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ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-ပတ္တမြား rootpage-ပတ္တမြား skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">မာတိကာသို့ ခုန်သွားရန်</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ဆိုဒ်"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ပင်မ မီနူး" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ပင်မ မီနူး</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ပင်မ မီနူး</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">ဘေးဘားသို့ရွှေ့ပါ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ဝှက်ရန်</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> အညွှန်း </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC" title="ဗဟိုစာမျက်နှာသို့ သွားရန် [z]" accesskey="z"><span>ဗဟိုစာမျက်နှာ</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="လက်ရှိ အဖြစ်အပျက်များမှ နောက်ခံ အချက်အလက်များကို ရှာရန်"><span>လက်ရှိဖြစ်ရပ်များ</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%9C%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B2%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဝီကီမှ လတ်တလော အပြောင်းအလဲများ စာရင်း [r]" accesskey="r"><span>လတ်တလော အပြောင်းအလဲများ</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကျပန်းစာမျက်နှာ ပြရန် [x]" accesskey="x"><span>ကျပန်းစာမျက်နှာ</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8"><span>ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား အကြောင်း</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Contact-url"><span>ဆက်သွယ်ရန်</span></a></li> </ul> 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class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား တွင် ရှာဖွေရန်" aria-label="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား တွင် ရှာဖွေရန်" autocapitalize="sentences" title="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယားတွင် ရှာဖွေရန် [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="အထူး:ရှာဖွေရန်"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">ရှာဖွေရန်</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="ကိုယ်ပိုင် ကိရိယာများ"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ပုံပန်းသွင်ပြင်"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ပုံပန်းသွင်ပြင်" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ပုံပန်းသွင်ပြင်</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=my.wikipedia.org&uselang=my" class=""><span>လှူဒါန်းမှု</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA&returnto=%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အကောင့်တစ်ခုကို ဖန်တီးပြီး ဝင်ရောက်ရန် သင့်အား တိုက်တွန်းပါသည်။ သို့သော် မဖြစ်မနေ မဟုတ်ပါ။" class=""><span>အကောင့် ဖန်တီးရန်</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:UserLogin&returnto=%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="သင့်အား အကောင့်ဝင်ရန် တိုက်တွန်းပါသည်။ သို့သော် မဖြစ်မနေ လုပ်ဆောင်ရန် မဟုတ်ပါ။ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>အကောင့်ဝင်ရန်</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="နောက်ထပ် ရွေးချယ်စရာများ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ကိုယ်ပိုင် ကိရိယာများ" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ကိုယ်ပိုင် ကိရိယာများ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="အသုံးပြုသူ မီနူး" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=my.wikipedia.org&uselang=my"><span>လှူဒါန်းမှု</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA&returnto=%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အကောင့်တစ်ခုကို ဖန်တီးပြီး ဝင်ရောက်ရန် သင့်အား တိုက်တွန်းပါသည်။ သို့သော် မဖြစ်မနေ မဟုတ်ပါ။"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>အကောင့် ဖန်တီးရန်</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:UserLogin&returnto=%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="သင့်အား အကောင့်ဝင်ရန် တိုက်တွန်းပါသည်။ သို့သော် မဖြစ်မနေ လုပ်ဆောင်ရန် မဟုတ်ပါ။ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>အကောင့်ဝင်ရန်</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ထွက်ပြီးသား တည်းဖြတ်သူများအတွက် စာမျက်နှာများ <a href="/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%A1%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AE:%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" aria-label="တည်းဖြတ်ခြင်းအကြောင်း ပိုမိုလေ့လာရန်"><span>ပိုမို လေ့လာရန်</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%81%8F%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဤအိုင်ပီလိပ်စာမှ ပြုလုပ်ထားသော တည်းဖြတ်မှုများ၏ စာရင်း [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ဆောင်ရွက်ချက်များ</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%81%8F%E1%80%86%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ဤအိုင်ပီလိပ်စာမှ တည်းဖြတ်မှုများအကြောင်း ဆွေးနွေးချက် [n]" accesskey="n"><span>ဆွေးနွေးရန်</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ဆိုဒ်"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="မာတိကာ" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">မာတိကာ</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ဘေးဘားသို့ရွှေ့ပါ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ဝှက်ရန်</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">အစပိုင်း</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ဓာတုဗေဒဖွဲ့စည်းမှု" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ဓာတုဗေဒဖွဲ့စည်းမှု"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">၁</span> <span>ဓာတုဗေဒဖွဲ့စည်းမှု</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ဓာတုဗေဒဖွဲ့စည်းမှု-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ဓာတုဗေဒဖွဲ့စည်းမှု subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ဓာတုဗေဒဖွဲ့စည်းမှု-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ပတ္တမြား_အရည်အသွေးများ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ပတ္တမြား_အရည်အသွေးများ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">၁.၁</span> <span>ပတ္တမြား အရည်အသွေးများ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ပတ္တမြား_အရည်အသွေးများ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ပတ္တမြား_ဂေါ်ကြိုး(Star_Ruby_)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ပတ္တမြား_ဂေါ်ကြိုး(Star_Ruby_)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">၂</span> <span>ပတ္တမြား ဂေါ်ကြိုး(Star Ruby )</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ပတ္တမြား_ဂေါ်ကြိုး(Star_Ruby_)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ပတ္တမြားအတု" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ပတ္တမြားအတု"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">၃</span> <span>ပတ္တမြားအတု</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ပတ္တမြားအတု-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ကျမ်းကိုး" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ကျမ်းကိုး"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">၄</span> <span>ကျမ်းကိုး</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ကျမ်းကိုး-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="မာတိကာ" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ပတ္တမြား</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in ၉၉ languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">၉၉ ဘာသာစကားများ ၉၉ ခု</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%AD" title="Rubí – အာရာဂွန်" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rubí" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="အာရာဂွန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AA" title="ياقوت – အာရဗီ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ياقوت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="အာရဗီ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AA" title="ياقوت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ياقوت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%ADn" title="Rubín – အက်စ်တိုးရီးယား" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rubín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="အက်စ်တိုးရီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqut" title="Yaqut – အဇာဘိုင်ဂျန်" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yaqut" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="အဇာဘိုင်ဂျန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%8C_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="روبی، آلاسکا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روبی، آلاسکا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Рубін – ဘီလာရုစ်" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рубін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ဘီလာရုစ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Рубін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рубін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Рубин – ဘူလ်ဂေးရီးယား" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рубин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ဘူလ်ဂေးရီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirah_delima" title="Mirah delima – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Mirah delima" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubiz" title="Rubiz – ဘရီတွန်" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rubiz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ဘရီတွန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob%C3%AD" title="Robí – ကတ်တလန်" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="ကတ်တလန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA" title="یاقووت – ဗဟိုဒေသသုံး ကဒ်ဘာသာ" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یاقووت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="ဗဟိုဒေသသုံး ကဒ်ဘာသာ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%ADn" title="Rubín – ချက်" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rubín" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ချက်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin" title="Rubin – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Rubin" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Рубин – ချူဗက်ရှ်" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рубин" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ချူဗက်ရှ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhuddem" title="Rhuddem – ဝေလ" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhuddem" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ဝေလ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin" title="Rubin – ဒိန်းမတ်" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rubin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ဒိန်းမတ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin" title="Rubin – ဂျာမန်" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rubin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ဂျာမန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B9" title="Ρουμπίνι – ဂရိ" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρουμπίνι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ဂရိ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – အင်္ဂလိပ်" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="အင်္ဂလိပ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubeno" title="Rubeno – အက်စ်ပရန်တို" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rubeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="အက်စ်ပရန်တို" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%AD" title="Rubí – စပိန်" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rubí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="စပိန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubiin" title="Rubiin – အက်စ်တိုးနီးယား" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rubiin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="အက်စ်တိုးနီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errubi" title="Errubi – ဘာစ်ခ်" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errubi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="ဘာစ်ခ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AA" title="یاقوت – ပါရှန်" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یاقوت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ပါရှန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubiini" title="Rubiini – ဖင်လန်" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rubiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ဖင်လန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubis" title="Rubis – ပြင်သစ်" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rubis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ပြင်သစ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAib%C3%ADn" title="Rúibín – အိုင်းရစ်ရှ်" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rúibín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="အိုင်းရစ်ရှ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%AD" title="Rubí – ဂါလီစီယာ" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rubí" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ဂါလီစီယာ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="माणिक – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="माणिक" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B9ng-p%C3%B3-sa%CC%8Dk" title="Fùng-pó-sa̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fùng-pó-sa̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%9D" title="אודם – ဟီဘရူး" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אודם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ဟီဘရူး" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6" title="कुरुविंद – ဟိန်ဒူ" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कुरुविंद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ဟိန်ဒူ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin" title="Rubin – ခရိုအေးရှား" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rubin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ခရိုအေးရှား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Սուտակ – အာမေးနီးယား" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուտակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="အာမေးနီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubino" title="Rubino – အင်တာလင်ဂွါ" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Rubino" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="အင်တာလင်ဂွါ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirah_delima" title="Mirah delima – အင်ဒိုနီးရှား" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mirah delima" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="အင်ဒိုနီးရှား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubino" title="Rubino – အီဒို" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rubino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="အီဒို" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAb%C3%ADnn" title="Rúbínn – အိုက်စ်လန်" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rúbínn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="အိုက်စ်လန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubino" title="Rubino – အီတလီ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rubino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="အီတလီ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC" title="ルビー – ဂျပန်" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルビー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ဂျပန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ლალი – ဂျော်ဂျီယာ" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ဂျော်ဂျီယာ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubii" title="Rubii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Rubii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqut" title="Yaqut – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Yaqut" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Рубин – ကာဇာချ" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рубин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="ကာဇာချ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%82" title="បទុមរាគ – ခမာ" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បទុមរាគ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="ခမာ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF_(%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF)" title="ಮಾಣಿಕ್ಯ (ರೂಬಿ) – ကန်နာဒါ" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾಣಿಕ್ಯ (ರೂಬಿ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="ကန်နာဒါ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%B9%84" title="루비 – ကိုရီးယား" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="ကိုရီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagend" title="Pagend – ကဒ်" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pagend" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="ကဒ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Рубин – ကာဂျစ်" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рубин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="ကာဂျစ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbunculus" title="Carbunculus – လက်တင်" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carbunculus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="လက်တင်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin" title="Rubin – လူဇင်ဘတ်" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rubin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="လူဇင်ဘတ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubinas" title="Rubinas – လစ်သူဝေးနီးယား" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rubinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="လစ်သူဝေးနီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C4%ABns" title="Rubīns – လတ်ဗီးယား" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rubīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="လတ်ဗီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatomena" title="Vatomena – မာလဂက်စီ" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vatomena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="မာလဂက်စီ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Рубин – မက်ဆီဒိုးနီးယား" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рубин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="မက်ဆီဒိုးနီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82_(%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82)" title="മാണിക്യം (നവരത്നം) – မလေယာလမ်" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാണിക്യം (നവരത്നം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="မလေယာလမ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="माणिक – မာရသီ" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="माणिक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="မာရသီ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_delima" title="Batu delima – မလေး" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Batu delima" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="မလေး" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="माणिक – နီပေါ" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="माणिक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="နီပေါ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AC%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE)" title="माणिक्कम् (सन् १९९६या संकिपा) – နီဝါရီ" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="माणिक्कम् (सन् १९९६या संकिपा)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="နီဝါရီ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robijn_(korund)" title="Robijn (korund) – ဒတ်ခ်ျ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robijn (korund)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ဒတ်ခ်ျ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin" title="Rubin – နော်ဝေ နီးနောစ်" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rubin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="နော်ဝေ နီးနောစ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin" title="Rubin – နော်ဝေ ဘွတ်ခ်မော်လ်" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rubin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="နော်ဝေ ဘွတ်ခ်မော်လ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durri_diimaa" title="Durri diimaa – အိုရိုမို" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Durri diimaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="အိုရိုမို" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Лал – အိုဆဲတစ်ခ်" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Лал" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="အိုဆဲတစ်ခ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80" title="ਰੂਬੀ – ပန်ချာပီ" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੂਬੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="ပန်ချာပီ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin" title="Rubin – ပိုလန်" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rubin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="ပိုလန်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AA" title="یاقوت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یاقوت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AA" title="ياقوت – ပက်ရှ်တွန်း" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ياقوت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="ပက်ရှ်တွန်း" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubi" title="Rubi – ပေါ်တူဂီ" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rubi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ပေါ်တူဂီ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puka_umi%C3%B1a" title="Puka umiña – ခီချူဝါအိုဝါ" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Puka umiña" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ခီချူဝါအိုဝါ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin" title="Rubin – ရိုမေနီယား" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rubin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ရိုမေနီယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Рубин – ရုရှ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рубин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ရုရှ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="माणिक्यम् – သင်္သကရိုက်" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="माणिक्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="သင်္သကရိုက်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – စကော့တ်" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="စကော့တ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin" title="Rubin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rubin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A7" title="රතුකැට – စင်ဟာလာ" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රතුකැට" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="စင်ဟာလာ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ruby" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%ADn" title="Rubín – ဆလိုဗက်" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rubín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="ဆလိုဗက်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin" title="Rubin – ဆလိုဗေးနီးယား" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rubin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="ဆလိုဗေးနီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Рубин – ဆားဘီးယား" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рубин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="ဆားဘီးယား" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin" title="Rubin – ဆွီဒင်" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rubin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="ဆွီဒင်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மாணிக்கம் – တမီးလ်" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாணிக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="တမီးလ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%81%D2%9B%D1%83%D1%82" title="Ёқут – တာဂျစ်" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ёқут" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="တာဂျစ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1_(%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5)" title="ทับทิม (อัญมณี) – ထိုင်း" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทับทิม (อัญมณี)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="ထိုင်း" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubi" title="Rubi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rubi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakut" title="Yakut – တူရကီ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yakut" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="တူရကီ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%84_%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%87%D8%AA" title="قىزىل ياقۇت – ဝီဂါ" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قىزىل ياقۇت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ဝီဂါ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Рубін – ယူကရိန်း" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рубін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ယူကရိန်း" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AA" title="یاقوت – အူရ်ဒူ" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یاقوت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="အူရ်ဒူ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoqut" title="Yoqut – ဥဇဘတ်" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yoqut" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ဥဇဘတ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_ng%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Hồng ngọc – ဗီယက်နမ်" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hồng ngọc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ဗီယက်နမ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%AE%9D%E7%9F%B3" title="红宝石 – ဝူ တရုတ်" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="红宝石" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ဝူ တရုတ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F" title="רובין – ရဟူဒီ" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רובין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ရဟူဒီ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%AE%9D%E7%9F%B3" title="红宝石 – တရုတ်" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="红宝石" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="တရုတ်" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ng-p%C3%B3-chio%CC%8Dh" title="Âng-pó-chio̍h – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Âng-pó-chio̍h" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%AF%B6%E7%9F%B3" title="紅寶石 – ကွမ်းတုံ" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紅寶石" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="ကွမ်းတုံ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43088#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="ဘာသာစကားလင့်ခ်များကို တည်းဖြတ်ရန်" class="wbc-editpage">လင့်ခ်များကို တည်းဖြတ်ရန်</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="အမည်ညွှန်းများ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="မာတိကာ ကြည့်ရန် [c]" accesskey="c"><span>စာမျက်နှာ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%86%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA:%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="မာတိကာ စာမျက်နှာအတွက် ဆွေးနွေးချက်များ (စာမျက်နှာ မရှိသေးပါ) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>ဆွေးနွေးချက်</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ဘာသာစကား မူကွဲကို ပြောင်းရန်" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">မြန်မာဘာသာ</span> </label> 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%98%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B2/%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဤနေရာသို့ လမ်းညွှန် လင့်ထားသည့် ဝီကီစာမျက်နှာများ၏ စာရင်း [j]" accesskey="j"><span>ဘယ်ကလင့်ခ်ထားလဲ</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:RecentChangesLinked/%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" rel="nofollow" title="ဤစာမျက်နှာမှ ညွှန်းထားသည့် စာမျက်နှာများမှ လတ်တလော အပြောင်းအလဲများ [k]" accesskey="k"><span>ဆက်စပ်သော အပြောင်းအလဲများ</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အထူး စာမျက်နှာများအားလုံး စာရင်း [q]" accesskey="q"><span>အထူး စာမျက်နှာများ</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8&oldid=821193" title="ဤစာမျက်နှာ၏ ယခုတည်းဖြတ်မူအတွက် ပုံသေလိပ်စာ"><span>ပုံသေလိပ်စာ</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8&action=info" title="ဤစာမျက်နှာအကြောင်း အချက်အလက်ပို၍"><span>စာမျက်နှာ အချက်အလက်များ</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:CiteThisPage&page=%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8&id=821193&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="ဤစာမျက်နှာအား အကိုးအကားပြုပုံ အချက်အလက်များ"><span>ဤစာမျက်နှာကို ကိုးကားပြုရန်</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%25B9%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BC%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%25B8"><span>အတိုကောက် URL ရယူရန်</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%25B9%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BC%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%25B8"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ပရင့်/ပို့လွှတ် </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8"><span>စာအုပ်တစ်အုပ် ဖန်တီးရန်</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF အနေဖြင့် ရယူရန်</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8&printable=yes" title="ဤစာမျက်နှာ၏ ပရင့်ထုတ်နိုင်သောမူ [p]" accesskey="p"><span>ပရင့်ထုတ်နိုင်သော ဗားရှင်း</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> အခြား ပရောဂျက်များတွင် </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ruby" hreflang="en"><span>ဝီကီမီဒီယာ ကွန်မွန်းစ်</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43088" title="ဒေတာအချက်အလက်နှင့် ချိတ်ဆက်ရန်လင့်ခ် [g]" accesskey="g"><span>ဝီကီဒေတာ item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="စာမျက်နှာကိရိယာများ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ပုံပန်းသွင်ပြင်"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ပုံပန်းသွင်ပြင်</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ဘေးဘားသို့ရွှေ့ပါ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ဝှက်ရန်</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား မှ</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="my" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;color: #ffffff; background-color: #b31b1d">ပတ္တမြား</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA:Corundum-215330.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Corundum-215330.jpg/260px-Corundum-215330.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Corundum-215330.jpg/390px-Corundum-215330.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Corundum-215330.jpg/520px-Corundum-215330.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="752" /></a></span><div>A ruby crystal from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dodoma_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dodoma Region (စာမျက်နှာ မရှိသေးပါ)">Dodoma Region</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanzania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanzania (စာမျက်နှာ မရှိသေးပါ)">Tanzania</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;color: #ffffff; background-color: #b31b1d">ယေဘုယျ</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">ကဏ္ဍ</th><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxide_mineral" class="extiw" title="en:Oxide mineral">Oxide mineral</a> variety</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92_%E1%80%96%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC" title="ဓာတုဗေဒ ဖော်မျူလာ">ဖော်မျူလာ</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">(repeating unit)</span></th><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aluminium_oxide" class="extiw" title="en:aluminium oxide">en:aluminium oxide</a> with <a href="/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ခရိုမီယမ်">ခရိုမီယမ်</a>, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:Cr</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%B2_%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ပုံဆောင်ခဲ စနစ် (စာမျက်နှာ မရှိသေးပါ)">ပုံဆောင်ခဲ စနစ်</a></th><td>တြိပုံဆောင်</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Crystal class</th><td>Hexagonal scalenohedral (<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m) <br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-M_symbol" class="extiw" title="en:H-M symbol">H-M symbol</a>: (<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span> 2/m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Space group</th><td><i>R</i><span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>c<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>၁<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;color: #ffffff; background-color: #b31b1d">ခွဲခြားသတ်မှတ်ခြင်း</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Colour</th><td>Orangy red through strongly purplish red.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Crystal habit</th><td>Terminated tabular hexagonal prisms</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)" class="extiw" title="en:Cleavage (crystal)">Cleavage</a></th><td>No true cleavage</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture_(mineralogy)" class="extiw" title="en:Fracture (mineralogy)">Fracture</a></th><td>Conchoidal, splintery</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenacity_(mineralogy)" class="extiw" title="en:Tenacity (mineralogy)">Tenacity</a></th><td>Brittle</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="extiw" title="en:Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">hardness</span></th><td>9.0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" class="extiw" title="en:Lustre (mineralogy)">Luster</a></th><td>Subadamantine, vitreous, pearly (on partings)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streak_(mineralogy)" class="extiw" title="en:Streak (mineralogy)">Streak</a></th><td>White</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" class="extiw" title="en:Transparency and translucency">Diaphaneity</a></th><td>Transparent, translucent</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Specific gravity</th><td>3.97–4.05</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Optical properties</th><td>Uniaxial/−</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Refractive index</th><td>n<sub>ω</sub>=1.768–1.772 <br />n<sub>ε</sub>=1.760–1.763</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Birefringence</th><td>0.008 to 0.010</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Pleochroism</th><td>Strong: purplish-red – orangy-red</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)" class="extiw" title="en:Dispersion (optics)">Dispersion</a></th><td>0.018</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA" title="ခရမ်းလွန်ရောင်ခြည်">ခရမ်းလွန်ရောင်ခြည်</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluorescence (စာမျက်နှာ မရှိသေးပါ)">fluorescence</a></th><td>Red under longwave</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Common impurities</th><td>Cr. (sometimes :Ti, Fe)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">ကိုးကား</th><td><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>၂<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA:5-carat_ruby_ring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/5-carat_ruby_ring.jpg/220px-5-carat_ruby_ring.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/5-carat_ruby_ring.jpg/330px-5-carat_ruby_ring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/5-carat_ruby_ring.jpg/440px-5-carat_ruby_ring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption>ပတ္တမြား</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA:Ruby_gem.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ruby_gem.JPG/220px-Ruby_gem.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ruby_gem.JPG/330px-Ruby_gem.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Ruby_gem.JPG 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>ပတ္တမြား</figcaption></figure> <div style="text-align:justify;"> <p><b>ပတ္တမြား</b>သည် တွင်းထွက်ကျောက် တစ်မျိုးဖြစ်သည်။ ပတ္တမြား၏ အရောင်သည် အများအားဖြင့် အနီရောင်ဖြစ်သည်။ တွင်းထွက်ကျောက်ထဲတွင် အရည်အသွေးကောင်းပါက တန်ဖိုးကြီးလေသည်။ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတွင် မိုးကုတ်ဒေသမှ အများဆုံး ထွက်ရှိသည်။ ထို့ကြောင့် မိုးကုတ်ဒေသကို ပတ္တမြားမြေဟုလည်း တင်စားခေါ်ဝေါ်ကြသည်။ ပြဒါးဓာတ်များ ကိန်းအောင်းရာမှ ဖြစ်လာသည်ဟု ရှေးအယူရှိသောကြောင့် ပြဒါးများဟု ခေါ်ရာမှနေပြီး နောင်တွင် ပတ္တမြားဟု အမည်တွင်လာသည်ဟု ပြောဆိုကြသည်။ </p> </div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ဓာတုဗေဒဖွဲ့စည်းမှု"><span id=".E1.80.93.E1.80.AC.E1.80.90.E1.80.AF.E1.80.97.E1.80.B1.E1.80.92.E1.80.96.E1.80.BD.E1.80.B2.E1.80.B7.E1.80.85.E1.80.8A.E1.80.BA.E1.80.B8.E1.80.99.E1.80.BE.E1.80.AF"></span>ဓာတုဗေဒဖွဲ့စည်းမှု</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="ဤအပိုင်းကို တည်းဖြတ်ရန် - ဓာတုဗေဒဖွဲ့စည်းမှု"><span>ပြင်ဆင်ရန်</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဓာတုဗေဒ">ဓာတုဗေဒ</a>အရ ပတ္တမြားနှင့် <a href="/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC" title="နီလာ">နီလာ</a>သည် အလူမီနီယံအက်တမ် ၃ခုနှင့် <a href="/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="အောက်စီဂျင်">အောက်စီဂျင်</a><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အက်တမ်">အက်တမ်</a>၂ခုတို့ဖြင့် ဖွဲ့စည်းထားသည့် ကိုရမ်ဒမ် (Al2O3) <a href="/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဒြပ်ပေါင်း">ဒြပ်ပေါင်း</a>သာဖြစ်သည်။ ထိုဒြပ်ပေါင်းအတွင်းသို့ ခရိုမီယံ <a href="/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဒြပ်စင်">ဒြပ်စင်</a>အနည်းငယ်ပါဝင်သောကြောင့် အနီရောင်အဖြစ် အရောင်ရှိနေရခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ပုံဆောင်စနစ် (စာမျက်နှာ မရှိသေးပါ)">ပုံဆောင်စနစ်</a>မှာ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%90%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%82%E1%80%AF%E1%80%8F%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="တြိဂုဏ်စနစ် (စာမျက်နှာ မရှိသေးပါ)">တြိဂုဏ်စနစ်</a>ဖြစ်ပြီး ရောင်လက်အားဖြင့် <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%96%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ဖန်ရောင်လက် (စာမျက်နှာ မရှိသေးပါ)">ဖန်ရောင်လက်</a>ဖြစ်သည်။ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="မာဆင့် (စာမျက်နှာ မရှိသေးပါ)">မာဆင့်</a>မှာ ၉ ရှိပြီး သဘာဝတွင်းထွက်များအနက် <a href="/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="စိန်">စိန်</a>ပြီးလျှင် အမာဆုံးတွင်းထွက်ဖြစ်သည်။ </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ပတ္တမြား_အရည်အသွေးများ"><span id=".E1.80.95.E1.80.90.E1.80.B9.E1.80.90.E1.80.99.E1.80.BC.E1.80.AC.E1.80.B8_.E1.80.A1.E1.80.9B.E1.80.8A.E1.80.BA.E1.80.A1.E1.80.9E.E1.80.BD.E1.80.B1.E1.80.B8.E1.80.99.E1.80.BB.E1.80.AC.E1.80.B8"></span>ပတ္တမြား အရည်အသွေးများ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="ဤအပိုင်းကို တည်းဖြတ်ရန် - ပတ္တမြား အရည်အသွေးများ"><span>ပြင်ဆင်ရန်</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><b>လည်သီးရည်</b> ကြက်ဖလည်ပင်းမှထွက်သော သွေးအရောင်၊ အနီရောင်အပြည့်ရှိသည့် ပတ္တမြားကျောက်ကို ခေါ်ခြင်းဖြစ်သည်။</li> <li><b>ငရှဉ့်သွေးရည်</b> ငရှဉ့်သွေးကဲ့သို့ အနီရောင်ရှိသည့် ပတ္တမြားကျောက်ကို ခေါ်ခြင်းဖြစ်သည်။</li> <li><b>ခိုသွေးရည်</b> ပတ္တမြားကျောက် အနီရောင်တွင် အပြာရည်စွက်သော အရောင်ကို ခေါ်ခြင်းဖြစ်သည်။</li> <li><b>ယုန်သွေးရည်</b> ပတ္တမြားကျောက် အနီရောင်တွင် အဝါရည်စွက်သောအရောင်ကို ခေါ်ခြင်းဖြစ်သည်။</li> <li><b>သပြေသီးရည်</b> ပတ္တမြားကျောက် အနီတွင် အပြာ၊ အညို ရောယှက်နေသည့် သပြေသီးမှည့် အရောင်ကို ခေါ်ခြင်းဖြစ်သည်။</li> <li><b>ဘုံဘိုင်ညွန့်ရည်</b> နှင်းဆီပန်းအရောင်ရင့်၏ စိုပြေသော နီနီရဲရဲ အရောင်မျိုးကို ခေါ်ခြင်းဖြစ်သည်။</li> <li><b>ဘုံဘိုင်ရည်</b> လူငယ်၏အသွေးအရောင်ကဲ့သို့ အနီရောင်သက်သက်မျိုးကို ခေါ်ခြင်းဖြစ်သည်။</li> <li><b>ကျောက်တိမ်းရည်</b> အနီတွင် အပြာရည်လွန်သော အရောင်မျိုးကို ခေါ်ခြင်းဖြစ်သည်။</li> <li><b>အရည်ကျ</b> အနီရောင် ဖျော့သောအရောင်မျိုးကို ခေါ်ခြင်းဖြစ်သည်။</li> <li><b>ပန်းရည်</b> နှင်းဆီပန်းရောင်ကဲ့သို့ အရောင်မျိုးကို ခေါ်ခြင်းဖြစ်သည်။</li> <li><b>ကြက်သည်းရောင်အရည်</b> ညိုပုပ်ပုပ်နှင့် မည်းသယောင်ယောင်နီသော အနီပုပ်ရောင်မျိုးကို ခေါ်ခြင်းဖြစ်သည်။</li> <li><b>ကြက်သွန်ဥခွံအရည်</b> အနီရောင်ဖျော့လျှက် ဖြူသယောင် အရောင်မျိုးကို ခေါ်ခြင်းဖြစ်သည်။</li> <li><b>ထုံးခြောက်ရည်</b> နီသော်လည်း ဖြူပြီး ခြောက်တောက်တောက် ဖြစ်နေသော အရောင်မျိုးကို ခေါ်ခြင်းဖြစ်သည်။</li> <li><b>ကတ္တီပါရည်</b> ကတ္တီပါအပြာစ ကဲ့သို့ အပြာရောင်ရှိသော နီလာကျောက်ကို ခေါ်ခြင်းဖြစ်သည်။ (နီလာတွင်သာ ခေါ်ခြင်းဖြစ်သည်။)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ပတ္တမြား_ဂေါ်ကြိုး(Star_Ruby_)"><span id=".E1.80.95.E1.80.90.E1.80.B9.E1.80.90.E1.80.99.E1.80.BC.E1.80.AC.E1.80.B8_.E1.80.82.E1.80.B1.E1.80.AB.E1.80.BA.E1.80.80.E1.80.BC.E1.80.AD.E1.80.AF.E1.80.B8.28Star_Ruby_.29"></span>ပတ္တမြား ဂေါ်ကြိုး(Star Ruby )</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="ဤအပိုင်းကို တည်းဖြတ်ရန် - ပတ္တမြား ဂေါ်ကြိုး(Star Ruby )"><span>ပြင်ဆင်ရန်</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ပတ္တမြား၏ ထူးခြားမှုတစ်ခုမှာ ကြိုးခေါ် ဂေါ်ကြိုးများတွေ့ရှိရတတ်ခြင်းပင်ဖြစ်သည်။ ထိုကဲ့သို့ကြိုးများပေါ်ရခြင်းမှာ ပတ္တမြားနှင့်နီလာတို့၏အတွင်းတွင်ရှိသည့် ပိုးကြိုးကဲ့သို့သော ရူတိုင်း<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="အောင်းဝင်များ (စာမျက်နှာ မရှိသေးပါ)">အောင်းဝင်များ</a>ကြောင့်ဖြစ်သည်။ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ပတ္တမြားအတု"><span id=".E1.80.95.E1.80.90.E1.80.B9.E1.80.90.E1.80.99.E1.80.BC.E1.80.AC.E1.80.B8.E1.80.A1.E1.80.90.E1.80.AF"></span>ပတ္တမြားအတု</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="ဤအပိုင်းကို တည်းဖြတ်ရန် - ပတ္တမြားအတု"><span>ပြင်ဆင်ရန်</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>တန်ဖိုးကြီးလူကြိုက်များသောကြောင့် ပတ္တမြားကို အတုဖန်တီးကာ လိမ်လည်ရောင်းချခြင်းမှာလည်း ပေါ်ပေါက်လာရသည်။ ပတ္တမြားအတုပုံစံနှစ်မျိုးရှိသည်။ ပထမတစ်မျိုးမှာ:ပတ္တမြားနှင့်ဆင်တူသော အခြားတွင်းထွက်ကျောက်မျက် (ဥပမာ- ပတ္တမြားနီးပါးလှပသည့် <a href="/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%8A%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B7%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အညံ့ပန်း">အညံ့ပန်း</a>)ဖြစ်ပြီး၊ ထိုကဲ့သို့သော ကျောက်မျက်များကို ဆင်တူရိုးမှားဟုသတ်မှတ်ပြီး <a href="/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%81%8F_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%82%E1%80%AF%E1%80%8F%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ကျောက်မျက် ရတနာတို့၏ ရုပ်ပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာ ဂုဏ်သတ္တိများ">ကျောက်မျက် ရတနာတို့၏ ရုပ်ပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာ ဂုဏ်သတ္တိများ</a>ဖြင့် ခွဲခြားနိုင်ပေသည်။ </p><p>ဒုတိယတစ်မျိုးမှာ : လူတို့၏အားထုတ်မှုဖြင့် ပတ္တမြား၏ ဓာတုဒြပ်ပေါင်းဖြစ်သည့် ကိုရိုဒမ်ဒြပ်ပေါင်းအား ကျိုချက်ကာ တစ်စက်ခြင်းပုံလောင်းအအေးခံခြင်းအားဖြင့် ရရှိလာသည့် ချက်ကျောက်အမျိုးအစားဖြစ်ပေသည်။ ၎င်းကို ဈေးကွက်အတွင်းတွင် ချက်ကျောက် ဟုသတ်မှတ်ခေါ်ဝေါ်ကြသည်။ အဆိုပါ ချက်ကျောက်များအား ဆယ်ဆချဲ့မှန်ဘီလူးဖြင့်သော်လည်းကောင်း ဓာတ်ခွဲခန်းသုံး အဏုကြည့်မှန်ဘီလူးဖြင့်သော်လည်းကောင်း ကောင်းစွာစစ်ဆေးကြည့်လျှင် အအေးခံအစက်ချသည့် အလွှာအလိုက် လိုင်းကြောင်း(မျဉ်းကွေး)များအထပ်ထပ်တွေ့ရှိခြင်းဖြင့် ချက်ကျောက်(အတု) ဖြစ်ကြောင်းကို သိရှိနိုင်သည်။ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ကျမ်းကိုး"><span id=".E1.80.80.E1.80.BB.E1.80.99.E1.80.BA.E1.80.B8.E1.80.80.E1.80.AD.E1.80.AF.E1.80.B8"></span>ကျမ်းကိုး</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8&action=edit&section=5" title="ဤအပိုင်းကို တည်းဖြတ်ရန် - ကျမ်းကိုး"><span>ပြင်ဆင်ရန်</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webmineral.com/data/Corundum.shtml">Corundum data on Webmineral</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071001144657/http://webmineral.com/data/Corundum.shtml">Archived</a> October 1, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gemdat.org/gem-3473.html">Ruby on Gemdat.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210903162228/https://www.gemdat.org/gem-3473.html">Archived</a> September 3, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" 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