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href="#Claims_in_the_media_about_Wikipedia's_ideological_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Claims in the media about Wikipedia's ideological bias</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Claims_in_the_media_about_Wikipedia's_ideological_bias-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Claims in the media about Wikipedia's ideological bias subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Claims_in_the_media_about_Wikipedia's_ideological_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liberal_and_left-wing_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_and_left-wing_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Liberal and left-wing bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_and_left-wing_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Larry_Sanger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Larry_Sanger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Larry Sanger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Larry_Sanger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservapedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservapedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Conservapedia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservapedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infogalactic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infogalactic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Infogalactic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infogalactic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responses_from_Wikipedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responses_from_Wikipedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Responses from Wikipedia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responses_from_Wikipedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Croatian_Wikipedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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href="#Spanish_Wikipedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Spanish Wikipedia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_Wikipedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CAMERA_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CAMERA_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>CAMERA campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CAMERA_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesgo_ideol%C3%B3gico_en_Wikipedia" title="Sesgo ideológico en Wikipedia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sesgo ideológico en Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جانبداری ایدئولوژیک در ویکی‌پدیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جانبداری ایدئولوژیک در ویکی‌پدیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias_ideologi_di_Wikipedia" title="Bias ideologi di Wikipedia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bias ideologi di Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pregiudizi_ideologici_in_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Pregiudizi ideologici in Wikipedia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wikipedia:Pregiudizi ideologici in Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecenderungan_ideologi_di_Wikipedia" title="Kecenderungan ideologi di Wikipedia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kecenderungan ideologi di Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%9A%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E3%82%A4%E3%83%87%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AD%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC%E7%9A%84%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9" title="ウィキペディアにおけるイデオロギー的バイアス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィキペディアにおけるイデオロギー的バイアス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ความเอนเอียงทางคตินิยมในวิกิพีเดีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความเอนเอียงทางคตินิยมในวิกิพีเดีย" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Ideological bias on Wikipedia</b>, especially in its <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English-language edition</a>, has been the subject of academic analysis and public <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia" title="Criticism of Wikipedia">criticism of the project</a>. Questions relate to whether its content is <a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">biased</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Political_bias" title="Political bias">political</a>, religious, or other <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideologies</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia community">its volunteer editors</a> may adhere to. These all draw concerns as to the possible effects this may have on <a href="/wiki/Reliability_of_Wikipedia" title="Reliability of Wikipedia">the encyclopedia's reliability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wired-Fitts_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-Fitts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burnsed_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burnsed-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> has an internal policy which states that articles must be written from a neutral point of view, which means representing fairly, proportionately, and, as far as possible, without editorial bias, all of the significant <a href="/wiki/Point_of_view_(philosophy)" title="Point of view (philosophy)">points of view</a> that have been verifiably published by reliable sources on a topic.<sup id="cite_ref-Reagle_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reagle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Collectively, findings show that Wikipedia articles edited by large numbers of editors with opposing ideological views are at least as neutral as other similar sources, but articles with smaller edit volumes by fewer—or more ideologically <a href="/wiki/Homogeneity_and_heterogeneity" title="Homogeneity and heterogeneity">homogeneous</a>—contributors are more likely to reflect an editorial bias.<sup id="cite_ref-Segregation_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segregation-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ProductiveFriction_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProductiveFriction-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple studies, including two from the same Harvard researchers, found a left-wing bias at Wikipedia in both article content and editor sanctioning.<sup id="cite_ref-GZ2018_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GZ2018-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_of_research">State of research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: State of research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_related_to_U.S._politics">Articles related to U.S. politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Articles related to U.S. politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_American_politics" title="Wikipedia coverage of American politics">Wikipedia coverage of American politics</a></div> <p>Research shows that Wikipedia is prone to neutrality violations caused by bias from its editors, including <a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">systemic bias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A comprehensive study conducted on ten different versions of Wikipedia revealed that disputes among editors predominantly arise on the subject of politics, encompassing politicians, political parties, political movements, and ideologies. These political topics accounted for approximately 25% of the disputes observed across all language versions studied.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2012 study by <a href="/wiki/Shane_Greenstein" title="Shane Greenstein">Shane Greenstein</a> and Feng Zhu of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard Business School</a> examined a sample of 28,382 articles related to U.S. politics as of January 2011, measuring their degree of <a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">bias</a> on a "slant index" based on a method developed by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Gentzkow" title="Matthew Gentzkow">Matthew Gentzkow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Shapiro" title="Jesse Shapiro">Jesse Shapiro</a> in 2010, to measure <a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">bias in newspaper media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Econometrica_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Econometrica-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This slant index purports to measure an ideological lean toward either the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> parties, based on key phrases within the text such as "war in Iraq", "civil rights", "trade deficit", "economic growth", "illegal immigration" and "border security". Each phrase is assigned a slant index based on how often it is used by Democratic or Republican members of U.S. Congress. This lean rating is assigned to a Wikipedia contribution that includes the same key phrase. The authors concluded that older Wikipedia articles were mostly biased to the left, although recent articles are more neutral. They suggest that articles did not change their bias significantly due to revision, but rather that over time newer articles with contrasting viewpoints played a role in rebalancing the average perspectives among the entries.<sup id="cite_ref-GZ2012_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GZ2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wisdom_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wisdom-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4–5">: 4–5 </span></sup> </p><p>In a subsequent study, the same researchers compared about 4,000 Wikipedia articles related to U.S. politics (written by an <a href="/wiki/Online_community" title="Online community">online community</a>) with the corresponding articles in <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (written by experts) using similar methods as their 2010 study to measure "slant" (Democratic vs. Republican) and to quantify the degree of bias. The authors found that "Wikipedia articles are more slanted towards Democratic views than are <i>Britannica</i> articles, as well as more biased", particularly those focusing on civil rights, corporations, and government. Entries about immigration trended toward Republican. They further found that "[t]he difference in bias between a pair of articles decreases with more revisions" and, when articles were substantially revised, the difference in bias compared to <i>Britannica</i> was statistically negligible. The implication, per the authors, is that "many contributions are needed to reduce considerable bias and slant to something close to neutral".<sup id="cite_ref-Wired-Fitts_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-Fitts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GZ2018_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GZ2018-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2022 study examined quotations from journalistic and other media sources that were included within Wikipedia entries on the English edition. The objective was to assess whether there was a prevalence of liberal or conservative sources. The study identified a moderate but systematic prevalence of liberal journalistic sources. Furthermore, the analysis revealed no clear correlation between the political leanings of a news source and its reliability, indicating that the moderate prevalence of liberal news sources may not be solely attributed to the quest for source reliability.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2023 study compared articles on controversial topics across multiple community-managed wikis: the study intended to test whether the policy orientation of a collaborative wiki project would produce a slant in the content, by selecting the crowd of contributors. The findings showed that the content of wikis with explicit ideological biases, such as <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki" title="RationalWiki">RationalWiki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservapedia" title="Conservapedia">Conservapedia</a>, is more unbalanced than that of wikis (such as Wikipedia) or encyclopedias (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>)</i> advocating neutrality<i>.</i> Wikipedia's content had a relative slant<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> comparable to that of Britannica, while both RationalWiki and Conservapedia were "more loaded with moral content".<sup id="cite_ref-Krebs2023_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krebs2023-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study published in 2015 focusing on the English edition of Wikipedia examined the removal of positive or negative information in biographies of U.S. senators. The researchers introduced positive and negative content, sourced from reliable references, into the biographical entries of U.S. senators. Their findings revealed that negative content was more likely to be removed and were removed at a faster rate compared to positive content. The researchers concluded that a significant editorial bias exists in Wikipedia entries related to current U.S. senators. However, when a similar test was conducted on the Wikipedia pages of recently retired and deceased senators, the same discrepancy in the removal of positive and negative content was not observed. This suggests that the bias identified is specific to the pages of active politicians and does not indicate a systemic issue within Wikipedia. The authors concluded that information generated through collaborative projects such as Wikipedia may be susceptible to an editorial bias that favors politically active individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="User_collaboration">User collaboration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: User collaboration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study conducted in 2013 focused on users who openly declared their support for either the US Democratic or Republican parties. The research indicated that these users tended to contribute more frequently to voices aligning with their own political orientation. However, they did not exhibit polarized editing behavior, as they were not inclined to avoid collaboration with political opponents while also not showing a preference for collaboration exclusively with allies. The authors proposed that the shared identity of being a Wikipedian might outweigh potentially divisive aspects of personal identity, such as political affiliation. This finding distinguishes Wikipedia from other social platforms, such as Twitter and blogs, where users often exhibit strong polarization by predominantly interacting with users who share similar political orientations. In contrast, Wikipedia can be characterized as a platform where users display a higher degree of interaction across political orientations, akin to forums and similar platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2016 working paper focusing on the English Wikipedia, researchers investigated the behavior of users who contribute to articles related to US politics. Building upon the terminology introduced in their previous article from 2012, Greenstein, Zhu, and Yuan Gu found that editors are slightly more likely to contribute to articles with an opposite slant to their own—a tendency that the authors called <i>opposites attract</i>. They further found that debates on Wikipedia tend to exhibit a "prevalence of unsegregated conversations over time", meaning that the debates on Wikipedia tend to involve editors of differing views—which the authors called <i>unsegregated</i>—as opposed to debates involving only editors with homogeneous views (<i>segregated</i>). They also found that the degree of editor bias decreases over time and experience, and decreases faster for editors involved in very slanted material: "[t]he largest declines are found among contributors who edit or add content to articles that have more biases." They also estimated that, on average, it takes about one year longer for <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> material to reach a neutral viewpoint than for <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> material.<sup id="cite_ref-Segregation_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segregation-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study published in 2019, conducted among American users of the English version, produced similar findings. The study highlighted a significant political orientation bias among users contributing to political topics, finding a trend that the more edits made to an entry, the more balanced the average political orientation of the contributing users becomes. The study also indicated that the quality of articles, as recognized by the Wikipedia community, improves as the diversity of political orientation among contributors increases. User groups composed of politically polarized individuals generally produce better articles, on average, compared to groups consisting of highly politically aligned users or even moderates. Positive effects of polarization were observed not only in articles related to politics but also in those concerning social issues and even science. Politically polarized groups engage in frequent disagreements, stimulating focused debates that result in higher quality, more robust, and comprehensive edits. However, these findings are subject to limitations. The contributors who participated may suffer a <a href="/wiki/Self-selection_bias" title="Self-selection bias">self-selection bias</a>, which can influence outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2012 study focusing on edit wars within Wikipedia, it was suggested that consensus can often be reached within a reasonable timeframe, even in controversial articles. The conflicts that tend to prolong these edit wars are primarily driven by the influx of new users. It was observed that most edit wars are carried out by a small number of users who are frequently engaged in conflicts, despite their low overall productivity. In these debates, resolution is often reached not based on the merits of the arguments but rather due to external intervention, exhaustion, or the evident numerical dominance of one group over the other.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drawing from experimental research findings, Holtz et al. proposed a theoretical model of knowledge production in Wikipedia, employing the concept of "productive friction". This model posits that a certain level of interpretative conflict within a group is necessary for the collective process to generate knowledge. The model draws an analogy to the <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">socio-cognitive conflict model</a> used in psychology to elucidate individual learning. According to this hypothesis, if the tensions or friction within a group are too low, the potential for knowledge construction becomes limited since the existing knowledge is deemed sufficient to address the problem at hand. Conversely, if the friction within a community of contributors becomes excessively high, it can lead to the dismissal of respective ideas or even the division of the group, similar to how an individual may struggle to adapt and learn when confronted with an overwhelming amount of novelty.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another study found that a majority of editors on the French Wikipedia had a propensity to share equally in a <a href="/wiki/Dictator_game" title="Dictator game">dictator game</a>. This propensity was correlated with their involvement on Wikipedia (as measured by the time spent and attachment).<sup id="cite_ref-Nguyen_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nguyen-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Claims_in_the_media_about_Wikipedia's_ideological_bias"><span id="Claims_in_the_media_about_Wikipedia.27s_ideological_bias"></span>Claims in the media about Wikipedia's ideological bias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Claims in the media about Wikipedia's ideological bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016, <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a></i> stated, "The encyclopedia's reliance on outside sources, primarily newspapers, means it will be only as diverse as the rest of the media—which is to say, not very."<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_2016_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_2016-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a> magazine noted on article featuring views on alternative of Wikipedia as follows;<sup id="cite_ref-Wired-Fitts_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-Fitts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"It’s true that the reach and impact of right-wing encyclopedias like Infogalactic and Metapedia remains muted, for now. Yet their mere existence is a sign that the appeal of a centralized forum for hashing out the truth is fading. Wikipedia might find that its days at the top are numbered."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Welcome to the Wikipedia of the Alt-Right - WIRED</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In 2018, <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i> noted "Wikipedia has succeeded in being accused of being both too <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> and too <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a>, and has critics from across <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">the spectrum</a>", while also noting that Wikipedia is "usually accused of being too liberal".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> suggested in 2022 that Wikipedia's ideological bias "may match the ideological bias of the news ecosystem".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i> opined, "A Wikipedia editor's interest in an article sprouts from their values and opinions, and their contributions are filtered through their general interpretation of reality. Edict or no, a neutral point of view is impossible. Not even a Wikipedia editor can transcend that."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)"><i>Slate</i></a>, in a 2022 article, stated "Right-wing commentators have grumbled about [Wikipedia]'s purported left-wing bias for years, but they have been unable to offer a viable alternative encyclopedia option: A conservative version of Wikipedia, <a href="/wiki/Conservapedia" title="Conservapedia">Conservapedia</a>, has long floundered with minimal readership", while also noting that conservatives "have not generally attacked Wikipedia as extensively" as other media sources.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2022, <i><a href="/wiki/Vice_News" title="Vice News">Vice News</a></i> reported, "Researchers have found that Wikipedia has a slight Democratic bias on issues of US politics because many of Wikipedia's editors are international, and the average country has views that are to the left of the Democratic party on issues such as healthcare, climate change, corporate power, capitalism, etc."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberal_and_left-wing_bias">Liberal and left-wing bias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Liberal and left-wing bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Larry_Sanger">Larry Sanger</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Larry Sanger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a>, co-founder of Wikipedia, has been critical of Wikipedia since he was laid off as the only editorial employee and departed from the project in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-Duval_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duval-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz2015_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz2015-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Australian_IT_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australian_IT-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went on to found and work for competitors to Wikipedia, including <a href="/wiki/Citizendium" title="Citizendium">Citizendium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Everipedia" title="Everipedia">Everipedia</a>. Among other criticisms, Sanger has been vocal in his view that Wikipedia's articles present a left-wing and liberal or "establishment point of view".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tel20210716_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tel20210716-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:62_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanger has cited a number of examples for what he views as left-wing and liberal bias, such as that "<a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug legalisation</a>, dubbed drug liberalisation by Wikipedia, has only a little information about any potential hazards of drug legalisation policies" and that the Wikipedia article on <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> does not sufficiently reflect "the concerns that <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> have had about him" or the <a href="/wiki/Biden%E2%80%93Ukraine_conspiracy_theory" title="Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory">Ukraine allegations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tel20210716_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tel20210716-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:62_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of these perceived biases, Sanger views Wikipedia as untrustworthy.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has also accused Wikipedia of abandoning its neutrality policy (neutral point of view).<sup id="cite_ref-Slate-Neutrality_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slate-Neutrality-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Then when it comes to Christianity, the viewpoint on Christianity given is the liberal one that would be found in mainline denominations and liberal Catholicism as opposed to the actual Bible-believing fundamentalist type viewpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-z946_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z946-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Larry Sanger</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Researchers<sup id="cite_ref-Steinsson_3/9/2023_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinsson_3/9/2023-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have analyzed the biases of Wikipedia's editors and how some changes at Wikipedia, including how "Pro-Fringe" editors tend to leave the project, have improved its credibility. These changes include improvements to the NPOV policy. They also noted that Sanger does not like those changes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> The English Wikipedia transformed its content over time through a gradual reinterpretation of its ambiguous Neutral Point of View (NPOV) guideline, the core rule regarding content on Wikipedia. This had meaningful consequences, turning an organization that used to lend credence and false balance to pseudoscience, conspiracy theories, and extremism into a proactive debunker, fact-checker and identifier of fringe discourse....<br /> Furthermore, the founders of Wikipedia have not intervened to cause new interpretations of the guidelines among the userbase. Sanger, who crafted the core NPOV rule, has condemned the interpretations of the guideline that emerged over time.<sup id="cite_ref-Steinsson_3/9/2023_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinsson_3/9/2023-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conservapedia">Conservapedia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conservapedia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American lawyer and <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian conservative</a> activist <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Andrew Schlafly</a> founded an <a href="/wiki/Online_encyclopedia" title="Online encyclopedia">online encyclopedia</a> named <a href="/wiki/Conservapedia" title="Conservapedia">Conservapedia</a> in 2006 to counter what he perceived as a liberal bias present in Wikipedia.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservapedia's editors have compiled a list of alleged examples of liberal bias on Wikipedia, including assertions it is "anti-American", "anti-Christian" and "<a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">anti-capitalism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Infogalactic">Infogalactic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Infogalactic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> activist<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vox_Day" title="Vox Day">Vox Day</a> founded the online encyclopedia Infogalactic in 2017<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to counter what he views as "the left-wing thought police who administer [Wikipedia]".<sup id="cite_ref-fitts_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitts-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Responses_from_Wikipedia">Responses from Wikipedia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Responses from Wikipedia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006, Wikipedia co-founder <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> The Wikipedia community is very diverse, from liberal to <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> to <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a> and beyond. If averages mattered, and due to the nature of the wiki software (no voting) they almost certainly don't, I would say that the Wikipedia community is slightly more liberal than the U.S. population on average, because we are global and the international community of English speakers is slightly more liberal than the U.S. population. There are no data or surveys to back that.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2007, Wales said that claims of liberal bias on Wikipedia "are not supported by the facts".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Gamergate_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamergate controversy">Gamergate controversy</a> in 2014, in response to an email from a <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> student claiming that Wikipedia has a "complete lack of any sort of attempt at neutrality regarding Gamergate", Wales allegedly wrote, "It is very difficult for me to buy into the notion that gamergate is 'really about ethics in journalism' when every single experience I have personally had with it involved pro-gg people insulting, threatening, <a href="/wiki/Doxxing" class="mw-redirect" title="Doxxing">doxxing</a>, etc.", and that the movement "has been permanently tarnished and highjacked [sic] by a handful of people who are not what you would hope".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wales defended his comments in response to backlash from supporters of Gamergate, saying that, "it isn't about what I believe. Gg is famous for harassment. Stop and think about why."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Wikipedia denied accusations made by Larry Sanger of having a particular political bias, with a spokesperson for the encyclopedia saying that third-party studies have shown that its editors come from a variety of ideological viewpoints and that, "As more people engage in the editing process on Wikipedia, the more neutral articles tend to become."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2023 interview with <a href="/wiki/Lex_Fridman" title="Lex Fridman">Lex Fridman</a>, when asked if Wikipedia has a left-leaning bias, Wales said that:<sup id="cite_ref-transcript_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcript-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Yeah, so I don't think so, not broadly. And I think you can always point to specific entries and talk about specific biases, but that's part of the process of Wikipedia. Anyone can come and challenge and to go on about that. But I see fairly often on Twitter, some quite extreme accusations of bias. And I think actually I don't see it. I don't buy that. And if you ask people for an example, they normally struggle and depending on who they are and what it's about. So it’s certainly true that some people who have quite fringe viewpoints and who knows the full rush of history in 500 years, they might be considered to be pathbreaking geniuses. But at the moment, quite fringe views. And they're just unhappy that Wikipedia doesn’t report on their fringe views as being mainstream. And that, by the way, goes across all kinds of fields.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Croatian_Wikipedia">Croatian Wikipedia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Croatian Wikipedia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Wikipedia#Controversy_about_right-wing_bias" title="Croatian Wikipedia">Croatian Wikipedia § Controversy about right-wing bias</a></div> <p>From 2011 to 2020,<sup id="cite_ref-rep2_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rep2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the user-generated editing model of <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Wikipedia" title="Croatian Wikipedia">Croatian Wikipedia</a> was co-opted by <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Croatia" title="Far-right politics in Croatia">far-right nationalists</a> who falsified and promoted biased content on a variety of topics: <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Croatia" title="Serbs of Croatia">Serbs of Croatia</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a> community.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These slanted edits included <a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">historical denialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">negating or diluting the severity of crimes</a>, and far-right propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-Dewey_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dewey-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This group of editors were banned by Wikipedia in 2021<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and received negative reception from the Croatian government, media, and historians.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-index130903_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-index130903-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The small size of the Croatian Wikipedia in 2013 (466 active editors of whom 27 were administrators) was cited as a major factor.<sup id="cite_ref-rep_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rep-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, education minister <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Jovanovi%C4%87_(politician)" title="Željko Jovanović (politician)">Željko Jovanović</a> advised students not to use Croatian Wikipedia;<sup id="cite_ref-dailydot_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailydot-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-inserbia_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inserbia-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GayStarNews_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GayStarNews-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> historians recommended using the <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a> in the interim.<sup id="cite_ref-BIRN_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIRN-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: English Wikipedia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="GrabowskiKlein"></span>In February 2023, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Grabowski" title="Jan Grabowski">Jan Grabowski</a> and Shira Klein published a research article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Holocaust_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Holocaust Research">Journal of Holocaust Research</a></i> accusing a number of English Wikipedia editors of engaging in a campaign to "[promote] a skewed version of history on Wikipedia", claiming that their actions "[whitewash] the role of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Polish society in the Holocaust</a> and [bolster] stereotypes about Jews".<sup id="cite_ref-GK2023_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GK2023-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EliaShalev2023_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EliaShalev2023-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aderet2023_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aderet2023-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Committee_(Wikipedia)" title="Arbitration Committee (Wikipedia)">Arbitration Committee</a> subsequently opened a case to investigate and evaluate the actions of editors in the affected articles.<sup id="cite_ref-EliaShalev2023_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EliaShalev2023-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, the Committee ruled to ban two editors from contributing to the topic areas, although Klein criticized the proposed remedies as "[lacking] depth and consequence".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="HubeSamoilenko"></span>Christoph Hube and Anna Samoilenko have criticized <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, in particular the <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a>, for its insufficient representation of non-Western subject matter, which Samoilenko has deemed "Eurocentric".<sup id="cite_ref-Hube2017_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hube2017-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Samoilenko_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samoilenko-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anna Samoilenko has said that Wikipedia "reiterates similar biases that are found in the 'ivory tower' of academic historiography".<sup id="cite_ref-Samoilenko_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samoilenko-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_Wikipedia">Japanese Wikipedia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Japanese Wikipedia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Wikipedia#Allegations_of_historical_revisionism" title="Japanese Wikipedia">Japanese Wikipedia § Allegations of historical revisionism</a></div> <p>A number of scholars have criticized several <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Wikipedia" title="Japanese Wikipedia">Japanese Wikipedia</a> articles for their description of various World War II events, including articles for the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="extiw" title="ja:南京事件">南京事件</a></span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/731%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" class="extiw" title="ja:731部隊">731部隊</a></span></span>), and <a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E6%85%B0%E5%AE%89%E5%A9%A6" class="extiw" title="ja:日本の慰安婦">日本の慰安婦</a></span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YumikoSatoSlate_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YumikoSatoSlate-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YumikoSatoJournal_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YumikoSatoJournal-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_Wikipedia">Spanish Wikipedia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Spanish Wikipedia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2022, several conservative cultural and political figures from Spain published a manifesto alleging a "lack of neutrality and ... obvious political bias in [the Spanish] Wikipedia" and claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Wikipedia" title="Spanish Wikipedia">Spanish Wikipedia</a> is "edited by people who, hiding behind anonymous editor accounts, take the opportunity to carry out political activism, either by including data erroneous or false, or selecting news from the media with a clear political and ideological bias, which refer to controversial, distorted, insidious or inaccurate information". The manifesto was signed by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Girauta" title="Juan Carlos Girauta">Juan Carlos Girauta</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Vargas_Llosa" title="Álvaro Vargas Llosa">Álvaro Vargas Llosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cayetana_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo" title="Cayetana Álvarez de Toledo">Cayetana Álvarez de Toledo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Leguina" title="Joaquín Leguina">Joaquín Leguina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Rivera" title="Albert Rivera">Albert Rivera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Lacalle" title="Daniel Lacalle">Daniel Lacalle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toni_Cant%C3%B3" title="Toni Cantó">Toni Cantó</a>, among other personalities.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The source is openly right/far-right-wing and should not be used to draw assessments of the neutrality of the Spanish Wikipedia (July 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Spanish Wikipedia has been criticized for offering a <a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_(censorship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewashing (censorship)">whitewashed</a> coverage of <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Kirchner" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristina Kirchner">Cristina Kirchner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LA_NACION_2020_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA_NACION_2020-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fontevecchia_2020_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontevecchia_2020-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LA_NACION_2021_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA_NACION_2021-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a July 2022 article, Claudia Peiró from <i><a href="/wiki/Infobae" title="Infobae">Infobae</a></i> criticized the Spanish Wikipedia's entry on <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> for describing the country as a "democracy without parties" with a "free, direct and secret vote".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CAMERA_campaign">CAMERA campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: CAMERA campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2008, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Electronic_Intifada" title="The Electronic Intifada">The Electronic Intifada</a></i> published an article containing e-mails exchanged by members of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Accuracy_in_Middle_East_Reporting_in_America" title="Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America">Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America</a> (CAMERA). The stated purpose of the group was "help[ing] us keep Israel-related entries on Wikipedia from becoming tainted by anti-Israel editors".<sup id="cite_ref-BostGlobe_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BostGlobe-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McElroy_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McElroy-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five Wikipedia editors involved in a CAMERA campaign were sanctioned by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_administrators" title="Wikipedia administrators">Wikipedia administrators</a>, who wrote that the project's open nature "is fundamentally incompatible with the creation of a private group to surreptitiously coordinate editing by ideologically like-minded individuals".<sup id="cite_ref-BostGlobe_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BostGlobe-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia" title="Criticism of Wikipedia">Criticism of Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">Echo chamber (media)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Geographical bias on Wikipedia">Geographical bias on Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Racial bias on Wikipedia">Racial bias on Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_of_Wikipedia" title="Reliability of Wikipedia">Reliability of Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Wikipedia and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Wikipedia and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia and antisemitism">Wikipedia and antisemitism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wired-Fitts-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wired-Fitts_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wired-Fitts_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wired-Fitts_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFitts2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Fitts, Alexis Sobel (June 21, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/welcome-to-the-wikipedia-of-the-alt-right/">"Welcome to the Wikipedia of the Alt-Right"</a>. Backchannel. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131122/https://www.wired.com/story/welcome-to-the-wikipedia-of-the-alt-right/">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+the+Wikipedia+of+the+Alt-Right&rft.date=2017-06-21&rft.aulast=Fitts&rft.aufirst=Alexis+Sobel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fwelcome-to-the-wikipedia-of-the-alt-right%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeological+bias+on+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burnsed-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burnsed_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnsed2011" class="citation news cs1">Burnsed, Brian (June 20, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/education/best-colleges/articles/2011/06/20/wikipedia-gradually-accepted-in-college-classrooms">"Wikipedia Gradually Accepted in College Classrooms"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612212951/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-colleges/articles/2011/06/20/wikipedia-gradually-accepted-in-college-classrooms">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+Gradually+Accepted+in+College+Classrooms&rft.date=2011-06-20&rft.aulast=Burnsed&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Feducation%2Fbest-colleges%2Farticles%2F2011%2F06%2F20%2Fwikipedia-gradually-accepted-in-college-classrooms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeological+bias+on+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reagle-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reagle_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_M._Reagle_Jr.2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Reagle_Jr." title="Joseph M. Reagle Jr.">Joseph M. Reagle Jr.</a> (2010). <i>Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. pp. 11, 55–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01447-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01447-2"><bdi>978-0-262-01447-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2009052779">2009052779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+Faith+Collaboration%3A+The+Culture+of+Wikipedia&rft.pages=11%2C+55-58&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2009052779&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01447-2&rft.au=Joseph+M.+Reagle+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeological+bias+on+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Segregation-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Segregation_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Segregation_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreensteinGuZhu2017" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shane_Greenstein" title="Shane Greenstein">Greenstein, Shane</a>; Gu, Yuan; Zhu, Feng (March 2017) [October 2016]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw22744">"Ideological segregation among online collaborators: Evidence from Wikipedians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw22744">10.3386/w22744</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Bureau+of+Economic+Research&rft.atitle=Ideological+segregation+among+online+collaborators%3A+Evidence+from+Wikipedians&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3386%2Fw22744&rft.aulast=Greenstein&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft.au=Gu%2C+Yuan&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Feng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3386%252Fw22744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeological+bias+on+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ProductiveFriction-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ProductiveFriction_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltzKimmerleCress2018" class="citation journal cs1">Holtz, Peter; Kimmerle, Joachim; Cress, Ulrike (October 23, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11412-018-9285-y">"Using big data techniques for measuring productive friction in mass collaboration online environments"</a>. <i>International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 439–456. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11412-018-9285-y">10.1007/s11412-018-9285-y</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Computer-Supported+Collaborative+Learning&rft.atitle=Using+big+data+techniques+for+measuring+productive+friction+in+mass+collaboration+online+environments&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=439-456&rft.date=2018-10-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11412-018-9285-y&rft.aulast=Holtz&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Kimmerle%2C+Joachim&rft.au=Cress%2C+Ulrike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11412-018-9285-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeological+bias+on+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GZ2018-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GZ2018_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GZ2018_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreensteinZhu2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shane_Greenstein" title="Shane Greenstein">Greenstein, Shane</a>; Zhu, Feng (September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:41946110">"Do Experts or Collective Intelligence Write with More Bias? 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+co-founder%3A+I+no+longer+trust+the+website+I+created&rft.pub=UnHerd&rft.date=2021-07-14&rft.au=Freddie+Sayers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funherd.com%2Fthepost%2Fwikipedia-co-founder-i-no-longer-trust-the-website-i-created%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeological+bias+on+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tel20210716-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tel20210716_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tel20210716_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabur2021" class="citation news cs1">Sabur, Rozina (July 16, 2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2021/07/16/wikipedia-dominated-left-wing-establishment-version-truth-co/">"The Left has taken over Wikipedia and stripped it of neutrality, says co-creator"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2021/07/16/wikipedia-dominated-left-wing-establishment-version-truth-co/">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2021</span>. <q>Mr Sanger added that "very little" reference to scandals and allegations against the Bidens, for instance relating to their business dealings in Ukraine, could be found on Wikipedia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+Left+has+taken+over+Wikipedia+and+stripped+it+of+neutrality%2C+says+co-creator&rft.date=2021-07-16&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Sabur&rft.aufirst=Rozina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fworld-news%2F2021%2F07%2F16%2Fwikipedia-dominated-left-wing-establishment-version-truth-co%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeological+bias+on+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:62_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpence2021" class="citation news cs1">Spence, Madeleine (August 1, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/larry-sanger-i-wouldnt-trust-wikipedia-and-i-helped-to-invent-it-cflrhmdhx">"Larry Sanger: 'I wouldn't trust Wikipedia — and I helped to invent it'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460">0140-0460</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210801095207/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/larry-sanger-i-wouldnt-trust-wikipedia-and-i-helped-to-invent-it-cflrhmdhx">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=Larry+Sanger%3A+%27I+wouldn%27t+trust+Wikipedia+%E2%80%94+and+I+helped+to+invent+it%27&rft.date=2021-08-01&rft.issn=0140-0460&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Madeleine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Flarry-sanger-i-wouldnt-trust-wikipedia-and-i-helped-to-invent-it-cflrhmdhx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeological+bias+on+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAggarwal2021" class="citation web cs1">Aggarwal, Mayank (July 16, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/wikipedia-founder-larry-sanger-democrats-b1885138.html">"Nobody should trust Wikipedia, says man who invented Wikipedia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Insight&rft.atitle=How+Croatian+Wikipedia+Made+a+Concentration+Camp+Disappear&rft.date=2018-03-26&rft.aulast=Milekic&rft.aufirst=Sven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balkaninsight.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fhow-croatian-wikipedia-made-a-concentration-camp-disappear-03-23-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeological+bias+on+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GK2023-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GK2023_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabowskiKlein2023" class="citation journal cs1">Grabowski, Jan; Klein, Shira (2023-02-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939">"Wikipedia's Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust"</a>. <i>The Journal of Holocaust Research</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 133–190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F25785648.2023.2168939">10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2578-5648">2578-5648</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257188267">257188267</a>. <q>In the last decade, a group of committed Wikipedia editors have been promoting a skewed version of history on Wikipedia, one touted by right-wing Polish nationalists, which whitewashes the role of Polish society in the Holocaust and bolsters stereotypes about Jews.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Holocaust+Research&rft.atitle=Wikipedia%27s+Intentional+Distortion+of+the+History+of+the+Holocaust&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133-190&rft.date=2023-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257188267%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2578-5648&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F25785648.2023.2168939&rft.aulast=Grabowski&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Klein%2C+Shira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F25785648.2023.2168939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeological+bias+on+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EliaShalev2023-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EliaShalev2023_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EliaShalev2023_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFELIA-SHALEV2023" class="citation news cs1">ELIA-SHALEV, ASAF (1 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-733019">"Wikipedia's 'Supreme Court' tackles alleged conspiracy to distort articles on Holocaust"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC&rft.atitle=Denuncian+el+sesgo+pol%C3%ADtico+encubierto+de+Wikipedia+en+espa%C3%B1ol&rft.date=2022-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2Fcultura%2Fdenuncian-activismo-politico-encubierto-wikipedia-espanol-20220916095808-nt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeological+bias+on+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LA_NACION_2020-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LA_NACION_2020_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lanacion.com.ar/economia/wikipedia-la-tendencia-prokirchnerista-esconde-enciclopedia-virtual-nid2367179/">"Wikipedia. La tendencia prokirchnerista que esconde la enciclopedia virtual"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n" title="La Nación">La Nación</a></i> (in Spanish). 2020-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Naci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Wikipedia.+La+tendencia+prokirchnerista+que+esconde+la+enciclopedia+virtual&rft.date=2020-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lanacion.com.ar%2Feconomia%2Fwikipedia-la-tendencia-prokirchnerista-esconde-enciclopedia-virtual-nid2367179%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeological+bias+on+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fontevecchia_2020-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fontevecchia_2020_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontevecchia2020" class="citation web cs1">Fontevecchia, Agustino (2020-08-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/opinion-and-analysis/cristina-vs-google-and-the-invisible-battle-for-wikipedia.phtml">"Cristina vs. Google and the invisible battle for Wikipedia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Buenos Aires Times">Buenos Aires Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buenos+Aires+Times&rft.atitle=Cristina+vs.+Google+and+the+invisible+battle+for+Wikipedia&rft.date=2020-08-08&rft.aulast=Fontevecchia&rft.aufirst=Agustino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.batimes.com.ar%2Fnews%2Fopinion-and-analysis%2Fcristina-vs-google-and-the-invisible-battle-for-wikipedia.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeological+bias+on+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LA_NACION_2021-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LA_NACION_2021_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lanacion.com.ar/ideas/kirchnerpedia-la-militancia-copo-las-definiciones-politicas-de-wikipedia-nid12032021/">"¿Kirchnerpedia? La militancia copó las definiciones políticas de Wikipedia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n" title="La Nación">La Nación</a></i> (in Spanish). 2021-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Naci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=%C2%BFKirchnerpedia%3F+La+militancia+cop%C3%B3+las+definiciones+pol%C3%ADticas+de+Wikipedia&rft.date=2021-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lanacion.com.ar%2Fideas%2Fkirchnerpedia-la-militancia-copo-las-definiciones-politicas-de-wikipedia-nid12032021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeological+bias+on+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeiró2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Peiró, Claudia (2022-07-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infobae.com/america/mundo/2022/07/14/insolita-definicion-de-la-wikipedia-sobre-el-regimen-de-cuba-estado-unipartidista-convencional-y-democracia-sin-partidos/">"Insólita definición de la Wikipedia sobre el régimen de Cuba: "Estado unipartidista convencional" y "democracia sin partidos"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Infobae" title="Infobae">Infobae</a></i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infobae&rft.atitle=Ins%C3%B3lita+definici%C3%B3n+de+la+Wikipedia+sobre+el+r%C3%A9gimen+de+Cuba%3A+%22Estado+unipartidista+convencional%22+y+%22democracia+sin+partidos%22&rft.date=2022-07-14&rft.aulast=Peir%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infobae.com%2Famerica%2Fmundo%2F2022%2F07%2F14%2Finsolita-definicion-de-la-wikipedia-sobre-el-regimen-de-cuba-estado-unipartidista-convencional-y-democracia-sin-partidos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeological+bias+on+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BostGlobe-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BostGlobe_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BostGlobe_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeam2008" class="citation web cs1">Beam, Alex (3 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/articles/2008/05/03/war_of_the_virtual_wiki_worlds/">"War of the virtual Wiki-worlds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Company" title="The New York Times Company">The New York Times Company</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090101100146/http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/articles/2008/05/03/war_of_the_virtual_wiki_worlds/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2008</span>. <q>In what was probably not a very smart idea, Gilead Ini, a senior research analyst for CAMERA, put out an e-mail call for 10 volunteers "to help us keep Israel-related entries on Wikipedia from becoming tainted by anti-Israel editors". [...] More than 50 sympathizers answered the call, and Ini put his campaign into motion. <br /> In follow-up e-mails to his recruits, Ini emphasized the secrecy of the campaign: "There is no need to advertise the fact that we have these group discussions", he wrote. "Anti-Israel editors will seize on anything to try to discredit people who attempt to challenge their problematic assertions, and will be all too happy to pretend, and announce, that a 'Zionist' cabal . . . is trying to hijack Wikipedia." <br /> [...] Someone leaked four weeks' worth of communications from within Ini's organization, and the quotes weren't pretty. Describing the Wiki-campaign, a member of Ini's corps writes, "We will go to war after we have built an army, equipped [sic] it, trained." There is also some back-and-forth about the need to become Wikipedia administrators, to better influence the encyclopedia's articles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=War+of+the+virtual+Wiki-worlds&rft.date=2008-05-03&rft.aulast=Beam&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Flifestyle%2Farticles%2F2008%2F05%2F03%2Fwar_of_the_virtual_wiki_worlds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeological+bias+on+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McElroy-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McElroy_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcElroy2008" class="citation news cs1">McElroy, Damien (7 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080509185630/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1934857/Israeli-battles-rage-on-Wikipedia.html">"Israeli battles rage on Wikipedia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a></i>. Archived from the original on 9 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Israeli+battles+rage+on+Wikipedia&rft.date=2008-05-07&rft.aulast=McElroy&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F1934857%2FIsraeli-battles-rage-on-Wikipedia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeological+bias+on+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargolinGoodmanKeeganLin2015" class="citation journal cs1">Margolin, Drew B.; Goodman, Sasha; Keegan, Brian; Lin, Yu-Ru; Lazer, David (August 5, 2015). "Wiki-worthy: collective judgment of candidate notability". <i>Information, Communication & Society</i>. <b>19</b> (8): 1029–1045. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1369118X.2015.1069871">10.1080/1369118X.2015.1069871</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55283904">55283904</a>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia" title="Template:Wikipedia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia" title="Template talk:Wikipedia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Wikipedia" title="Outline of Wikipedia">Overview<br />(outline)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Biases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Gender bias on Wikipedia">gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Geographical bias on Wikipedia">geographical</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Racial bias on Wikipedia">racial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Wikipedia" title="Censorship of Wikipedia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict-of-interest_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia">Conflict-of-interest editing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_editing_incidents_on_Wikipedia" title="List of political editing incidents on Wikipedia">political editing incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia" title="Criticism of Wikipedia">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deletion_of_articles_on_Wikipedia" title="Deletion of articles on Wikipedia">Deletion of articles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deletionism_and_inclusionism_in_Wikipedia" title="Deletionism and inclusionism in Wikipedia">deletionism and inclusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notability_in_the_English_Wikipedia" title="Notability in the English Wikipedia">notability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputes_on_Wikipedia" title="Disputes on Wikipedia">Disputes</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ignore_all_rules" title="Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagiarism_from_Wikipedia" title="Plagiarism from Wikipedia">Plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictions_of_the_end_of_Wikipedia" title="Predictions of the end of Wikipedia">Predictions of the project's end</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_of_Wikipedia" title="Reliability of Wikipedia">Reliability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_fact-checking" title="Wikipedia and fact-checking">Fact-checking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Citation_needed" title="Citation needed">Citation needed</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism_on_Wikipedia" title="Vandalism on Wikipedia">Vandalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia community">Community<br />(Wikipedians)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_administrators" title="Wikipedia administrators">Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AfroCrowd" title="AfroCrowd">AfroCrowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Committee_(Wikipedia)" title="Arbitration Committee (Wikipedia)">Arbitration Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art%2BFeminism" title="Art+Feminism">Art+Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_bots" title="Wikipedia bots">Bots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lsjbot" title="Lsjbot">Lsjbot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edit_count" title="Edit count">Edit count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="List of Wikipedias">List of Wikipedias</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Signpost" title="The Signpost">The Signpost</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedian_of_the_Year" title="Wikimedian of the Year">Wikimedian of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedian_in_residence" title="Wikipedian in residence">Wikipedian in residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiProject" title="WikiProject">WikiProject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Red" title="Women in Red">Women in Red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edit-a-thon" title="Edit-a-thon">Edit-a-thon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiConference_India" title="WikiConference India">WikiConference India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Indaba" title="Wiki Indaba">Wiki Indaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiConference_North_America" title="WikiConference North America">WikiConference North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimania" title="Wikimania">Wikimania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wiki Loves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Earth" title="Wiki Loves Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Folklore" title="Wiki Loves Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Monuments" title="Wiki Loves Monuments">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Pride" title="Wiki Loves Pride">Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Science_Competition" title="Wiki Science Competition">Science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_people" title="List of Wikipedia people">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esra%27a_Al_Shafei" title="Esra'a Al Shafei">Esra'a Al Shafei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Devouard" title="Florence Devouard">Florence Devouard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Gardner" title="Sue Gardner">Sue Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gerard_(author)" title="David Gerard (author)">David Gerard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Heilman" title="James Heilman">James Heilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryana_Iskander" title="Maryana Iskander">Maryana Iskander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dariusz_Jemielniak" title="Dariusz Jemielniak">Dariusz Jemielniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_MacKinnon" title="Rebecca MacKinnon">Rebecca MacKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Maher" title="Katherine Maher">Katherine Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Manske" title="Magnus Manske">Magnus Manske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Brad_Matetsky" title="Ira Brad Matetsky">Ira Brad Matetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_M%C3%B6ller" title="Erik Möller">Erik Möller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Moore_(Wikipedia_editor)" title="Jason Moore (Wikipedia editor)">Jason Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raju_Narisetti" title="Raju Narisetti">Raju Narisetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pruitt" title="Steven Pruitt">Steven Pruitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Rauwerda" title="Annie Rauwerda">Annie Rauwerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Sefidari" title="María Sefidari">María Sefidari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Seitz-Gruwell" title="Lisa Seitz-Gruwell">Lisa Seitz-Gruwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Stephenson-Goodknight" title="Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight">Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lila_Tretikov" title="Lila Tretikov">Lila Tretikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molly_White_(writer)" title="Molly White (writer)">Molly White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wikipedia" title="History of Wikipedia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bomis" title="Bomis">Bomis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia">Nupedia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Wikipedia_edit" title="First Wikipedia edit">First edit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_logo" title="Wikipedia logo">Logo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Watch_Foundation_and_Wikipedia" title="Internet Watch Foundation and Wikipedia">Internet Watch Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Church of Scientology editing on Wikipedia">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_disaster_Wikipedia_posts" title="Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts">Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisualEditor" title="VisualEditor">VisualEditor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1Lib1Ref" title="1Lib1Ref">#1Lib1Ref</a></li> <li>Wikimedia Foundation actions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Wikimedia_Foundation_actions_on_the_Chinese_Wikipedia" title="2021 Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Chinese Wikipedia">on the Chinese Wikipedia</a> <ul><li>2021</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Wikimedia_Foundation_actions_on_the_Arabic_and_Persian_Wikipedias" title="2022 Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Arabic and Persian Wikipedias">on the Arabic and Persian Wikipedias</a> <ul><li>2022</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_controversies" title="List of Wikipedia controversies">Controversies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_MacMasters_hoax" title="Alan MacMasters hoax">Alan MacMasters hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Bandeirense_Mirand%C3%B3polis_hoax" title="Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax">Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_edit_wars_on_Wikipedia" title="List of edit wars on Wikipedia">Edit wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essjay_controversy" title="Essjay controversy">Essjay controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Batuta_hoax" title="Henryk Batuta hoax">Henryk Batuta hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar%27Edo_Wens_hoax" title="Jar'Edo Wens hoax">Jar'Edo Wens hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Seigenthaler_biography_incident" title="Wikipedia Seigenthaler biography incident">Seigenthaler biography incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Star_Trek_Into_Darkness_debate" title="Wikipedia Star Trek Into Darkness debate"><i>Star Trek Into Darkness</i> debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_staff_edits_to_Wikipedia" title="United States congressional staff edits to Wikipedia">United States congressional staff edits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhemao_hoaxes" title="Zhemao hoaxes">Zhemao hoaxes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coverage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_American_politics" title="Wikipedia coverage of American politics">American politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_Donald_Trump" title="Wikipedia coverage of Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Wikipedia and the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_death" title="Wikipedia coverage of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Wikipedia and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Wikipedia and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/274301_Wikipedia" title="274301 Wikipedia">274301 Wikipedia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viola_angustifolia" title="Viola angustifolia">Viola angustifolia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Monument" title="Wikipedia Monument">Wikipedia Monument</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">References<br />and analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia" title="Academic studies about Wikipedia">Academic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Wikipedia" title="Bibliography of Wikipedia">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_in_culture" title="Wikipedia in culture">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_Wikipedia" title="List of films about Wikipedia">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listen_to_Wikipedia" title="Listen to Wikipedia">Listen to Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipediocracy" title="Wikipediocracy">Wikipediocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_mobile_applications" title="List of Wikipedia mobile applications">Apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QRpedia" title="QRpedia">QRpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapedia" title="Wapedia">Wapedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Zero" title="Wikipedia Zero">Wikipedia Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiReader" title="WikiReader">WikiReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikiwand" title="Wikiwand">Wikiwand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Content use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depths_of_Wikipedia" title="Depths of Wikipedia">Depths of Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Google_and_Wikipedia" title="Relationship between Google and Wikipedia">Google and Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_information_on_Wikipedia" title="Health information on Wikipedia">Health information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwix" title="Kiwix">Kiwix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_information_on_Wikipedia" title="Science information on Wikipedia">Science information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia-based_education" title="Wikipedia-based education">Wikipedia-based education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Iraq_War:_A_Historiography_of_Wikipedia_Changelogs" title="The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs">The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_and_Wikipedia" title="LGBTQ and Wikipedia">LGBTQ and Wikipedia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta_(An_Embroidery)" title="Magna Carta (An Embroidery)">Magna Carta (An Embroidery)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_imprisoned_for_editing_Wikipedia" title="List of people imprisoned for editing Wikipedia">People imprisoned for editing Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_Wikipedia" title="Print Wikipedia">Print Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_rabbit_hole" title="Wiki rabbit hole">Wiki rabbit hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_movement" title="Wikimedia movement">Wikimedia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_for_World_Heritage" title="Wikipedia for World Heritage">Wikipedia for World Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_in_India" title="Wikipedia in India">Wikipedia in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikiracing" title="Wikiracing">Wikiracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_online_encyclopedias" title="List of online encyclopedias">List of online encyclopedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wikis" title="List of wikis">List of wikis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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