211 Makasi Squadron (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (page does not exist)">211th Makasi Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Exile_Naval_Force&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuban Exile Naval Force (page does not exist)">Cuban Exile Naval Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:center;">Commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">United Nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conor_Cruise_O%27Brien" title="Conor Cruise O'Brien">Conor Cruise O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K.A.S._Raja" title="K.A.S. Raja">K.A.S. Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Prem_Chand" title="Dewan Prem Chand">Dewan Prem Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Quinlan_(Irish_Army_officer)" title="Pat Quinlan (Irish Army officer)">Pat Quinlan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Congolese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bobozo" title="Louis Bobozo">Louis Bobozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Joseph-Désiré Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norbert_Moke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norbert Moke (page does not exist)">Norbert Moke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Belgian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Marie_Cr%C3%A8vecoeur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Marie Crèvecoeur (page does not exist)">Jean-Marie Crèvecoeur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Cr%C3%A8vecoeur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules Crèvecoeur (page does not exist)">Jules Crèvecoeur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Goosens" title="Marc Goosens">Marc Goosens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Schramme" title="Jean Schramme">Jean Schramme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Vandewalle" title="Frédéric Vandewalle">Frédéric Vandewalle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Mercenary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Denard" title="Bob Denard">Bob Denard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Faulques" title="Roger Faulques">Roger Faulques</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gardien_(mercenary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Gardien (mercenary) (page does not exist)">Charles Gardien</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Germani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Germani (page does not exist)">Hans Germani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_Mike_Hoare" title="Mad Mike Hoare">Mike Hoare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Fauntleroy_Julian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubert Fauntleroy Julian">Hubert Fauntleroy Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Malloch" title="Jack Malloch">Jack Malloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_M%C3%BCller_(mercenary)" title="Siegfried Müller (mercenary)">Siegfried Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Peters_(mercenary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Peters (mercenary) (page does not exist)">John Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerry_Puren_(mercenary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerry Puren (mercenary) (page does not exist)">Jerry Puren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Trinquier" title="Roger Trinquier">Roger Trinquier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_van_Oppen_(Mercenary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh van Oppen (Mercenary) (page does not exist)">Hugh van Oppen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Devlin" title="Larry Devlin">Larry Devlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_%22Rip%22_Robertson" title="William "Rip" Robertson">William "Rip" Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara#African_Congo" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:center;">Main operations / battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Force_Publique_mutinies" title="1960 Force Publique mutinies">Force Publique mutinies</a></li> <li>Secession crisis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">Katanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kasai" title="South Kasai">South Kasai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Kasai" title="Invasion of South Kasai">Invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Free Republic of the Congo">Congo-Stanleyville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">UN intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rum_Punch" title="Operation Rum Punch">Rum Punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niemba_ambush" title="Niemba ambush">Niemba ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kabalo" title="Battle of Kabalo">Battle of Kabalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jadotville" title="Siege of Jadotville">Jadotville</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UNOKAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Camp_Massart" title="Attack on Camp Massart">Camp Massart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grandslam" title="Operation Grandslam">Grandslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindu_atrocity" title="Kindu atrocity">Kindu atrocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Francqui_incident" title="Port Francqui incident">Port Francqui incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyarwanda_War" title="Kanyarwanda War">Kanyarwanda War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwilu_rebellion" title="Kwilu rebellion">Kwilu rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragon_Rouge" title="Operation Dragon Rouge">Dragon Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Dragon_Noir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Dragon Noir (page does not exist)">Dragon Noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_White_Giant" title="Operation White Giant">White Giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Violettes_Imperiales" title="Operation Violettes Imperiales">Violettes Imperiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_South" title="Operation South">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanleyville_mutinies" title="Stanleyville mutinies">Stanleyville mutinies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:center;">Other major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Lumumba_Government" title="Dissolution of the Lumumba Government">Dissolution of the Lumumba Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#Final_days_and_execution" title="Patrice Lumumba">Torture and killing of Lumumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Dag Hammarskjöld">Death of Dag Hammarskjöld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_general_strike_of_1960%E2%80%931961" title="Belgian general strike of 1960–1961">Belgian general strike of 1960–1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Unokat&oldid=1274659341">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Unokat&oldid=1274659341</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1961" title="Category:Conflicts in 1961">Conflicts in 1961</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Congo_Crisis" title="Category:Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:December_1961_in_Africa" title="Category:December 1961 in Africa">December 1961 in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Nations_operations_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:United Nations operations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">United Nations operations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_Sweden" title="Category:Battles involving Sweden">Battles involving Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_Ireland" title="Category:Battles involving Ireland">Battles involving Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Lubumbashi" title="Category:History of Lubumbashi">History of Lubumbashi</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2024">Use dmy dates from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_January_2024" title="Category:Use British English from January 2024">Use British English from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 February 2025, at 15:49 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Unokat&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Operation Unokat</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> Add languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-64qwh","wgBackendResponseTime":122,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.122","walltime":"1.332","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12407,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":170877,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":16224,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":187587,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1127.871 1 -total"," 34.12% 384.785 146 Template:Sfn"," 23.33% 263.180 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 18.32% 206.610 2 Template:Reflist"," 10.58% 119.294 9 Template:Cite_news"," 9.47% 106.769 20 Template:Cite_book"," 9.07% 102.276 1 Template:Congo_Crisis"," 8.51% 95.978 1 Template:Campaignbox"," 8.24% 92.928 7 Template:Efn"," 7.22% 81.485 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.671","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8148935,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbayawickrema2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbbott2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoulden2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakravorty1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakravorty1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCordierHarrelson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDobbins_et_al.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorn2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForest1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoskyns1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennesLarmer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKent2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLefeverJoshua1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuard2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeisler2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMockaitis1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Ballance1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrasad2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaleigh2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSohier1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanner1961\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFYoung1965\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Cite book\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"Congo Conflict: 1960–1968\"] = 1,\n [\"Congo Crisis\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Operation Unokat\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 7,\n [\"Flag\"] = 4,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 2,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 146,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use DMY\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.eqiad.main-58bb4f8ccf-8p92n","timestamp":"20250214044227","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Operation Unokat","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Unokat","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q106819357","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q106819357","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2021-04-28T13:03:11Z","dateModified":"2025-02-08T15:49:26Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/90\/On_duty_in_the_Congo_%284824514461%29.jpg","headline":"1961 UN offensive in the Congo"}</script> </body> </html>