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type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-少年時期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#少年時期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>少年時期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-少年時期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政治生涯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治生涯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>政治生涯</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-政治生涯-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关政治生涯子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-政治生涯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-議員生涯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#議員生涯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>議員生涯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-議員生涯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外交官生涯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外交官生涯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>外交官生涯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外交官生涯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-首相生涯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#首相生涯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>首相生涯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-首相生涯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-統一戰爭" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#統一戰爭"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>統一戰爭</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-統一戰爭-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关統一戰爭子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-統一戰爭-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-普丹戰爭(丹麥戰爭)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#普丹戰爭(丹麥戰爭)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>普丹戰爭(丹麥戰爭)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-普丹戰爭(丹麥戰爭)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-普奧戰爭" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#普奧戰爭"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>普奧戰爭</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-普奧戰爭-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-普法戰爭" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#普法戰爭"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>普法戰爭</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-普法戰爭-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-後期政治生涯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#後期政治生涯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>後期政治生涯</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-後期政治生涯-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关後期政治生涯子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-後期政治生涯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-國內問題" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#國內問題"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>國內問題</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-國內問題-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-國外問題" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#國外問題"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>國外問題</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-國外問題-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-退出政壇" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#退出政壇"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>退出政壇</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-退出政壇-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-逝世" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#逝世"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>逝世</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-逝世-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-著作" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#著作"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>著作</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-著作-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-头衔和称号" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#头衔和称号"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>头衔和称号</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-头衔和称号-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-荣誉" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#荣誉"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>荣誉</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-荣誉-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关荣誉子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-荣誉-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-官方奖勋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#官方奖勋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>官方奖勋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-官方奖勋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-後代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#後代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>後代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-後代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>相關條目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註解" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註解"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>註解</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註解-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考書目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考書目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>參考書目</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-參考書目-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关參考書目子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-參考書目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-傳記" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#傳記"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>傳記</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-傳記-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-論述" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#論述"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>論述</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-論述-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-專題研究" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#專題研究"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>專題研究</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-專題研究-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-編史及回憶錄" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#編史及回憶錄"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4</span> <span>編史及回憶錄</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-編史及回憶錄-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-第一手資料來源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#第一手資料來源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.5</span> <span>第一手資料來源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-第一手資料來源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">奥托·冯·俾斯麦</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。153种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-153" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">153种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A2%E1%88%B5%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AD" title="ቢስማርክ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቢስማርክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odda_of_Bismearce" title="Odda of Bismearce – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Odda of Bismearce" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="ओट्टो वॉन बिस्मार्क – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ओट्टो वॉन बिस्मार्क" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83" title="أوتو فون بسمارك – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوتو فون بسمارك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A4%D8%B7%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83" title="ؤطو فون بيسمارك – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ؤطو فون بيسمارك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83" title="اوتو فون بيسمارك – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوتو فون بيسمارك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Отто фон Бисмарк – 阿瓦尔语" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Отто фон Бисмарк" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="ओट्टो भान बिस्मार्क – 阿瓦德语" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ओट्टो भान बिस्मार्क" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_fon_Bismark" title="Otto fon Bismark – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Otto fon Bismark" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="اوتو فون بیسمارک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوتو فون بیسمارک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Отто фон Бисмарк – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Отто фон Бисмарк" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ots_fon_Bismarks" title="Ots fon Bismarks – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ots fon Bismarks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Ота фон Бісмарк – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ота фон Бісмарк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Ота фон Бісмарк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ота фон Бісмарк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Ото фон Бисмарк – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ото фон Бисмарк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="অটো ফন বিসমার্ক – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অটো ফন বিসমার্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Отто фон Бисмарк – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Отто фон Бисмарк" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA,_%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бисмарк, Отто фон – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бисмарк, Отто фон" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%86_%D9%81%DB%86%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="ئۆتۆ فۆن بیسمارک – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆتۆ فۆن بیسمارک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 卡舒比语" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒比语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%84%CF%84%CE%BF_%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA" title="Όττο φον Μπίσμαρκ – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όττο φον Μπίσμαρκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="اتو فون بیسمارک – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتو فون بیسمارک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarcki_Otto" title="Bismarcki Otto – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Bismarcki Otto" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 哥伦打洛语" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="哥伦打洛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A7" title="אוטו פון ביסמרק – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוטו פון ביסמרק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="बिस्मार्क – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बिस्मार्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BF%D5%BF%D5%B8_%D6%86%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B2%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF" title="Օտտո ֆոն Բիսմարկ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օտտո ֆոն Բիսմարկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%93%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF" title="オットー・フォン・ビスマルク – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オットー・フォン・ビスマルク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ოტო ფონ ბისმარკი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოტო ფონ ბისმარკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_fon_Bismark" title="Otto fon Bismark – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Otto fon Bismark" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Отто фон Бисмарк – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Отто фон Бисмарк" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8A_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಒಟ್ಟೊ ವಾನ್ ಬಿಸ್ಮಾರ್ಕ್ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಒಟ್ಟೊ ವಾನ್ ಬಿಸ್ಮಾರ್ಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%86%A0_%ED%8F%B0_%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC" title="오토 폰 비스마르크 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오토 폰 비스마르크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Отто фон Бисмарк – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Отто фон Бисмарк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otho_de_Bismarck" title="Otho de Bismarck – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Otho de Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Отто фон Бисмарк – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Отто фон Бисмарк" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otton_de_Bismarck" title="Otton de Bismarck – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Otton de Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oto_fon_Bismarks" title="Oto fon Bismarks – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Oto fon Bismarks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="ओट्टो भान बिस्मार्क – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ओट्टो भान बिस्मार्क" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA,_%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бисмарк, Отто фон – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Бисмарк, Отто фон" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Ото фон Бизмарк – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ото фон Бизмарк" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ഓട്ടോ വോൺ ബിസ്മാർക്ക് – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓട്ടോ വോൺ ബിസ്മാർക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Отто фон Бисмарк – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Отто фон Бисмарк" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="ओटो फॉन बिस्मार्क – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओटो फॉन बिस्मार्क" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="بیسمارک – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بیسمارک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="ओट्टो बिस्मार्क – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ओट्टो बिस्मार्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="ओटो भोन बिस्मार्क – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ओटो भोन बिस्मार्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95" title="ਬਿਸਮਾਰਕ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਿਸਮਾਰਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="بسمارک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بسمارک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="اوتو فون بیسمارک – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوتو فون بیسمارک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA,_%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бисмарк, Отто фон – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бисмарк, Отто фон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Отто фон Бісмарк – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Отто фон Бісмарк" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="ओट्टो वॉन बिस्मार्क – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ओट्टो वॉन बिस्मार्क" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Отто фон Бисмарк – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Отто фон Бисмарк" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9A_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A0" title="ᱚᱴᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱢᱟᱨᱠ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱚᱴᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱢᱟᱨᱠ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%94%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A" title="ඔටෝ වොන් බිස්මාර්ක් – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඔටෝ වොන් බිස්මාර්ක්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Ото фон Бизмарк – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ото фон Бизмарк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒட்டோ ஃபொன் பிஸ்மார்க் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒட்டோ ஃபொன் பிஸ்மார்க்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%92%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="ఒటో వాన్ బిస్మార్క్ – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఒటో వాన్ బిస్మార్క్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Отто фон Бисмарк – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Отто фон Бисмарк" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97_%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84" title="อ็อทโท ฟ็อน บิสมาร์ค – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อ็อทโท ฟ็อน บิสมาร์ค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Fon_Bismark" title="Otto Fon Bismark – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Otto Fon Bismark" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_fon_Bismark" title="Otto fon Bismark – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Otto fon Bismark" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Отто фон Бисмарк – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Отто фон Бисмарк" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%88_%DB%8B%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83" title="ئوتتو ۋون بىسمارك – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئوتتو ۋون بىسمارك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Отто фон Бісмарк – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Отто фон Бісмарк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="اوتو فون بسمارک – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اوتو فون بسمارک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismark_Otto_fon" title="Bismark Otto fon – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bismark Otto fon" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" title="奥托·冯·俾斯麦 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥托·冯·俾斯麦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ოტო ფონ ბისმარკი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოტო ფონ ბისმარკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7" title="אטא פאן ביסמארק – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אטא פאן ביסמארק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Otto von Bismarck" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A5" title="奧托·馮·俾斯麥 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奧托·馮·俾斯麥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8442#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&oldid=84888478" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&id=84888478&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%25A5%25A5%25E6%2589%2598%25C2%25B7%25E5%2586%25AF%25C2%25B7%25E4%25BF%25BE%25E6%2596%25AF%25E9%25BA%25A6"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%25A5%25A5%25E6%2589%2598%25C2%25B7%25E5%2586%25AF%25C2%25B7%25E4%25BF%25BE%25E6%2596%25AF%25E9%25BA%25A6"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A5" hreflang="zh"><span>维基语录</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8442" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-18bc28e0" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-18bc28e0" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-title" data-noteta-code="zh-hans:奥托·冯·俾斯麦;zh-hk:奧托·馮·卑斯麥;zh-tw:奧托·馮·俾斯麥;"></div><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="People"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="地名"></div></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:俾斯麦;zh-hk:卑斯麥;zh-tw:俾斯麥;"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>「<b>俾斯麦</b>」重定向至此。关于其他用法，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89)" class="mw-disambig" title="俾斯麦 (消歧义)">俾斯麦 (消歧义)</a></b>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 120%;"><span class="fn">奥托·冯·俾斯麥<br /><small>Otto von Bismarck</small></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057,_Otto_von_Bismarck_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="749" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">1890年的俾斯麦</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background:lavender;;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國"><img alt="德意志帝國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="德国总理">德意志帝国首相</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none;"><span class="nowrap"><b>任期</b></span><br />1871年3月21日—1890年3月20日</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">君主</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉一世 (德国)">威廉一世</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" title="腓特烈三世 (普鲁士)">腓特烈三世</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉二世 (德国)">威廉二世</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">前任</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">职位创立</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">继任</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E7%B6%AD" title="列奧·馮·卡普里維">列奥·冯·卡普里维</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background:lavender;;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國"><img alt="普魯士王國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E5%86%85%E9%98%81%E9%A6%96%E9%95%BF" title="普鲁士内阁首长">普鲁士王国首相</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none;"><span class="nowrap"><b>任期</b></span><br />1873年11月9日—1890年3月20日</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">君主</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">威廉一世<br />腓特烈三世<br />威廉二世</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">前任</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">阿尔布雷希特·冯·罗恩</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">继任</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">列奥·冯·卡普里维</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none;"><span class="nowrap"><b>任期</b></span><br />1862年9月23日—1873年1月1日</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">君主</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">威廉一世</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">前任</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%A5%96%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%81%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%8E%84-%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E8%8A%AC%E6%A0%B9%E4%BA%B2%E7%8E%8B" title="阿道夫·祖·霍恩洛厄-英格尔芬根亲王">阿道夫，霍恩洛厄-英格尔芬根亲王</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">继任</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">阿尔布雷希特·冯·罗恩</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background:lavender;;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國"><img alt="德意志帝國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="德国总理">北德意志邦联首相</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none;"><span class="nowrap"><b>任期</b></span><br />1867年7月1日—1871年3月21日</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">君主</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">威廉一世</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">前任</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">职位创立</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">继任</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">职位废除</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background:lavender;;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國"><img alt="普魯士王國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> 普鲁士外交大臣</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none;"><span class="nowrap"><b>任期</b></span><br />1862年11月23日—1890年3月20日</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">前任</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">阿尔布雷希特·冯·伯恩施托夫</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">继任</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E7%B6%AD" title="列奧·馮·卡普里維">列奥·冯·卡普里维</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;">个人资料</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">出生</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1815-04-01</span>)</span>1815年4月1日<br /><span class="birthplace"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國">普魯士王國</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="薩克森省">薩克森省</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E6%BB%95%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94" title="施滕达尔">施滕達爾</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="阿尔特马克">阿爾特馬克</a><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="申豪森 (易北河)" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Schönhausen (Elbe)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B3%E8%B1%AA%E6%A3%AE_(%E6%98%93%E5%8C%97%E6%B2%B3)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="申豪森 (易北河)（页面不存在）">申豪森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nhausen_(Elbe)" class="extiw" title="de:Schönhausen (Elbe)"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Schönhausen (Elbe)</span></a></span>）</span></span><br />（今<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E5%AE%89%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="萨克森-安哈尔特州">薩克森-安哈特州</a><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="申豪森堡" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Schloss Schönhausen (Altmark)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B3%E8%B1%AA%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="申豪森堡（页面不存在）">申豪森堡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss_Sch%C3%B6nhausen_(Altmark)" class="extiw" title="de:Schloss Schönhausen (Altmark)"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Schloss Schönhausen (Altmark)</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">逝世</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1898年7月30日<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1898歲—07—30</span>)</span>（83歲）<br /><span class="deathplace"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國">德意志帝國</a><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弗里德里希斯鲁" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Friedrichsruh"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%E6%96%AF%E9%B2%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗里德里希斯鲁（页面不存在）">弗里德里希斯鲁</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichsruh" class="extiw" title="en:Friedrichsruh"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Friedrichsruh</span></a></span>）</span></span><br />（今<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E7%B6%AD%E5%B8%8C-%E9%9C%8D%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="什勒斯維希-霍爾斯坦">什勒斯維希-霍爾斯坦</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E7%B1%B3%E5%8B%92" title="奥米勒">奥米勒</a>）</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">政党</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">无</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">配偶</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乔安娜·冯·普特卡默" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Johanna von Puttkamer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E5%AE%89%E5%A8%9C%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%A1%E9%BB%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乔安娜·冯·普特卡默（页面不存在）">乔安娜·冯·普特卡默</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna_von_Puttkamer" class="extiw" title="de:Johanna von Puttkamer"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Johanna von Puttkamer</span></a></span>）</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">儿女</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E6%A0%A1" title="母校">母校</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BB%B7%E6%A0%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="哥廷根大学">哥廷根大学</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E6%B4%AA%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="柏林洪堡大学">柏林大学</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E8%B3%B4%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="格賴夫斯瓦爾德大學">格赖夫斯瓦尔德大学</a><sup id="cite_ref-Steinberg_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinberg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">宗教信仰</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%B9%89%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="信义宗">信义宗</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">签名</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Otto_vonBismarck_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="奥托·冯·俾斯麦的签名"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Otto_vonBismarck_Signature.svg/128px-Otto_vonBismarck_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Otto_vonBismarck_Signature.svg/192px-Otto_vonBismarck_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Otto_vonBismarck_Signature.svg/256px-Otto_vonBismarck_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="41" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>奥托·愛德華·利奧波德·冯·俾斯麦</b>（德語：<span lang="de">Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck</span>；1815年4月1日—1898年7月30日），又称俾斯麥-申豪森伯爵（<span lang="de">Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen</span>；1865年），俾斯麥親王（<span lang="de">Fürst von Bismarck</span>；1871年），<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E5%8A%B3%E6%81%A9%E5%A0%A1%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="萨克森-劳恩堡公国">勞恩堡</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5" title="公爵">公爵</a>（<span lang="de">Herzog zu Lauenburg</span>；1890年）<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>，德国政治家和外交家，出生於<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="德意志邦聯">德意志邦聯</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E5%8C%97%E6%B2%B3%E7%95%94%E7%94%B3%E8%B1%AA%E6%A3%AE" title="易北河畔申豪森">申豪森</a>，於1867年至1871年出任<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="北德意志邦聯">北德意志邦聯</a><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="聯邦首相" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Bundeskanzler (Norddeutscher Bund)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聯邦首相（页面不存在）">首相</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeskanzler_(Norddeutscher_Bund)" class="extiw" title="de:Bundeskanzler (Norddeutscher Bund)"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Bundeskanzler (Norddeutscher Bund)</span></a></span>）</span></span>。1871年<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%A3%E5%91%8A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B" title="德意志帝國宣告成立">德意志帝國成立</a>時成為<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國">德意志帝國</a>的首任<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="帝國首相" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Reichskanzler"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帝國首相（页面不存在）">首相</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskanzler" class="extiw" title="de:Reichskanzler"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Reichskanzler</span></a></span>）</span></span>，直至1890年辭職。 </p><p>作為政治人物，他首先為普魯士地區以<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B9%E5%85%8B" title="容克">容克</a>階級為主的保守派利益發聲，並成為他們的代表，藉此拓展自己的名聲。隨後在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="保守時代" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Reaktionsära"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="保守時代（页面不存在）">保守時代</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaktions%C3%A4ra" class="extiw" title="de:Reaktionsära"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Reaktionsära</span></a></span>）</span></span>中成為一名<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%AE%98" title="外交官">外交官</a>。1862年<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="普魯士憲政危機" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Preußischer Verfassungskonflikt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E6%86%B2%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普魯士憲政危機（页面不存在）">普魯士憲政危機</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fischer_Verfassungskonflikt" class="extiw" title="de:Preußischer Verfassungskonflikt"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Preußischer Verfassungskonflikt</span></a></span>）</span></span>期間，他被普魯士國王<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉一世 (德国)">威廉一世</a>任命為首相。在與自由派的鬥爭中，俾斯麥無視議會的存在，在1864年到1866年間連續對<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%B9%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="普丹戰爭">丹麥</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%A5%A7%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="普奧戰爭">奧地利</a>開戰，讓普魯士為主的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97" title="小德意志">小德意志</a>方案變成<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="德國問題">德國問題</a>的解答。藉由1870年到1871年的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="普法戰爭">普法戰爭</a>，他促使了<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%A3%E5%91%8A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B" title="德意志帝國宣告成立">德意志帝國成立</a>。 </p><p>作為首相，俾斯麥為新生的德意志帝國制定了許多新穎的政策，尤其是其「鐵血政策」，更因此被<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="史学史">史學家</a>和人們稱作「<b>鐵血宰相</b>」（德語：<span lang="de">Eiserner Kanzler</span>；「鐵」指<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8" title="武器">武器</a>，「血」指<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="軍人">軍人</a>的鮮血，可指戰爭）。於1862年至1890年（於1873年短暫中斷）擔任<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%B8%BD%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="普魯士總理">普魯士首相</a>，為德意志帝國貢獻良多。對外他致力於<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="俾斯麥的聯盟政策" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Bündnispolitik Otto von Bismarcks"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A5%E7%9A%84%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="俾斯麥的聯盟政策（页面不存在）">歐洲的權力平衡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCndnispolitik_Otto_von_Bismarcks" class="extiw" title="de:Bündnispolitik Otto von Bismarcks"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Bündnispolitik Otto von Bismarcks</span></a></span>）</span></span>。俾斯麦在1861年掌權後，其國內政策可以粗分為兩個部分，一是與溫和派自由主義者結盟，並推行許多政治改革，包括引入<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB" title="民事婚姻">民事婚姻</a>等，以此<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%AC%A5%E7%88%AD" title="文化鬥爭">與天主教會相對抗</a>。1870年開始，俾斯麥開始與自由主義者劃清界線，轉向實施<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="保護政策" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Schutzzollpolitik"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="保護政策（页面不存在）">保護政策</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzzollpolitik" class="extiw" title="de:Schutzzollpolitik"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Schutzzollpolitik</span></a></span>）</span></span>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%B9%B2%E9%A0%90%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="經濟干預主義">經濟干預政策</a>，並建立<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%BF%9D%E9%99%A9" title="社会保险">社會保險系統</a>。在1880年代時，更推動<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A%E4%BA%BA%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="社会党人法">社會黨人法</a>壓制社會主義者。 </p><p>俾斯麥與1888年登基的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉二世 (德国)">威廉二世</a>，一直有著諸多不合，使得俾斯麥在1890年被後者解職而下台。卸下首相職務的俾斯麥，其在政治上仍佔有一席之地，並常常批評其後繼者的政策。此外，他為自己撰寫了名為《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="回憶與思考" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Gedanken und Erinnerungen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9E%E6%86%B6%E8%88%87%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="回憶與思考（页面不存在）">回憶與思考</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedanken_und_Erinnerungen" class="extiw" title="de:Gedanken und Erinnerungen"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Gedanken und Erinnerungen</span></a></span>）</span></span>》的自傳，裡面描述了他記憶中，自己為德國還有德國人民的諸多貢獻，以及自己會不斷地為德國和德國人民做出貢獻。 </p><p>一直到20世紀中葉，史學家對俾斯麥的評價一直都是相當正面，或多或少體現了其理想化民族主義者的特質。<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第二次世界大戰">第二次世界大戰</a>結束後，對俾斯麥的批評開始出現，認為德國民主發展的失敗，以及德意志帝國不正確的國家結構，俾斯麥都脫離不了關係。近幾年對俾斯麥的評論，逐漸跳脫這種兩極化的對比，開始平等的探討於其政策的成就和缺點，並將之與當代的政治結構和進程相對比。由于其對德國統一的貢獻，加上卓越及偉大成就，俾斯麥最後獲昇任為德意志帝國陸軍上將。在2005年德國電視二台票選<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E4%BC%9F%E5%A4%A7%E7%9A%84%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA" title="最伟大的德国人">最偉大的德國人</a>活動中，他排名第九，次於第八偉大的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="印刷術">印刷術</a>發明者<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E5%85%A7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E9%A8%B0%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="約翰內斯·古騰堡">約翰內斯·古騰堡</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="少年時期"><span id=".E5.B0.91.E5.B9.B4.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F"></span>少年時期</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：少年時期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Otto_von_Bismarck,_Jugendbildnis_im_Alter_von_22_Jahren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Otto_von_Bismarck%2C_Jugendbildnis_im_Alter_von_22_Jahren.jpg/220px-Otto_von_Bismarck%2C_Jugendbildnis_im_Alter_von_22_Jahren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Otto_von_Bismarck%2C_Jugendbildnis_im_Alter_von_22_Jahren.jpg/330px-Otto_von_Bismarck%2C_Jugendbildnis_im_Alter_von_22_Jahren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Otto_von_Bismarck%2C_Jugendbildnis_im_Alter_von_22_Jahren.jpg/440px-Otto_von_Bismarck%2C_Jugendbildnis_im_Alter_von_22_Jahren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="1206" /></a><figcaption>1836年的俾斯麥</figcaption></figure> <p>1815年4月1日，俾斯麥出生於普魯士<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="薩克森省">薩克森省</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E6%BB%95%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94" title="施滕达尔">施滕達爾</a>內，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="阿尔特马克">阿爾特馬克</a>小鎮<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="申豪森 (易北河)" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Schönhausen (Elbe)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B3%E8%B1%AA%E6%A3%AE_(%E6%98%93%E5%8C%97%E6%B2%B3)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="申豪森 (易北河)（页面不存在）">申豪森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nhausen_(Elbe)" class="extiw" title="de:Schönhausen (Elbe)"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Schönhausen (Elbe)</span></a></span>）</span></span>（今處於<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E5%AE%89%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="萨克森-安哈尔特州">薩克森-安哈特州</a>）的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="申豪森堡" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Schloss Schönhausen (Altmark)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B3%E8%B1%AA%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="申豪森堡（页面不存在）">申豪森堡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss_Sch%C3%B6nhausen_(Altmark)" class="extiw" title="de:Schloss Schönhausen (Altmark)"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Schloss Schönhausen (Altmark)</span></a></span>）</span></span>。其父名為斐迪南·冯·俾斯麦（Ferdinand von Bismarck，1771–1845），是一位地主、傳統<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B9%E5%85%8B" title="容克">容克</a>，以及退休<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="騎兵上尉" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Rittmeister"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A8%8E%E5%85%B5%E4%B8%8A%E5%B0%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="騎兵上尉（页面不存在）">騎兵上尉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rittmeister" class="extiw" title="de:Rittmeister"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Rittmeister</span></a></span>）</span></span>，母親則名為威廉明妮·露易絲·門肯（Wilhelmine Luise Mencken，1789–1839）。俾斯麥的父親為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A5%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F" title="俾斯麥家族">俾斯麥家族</a>的一員，俾斯麥家族自18世紀便已存在。一個世紀以來，俾斯麥家族在<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%8E%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="后波美拉尼亚">後波美拉尼亞</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="諾加德郡" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Landkreis Naugard"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%BE%E5%8A%A0%E5%BE%B7%E9%83%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="諾加德郡（页面不存在）">諾加德郡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Naugard" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Naugard"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Landkreis Naugard</span></a></span>）</span></span>擁有3處房產和土地。俾斯麥的母親與其父親的出生背景大為不同，自小生活在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%A2%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" title="中產階級">中產階級</a>的家庭，其父<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿納斯塔修斯·路德維希·門肯" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Anastasius Ludwig Mencken"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%B6%AD%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%96%80%E8%82%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿納斯塔修斯·路德維希·門肯（页面不存在）">阿納斯塔修斯·路德維希·門肯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasius_Ludwig_Mencken" class="extiw" title="de:Anastasius Ludwig Mencken"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Anastasius Ludwig Mencken</span></a></span>）</span></span>為<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB)" class="mw-redirect" title="腓特烈二世 (普魯士)">腓特烈二世</a>的內閣秘書，而門肯家族曾孕育出數位學者和政府高官。俾斯麥有一個比他年長的哥哥和一個妹妹。哥哥名為<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伯恩哈特·馮·俾斯麥" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Bernhard von Bismarck"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%AF%E6%81%A9%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伯恩哈特·馮·俾斯麥（页面不存在）">伯恩哈特·馮·俾斯麥</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_von_Bismarck" class="extiw" title="de:Bernhard von Bismarck"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Bernhard von Bismarck</span></a></span>）</span></span>（1810－1893），後來也擔任多個行政首長職位<sup id="cite_ref-克里斯多福_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-克里斯多福-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-洛塔爾_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-洛塔爾-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-福克_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-福克-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。妹妹則叫做瑪文娜·馮·俾斯麥（Malwine von Bismarck）。1816年，俾斯麥一家搬遷至位於斯德丁（現<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%9E%E6%96%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="斯塞新">斯塞新</a>）東北方、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%8E%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="波美拉尼亞">波美拉尼亞</a>奈弗夫（<span lang="de">Kniephof</span>；現<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="波蘭">波蘭</a><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="柯納澤沃" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Konarzewo, Goleniów County"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%AF%E7%B4%8D%E6%BE%A4%E6%B2%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柯納澤沃（页面不存在）">柯納澤沃</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konarzewo,_Goleni%C3%B3w_County" class="extiw" title="en:Konarzewo, Goleniów County"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Konarzewo, Goleniów County</span></a></span>）</span></span>）的莊園，當時該地屬於<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%8E%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="后波美拉尼亚">後波美拉尼亞</a>。俾斯麥的童年就在該地的田園中度過<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>一般人會因為俾斯麥著戎裝的樣子，而認為俾斯麥是典型沒有受過教育的普魯士容克。其實不然，俾斯麥所受的教育水平相當高，且學識豐富，見聞廣博，更精通或理解英語、法語、義大利語、波蘭語以及俄語等多國語言<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>父母親差異極大的出身背景，給俾斯麥的社會化過程帶來極大的影響。俾斯麥繼承了父親身為俾斯麥家族一員的驕傲，他的母親除了賦予他機敏的頭腦、三思而後行的能力，更給了他敏捷的語言能力，使俾斯麥有能力跳脫出家族背景的框架。也因為他的母親，俾斯麥才能接受到類似<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文化市民階級" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Bildungsbürgertum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%B8%82%E6%B0%91%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文化市民階級（页面不存在）">文化市民階級</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildungsb%C3%BCrgertum" class="extiw" title="de:Bildungsbürgertum"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Bildungsbürgertum</span></a></span>）</span></span>子女所受的教育，而非鄉村紳士（<span lang="de">Landedelmann</span>；居住在鄉村地區的貴族或名流）的教育。俾斯麥的母親使他不只能扮演好<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B9%E5%85%8B" title="容克">容克</a>的角色，更能投身從事公共事務。但是面對母親的嚴厲教導，俾斯麥自己寫道，自己在家中與父母相處時，從未感到歸屬感。俾斯麥對母親始終有層隔閡，不如他對父親的親愛之情<sup id="cite_ref-克里斯多福_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-克里斯多福-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-洛塔爾_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-洛塔爾-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-福克_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-福克-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>俾斯麥小學時就讀於<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="約翰·恩斯特·普拉曼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Johann Ernst Plamann"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="約翰·恩斯特·普拉曼（页面不存在）">約翰·恩斯特·普拉曼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Ernst_Plamann" class="extiw" title="en:Johann Ernst Plamann"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Johann Ernst Plamann</span></a></span>）</span></span>創建的小學<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEField1898603–04_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField1898603–04-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，中學時則先後就讀腓特烈-威廉（<span lang="de">Friedrich-Wilhelm</span>）中學和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="格勞·恩克洛斯特福音體育學校" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evangelisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%9E%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格勞·恩克洛斯特福音體育學校（页面不存在）">格勞·恩克洛斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelisches_Gymnasium_zum_Grauen_Kloster" class="extiw" title="en:Evangelisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evangelisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster</span></a></span>）</span></span>中學。 </p><p>1832年，未滿17歲的俾斯麥便入讀了<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BB%B7%E6%A0%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="哥廷根大学">哥廷根大學</a>。然而，俾斯麥並不滿意大學的生活。在其就讀大學期間，他經常腰間佩劍，並牽著一隻大狼狗。但卻無心向學，並染上很多惡習，曾与同学作过27次<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E9%AC%A5" title="決鬥">決鬥</a>。後來雖轉到<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="柏林大學">柏林大學</a>入讀<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="法律">法律</a>系（1833-35），但仍然沒有滿意。1838年在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E8%B5%96%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="格赖夫斯瓦尔德">格赖夫斯瓦尔德</a>作為後備軍參加軍訓時，進入<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E8%B3%B4%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="格賴夫斯瓦爾德大學">格賴夫斯瓦爾德大學</a>學習農業。<sup id="cite_ref-hull_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hull-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在哥廷根時，俾斯麥與美國學生、後來的美國歷史學家和外交官<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%AF%E7%BE%85%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="約翰·洛斯羅普·莫特利">約翰·洛斯羅普·莫特利</a>成為好友。後來此人在1839年寫作的小說《莫頓的希望，或鄉下人的記憶》（Morton's Hope, or the Memoirs of a Provincial）中說俾斯麥當時魯莽而古怪，但卻是一個很有天分和魅力的年輕人。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>且求学时启，显现俾沖动好斗性格，常找同学斗剑，以致脸被刀划伤，终生脸留一刀疤，雖然俾斯麥畢業後成為了<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB" title="律師">律師</a>，但他並不甘於此，於是投考<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%8B%99%E5%93%A1" title="公務員">公務員</a>，當上了一個小<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E8%A8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="書記">書記</a>。 </p><p>在此時他結識了一位貴族女子，兩人<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%82%E5%A9%9A" title="訂婚">訂婚</a>，可是他沒錢，想以<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AD%E5%8D%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="賭博">賭博</a>賺<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%98%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="聘金">聘金</a>，卻反而輸掉所有金錢，並欠下很多債務。因此這次婚約取消了。其後他結識了一位牧師的女兒並訂婚，但那位女子亦跟一位富有的軍人走了。結果俾斯麥只有帶著欠債，回到家鄉。 </p><p>回到家鄉後，他與其哥哥分家，當上了莊園主人，可是他並不滿意這種生活，所以很快便再次進入政壇。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政治生涯"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E7.94.9F.E6.B6.AF"></span>政治生涯</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：政治生涯"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="議員生涯"><span id=".E8.AD.B0.E5.93.A1.E7.94.9F.E6.B6.AF"></span>議員生涯</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：議員生涯"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BismarckLandtag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BismarckLandtag.jpg/170px-BismarckLandtag.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BismarckLandtag.jpg/255px-BismarckLandtag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BismarckLandtag.jpg/340px-BismarckLandtag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption>1847年,32歲的俾斯麥</figcaption></figure> <p>這次步入政壇，使俾斯麥一生命運改變。他首先當上了河堤監督官，這份差事很適合俾斯麥好勝的性格，因此他當得很稱職，很快便樹立了正面的形象。他藉此機會參加議會<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="選舉">選舉</a>。雖然只當選為候補議員，但他卻成功以手段逼使一位議員以患病理由退出，結果他成功當選為柏林州的正式議員。這年是1847年5月，俾斯麥當時只有32歲。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPflanze197156_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPflanze197156-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 同年，他與约翰娜·冯·普特卡默訂下婚約，並於該年完婚。 </p><p>但就在次年，著名的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%971848%E5%B9%B4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志1848年革命">德意志1848年革命</a>爆發，普魯士國王被俘。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 俾斯麥決定親赴柏林，打探虛實。他遇上了已經逃往英格蘭的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉一世 (德国)">威廉親王</a>的妻子<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94_(%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E9%AD%8F%E7%91%AA-%E8%89%BE%E6%A3%AE%E7%B4%8D%E8%B5%AB)" title="奧古斯塔 (薩克森-魏瑪-艾森納赫)">奥古斯塔</a>，後者打算將其子<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" title="腓特烈三世 (普鲁士)">腓特烈</a>扶上王位，但奧古斯塔沒有接受俾斯麥的幫助。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 俾斯麥最初的設想是動員自己領地內的農民參軍<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%A4%E7%8E%8B" title="勤王">勤王</a>，<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 但到達柏林後，上級只讓他為軍隊提供補給。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1849年俾斯麥被選入新的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E5%B7%9E%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="普魯士州議會">普魯士州議會</a>（Preußischer Landtag），當時他的立場是「反<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志統一">德意志統一</a>」。隨後他當上了埃爾福特議會（Erfurt Parliament）的普魯士代表，但其目的仍然是阻撓德意志統一的進行。最終該議會因為無法得到德意志最大的兩個組成部分，即普魯士和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="奧地利帝國">奧地利</a>的支持而以失敗告終。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="外交官生涯"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E4.BA.A4.E5.AE.98.E7.94.9F.E6.B6.AF"></span>外交官生涯</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：外交官生涯"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1851年，俾斯麥出駐法蘭克福邦聯會議之普魯士代表，並於不久後升為大使，而這份差事他足足做了8年。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 他在邦聯議會中與議長國奧地利針鋒相對，多次阻礙奧地利推動不同法案與預算。1853年<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="克里米亞戰爭">克里米亞戰爭</a>爆發，俄羅斯向<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%82%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="鄂圖曼帝國">鄂圖曼帝國</a>宣戰，英法為防止俄國擴張而支持鄂圖曼對俄羅斯宣戰，而奧地利打算與英法一起參戰，但由於奧地利財政壓力很大，於是希望在議會中通過令邦聯參戰，使各小國共同負擔軍費，俾斯麥立即串聯各小國共同杯葛修改奧地利的原議案，結果議案在大幅修改下通過，未能成功把邦國拉進參戰中。結果奧地利沒有正式參戰，雖然成功爭取簽署<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84_(1856%E5%B9%B4)" title="巴黎條約 (1856年)">巴黎條約</a>，不過英法不滿奧地利沒有參戰，而俄羅斯與奧地利從此反目，神聖同盟崩潰。結果令奧地利被孤立起來。而俄國則與反對參戰的普魯士走得很近。 </p><p>1857年，腓特烈·威廉四世精神失常，因此由其弟<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉一世 (德国)">威廉親王</a>攝政，威廉親王攝政後，即時召見俾斯麥，並任命他為駐俄大使。 </p><p>在1861年威廉親王登基，是為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉一世 (德国)">威廉一世</a>，但他隨即在擴充軍備方面，與議會發生衝突。無奈之下，只有任命俾斯麥為內相，但俾斯麥並不甘於只當內相，故此並不履行。 </p><p>在1862年春，俾斯麥回到柏林，普王因為內部的壓力，並不能升他為首相。結果俾斯麥請辭，並被改派為駐法大使。同年，在普鲁士议会新一轮选举中自由派获得了绝对胜利，并马上否决了普鲁士政府的对军事改革的全部拨款，政府和议会陷入了僵局。在重大矛盾之下，俾斯麥成为首相的唯一可能人选。1862年9月23日，威廉一世召回俾斯麥，並任命其為首相兼外交大臣。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="首相生涯"><span id=".E9.A6.96.E7.9B.B8.E7.94.9F.E6.B6.AF"></span>首相生涯</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：首相生涯"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15449,_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15449%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15449%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15449%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15449%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15449%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15449%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>1862年的擔任普魯士首相的俾斯麥</figcaption></figure> <p>成为首相的俾斯麦在9月26日的下院首次演讲中坚定的对议会發表「<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E8%A1%80%E6%BC%94%E8%AA%AA" title="鐵血演說">鐵血演說</a>」：“当代的重大问题不是通过演说和多数派决议所能解决的……而是要用铁和血来解决！”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollyday197016–18_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollyday197016–18-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>从此俾斯麦被冠上了“铁血宰相”的绰号。随后国王对俾斯麦说：“我很清楚结局，他们会在歌剧广场朕的窗前砍下你的头，过些时候再砍下朕的头。”而俾斯麥則回應道：“既然迟早要死，为何死得不体面一些？……无论是死在绞架上抑或死在战场上，这之间是没有区别的……必须抗争到底！”从此，国王和他的首相间形成了十分特别的牢固关系。 </p><p>在俾斯麥就任首相後，並未能解決與議會的衝突，為此，他便欲以德國統一的大業來轉移議員的視線，並爭取工人阶级的支持来抗衡资产阶级自由派。很快地，他便開始籌劃三場統一戰爭。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="統一戰爭"><span id=".E7.B5.B1.E4.B8.80.E6.88.B0.E7.88.AD"></span>統一戰爭</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：統一戰爭"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志統一">德意志統一</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BismarckRoonMoltke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/BismarckRoonMoltke.jpg/200px-BismarckRoonMoltke.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/BismarckRoonMoltke.jpg/300px-BismarckRoonMoltke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/BismarckRoonMoltke.jpg/400px-BismarckRoonMoltke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>德國統一的三大功臣 - 俾斯麥、羅恩、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E7%A9%86%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E6%81%A9%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%AF%9B%E5%A5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="赫尔穆特·卡尔·贝恩哈特·冯·毛奇">毛奇</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="普丹戰爭(丹麥戰爭)"><span id=".E6.99.AE.E4.B8.B9.E6.88.B0.E7.88.AD.28.E4.B8.B9.E9.BA.A5.E6.88.B0.E7.88.AD.29"></span>普丹戰爭(丹麥戰爭)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：普丹戰爭(丹麥戰爭)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%B9%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="普丹戰爭">普丹戰爭</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="丹麥">丹麥</a>作為德意志的北鄰，經常插手德意志的事務，因此俾斯麥第一個便要解決丹麥。另一個原因是因為在1863年<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%8B%92%E8%8B%8F%E7%9B%8A%E6%A0%BC" title="石勒苏益格">石勒苏益格</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="波蘭">波蘭</a>革命中被納入丹麥。而戰爭同時可以觀察奧國實力，為<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%A5%A7%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="普奧戰爭">普奧戰爭</a>作好準備。 </p><p>在1861年，丹麥国王欲接管普丹邊境<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%8B%92%E8%8B%8F%E7%9B%8A%E6%A0%BC" title="石勒苏益格">石勒苏益格</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0" title="荷尔斯泰因">荷尔斯泰因</a>兩地，俾斯麥立即以此製造爭端。他首先確保如果普丹開戰，其他列強不會干涉，並與<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="奧地利">奧地利</a>結盟共同攻打丹麥，最後逼使丹麥放棄这兩个州。 </p><p>在1864年10月30日所簽訂的《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%9F%E7%BA%B3%E5%92%8C%E7%BA%A6_(1864%E5%B9%B4)" title="维也纳和约 (1864年)">維也納和約</a>》中，規定丹麥放棄两地。而於1865年8月14日普、奧兩國達成《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%9B%A0%E5%B0%88%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加斯坦因專約（页面不存在）">加斯坦因專約</a>》，將石勒苏益格劃歸普魯士統治，荷尔斯泰因則歸屬奧地利。 </p><p>但是這其實是俾斯麥處心積慮的計謀，因為奧地利所得的荷尔斯泰因不但面積狹小，而且被普魯士包圍。這樣奧地利很容易便會與普魯士發生衝突，因此這是一條將奧地利推向與普魯士發生戰爭的導火線。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="普奧戰爭"><span id=".E6.99.AE.E5.A5.A7.E6.88.B0.E7.88.AD"></span>普奧戰爭</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：普奧戰爭"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%A5%A7%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="普奧戰爭">普奧戰爭</a></div> <p>在普丹戰爭後，俾斯麥決定要將奧地利趕出<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="德意志邦聯">德意志邦聯</a>，以利於將來德國的統一。因此他著手孤立奧地利，首先俾斯麥答允協助俄國取消《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%AD%E7%AB%8B%E6%A2%9D%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑海中立條款（页面不存在）">黑海中立條款</a>》。並與法皇<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E5%B4%99%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="拿破崙三世">拿破崙三世</a>會晤，表示普魯士不反對把<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="盧森堡">盧森堡</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="萊茵河">萊茵河</a>區讓給法國，以此確保法國在普奧戰爭中保持中立。而英國當時繼續實行<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%A6%AE%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B" title="光榮孤立">光榮孤立</a>的政策，因此在普奧發生衝突時會保持中立。最後，他在1866年4月8日，與<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a>簽訂攻守同盟條約，規定如果普魯士在3個月內與奧開戰，意大利則必須同時對奧宣戰，只有在奧地利歸還<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="威尼斯">威尼斯</a>予意大利的情況下，方可與奧講和。 </p><p>最後，奧皇因為不滿意《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%9B%A0%E5%B0%88%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加斯坦因專約（页面不存在）">加斯坦因專約</a>》的條款，而要求用普魯士最富庶的工业区西里西亚交换荷尔斯泰因，因此俾斯麦以此藉口，指責奧地利毀約。結果在1866年5月，威廉一世下令全國<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E5%8A%A8%E5%91%98" class="mw-redirect" title="总动员">總動員</a>，並於同年6月對奧宣戰。意大利亦依據攻守同盟條約，同時對奧宣戰。 </p><p>不久，普魯士便征服北德的親奧小邦，並於1866年7月3日以29.1萬軍力在<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="薩多瓦">薩多瓦</a>與23.8萬奧軍發生大戰，即<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="萨多瓦会战">薩多瓦會戰</a>，最後奧軍戰敗。 </p><p>而這時俾斯麥決定與奧地利講和，而不是乘勝追擊，因為他明白對於普魯士最有利的做法不是消滅奧地利，而是將奧地利逐出德意志邦聯，並且讓其作為抵擋俄國西進的屏障。因此他在該年8月23日簽訂的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84_(1866%E5%B9%B4)" title="布拉格條約 (1866年)">布拉格條約</a>》中給予奧地利極為寬容的講和條件，以便於保持對奧地利的良好關係。 </p><p>普奧戰爭結束後，妨礙德國統一的就只剩下在背後控制著南德諸邦的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a>了。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="普法戰爭"><span id=".E6.99.AE.E6.B3.95.E6.88.B0.E7.88.AD"></span>普法戰爭</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：普法戰爭"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_(3._Fassung_1885).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/220px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/330px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/440px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption>1871年1月18日：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志帝国">德意志帝国</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%9B%E5%AE%AB" title="凡尔赛宫">凡尔赛宫</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%8F%A1%E5%BB%B3" title="鏡廳">镜厅</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%A3%E5%91%8A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B" title="德意志帝國宣告成立">宣告成立</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="俾斯麦">俾斯麦</a>為衣着白色者。巴登大公立于威廉身后，领衔欢呼。时为储君的德意志皇帝兼普鲁士国王<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" title="腓特烈三世 (普鲁士)">腓特烈三世</a>立于其父加冕德意志皇帝的普鲁士国王<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉一世 (德国)">威廉一世</a>右侧。<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3" title="安东·冯·维尔纳">安东·冯·维尔纳</a>作</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="普法戰爭">普法戰爭</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%A3%E5%91%8A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B" title="德意志帝國宣告成立">德意志帝国宣告成立</a></div> <p>由於法國仍然在幕後操控著南德意志地區的各個邦國，阻礙德國統一。因此，俾斯麥以西班牙王位繼承問題製造爭端，逼使法皇<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="拿破仑三世">拿破侖三世</a>對普宣戰，而普魯士則藉此團結德意志民族，對<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a>作出進攻。 </p><p>普魯士很快便擊退了入侵的法軍，並向法國作出反攻，在<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E5%BD%93%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%98" title="色当会战">色當會戰</a>中，普軍戰勝法軍，拿破侖三世投降。隨後普軍進軍至巴黎，與巴黎新成立的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="國防政府">國防政府</a>發生時長四個多月的包圍戰，最終與其簽訂停戰協議。 </p><p>最後，普魯士國王威廉一世在法國<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E7%88%BE%E8%B3%BD%E5%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="凡爾賽宮">凡爾賽宮</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%8F%A1%E5%BB%B3" title="鏡廳">鏡廳</a>中登基，宣佈<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國">德意志帝國</a>成立，並從法國獲得<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾薩斯">阿爾薩斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="洛林">洛林</a>兩地及50億<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E9%83%8E" title="法郎">法郎</a>的戰爭賠款。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="後期政治生涯"><span id=".E5.BE.8C.E6.9C.9F.E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E7.94.9F.E6.B6.AF"></span>後期政治生涯</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：後期政治生涯"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bismarck_am_Schreibtisch2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bismarck_am_Schreibtisch2.jpg/200px-Bismarck_am_Schreibtisch2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bismarck_am_Schreibtisch2.jpg/300px-Bismarck_am_Schreibtisch2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bismarck_am_Schreibtisch2.jpg/400px-Bismarck_am_Schreibtisch2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption>正在工作中的俾斯麦，1886年。</figcaption></figure> <p>雖然德意志統一了，但俾斯麥仍需面對眾多國內外問題，因此他採行內、外兩種態度理政。在德意志帝國內，他依然保持高壓強橫的作風，打壓天主教勢力與左派勞工；國外方面，他避免樹立外敵，自稱「誠實經紀人」來協調歐洲大國的紛爭，表現出與過往「鐵血宰相」完全相反的姿態和風格。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="國內問題"><span id=".E5.9C.8B.E5.85.A7.E5.95.8F.E9.A1.8C"></span>國內問題</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：國內問題"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在國內問題方面，首先在1871年至1877年間的「<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%AC%A5%E7%88%AD" title="文化鬥爭">文化鬥爭</a>」中，與羅馬教廷互相攻擊，最後以雙方互相妥協結束。再在1878年隨即開始「圍剿<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="左派">左派</a>」，制定《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E9%9D%9E%E5%B8%B8%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="反社會主義非常法">反社會主義非常法</a>》，以打壓<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A" title="德国社会民主党">社會民主黨</a>。但同時間，他亦制定了很多保障工人的措施，來進行攏絡，雖然很多只屬表面性質，但仍使德國成為世界上第一個擁有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%B7%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="勞工">勞工</a>立法的國家。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="國外問題"><span id=".E5.9C.8B.E5.A4.96.E5.95.8F.E9.A1.8C"></span>國外問題</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：國外問題"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/1878%E5%B9%B4%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="1878年柏林會議">1878年柏林會議</a></div> <p>在國外問題方面，自德國統一後，俾斯麥便不希望再有對外戰爭，以便讓德國可以休養生息，培養國力。因此他並不像其他歐洲國家一般，大量掠奪殖民地。但他又擔心法國報復，因此他採取結盟政策，孤立法國。首先在1873年，他與<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8C%88%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="奧匈帝國">奧匈帝國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国">俄羅斯帝国</a>締結「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%B8%9D%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="三帝同盟">三帝同盟</a>」。而在1877年，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9C%9F%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="俄土战争">俄土戰爭</a>爆發，俄國大敗土耳其，並簽訂了《<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%96%AF%E6%8F%90%E6%B3%95%E8%AB%BE%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="聖斯提法諾條約">聖斯提法諾條約</a>》。結果在1878年，於<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a>舉行了<a href="/wiki/1878%E5%B9%B4%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="1878年柏林會議">柏林會議</a>。在會議中，他偏袒<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8C%88" class="mw-redirect" title="奧匈">奧匈</a>，但在表面上仍表現中立而自稱「誠實經紀人」。這使得俄國成了大輸家，导致德俄關係惡化，俄國退出三帝同盟。俾斯麥隨即與奧匈重訂盟約，稱為「<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="德奧同盟">德奧同盟</a>」。然而俾斯麥擔心俄國會轉投法國，因此於1887年與俄簽訂「<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%8D%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="再保險條約">再保險條約</a>」。 </p><p>在1882年，他又與<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利">義大利</a>、奧匈帝國簽訂「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="三國同盟">三國同盟</a>」。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="退出政壇"><span id=".E9.80.80.E5.87.BA.E6.94.BF.E5.A3.87"></span>退出政壇</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：退出政壇"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1888年3月9日（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%B8%9D%E4%B9%8B%E5%B9%B4" title="三帝之年">三帝之年</a>），90歲的威廉一世逝世，其子<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" title="腓特烈三世 (普鲁士)">腓特烈三世</a>繼位，但在位99日就病故（故稱百日皇帝）。結果其子<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉二世 (德国)">威廉二世</a>繼位，時年29歲。這位年少氣盛的少年皇帝不甘受制於俾斯麥，因此與俾斯麥在很多問題上出現分歧。而當時俾斯麥已達73歲高齡，更已執政了長達26年。結果在一系列權力鬥爭後，俾斯麥明白鸟尽弓藏、兔死狗烹的道理，感到心灰意冷，在1890年3月18日向威廉二世呈辭，正式下野，結束30年執政。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="逝世"><span id=".E9.80.9D.E4.B8.96"></span>逝世</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：逝世"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bismarck_auf_dem_Totenbette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Bismarck_auf_dem_Totenbette.jpg/250px-Bismarck_auf_dem_Totenbette.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Bismarck_auf_dem_Totenbette.jpg/375px-Bismarck_auf_dem_Totenbette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Bismarck_auf_dem_Totenbette.jpg/500px-Bismarck_auf_dem_Totenbette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1231" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption>俾斯麦遗体照，摄于其逝世次日（1898年7月31日）。</figcaption></figure> <p>俾斯麥下野之後，長居於<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="漢堡">漢堡</a>附近的弗里德里希斯魯莊園，並著有<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%86%B6%E9%8C%84" class="mw-redirect" title="回憶錄">回憶錄</a>《思考與回憶》。該書的精確性飽受質疑，俾斯麥將各個歷史事件渲染得過度具有戲劇性，而且總是將其中自己的形象塑造得非常良好。 </p><p>1898年7月30日，這位名震天下的鐵血宰相俾斯麥悄然離世，享壽83歲。俾斯麥離世后不久，俾斯麥的政敵便迅速清除了他在政界中的勢力，改革從此終止，德國走向他生前一直努力控制及防止的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="軍國主義">軍國主義</a>，最終1914年<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第一次世界大戰">第一次世界大戰</a>爆發。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="著作"><span id=".E8.91.97.E4.BD.9C"></span>著作</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：著作"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>《思考与回忆-俾斯麦回忆录》（全三卷），中文版2006 三联书店 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="头衔和称号"><span id=".E5.A4.B4.E8.A1.94.E5.92.8C.E7.A7.B0.E5.8F.B7"></span>头衔和称号</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：头衔和称号"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1815年4月1日 - 1865年： <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B9%E5%85%8B" title="容克">容克</a> 奥托·冯·俾斯麦</li> <li>1865年–1871年： <i>高贵出身的</i> 俾斯麦-顺豪森的奥托伯爵</li> <li>1871年–1890年：俾斯麦亲王<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%BF%E4%B8%8B" title="殿下">殿下</a></li> <li>1890年 – 1898年7月30日：俾斯麦亲王，劳恩堡公爵<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%BF%E4%B8%8B" title="殿下">殿下</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="荣誉"><span id=".E8.8D.A3.E8.AA.89"></span>荣誉</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：荣誉"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="官方奖勋"><span id=".E5.AE.98.E6.96.B9.E5.A5.96.E5.8B.8B"></span>官方奖勋</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：官方奖勋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國">普魯士王國</a> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_bar_of_Lifesaving_Medal_(Prussia).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ribbon_bar_of_Lifesaving_Medal_%28Prussia%29.svg/60px-Ribbon_bar_of_Lifesaving_Medal_%28Prussia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ribbon_bar_of_Lifesaving_Medal_%28Prussia%29.svg/90px-Ribbon_bar_of_Lifesaving_Medal_%28Prussia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ribbon_bar_of_Lifesaving_Medal_%28Prussia%29.svg/120px-Ribbon_bar_of_Lifesaving_Medal_%28Prussia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拯救生命奖章 (普鲁士)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lifesaving Medal (Prussia)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%AF%E6%95%91%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0_(%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拯救生命奖章 (普鲁士)（页面不存在）">拯救生命奖章</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifesaving_Medal_(Prussia)" class="extiw" title="en:Lifesaving Medal (Prussia)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lifesaving Medal (Prussia)</span></a></span>）</span></span>（1842年12月13日）</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PRU_Roter_Adlerorden_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/PRU_Roter_Adlerorden_BAR.svg/60px-PRU_Roter_Adlerorden_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/PRU_Roter_Adlerorden_BAR.svg/90px-PRU_Roter_Adlerorden_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/PRU_Roter_Adlerorden_BAR.svg/120px-PRU_Roter_Adlerorden_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E9%B7%B9%E5%8B%B3%E7%AB%A0" title="紅鷹勳章">佩橡叶大十字级红鹰勋章</a>（1863年3月17日，1878年佩王冠、节杖、双剑）</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Black_Eagle_-_Ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle_-_Ribbon_bar.svg/60px-Order_of_the_Black_Eagle_-_Ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle_-_Ribbon_bar.svg/90px-Order_of_the_Black_Eagle_-_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle_-_Ribbon_bar.svg/120px-Order_of_the_Black_Eagle_-_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%B7%B9%E5%8B%B3%E7%AB%A0" title="黑鷹勳章">黑鹰勋章</a>（1864年11月21日，1965年佩颈链，1873年佩钻饰）</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D-PRU_Hohenzollern_Order_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/D-PRU_Hohenzollern_Order_BAR.svg/60px-D-PRU_Hohenzollern_Order_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/D-PRU_Hohenzollern_Order_BAR.svg/90px-D-PRU_Hohenzollern_Order_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/D-PRU_Hohenzollern_Order_BAR.svg/120px-D-PRU_Hohenzollern_Order_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="霍亨索伦王室勋章" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Königlicher Hausorden von Hohenzollern"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E4%BA%A8%E7%B4%A2%E5%80%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%A4%E5%8B%B3%E7%AB%A0" title="霍亨索倫王室勳章">佩剑骑士级霍亨索伦王室勋章</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6niglicher_Hausorden_von_Hohenzollern" class="extiw" title="de:Königlicher Hausorden von Hohenzollern"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Königlicher Hausorden von Hohenzollern</span></a></span>）</span></span>（1866年）</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D-PRU_Hohenzollern_Order_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/D-PRU_Hohenzollern_Order_BAR.svg/60px-D-PRU_Hohenzollern_Order_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/D-PRU_Hohenzollern_Order_BAR.svg/90px-D-PRU_Hohenzollern_Order_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/D-PRU_Hohenzollern_Order_BAR.svg/120px-D-PRU_Hohenzollern_Order_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="霍亨索伦王室勋章" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Königlicher Hausorden von Hohenzollern"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E4%BA%A8%E7%B4%A2%E5%80%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%A4%E5%8B%B3%E7%AB%A0" title="霍亨索倫王室勳章">佩星大十字级霍亨索伦王室勋章</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6niglicher_Hausorden_von_Hohenzollern" class="extiw" title="de:Königlicher Hausorden von Hohenzollern"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Königlicher Hausorden von Hohenzollern</span></a></span>）</span></span>（1866年7月28日，1873年佩钻饰）</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_2_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_2_BAR.svg/60px-D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_2_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_2_BAR.svg/90px-D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_2_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_2_BAR.svg/120px-D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_2_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%8B%8B%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0_(%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" title="功勋勋章 (普鲁士)">佩橡叶军事级功勋勋章</a>（1884年9月1日）</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg/60px-D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg/90px-D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg/120px-D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%8B%8B%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0_(%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" title="功勋勋章 (普鲁士)">民事级功勋勋章</a>（1896年1月20日）</li></ul></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flagge_Herzogtum_Anhalt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_Herzogtum_Anhalt.svg/22px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Anhalt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_Herzogtum_Anhalt.svg/33px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Anhalt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_Herzogtum_Anhalt.svg/44px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Anhalt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="安哈尔特公国">安哈尔特公国</a> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D-ANH-Order_Albert_Bear_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/D-ANH-Order_Albert_Bear_BAR.png/60px-D-ANH-Order_Albert_Bear_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/D-ANH-Order_Albert_Bear_BAR.png/90px-D-ANH-Order_Albert_Bear_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/D-ANH-Order_Albert_Bear_BAR.png/120px-D-ANH-Order_Albert_Bear_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="94" /></a></span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="熊阿尔伯特勋章" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="大十字级熊阿尔伯特勋章"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%8A%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熊阿尔伯特勋章（页面不存在）">熊阿尔伯特勋章</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E7%BA%A7%E7%86%8A%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0" class="extiw" title="en:大十字级熊阿尔伯特勋章"><span lang="en" dir="auto">大十字级熊阿尔伯特勋章</span></a></span>）</span></span>（1862年12月20日）</li></ul></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_(1891%E2%80%931918).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/22px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/33px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/44px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="巴登大公國">巴登大公国</a> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BAD_Order_of_Fidelity_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/BAD_Order_of_Fidelity_ribbon.svg/60px-BAD_Order_of_Fidelity_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/BAD_Order_of_Fidelity_ribbon.svg/90px-BAD_Order_of_Fidelity_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/BAD_Order_of_Fidelity_ribbon.svg/120px-BAD_Order_of_Fidelity_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="忠贞王室勋章" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="House Order of Fidelity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%A0%E8%B4%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%A4%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="忠贞王室勋章（页面不存在）">忠贞王室勋章</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Order_of_Fidelity" class="extiw" title="en:House Order of Fidelity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">House Order of Fidelity</span></a></span>）</span></span>（1869年，1871年佩钻饰金颈链）</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="後代"><span id=".E5.BE.8C.E4.BB.A3"></span>後代</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：後代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>長女：瑪麗·馮·俾斯麥女伯爵</li> <li>長子：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" title="赫伯特·冯·俾斯麦">赫伯特·馮·俾斯麥</a>親王 <ul><li>孫女：漢娜·馮·俾斯麥女伯爵</li> <li>孫女：瑪麗亞·馮·俾斯麥女伯爵</li> <li>孫：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%87%E5%8D%9A%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧托·克里斯蒂安·阿奇博爾德·馮·俾斯麥（页面不存在）">奧托·克里斯蒂安·阿奇博爾德·馮·俾斯麥</a>親王</li> <li>孫：戈特弗里德·格拉夫·馮·俾斯麥伯爵</li> <li>孫：阿爾布雷希特·馮·俾斯麥伯爵</li></ul></li> <li>次子：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·馮·俾斯麥（页面不存在）">威廉·馮·俾斯麥</a>伯爵</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關條目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E6.A2.9D.E7.9B.AE"></span>相關條目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：相關條目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A5%E7%B4%9A%E6%88%B0%E8%89%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="俾斯麥級戰艦">俾斯麥級戰艦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國">德意志帝國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="德國歷史">德國歷史</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註解"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E8.A7.A3"></span>註解</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：註解"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">據歷史學家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="沃爾克·烏爾里希" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Volker Ullrich (Historiker)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%83%E7%88%BE%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沃爾克·烏爾里希（页面不存在）">沃爾克·烏爾里希</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Ullrich_(Historiker)" class="extiw" title="de:Volker Ullrich (Historiker)"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Volker Ullrich (Historiker)</span></a></span>）</span></span>的說法，俾斯麥一直不接受這個稱謂，甚至以此稱謂作為收件人的信件都會被他所退回<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Steinberg-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steinberg_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Steinberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan Steinberg（页面不存在）">Steinberg, Jonathan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=HAppAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=Bismarck+studied+Agriculture+in+Greifswald+in+1838.&source=bl&ots=LZikJxculW&sig=btfxmgs1TRrm3bUCMEeXS5sJAsc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DaeiVNSeMseBU5WSgKAD&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Bismarck%20studied%20Agriculture%20in%20Greifswald%20in%201838.&f=false">Bismarck: A Life</a>. : 51 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-02-05</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780199782529" title="Special:网络书源/9780199782529"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780199782529</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210221224130/https://books.google.de/books?id=HAppAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=Bismarck+studied+Agriculture+in+Greifswald+in+1838.&source=bl&ots=LZikJxculW&sig=btfxmgs1TRrm3bUCMEeXS5sJAsc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DaeiVNSeMseBU5WSgKAD&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Bismarck%20studied%20Agriculture%20in%20Greifswald%20in%201838.&f=false">存档</a>于2021-02-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.btitle=Bismarck%3A+A+Life&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780199782529&rft.pages=51&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.de%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHAppAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA51%26lpg%3DPA51%26dq%3DBismarck%2Bstudied%2BAgriculture%2Bin%2BGreifswald%2Bin%2B1838.%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DLZikJxculW%26sig%3Dbtfxmgs1TRrm3bUCMEeXS5sJAsc%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DDaeiVNSeMseBU5WSgKAD%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DBismarck%2520studied%2520Agriculture%2520in%2520Greifswald%2520in%25201838.%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ullrich, Volker. Otto von Bismarck 4. <a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%96%E6%81%A9%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B" title="赖恩贝克">赖恩贝克</a>: <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅渥特出版社" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Rowohlt Verlag"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E6%B8%A5%E7%89%B9%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅渥特出版社（页面不存在）">羅渥特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowohlt_Verlag" class="extiw" title="de:Rowohlt Verlag"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Rowohlt Verlag</span></a></span>）</span></span>. 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Volker&rft.aulast=Ullrich&rft.btitle=Otto+von+Bismarck&rft.date=1998&rft.edition=4&rft.genre=book&rft.place=%E8%B5%96%E6%81%A9%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B&rft.pub=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22%E7%BE%85%E6%B8%A5%E7%89%B9%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%22+data-lang-code%3D%22de%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Rowohlt+Verlag%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3E%E7%BE%85%E6%B8%A5%E7%89%B9%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22de%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3ERowohlt+Verlag%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-克里斯多福-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-克里斯多福_4-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-克里斯多福_4-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="克里斯多福·克拉克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Christopher Clark"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E7%A6%8F%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克里斯多福·克拉克（页面不存在）">克里斯多福·克拉克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Clark" class="extiw" title="en:Christopher Clark"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Christopher Clark</span></a></span>）</span></span>. Preußen. Aufstieg und Niedergang 1600–1947. <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E5%BE%92%E5%8A%A0%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="司徒加特">司徒加特</a>: <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德意志出版社" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德意志出版社（页面不存在）">德意志出版社</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Verlags-Anstalt" class="extiw" title="de:Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt</span></a></span>）</span></span>. 2007: 592-593. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-421-05392-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-421-05392-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-3-421-05392-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.au=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E7%A6%8F%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Christopher+Clark%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3E%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E7%A6%8F%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EChristopher+Clark%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.btitle=Preu%C3%9Fen.+Aufstieg+und+Niedergang+1600%E2%80%931947&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-421-05392-3&rft.pages=592-593&rft.place=%E5%8F%B8%E5%BE%92%E5%8A%A0%E7%89%B9&rft.pub=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%22+data-lang-code%3D%22de%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Deutsche+Verlags-Anstalt%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3E%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22de%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EDeutsche+Verlags-Anstalt%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-洛塔爾-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-洛塔爾_5-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-洛塔爾_5-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="洛塔爾·蓋爾" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lothar Gall"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%9B%E5%A1%94%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E8%93%8B%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洛塔爾·蓋爾（页面不存在）">洛塔爾·蓋爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_Gall" class="extiw" title="en:Lothar Gall"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lothar Gall</span></a></span>）</span></span>. Bismarck. Der weiße Revolutionär 2. <a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a>: <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="烏爾斯坦出版社" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ullstein Verlag"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="烏爾斯坦出版社（页面不存在）">烏爾斯坦出版社</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullstein_Verlag" class="extiw" title="en:Ullstein Verlag"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ullstein Verlag</span></a></span>）</span></span>. 2002: 27-30. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3-548-26515-4" title="Special:网络书源/3-548-26515-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3-548-26515-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.au=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22%E6%B4%9B%E5%A1%94%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E8%93%8B%E7%88%BE%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Lothar+Gall%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3E%E6%B4%9B%E5%A1%94%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E8%93%8B%E7%88%BE%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3ELothar+Gall%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.btitle=Bismarck.+Der+wei%C3%9Fe+Revolution%C3%A4r&rft.date=2002&rft.edition=2&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-548-26515-4&rft.pages=27-30&rft.place=%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97&rft.pub=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Ullstein+Verlag%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3E%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EUllstein+Verlag%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-福克-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-福克_6-0"><sup><b>5.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-福克_6-1"><sup><b>5.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="福克·烏爾里希" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Volker Ullrich (Historiker)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="福克·烏爾里希（页面不存在）">福克·烏爾里希</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Ullrich_(Historiker)" class="extiw" title="de:Volker Ullrich (Historiker)"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Volker Ullrich (Historiker)</span></a></span>）</span></span>. Otto von Bismarck. <a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="漢堡">漢堡</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%96%E6%81%A9%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B" title="赖恩贝克">赖恩贝克</a>: 羅渥特出版社. 1998: 14-15. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3-499-50602-5" title="Special:网络书源/3-499-50602-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3-499-50602-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.au=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%22+data-lang-code%3D%22de%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Volker+Ullrich+%28Historiker%29%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3E%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22de%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EVolker+Ullrich+%28Historiker%29%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.btitle=Otto+von+Bismarck&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-499-50602-5&rft.pages=14-15&rft.place=%E6%BC%A2%E5%A0%A1%E8%B5%96%E6%81%A9%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B&rft.pub=%E7%BE%85%E6%B8%A5%E7%89%B9%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hesekiel, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=C_RZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA56-IA1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Das Buch vom Fürsten Bismarck</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%8B%92%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="比勒费尔德">比勒費爾德</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E6%AF%94%E9%8C%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="萊比錫">萊比錫</a>. 1873: 55 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-07-05</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307224757/https://books.google.de/books?id=C_RZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA56-IA1#v=onepage&q&f=false">存档</a>于2021-03-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=George&rft.aulast=Hesekiel&rft.btitle=Das+Buch+vom+F%C3%BCrsten+Bismarck&rft.date=1873&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=55&rft.place=%E6%AF%94%E5%8B%92%E8%B2%BB%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E5%92%8C%E8%90%8A%E6%AF%94%E9%8C%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.de%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC_RZAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA56-IA1%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowe, 2005, pp.538-540, 「他（俾斯麥）的法語是如此的清楚跟流利，幾乎跟母語是法語的人一模一樣，而他的英語也是如此......但是首相的義大利語就沒有這麼流利了，不過他還是能看懂羅馬報刊上的文章......有一次，他曾經吹噓自己是外交部中唯一理解俄文的人，他的俄語是在他......居住於聖彼得堡時所習得的......除了精通俄語之外，他的波蘭語也有一定水平，至少能讓他聽懂波蘭語」（原文："French he speaks with the purity and fluency almost of a native, and the same may be said of his English. [...] Not so fluent is the Chancellor's Italian as his French, but yet he can read the journals of Rome. [...] Once, too, he boasted that he was 'about the only man in the Foreign Office who understands Russian'—a language which he [...] acquired during his residence at St. Petersburg. [...] And not only did he master Russian, but he also learned Polish to a degree enabling him to make himself understood."）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEField1898603–04-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEField1898603–04_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFField1898">Field 1898</a>，第603–04頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hull-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hull_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Steinberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan Steinberg（页面不存在）">Steinberg, Jonathan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=HAppAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=Bismarck+studied+Agriculture+in+Greifswald+in+1838.&source=bl&ots=LZikJxculW&sig=btfxmgs1TRrm3bUCMEeXS5sJAsc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DaeiVNSeMseBU5WSgKAD&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Bismarck%20studied%20Agriculture%20in%20Greifswald%20in%201838.&f=false">Bismarck: A Life</a>. : 51 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-02-05</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780199782529" title="Special:网络书源/9780199782529"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780199782529</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210221224130/https://books.google.de/books?id=HAppAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=Bismarck+studied+Agriculture+in+Greifswald+in+1838.&source=bl&ots=LZikJxculW&sig=btfxmgs1TRrm3bUCMEeXS5sJAsc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DaeiVNSeMseBU5WSgKAD&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Bismarck%20studied%20Agriculture%20in%20Greifswald%20in%201838.&f=false">存档</a>于2021-02-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.btitle=Bismarck%3A+A+Life&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780199782529&rft.pages=51&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.de%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHAppAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA51%26lpg%3DPA51%26dq%3DBismarck%2Bstudied%2BAgriculture%2Bin%2BGreifswald%2Bin%2B1838.%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DLZikJxculW%26sig%3Dbtfxmgs1TRrm3bUCMEeXS5sJAsc%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DDaeiVNSeMseBU5WSgKAD%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DBismarck%2520studied%2520Agriculture%2520in%2520Greifswald%2520in%25201838.%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steinberg, 2011, pp. 39–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steinberg, 2011, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPflanze197156-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPflanze197156_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPflanze1971">Pflanze 1971</a>，第56頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steinberg, 2011, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steinberg, 2011, p. 87-89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steinberg, 2011, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steinberg, 2011, pp. 87–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steinberg, 2011, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollyday197016–18-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollyday197016–18_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollyday1970">Hollyday 1970</a>，第16–18頁.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考書目"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.9B.B8.E7.9B.AE"></span>參考書目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：參考書目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="傳記"><span id=".E5.82.B3.E8.A8.98"></span>傳記</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：傳記"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCrankshaw1981" class="citation book">Crankshaw, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bismarck0000cran">Bismarck</a>. The Viking Press. 1981. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0670169825" title="Special:网络书源/978-0670169825"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0670169825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.aulast=Crankshaw&rft.btitle=Bismarck&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0670169825&rft.pub=The+Viking+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbismarck0000cran&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <ul><li>Rich, Norman (January 10, 1982) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1982/01/10/sinking-the-bismarck-legend/e3ac61f7-eb83-4e64-93ac-de8d32f6ad0e/">"Sinking the Bismarck Legend" (review)</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201225204311/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1982/01/10/sinking-the-bismarck-legend/e3ac61f7-eb83-4e64-93ac-de8d32f6ad0e/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDarmstaedter2008" class="citation book">Darmstaedter, Friedrich. Bismarck and the Creation of the Second Reich. Russel & Russel. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0846206248" title="Special:网络书源/978-0846206248"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0846206248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft.aulast=Darmstaedter&rft.btitle=Bismarck+and+the+Creation+of+the+Second+Reich&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0846206248&rft.pub=Russel+%26+Russel&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDawson1908" class="citation book">Dawson, William Harbutt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_neRCAAAAIAAJ">The Evolution of Modern Germany</a>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 1908. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1519547781" title="Special:网络书源/978-1519547781"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1519547781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=William+Harbutt&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Modern+Germany&rft.date=1908&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1519547781&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_neRCAAAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEngelberg1986–90" class="citation book">Engelberg, Ernst. Bismarck <b>1–2</b>. Fayard. 1986–90. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3827500243" title="Special:网络书源/978-3827500243"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-3827500243</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到德语网页">（德语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft.aulast=Engelberg&rft.btitle=Bismarck&rft.date=1986%2F1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3827500243&rft.pub=Fayard&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEyck1964" class="citation book">Eyck, Erich. Bismarck and the German Empire. W.W. Norton & Company; 1st edition. 1964. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0393002355" title="Special:网络书源/978-0393002355"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0393002355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft.aulast=Eyck&rft.btitle=Bismarck+and+the+German+Empire&rft.date=1964&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0393002355&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company%3B+1st+edition&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFeuchtwanger2002" class="citation book">Feuchtwanger, Edgar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bismarck0000feuc">Bismarck</a>. Historical Biographies. Routledge. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0415216135" title="Special:网络书源/978-0415216135"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0415216135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft.aulast=Feuchtwanger&rft.btitle=Bismarck&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0415216135&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.series=Historical+Biographies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbismarck0000feuc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGall1990" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Gall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lothar Gall（页面不存在）">Gall, Lothar</a>. Bismarck: The White Revolutionary <b>1</b>. Unwin Hyman. 1990. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0044457787" title="Special:网络书源/978-0044457787"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0044457787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Lothar&rft.aulast=Gall&rft.btitle=Bismarck%3A+The+White+Revolutionary&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0044457787&rft.pub=Unwin+Hyman&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGall1990" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Gall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lothar Gall（页面不存在）">Gall, Lothar</a>. Bismarck: The White Revolutionary <b>2</b>. Trans. J. A. Underwood. Unwin Hyman. 1990. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0044457794" title="Special:网络书源/978-0044457794"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0044457794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Lothar&rft.aulast=Gall&rft.btitle=Bismarck%3A+The+White+Revolutionary&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0044457794&rft.pub=Unwin+Hyman&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHeadlam1899" class="citation book">Headlam, James Wycliffe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bismarckandfoun00headgoog">Bismarck and the Foundation of the German Empire</a>. IndyPublish. 1899. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1414232713" title="Special:网络书源/978-1414232713"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1414232713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=James+Wycliffe&rft.aulast=Headlam&rft.btitle=Bismarck+and+the+Foundation+of+the+German+Empire&rft.date=1899&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1414232713&rft.pub=IndyPublish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbismarckandfoun00headgoog&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHeuston2010" class="citation book">Heuston, Kimberley Burton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ottovonbismarcki0000heus">Otto von Bismarck: Iron Chancellor of Germany</a>. A Wicked History. Franklin Watts. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0531228241" title="Special:网络书源/978-0531228241"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0531228241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Kimberley+Burton&rft.aulast=Heuston&rft.btitle=Otto+von+Bismarck%3A+Iron+Chancellor+of+Germany&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0531228241&rft.pub=Franklin+Watts&rft.series=A+Wicked+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fottovonbismarcki0000heus&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> for middle school students</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHollyday1970" class="citation book">Hollyday, F. B. M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bismarck00holl">Bismarck</a>. Great Lives Observed. Prentice-Hall. 1970. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0130773623" title="Special:网络书源/978-0130773623"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0130773623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=F.+B.+M.&rft.aulast=Hollyday&rft.btitle=Bismarck&rft.date=1970&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0130773623&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.series=Great+Lives+Observed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbismarck00holl&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKent1978" class="citation book">Kent, George O. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bismarckhistimes0000kent">Bismarck and His Times</a>. Southern Illinois University Press. 1978. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0809308590" title="Special:网络书源/978-0809308590"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0809308590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=George+O.&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.btitle=Bismarck+and+His+Times&rft.date=1978&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0809308590&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbismarckhistimes0000kent&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLerman2004" class="citation book">Lerman, Katharine Anne. Bismarck: Profiles in Power. Longman. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-582-03740-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-582-03740-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-582-03740-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Katharine+Anne.&rft.aulast=Lerman&rft.btitle=Bismarck%3A+Profiles+in+Power&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-582-03740-3&rft.pub=Longman&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLudwig1927a" class="citation book">Ludwig, Emil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=ghlSoo9pEUcC">Wilhelm Hohenzollern: The last of the Kaisers</a>. Trans. Ethel Colburn Mayne. New York: Kessinger Publishing, LLC. 1927. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0766143418" title="Special:网络书源/978-0766143418"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0766143418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft.aulast=Ludwig&rft.btitle=Wilhelm+Hohenzollern%3A+The+last+of+the+Kaisers&rft.date=1927&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0766143418&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DghlSoo9pEUcC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="">失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLudwig1927b" class="citation book">Ludwig, Emil. Bismarck: The Story of a Fighter. Skyhorse Publishing. 1927. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1620871768" title="Special:网络书源/978-1620871768"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1620871768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft.aulast=Ludwig&rft.btitle=Bismarck%3A+The+Story+of+a+Fighter&rft.date=1927&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1620871768&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPflanze1971" class="citation book">Pflanze, Otto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=33732682">Bismarck and the Development of Germany: The Period of Unification, 1815–1871</a> <b>1</b>. Princeton University Press. 1971 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-07-05</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0691007656" title="Special:网络书源/978-0691007656"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0691007656</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010203159/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=33732682">存档</a>于2008-10-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft.aulast=Pflanze&rft.btitle=Bismarck+and+the+Development+of+Germany%3A+The+Period+of+Unification%2C+1815%E2%80%931871&rft.date=1971&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0691007656&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FPM.qst%3Fa%3Do%26d%3D33732682&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPflanze1990" class="citation book">Pflanze, Otto. Bismarck and the Development of Germany: The Period of Consolidation, 1871–1880 <b>2</b>. Princeton University Press. 1990 [1963]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-691-05588-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-691-05588-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-691-05588-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft.aulast=Pflanze&rft.btitle=Bismarck+and+the+Development+of+Germany%3A+The+Period+of+Consolidation%2C+1871%E2%80%931880&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05588-6&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPflanze1955" class="citation journal">Pflanze, Otto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1955-04_60_3/page/548">Bismarck and German Nationalism</a>. American Historical Review. April 1955, <b>60</b> (3): 548–66. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1845577"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 1845577</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1845577"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/1845577</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=Bismarck+and+German+Nationalism&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft.aulast=Pflanze&rft.date=1955-04&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.pages=548-66&rft.volume=60&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1845577&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_american-historical-review_1955-04_60_3%2Fpage%2F548&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1845577&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Robertson, Charles Grant. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.174414">Bismarck</a>. London: Constable and Company. 1919. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1357142797" title="Special:网络书源/978-1357142797"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1357142797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Charles+Grant&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.btitle=Bismarck&rft.date=1919&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1357142797&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Constable+and+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.174414&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1836385">online review calls it best study in any language</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201225204311/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1836385">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg2011" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Steinberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan Steinberg（页面不存在）">Steinberg, Jonathan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bismarcklife0000stei">Bismarck: A Life</a>. Oxford University Press. 2011. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0199975396" title="Special:网络书源/978-0199975396"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0199975396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.btitle=Bismarck%3A+A+Life&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0199975396&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbismarcklife0000stei&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFKissinger2011" class="citation news">Kissinger, Henry A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/03/books/review/book-review-bismarck-by-jonathan-steinberg.html">Otto von Bismarck, Master Statesman</a>. The New York Times (book review). 31 March 2011 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-07-05</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308124225/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/03/books/review/book-review-bismarck-by-jonathan-steinberg.html">存档</a>于2021-03-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=Otto+von+Bismarck%2C+Master+Statesman&rft.aufirst=Henry+A&rft.aulast=Kissinger&rft.date=2011-03-31&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F04%2F03%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fbook-review-bismarck-by-jonathan-steinberg.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFStern1977" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Stern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Stern（页面不存在）">Stern, Fritz</a>. Gold and Iron: Bismarck, Bleichröder and the Building of the German Empire. Vintage. 1977. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0394740348" title="Special:网络书源/978-0394740348"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0394740348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.btitle=Gold+and+Iron%3A+Bismarck%2C+Bleichr%C3%B6der+and+the+Building+of+the+German+Empire&rft.date=1977&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0394740348&rft.pub=Vintage&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1969" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/A.J.P._Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="A.J.P. Taylor">Taylor, A.J.P.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14683010">Bismarck: the Man and the Statesman</a>. New York: Alfred A Knopf. 1969 [1955] <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-07-05</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0394703879" title="Special:网络书源/978-0394703879"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0394703879</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624020231/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14683010">存档</a>于2011-06-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=A.J.P.&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.btitle=Bismarck%3A+the+Man+and+the+Statesman&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0394703879&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A+Knopf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FPM.qst%3Fa%3Do%26d%3D14683010&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="論述"><span id=".E8.AB.96.E8.BF.B0"></span>論述</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：論述"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80540462"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Berghahn, Volker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imperialgermany100volk">Imperial Germany, 1871–1914: Economy, Society, Culture and Politics</a>. Berghahn Books. 1994. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1845450113" title="Special:网络书源/978-1845450113"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1845450113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Volker&rft.aulast=Berghahn&rft.btitle=Imperial+Germany%2C+1871%E2%80%931914%3A+Economy%2C+Society%2C+Culture+and+Politics&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1845450113&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimperialgermany100volk&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBlackbourn1998" class="citation book">Blackbourn, David. History of Germany, 1780–1918: The Long Nineteenth Century Revised second. Blackwell. 1998. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0631231967" title="Special:网络书源/978-0631231967"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0631231967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Blackbourn&rft.btitle=History+of+Germany%2C+1780%E2%80%931918%3A+The+Long+Nineteenth+Century&rft.date=1998&rft.edition=Revised+second&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0631231967&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Clark, Christopher. Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947. Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0674031968" title="Special:网络书源/978-0674031968"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0674031968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.btitle=Iron+Kingdom%3A+The+Rise+and+Downfall+of+Prussia%2C+1600%E2%80%931947&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0674031968&rft.pub=Belknap+Press%3A+An+Imprint+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Craig, Gordon A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=30331035">Germany, 1866–1945</a>. Oxford University Press. 1978 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-07-05</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0195027242" title="Special:网络书源/978-0195027242"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0195027242</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624020143/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=30331035">存档</a>于2011-06-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Gordon+A.&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.btitle=Germany%2C+1866%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1978&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0195027242&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FPM.qst%3Fa%3Do%26d%3D30331035&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Holborn, Hajo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng00hajo/page/131">The Constitutional Conflict in Prussia and the Early Years of the Bismarck Ministry</a>. The History of Modern Germany 1840–1945 <b>3</b>. Princeton University Press. 1982: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng00hajo/page/131">131–72</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0691007977" title="Special:网络书源/978-0691007977"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0691007977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=The+Constitutional+Conflict+in+Prussia+and+the+Early+Years+of+the+Bismarck+Ministry&rft.aufirst=Hajo&rft.aulast=Holborn&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Modern+Germany+1840%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0691007977&rft.pages=131-72&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmoderng00hajo%2Fpage%2F131&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Holborn, Hajo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng00hajo/page/173">The Founding of the New German Empire, 1865–71</a>. The History of Modern Germany 1840–1945. Princeton University Press. 1982: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng00hajo/page/173">173–229</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0691007977" title="Special:网络书源/978-0691007977"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0691007977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=The+Founding+of+the+New+German+Empire%2C+1865%E2%80%9371&rft.aufirst=Hajo&rft.aulast=Holborn&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Modern+Germany+1840%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0691007977&rft.pages=173-229&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmoderng00hajo%2Fpage%2F173&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Holborn, Hajo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng00hajo/page/233">Bismarck and the Consolidation of the German Empire, 1871–90</a>. The History of Modern Germany 1840–1945. Princeton University Press. 1969: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng00hajo/page/233">233–97</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0691007977" title="Special:网络书源/978-0691007977"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0691007977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=Bismarck+and+the+Consolidation+of+the+German+Empire%2C+1871%E2%80%9390&rft.aufirst=Hajo&rft.aulast=Holborn&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Modern+Germany+1840%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0691007977&rft.pages=233-97&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmoderng00hajo%2Fpage%2F233&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Langer, William L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europeanalliance0000lang_q8y3">European Alliances and Alignments, 1871–1890</a>. 1931. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001GJV44A"><span title="亚马逊标准识别码">ASIN B001GJV44A</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft.aulast=Langer&rft.btitle=European+Alliances+and+Alignments%2C+1871%E2%80%931890&rft.date=1931&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropeanalliance0000lang_q8y3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <ul><li>Highly detailed diplomatic history of all major European powers.</li></ul></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRetallack2008" class="citation book">Retallack, James N. Imperial Germany, 1871–1918. Oxford University Press. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0199204878" title="Special:网络书源/978-0199204878"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0199204878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=James+N.&rft.aulast=Retallack&rft.btitle=Imperial+Germany%2C+1871%E2%80%931918&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0199204878&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Robinson, Janet; Robinson, Joe. Handbook of Imperial Germany. AuthorHouse. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1449021139" title="Special:网络书源/978-1449021139"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1449021139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Joe&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Imperial+Germany&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1449021139&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Sheehan, James J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germanhistory17700shee">German History, 1770–1866</a> Reprint. Clarendon Press. 1989. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0198204329" title="Special:网络书源/978-0198204329"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0198204329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.btitle=German+History%2C+1770%E2%80%931866&rft.date=1989&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0198204329&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermanhistory17700shee&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Sheehan, James J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germanliberalism0000shee">German liberalism in the ninetury century</a>. University of Chicago Press; ACLS. 1978. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fheb.01317.0001.001"><span title="Handle System">hdl:2027/heb.01317.0001.001</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.btitle=German+liberalism+in+the+ninetury+century&rft.date=1978&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press%3B+ACLS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermanliberalism0000shee&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fheb.01317.0001.001&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="專題研究"><span id=".E5.B0.88.E9.A1.8C.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6"></span>專題研究</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：專題研究"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80540462"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Beck, Hermann. Origins of the Authoritarian Welfare State in Prussia, 1815–1870. The University of Michigan Press. 1995. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-472-08428-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-472-08428-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-472-08428-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Authoritarian+Welfare+State+in+Prussia%2C+1815%E2%80%931870&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-472-08428-9&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Brandenburg, Erich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/12322">From Bismarck to the World War: A History of German Foreign Policy 1870–1914</a> Reprint. Howard Fertig Publisher. 1933 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-07-05</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0865274228" title="Special:网络书源/978-0865274228"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0865274228</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315175229/http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/12322">存档</a>于2017-03-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft.aulast=Brandenburg&rft.btitle=From+Bismarck+to+the+World+War%3A+A+History+of+German+Foreign+Policy+1870%E2%80%931914&rft.date=1933&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0865274228&rft.pub=Howard+Fertig+Publisher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dli.ernet.in%2Fhandle%2F2015%2F12322&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Carroll, E. Malcolm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002369133;view=1up;seq=6">Germany and the great powers, 1866–1914: A Study in Public Opinion and Foreign Policy</a>. Octagon Books. 1975 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-07-05</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0374912994" title="Special:网络书源/978-0374912994"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0374912994</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180920183321/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002369133;view=1up;seq=6">存档</a>于2018-09-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=E.+Malcolm&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+great+powers%2C+1866%E2%80%931914%3A+A+Study+in+Public+Opinion+and+Foreign+Policy&rft.date=1975&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0374912994&rft.pub=Octagon+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015002369133%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Clark, Chester Wells. Franz Joseph and Bismarck: The Diplomacy of Austria before the War of 1866. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1934. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006BUIOG"><span title="亚马逊标准识别码">ASIN B0006BUIOG</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Chester+Wells&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.btitle=Franz+Joseph+and+Bismarck%3A+The+Diplomacy+of+Austria+before+the+War+of+1866&rft.date=1934&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFField1898" class="citation journal">Field, W. G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?pg=PA603&id=MiwnAAAAMAAJ">Bismarck's First School</a>. The Journal of Education. October 1898, <b>20</b>: 603–04 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-07-05</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201225204408/https://books.google.com/books?pg=PA603&id=MiwnAAAAMAAJ">存档</a>于2020-12-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=Bismarck%27s+First+School&rft.aufirst=W.+G.&rft.aulast=Field&rft.date=1898-10&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Education&rft.pages=603-04&rft.volume=20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fpg%3DPA603%26id%3DMiwnAAAAMAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Goddard, Stacie E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/40e319621f66a385cf5ecdc66070ae11c3879009">When Right Makes Might: How Prussia Overturned the European Balance of Power</a>. International Security. 2008, <b>33</b> (3 Winter): 110–42 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-07-05</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/40207143"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 40207143</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fisec.2009.33.3.110"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1162/isec.2009.33.3.110</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210712182306/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/When-Right-Makes-Might%3A-How-Prussia-Overturned-the-Goddard/40e319621f66a385cf5ecdc66070ae11c3879009">存档</a>于2021-07-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=When+Right+Makes+Might%3A+How+Prussia+Overturned+the+European+Balance+of+Power&rft.aufirst=Stacie+E.&rft.aulast=Goddard&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3+Winter&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.pages=110-42&rft.volume=33&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40207143&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2F40e319621f66a385cf5ecdc66070ae11c3879009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fisec.2009.33.3.110&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGross2005" class="citation book">Gross, Michael B. The War against Catholicism: Liberalism and the Anti-Catholic Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Germany New. University of Michigan Press. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0472031306" title="Special:网络书源/978-0472031306"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0472031306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Michael+B.&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.btitle=The+War+against+Catholicism%3A+Liberalism+and+the+Anti-Catholic+Imagination+in+Nineteenth-Century+Germany&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=New&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0472031306&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Hennock, E. P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originofwelfares0000henn">The Origin of the Welfare State in England and Germany, 1850–1914: Social Policies Compared</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0521597708" title="Special:网络书源/978-0521597708"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0521597708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rft.aulast=Hennock&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+the+Welfare+State+in+England+and+Germany%2C+1850%E2%80%931914%3A+Social+Policies+Compared&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0521597708&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginofwelfares0000henn&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Hennock, E. P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_german-history_2003_21_2/page/229">Social Policy in the Bismarck Era: A Progress Report</a>. German History. 2003, <b>21</b> (2): 229–38. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1191%2F0266355403gh283xx"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1191/0266355403gh283xx</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=Social+Policy+in+the+Bismarck+Era%3A+A+Progress+Report&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rft.aulast=Hennock&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=German+History&rft.pages=229-38&rft.volume=21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_german-history_2003_21_2%2Fpage%2F229&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1191%2F0266355403gh283xx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHoward1991" class="citation book">Howard, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h2wEeRuei6AC">The Franco-Prussian War: The German invasion of France, 1870–1871</a> 2nd. Routledge. 1991 [1961] <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-07-05</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0415266710" title="Special:网络书源/978-0415266710"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0415266710</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201225204357/https://books.google.com/books?id=h2wEeRuei6AC">存档</a>于2020-12-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.btitle=The+Franco-Prussian+War%3A+The+German+invasion+of+France%2C+1870%E2%80%931871&rft.date=1991&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0415266710&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh2wEeRuei6AC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1988" class="citation book">Kennedy, Paul M. The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860–1914. Humanity Books. 1988. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/157392301X" title="Special:网络书源/157392301X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 157392301X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Anglo-German+Antagonism%2C+1860%E2%80%931914&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=157392301X&rft.pub=Humanity+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKissinger1968" class="citation journal">Kissinger, Henry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_daedalus_summer-1968_97_3/page/888">The White Revolutionary: Reflections on Bismarck</a>. Daedalus. 1968, <b>97</b> (3): 888–924. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/20023844"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 20023844</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=The+White+Revolutionary%3A+Reflections+on+Bismarck&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.aulast=Kissinger&rft.date=1968&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Daedalus&rft.pages=888-924&rft.volume=97&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20023844&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_daedalus_summer-1968_97_3%2Fpage%2F888&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Lord, Robert H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1923-10_29_1/page/2">Bismarck and Russia in 1863</a>. American Historical Review. 1923, <b>29</b> (1): 2–48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1839273"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 1839273</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1839273"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/1839273</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=Bismarck+and+Russia+in+1863&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft.aulast=Lord&rft.date=1923&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.pages=2-48&rft.volume=29&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1839273&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_american-historical-review_1923-10_29_1%2Fpage%2F2&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1839273&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Medlicott, W. N. Bismarck and the Three Emperors' Alliance, 1881-87. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 1945, <b>27</b>: 61–83. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3678575"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 3678575</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3678575"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/3678575</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=Bismarck+and+the+Three+Emperors%27+Alliance%2C+1881-87&rft.aufirst=W.+N.&rft.aulast=Medlicott&rft.date=1945&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.pages=61-83&rft.volume=27&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3678575&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3678575&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Mork, Gordon R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_1971-03_43_1/page/59">Bismarck and the 'Capitulation' of German Liberalism</a>. Journal of Modern History. 1971, <b>43</b> (1): 59–75. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1877926"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 1877926</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F240588"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1086/240588</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=Bismarck+and+the+%27Capitulation%27+of+German+Liberalism&rft.aufirst=Gordon+R.&rft.aulast=Mork&rft.date=1971&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.pages=59-75&rft.volume=43&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1877926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-modern-history_1971-03_43_1%2Fpage%2F59&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F240588&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Paur, Philip. The Corporatist Character of Bismarck's Social Policy. European History Quarterly. 1981, <b>11</b> (4): 427–60. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026569148101100401"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1177/026569148101100401</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=The+Corporatist+Character+of+Bismarck%27s+Social+Policy&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.aulast=Paur&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=European+History+Quarterly&rft.pages=427-60&rft.volume=11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F026569148101100401&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRoss1998" class="citation book">Ross, Ronald J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/failureofbismarc0000ross">The Failure of Bismarck's Kulturkampf: Catholicism and State Power in Imperial Germany, 1871–1887</a>. The Catholic University of America Press. 1998. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0813208947" title="Special:网络书源/978-0813208947"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0813208947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Ronald+J.&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.btitle=The+Failure+of+Bismarck%27s+Kulturkampf%3A+Catholicism+and+State+Power+in+Imperial+Germany%2C+1871%E2%80%931887&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0813208947&rft.pub=The+Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffailureofbismarc0000ross&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Stone, James. Bismarck Ante Portas! Germany and the Seize Mai Crisis of 1877. Diplomacy & Statecraft. 2012, <b>23</b> (2): 209–35. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592296.2012.679466"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1080/09592296.2012.679466</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=Bismarck+Ante+Portas%21+Germany+and+the+Seize+Mai+Crisis+of+1877&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Diplomacy+%26+Statecraft&rft.pages=209-35&rft.volume=23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592296.2012.679466&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Stern, Fritz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldiron0000unse">Gold and Iron: Bismark, Bleichroder, and the Building of the German Empire</a>. Vintage. 1979. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0394740348" title="Special:网络书源/978-0394740348"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0394740348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.btitle=Gold+and+Iron%3A+Bismark%2C+Bleichroder%2C+and+the+Building+of+the+German+Empire&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0394740348&rft.pub=Vintage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoldiron0000unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Stone, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-history_1994-08_29_2/page/281">Bismarck and the Containment of France, 1873–1877</a>. Canadian Journal of History. 1994, <b>29</b> (2): 281–304. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fcjh.29.2.281"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.3138/cjh.29.2.281</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=Bismarck+and+the+Containment+of+France%2C+1873%E2%80%931877&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+History&rft.pages=281-304&rft.volume=29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_canadian-journal-of-history_1994-08_29_2%2Fpage%2F281&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fcjh.29.2.281&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Waller, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bismarckatcrossr0000wall">Bismarck at the Crossroads. The Reorientation of German Foreign Policy after the Congress of Berlin 1878–1880</a>. The Athlone Press. 1974. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0485131352" title="Special:网络书源/978-0485131352"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0485131352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.aulast=Waller&rft.btitle=Bismarck+at+the+Crossroads.+The+Reorientation+of+German+Foreign+Policy+after+the+Congress+of+Berlin+1878%E2%80%931880&rft.date=1974&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0485131352&rft.pub=The+Athlone+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbismarckatcrossr0000wall&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Wawro, Geoffrey. The Franco-Prussian War: The German Conquest of France in 1870–1871. Cambridge University Press. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0521617437" title="Special:网络书源/978-0521617437"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0521617437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.aulast=Wawro&rft.btitle=The+Franco-Prussian+War%3A+The+German+Conquest+of+France+in+1870%E2%80%931871&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0521617437&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Wawro, Geoffrey. The War Scare of 1875: Bismarck and Europe in the Mid-1870s. German History. 2012, <b>30</b> (1): 140–41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgerhis%2Fghr079"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1093/gerhis/ghr079</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=The+War+Scare+of+1875%3A+Bismarck+and+Europe+in+the+Mid-1870s&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.aulast=Wawro&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=German+History&rft.pages=140-41&rft.volume=30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgerhis%2Fghr079&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWehler1970" class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Wehler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans-Ulrich Wehler">Wehler, Hans-Ulrich</a>. Bismarck's Imperialism 1862–1890. Past and Present. 1970, <b>4 8</b> (48): 119–55. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/650484"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 650484</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F48.1.119"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1093/past/48.1.119</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=Bismarck%27s+Imperialism+1862%E2%80%931890&rft.aufirst=Hans-Ulrich&rft.aulast=Wehler&rft.date=1970&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=48&rft.jtitle=Past+and+Present&rft.pages=119-55&rft.volume=4+8&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F650484&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F48.1.119&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Wetzel, David. A Duel of Nations: Germany, France, and the Diplomacy of the War of 1870–1871. University of Wisconsin Press. 2012. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0299291341" title="Special:网络书源/978-0299291341"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0299291341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Wetzel&rft.btitle=A+Duel+of+Nations%3A+Germany%2C+France%2C+and+the+Diplomacy+of+the+War+of+1870%E2%80%931871&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0299291341&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Wetzel, David. A Duel of Giants: Bismarck, Napoleon III, and the Origins of the Franco-Prussian War. University of Wisconsin Press. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-299-17490-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-299-17490-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-299-17490-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Wetzel&rft.btitle=A+Duel+of+Giants%3A+Bismarck%2C+Napoleon+III%2C+and+the+Origins+of+the+Franco-Prussian+War&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-299-17490-3&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="編史及回憶錄"><span id=".E7.B7.A8.E5.8F.B2.E5.8F.8A.E5.9B.9E.E6.86.B6.E9.8C.84"></span>編史及回憶錄</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：編史及回憶錄"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80540462"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCowen2012" class="citation news">Cowen, Ron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/31/science/bismarcks-voice-among-restored-edison-recordings.html">Restored Edison Records Revive Giants of 19th-Century Germany</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 30 January 2012 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2012]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612171520/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/31/science/bismarcks-voice-among-restored-edison-recordings.html">存档</a>于2018-06-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=Restored+Edison+Records+Revive+Giants+of+19th-Century+Germany&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft.aulast=Cowen&rft.date=2012-01-30&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F01%2F31%2Fscience%2Fbismarcks-voice-among-restored-edison-recordings.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Frankel, Richard E. From the Beer Halls to the Halls of Power: The Cult of Bismarck and the Legitimization of a New German Right, 1898–1945. German Studies Review. 2003, <b>26</b> (3): 543–60. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1432746"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 1432746</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1432746"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/1432746</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=From+the+Beer+Halls+to+the+Halls+of+Power%3A+The+Cult+of+Bismarck+and+the+Legitimization+of+a+New+German+Right%2C+1898%E2%80%931945&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rft.aulast=Frankel&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=German+Studies+Review&rft.pages=543-60&rft.volume=26&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1432746&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1432746&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Frankel, Richard E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bismarcksshadowc0000fran">Bismarck's Shadow. The Cult of Leadership and the Transformation of the German Right, 1898–1945</a>. Berg Publishers. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-84520-033-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-84520-033-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-84520-033-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Richard+E&rft.aulast=Frankel&rft.btitle=Bismarck%27s+Shadow.+The+Cult+of+Leadership+and+the+Transformation+of+the+German+Right%2C+1898%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84520-033-6&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbismarcksshadowc0000fran&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Gerwarth, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_history-today_2007-06_57_6/page/43">Inventing the Iron Chancellor</a>. History Today. 2007, <b>57</b> (6): 43–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=Inventing+the+Iron+Chancellor&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=Gerwarth&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.pages=43-49&rft.volume=57&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_history-today_2007-06_57_6%2Fpage%2F43&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Gerwarth, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bismarckmythweim0000gerw">The Bismarck Myth: Weimar Germany and the Legacy of the Iron Chancellor</a>. Clarendon Press. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0199236893" title="Special:网络书源/978-0199236893"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0199236893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=Gerwarth&rft.btitle=The+Bismarck+Myth%3A+Weimar+Germany+and+the+Legacy+of+the+Iron+Chancellor&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0199236893&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbismarckmythweim0000gerw&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Hamerow, Theodore S. Otto von Bismarck and Imperial Germany: A Historical Assessment 2nd. D C Heath & Co. 1993. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0669294446" title="Special:网络书源/978-0669294446"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0669294446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Theodore+S.&rft.aulast=Hamerow&rft.btitle=Otto+von+Bismarck+and+Imperial+Germany%3A+A+Historical+Assessment&rft.date=1993&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0669294446&rft.pub=D+C+Heath+%26+Co&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Müller, Frank Lorenz. Man, Myth and Monuments: The Legacy of Otto von Bismarck (1866–1998). European History Quarterly. 2008, <b>38</b> (4): 626–36. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265691408094517"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1177/0265691408094517</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=Man%2C+Myth+and+Monuments%3A+The+Legacy+of+Otto+von+Bismarck+%281866%E2%80%931998%29&rft.aufirst=Frank+Lorenz&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=European+History+Quarterly&rft.pages=626-36&rft.volume=38&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0265691408094517&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">O'Shea, John J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/americancatholic23philuoft#page/836/mode/2up">Bismarck's Decline and Fall</a>. The American Catholic Quarterly Review. 1898, <b>XXIII</b>: 836–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=Bismarck%27s+Decline+and+Fall&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.aulast=O%27Shea&rft.date=1898&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Catholic+Quarterly+Review&rft.pages=836-51&rft.volume=XXIII&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Famericancatholic23philuoft%23page%2F836%2Fmode%2F2up&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPearce2010" class="citation journal">Pearce, Robert. The Austro-Prussian War. History Review. 2010, (66).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=The+Austro-Prussian+War&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=66&rft.jtitle=History+Review&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Russell, Mark A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_historical-journal_2000-03_43_1/page/133">The Building of Hamburg's Bismarck Memorial, 1898–1906</a>. Historical Journal. 2000, <b>43</b> (1): 133–56. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3021016"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 3021016</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X99008961"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0018246X99008961</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=The+Building+of+Hamburg%27s+Bismarck+Memorial%2C+1898%E2%80%931906&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&rft.pages=133-56&rft.volume=43&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3021016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_historical-journal_2000-03_43_1%2Fpage%2F133&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X99008961&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Spencer, Frank. "Bismarck And The Franco-Prussian War" <i>History</i> 40#140 (1955), pp. 319–25 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24403118">online</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201225204443/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24403118">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） historiography</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Steefel, Lawrence D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_1930-03_2_1/page/74">Bismarck</a>. Journal of Modern History. 1930, <b>2</b> (1): 74–95. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1871140"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 1871140</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F235557"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1086/235557</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=Bismarck&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+D.&rft.aulast=Steefel&rft.date=1930&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.pages=74-95&rft.volume=2&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1871140&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-modern-history_1930-03_2_1%2Fpage%2F74&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F235557&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Stürmer, Michael. Bismarck in Perspective. Central European History. 1971, <b>4</b> (4): 291–331. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/4545614"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 4545614</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008938900015399"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0008938900015399</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=Bismarck+in+Perspective&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=St%C3%BCrmer&rft.date=1971&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Central+European+History&rft.pages=291-331&rft.volume=4&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4545614&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0008938900015399&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Urbach, Karina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_historical-journal_1998-12_41_4/page/1141">Between Saviour and Villain: 100 Years of Bismarck Biographies</a>. Historical Journal. 1998, <b>41</b> (4): 1141–60. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3020865"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 3020865</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0018246x98008206"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/s0018246x98008206</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.atitle=Between+Saviour+and+Villain%3A+100+Years+of+Bismarck+Biographies&rft.aufirst=Karina&rft.aulast=Urbach&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&rft.pages=1141-60&rft.volume=41&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3020865&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_historical-journal_1998-12_41_4%2Fpage%2F1141&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0018246x98008206&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="第一手資料來源"><span id=".E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.80.E6.89.8B.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99.E4.BE.86.E6.BA.90"></span>第一手資料來源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：第一手資料來源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80540462"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Bismarck, Otto von. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=77734130">Bismarck, the Man & the Statesman: Being the Reflections and Reminiscences of Otto, Prince von Bismarck</a> <b>1</b>. Trans. A. J. Butler. New York and London: Harper & Brothers. 1899 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-07-05</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624020254/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=77734130">存档</a>于2011-06-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Otto+von&rft.aulast=Bismarck&rft.btitle=Bismarck%2C+the+Man+%26+the+Statesman%3A+Being+the+Reflections+and+Reminiscences+of+Otto%2C+Prince+von+Bismarck&rft.date=1899&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FPM.qst%3Fa%3Do%26d%3D77734130&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Bismarck, Otto von. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=dEgKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA2&dq=inauthor:Otto+inauthor:von+inauthor:Bismarck#PPR3,M1">Gedanken und Erinnerungen</a> <b>I</b>. Gotta. 1898.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Otto+von&rft.aulast=Bismarck&rft.btitle=Gedanken+und+Erinnerungen&rft.date=1898&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Gotta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DdEgKAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA2%26dq%3Dinauthor%3AOtto%2Binauthor%3Avon%2Binauthor%3ABismarck%23PPR3%2CM1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> (German)</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Bismarck, Otto von. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=IkgKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=inauthor:Otto+inauthor:von+inauthor:Bismarck#PPR3,M1">Gedanken und Erinnerungen</a> <b>II</b>. Gotta. 1898.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Otto+von&rft.aulast=Bismarck&rft.btitle=Gedanken+und+Erinnerungen&rft.date=1898&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Gotta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DIkgKAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA1%26dq%3Dinauthor%3AOtto%2Binauthor%3Avon%2Binauthor%3ABismarck%23PPR3%2CM1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> (German)</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Bismarck, Otto von. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bismarckmanstate02bismuoft">Memoirs</a> <b>II</b>. New York Harper. 1898.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Otto+von&rft.aulast=Bismarck&rft.btitle=Memoirs&rft.date=1898&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=New+York+Harper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbismarckmanstate02bismuoft&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Hohenzollern, William I; Bismarck, Otto von. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/correspondenceof00bismuoft">The correspondence of William I. and Bismarck: with other letters from and to Prince Bismarck</a>. 由Ford, J. A.翻译. New York : Stokes. 1903.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.au=Bismarck%2C+Otto+von&rft.aufirst=William+I&rft.aulast=Hohenzollern&rft.btitle=The+correspondence+of+William+I.+and+Bismarck%3A+with+other+letters+from+and+to+Prince+Bismarck&rft.date=1903&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Stokes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcorrespondenceof00bismuoft&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Coveney, Dorothy Kathleen; Medlicott, William Norton. Bismarck and Europe. Hodder Arnold. 1971. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0312082253" title="Special:网络书源/978-0312082253"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0312082253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&rft.au=Medlicott%2C+William+Norton&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+Kathleen&rft.aulast=Coveney&rft.btitle=Bismarck+and+Europe&rft.date=1971&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0312082253&rft.pub=Hodder+Arnold&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>中相关的多媒体资源：<b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck?uselang=zh">奥托·冯·俾斯麦</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%AD%E5%BD%95" title="维基语录">维基语录</a>上的<b><a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/奥托·冯·俾斯麦">奥托·冯·俾斯麦语录</a></b></div></div> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box" style="width: auto; margin: 0.5em auto; font-size:95%; clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center; white-space:nowrap;"> <td width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1">前任：<br /><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%8D%E6%81%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%8E%84-%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE%E8%8A%AC%E6%A0%B9%E7%8E%8B%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霍恩洛厄-英格爾芬根王子（页面不存在）">霍恩洛厄-英格爾芬根王子</a></b> </td> <td width="40%" style="text-align: center; white-space:nowrap;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普魯士王國首相（页面不存在）">普魯士王國首相</a></b><br />1862年—1873年 </td> <td width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1">繼任：<br /><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E6%81%A9_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅恩 (德意志)（页面不存在）">羅恩</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="30%" align="center" rowspan="{{{rows}}}"><b>首任</b> </td> <td width="40%" style="text-align: center; white-space:nowrap;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="德國總理">德意志帝國宰相</a></b><br />1871年—1890年 </td> <td width="30%" align="center" rowspan="2">繼任：<br /><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E7%B6%AD" title="列奧·馮·卡普里維">卡普里維伯爵</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; white-space:nowrap;"> <td width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1">前任：<br /><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E6%81%A9_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅恩 (德意志)（页面不存在）">羅恩</a></b> </td> <td width="40%" style="text-align: center; white-space:nowrap;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普魯士王國首相（页面不存在）">普魯士王國首相</a></b><br />1873年—1890年 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; white-space:nowrap;"> <td width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1">前任：<br /><b>新設爵位</b> </td> <td width="40%" style="text-align: center; white-space:nowrap;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A5%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="俾斯麥侯爵（页面不存在）">俾斯麥侯爵</a></b><br />1871年—1898年 </td> <td width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1">繼任：<br /><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" title="赫伯特·冯·俾斯麦">赫伯特·冯·俾斯麦</a></b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="德国总理（列表）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="Template:德国总理"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="Template talk:德国总理"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:德国总理"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="德国总理（列表）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="德国总理">德国总理</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="德国总理列表">列表</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em; text-align:center;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國">德意志帝國</a><br /><small>(1871–1918)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">俾斯麥</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E7%B6%AD" title="列奧·馮·卡普里維">卡普里維</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%B4%9B%E5%BE%B7%E7%B6%AD%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%81%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%8E%84-%E5%B8%8C%E9%9D%88%E6%96%AF%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="克洛德維希·霍恩洛厄-希靈斯菲斯特">霍恩洛厄-希灵斯菲斯特</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E6%81%A9%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%AF%94%E6%B4%9B" title="伯恩哈德·冯·比洛">比洛</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%A5%A5%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC-%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E9%9F%A6%E6%A0%BC" title="特奥巴尔德·冯·贝特曼-霍尔韦格">贝特曼-霍尔维格</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%A4%8F%E5%9F%83%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="乔治·米夏埃利斯">米夏埃利斯</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E7%89%B9%E6%9E%97" title="乔治·冯·赫特林">赫特林</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E7%B1%B3%E9%80%A3%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB" title="馬克西米連·馮·巴登">巴登</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em; text-align:center;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%91%AA%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="魏瑪共和國"><img alt="魏瑪共和國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%91%AA%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="魏瑪共和">魏瑪共和</a><br /><small>(1919–1933)</small></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9" title="弗里德里希·艾伯特">艾伯特</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC" title="菲利普·沙伊德曼">沙伊德曼</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E5%B0%94" title="古斯塔夫·鲍尔">鮑爾</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%8B%92" title="赫爾曼·穆勒">穆勒</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E4%BC%A6%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB" title="康斯坦丁·费伦巴赫">費倫巴赫</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9" title="约瑟夫·维尔特">維爾特</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E8%AF%BA" title="威廉·古诺">庫諾</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E7%89%B9%E9%9B%B7%E6%BE%A4%E6%9B%BC" title="古斯塔夫·施特雷澤曼">施特雷澤曼</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D" title="威廉·马克思">馬克思</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7" title="汉斯·路德">路德</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D" title="威廉·马克思">馬克思</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%8B%92" title="赫爾曼·穆勒">穆勒</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%90%95%E5%AE%81" title="海因里希·布吕宁">布呂寧</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E5%BD%AD" title="弗朗茨·馮·帕彭">帕彭</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E8%90%8A%E8%AC%9D%E7%88%BE" title="庫爾特·馮·施萊謝爾">施萊謝爾</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em; text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1933%E2%80%931935).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="德國國旗（1933-1935）"><img alt="德國國旗（1933-1935）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="納粹德國">納粹德國</a><br /><small>(1933–1945)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92" title="阿道夫·希特勒">希特勒</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E5%9F%B9%E7%88%BE" title="約瑟夫·戈培爾">戈培爾</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E4%BB%80%E6%9C%AA%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%8B" title="盧茨·格拉夫·什未林·馮·克羅西克">什未林·馮·科洛希克伯爵</a><small>（首席部长）</small></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em; text-align:center;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7" title="东德"><img alt="东德" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="東德">德意志民主共和国</a><br /><small>(1949–1990)</small></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E6%8F%90%E6%B8%A5" title="奥托·格罗提渥">格罗提渥</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB" title="维利·斯多夫">斯多夫</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%BE%9B%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC" title="霍斯特·辛德曼">辛德曼</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB" title="维利·斯多夫">斯多夫</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97" title="汉斯·莫德罗">莫德罗</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%A2%85%E9%BD%90%E5%9F%83" title="洛塔尔·德梅齐埃">德梅齐埃</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em; text-align:center;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国"><img alt="德国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德意志联邦共和国</a><br /><small>(1949–)</small></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%99%BB%E7%BA%B3" title="康拉德·阿登纳">阿登纳</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7" title="路德维希·艾哈德">艾哈德</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E8%BE%9B%E6%A0%BC" title="库尔特·格奥尔格·基辛格">基辛格</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%8B%83%E5%85%B0%E7%89%B9" title="维利·勃兰特">勃蘭特</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E7%A9%86%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E5%AF%86%E7%89%B9" title="赫尔穆特·施密特">施密特</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E7%A9%86%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94" title="赫尔穆特·科尔">科爾</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7" title="格哈德·施羅德">施羅德</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E9%BB%98%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE" title="安格拉·默克爾">默克爾</a> </span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%9C%94%E5%B0%94%E8%8C%A8" title="奥拉夫·朔尔茨">朔尔茨</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="德意志帝國大將" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%87" title="Template:德意志帝國大將"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:德意志帝國大將（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%87" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:德意志帝國大將"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="德意志帝國大將" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">德意志帝國大將</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="普魯士陸軍">普魯士陸軍</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%9A%84%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9_(1809%E5%B9%B4)" title="普魯士的阿爾布雷希特 (1809年)">普魯士親王弗雷德里克·亨利·阿爾貝特</a><span style="padding-left:0.2em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%8E%8B%E5%AD%90_(%E7%AC%A6%E9%A8%B0%E5%A0%A1)" title="奧古斯特王子 (符騰堡)">符騰堡親王奧古斯特</a><span style="padding-left:0.2em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB)" title="弗里德里希一世 (巴登)">巴登大公弗里德里希一世</a><span style="padding-left:0.2em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亞歷山大·奧古斯特·威廉·馮·派皮" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alexander August Wilhelm von Pape"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%B4%BE%E7%9A%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞歷山大·奧古斯特·威廉·馮·派皮（页面不存在）">亞歷山大·馮·派皮</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_August_Wilhelm_von_Pape" class="extiw" title="en:Alexander August Wilhelm von Pape"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alexander August Wilhelm von Pape</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="padding-left:0.2em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7_(%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E9%AD%8F%E7%8E%9B-%E7%88%B1%E6%A3%AE%E7%BA%B3%E8%B5%AB)" title="卡尔·亚历山大 (萨克森-魏玛-爱森纳赫)">薩克森－魏瑪－艾森納赫大公卡爾·亞歷山大</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">奧托·馮·卑斯麥親王</a><span style="padding-left:0.2em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7_(%E9%9C%8D%E4%BA%A8%E7%B4%A2%E4%BC%A6)" title="利奥波德 (霍亨索伦)">霍亨索倫親王利奧波德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB_(%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC)" title="阿道夫 (卢森堡大公)">盧森堡大公阿道夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E6%81%A9%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E8%BF%88%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9)" title="伯恩哈德三世 (萨克森-迈宁根)">薩克森－邁寧根公爵伯恩哈德三世</a><span style="padding-left:0.2em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB)" title="弗里德里希二世 (巴登)">巴登大公弗里德里希二世</a><span style="padding-left:0.2em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="恩斯特·馮·德·普拉尼茨" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Ernst von der Planitz"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC%E8%8C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恩斯特·馮·德·普拉尼茨（页面不存在）">恩斯特·馮·德·普拉尼茨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_von_der_Planitz" class="extiw" title="de:Ernst von der Planitz"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Ernst von der Planitz</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E6%BB%95%E5%A0%A1)" title="恩斯特一世 (薩克森-阿爾滕堡)">薩克森－阿爾滕堡公爵恩斯特一世</a><span style="padding-left:0.2em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="漢斯·馮·普勒森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hans von Plessen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="漢斯·馮·普勒森（页面不存在）">漢斯·馮·普勒森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_von_Plessen" class="extiw" title="en:Hans von Plessen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hans von Plessen</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="padding-left:0.2em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C_(1862%E5%B9%B4)" title="普魯士的海因里希 (1862年)">普魯士親王海因里希</a><span style="padding-left:0.2em;"><sup>S</sup></span><span style="padding-left:0.2em;"><sup>G</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%9A%84%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A7%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7" title="普魯士的腓特烈·利奧波德">普魯士親王腓特烈·利奧波德</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="石勒蘇益格－荷爾斯泰因親王克里斯蒂安" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%B3%E5%8B%92%E8%98%87%E7%9B%8A%E6%A0%BC%EF%BC%8D%E8%8D%B7%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="石勒蘇益格－荷爾斯泰因親王克里斯蒂安（页面不存在）">石勒蘇益格－荷爾斯泰因親王克里斯蒂安</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Christian_of_Schleswig-Holstein" class="extiw" title="en:Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古斯塔夫·馮·凱塞爾 (德國大將)" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Gustav von Kessel (General, 1846)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%87%B1%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%87)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古斯塔夫·馮·凱塞爾 (德國大將)（页面不存在）">古斯塔夫·馮·凱塞爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_von_Kessel_(General,_1846)" class="extiw" title="de:Gustav von Kessel (General, 1846)"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Gustav von Kessel (General, 1846)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%AF%94%E6%B4%9B" title="卡爾·馮·比洛">卡爾·馮·比洛</a><span style="padding-left:0.2em;"><sup>F</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%B8%8C%E9%9C%8D%E6%81%A9" title="赫爾曼·馮·艾希霍恩">赫爾曼·馮·艾希霍恩</a><span style="padding-left:0.2em;"><sup>F</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E7%BB%B4%E8%8C%A8" title="马克西米利安·冯·普里特维茨">马克西米利安·冯·普里特维茨</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="腓特烈·馮·紹爾" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Friedrich von Scholl"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E7%B4%B9%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腓特烈·馮·紹爾（页面不存在）">腓特烈·馮·紹爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Scholl" class="extiw" title="de:Friedrich von Scholl"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Friedrich von Scholl</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E9%BB%91%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%B9" title="約西亞斯·馮·黑林根">約西亞斯·馮·黑林根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE%E7%A9%86%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%AF%9B%E5%A5%87" title="小赫爾穆特·馮·毛奇">赫爾穆特·約翰內斯·路德維希·馮·毛奇伯爵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%AD%AF%E5%85%8B" title="亞歷山大·馮·克魯克">亞歷山大·馮·克魯克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E8%82%AF%E6%A3%AE" title="奥古斯特·冯·马肯森">奥古斯特·冯·马肯森</a><span style="padding-left:0.2em;"><sup>F</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E4%BC%8A%E7%88%BE%E6%96%BD" title="雷穆斯·馮·沃伊爾施">雷穆斯·馮·沃伊爾施</a><span style="padding-left:0.2em;"><sup>F</sup></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="莫里斯·馮·比辛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Moritz von Bissing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莫里斯·馮·比辛（页面不存在）">莫里斯·馮·比辛男爵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_von_Bissing" class="extiw" title="en:Moritz von Bissing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Moritz von Bissing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="路德維希·馮·法肯豪森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ludwig von Falkenhausen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%B6%AD%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E8%82%AF%E8%B1%AA%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="路德維希·馮·法肯豪森（页面不存在）">路德維希·馮·法肯豪森男爵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Falkenhausen" class="extiw" title="en:Ludwig von Falkenhausen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ludwig von Falkenhausen</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%85%A7%E5%A7%86" title="卡爾·馮·艾內姆">卡爾·馮·艾內姆</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亞歷山大·馮·林辛根" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alexander von Linsingen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E8%BE%9B%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞歷山大·馮·林辛根（页面不存在）">亞歷山大·馮·林辛根</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Linsingen" class="extiw" title="en:Alexander von Linsingen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alexander von Linsingen</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="京特·馮·基希巴赫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Günther von Kirchbach"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%AC%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E5%B8%8C%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="京特·馮·基希巴赫（页面不存在）">京特·馮·基希巴赫伯爵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_von_Kirchbach" class="extiw" title="en:Günther von Kirchbach"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Günther von Kirchbach</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="理查德·馮·舒伯特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Richard von Schubert"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E8%88%92%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理查德·馮·舒伯特（页面不存在）">理查德·馮·舒伯特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_Schubert" class="extiw" title="en:Richard von Schubert"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Richard von Schubert</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E7%91%9F%E5%8B%92" title="漢斯·馮·貝瑟勒">漢斯·馮·貝瑟勒</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="馬克斯·馮·伯恩" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Max von Boehn (general)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E6%81%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬克斯·馮·伯恩（页面不存在）">馬克斯·馮·伯恩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Boehn_(general)" class="extiw" title="en:Max von Boehn (general)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Max von Boehn (general)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="莫里茨·馮·林克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Moriz von Lyncker"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莫里茨·馮·林克（页面不存在）">莫里茨·馮·林克男爵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moriz_von_Lyncker" class="extiw" title="en:Moriz von Lyncker"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Moriz von Lyncker</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KHeer_OF9_GenOberst_(Bayern)_1918.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/KHeer_OF9_GenOberst_%28Bayern%29_1918.gif/50px-KHeer_OF9_GenOberst_%28Bayern%29_1918.gif" decoding="async" width="50" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/KHeer_OF9_GenOberst_%28Bayern%29_1918.gif/75px-KHeer_OF9_GenOberst_%28Bayern%29_1918.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/KHeer_OF9_GenOberst_%28Bayern%29_1918.gif 2x" data-file-width="77" data-file-height="207" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="薩克森陸軍">薩克森陸軍</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7_(%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E9%AD%8F%E7%8E%9B-%E7%88%B1%E6%A3%AE%E7%BA%B3%E8%B5%AB)" title="卡尔·亚历山大 (萨克森-魏玛-爱森纳赫)">薩克森－魏瑪－艾森納赫大公卡爾·亞歷山大</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E6%81%A9%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E8%BF%88%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9)" title="伯恩哈德三世 (萨克森-迈宁根)">薩克森－邁寧根公爵伯恩哈德三世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E6%BB%95%E5%A0%A1)" title="恩斯特一世 (薩克森-阿爾滕堡)">薩克森－阿爾滕堡公爵恩斯特一世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C_(1862%E5%B9%B4)" title="普魯士的海因里希 (1862年)">普魯士親王海因里希</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="馬克斯·馮·豪森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Max von Hausen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E8%B1%AA%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬克斯·馮·豪森（页面不存在）">馬克斯·馮·豪森男爵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Hausen" class="extiw" title="en:Max von Hausen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Max von Hausen</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡爾·路德維希·埃爾薩" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Karl Ludwig d'Elsa"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%B6%AD%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡爾·路德維希·埃爾薩（页面不存在）">卡爾·路德維希·埃爾薩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_d%27Elsa" class="extiw" title="en:Karl Ludwig d'Elsa"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Karl Ludwig d'Elsa</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="漢斯·馮·基希巴赫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hans von Kirchbach"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E5%B8%8C%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="漢斯·馮·基希巴赫（页面不存在）">漢斯·馮·基希巴赫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_von_Kirchbach" class="extiw" title="en:Hans von Kirchbach"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hans von Kirchbach</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="巴伐利亞陸軍">巴伐利亞陸軍</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡爾·馮·霍恩 (德國大將)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Carl von Horn (1847–1923)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%81%A9_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%87)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡爾·馮·霍恩 (德國大將)（页面不存在）">卡爾·馮·霍恩伯爵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Horn_(1847%E2%80%931923)" class="extiw" title="en:Carl von Horn (1847–1923)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Carl von Horn (1847–1923)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奧托·克雷斯·馮·克雷森施泰因男爵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Otto Kreß von Kressenstein"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%B7%E6%A3%AE%E6%96%BD%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧托·克雷斯·馮·克雷森施泰因男爵（页面不存在）">奧托·馮·克雷森施泰因男爵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kre%C3%9F_von_Kressenstein" class="extiw" title="en:Otto Kreß von Kressenstein"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Otto Kreß von Kressenstein</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="費利克斯·馮·伯特默伯爵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Felix Graf von Bothmer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%BB%E5%88%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%BB%98%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="費利克斯·馮·伯特默伯爵（页面不存在）">費利克斯·馮·伯特默伯爵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Graf_von_Bothmer" class="extiw" title="en:Felix Graf von Bothmer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Felix Graf von Bothmer</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E9%A8%B0%E5%A0%A1%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="符騰堡陸軍">符騰堡陸軍</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E9%A8%B0%E5%A0%A1%E7%9A%84%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE" title="符騰堡的菲利普">符騰堡公爵菲利普</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9_(%E7%AC%A6%E8%85%BE%E5%A0%A1)" title="阿尔布雷希特 (符腾堡)">符騰堡公爵阿爾布雷希特</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奧托·馮·馬爾希塔勒" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Otto von Marchtaler"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E5%B8%8C%E5%A1%94%E5%8B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧托·馮·馬爾希塔勒（页面不存在）">奧托·馮·馬爾希塔勒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Marchtaler" class="extiw" title="de:Otto von Marchtaler"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Otto von Marchtaler</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dt>S</dt> <dd>大將帶陸軍元帥榮譽銜</dd> <dt>F</dt> <dd>後來晉升為陸軍元帥</dd> <dt>G</dt> <dd>後來晉升為海軍元帥</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1806年－1871年間德意志諸邦聯領袖" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E8%AB%B8%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%96" title="Template:德意志諸邦聯領袖"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E8%AB%B8%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:德意志諸邦聯領袖（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E8%AB%B8%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%96" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:德意志諸邦聯領袖"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1806年－1871年間德意志諸邦聯領袖" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">1806年－1871年間德意志諸邦聯領袖</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="萊茵邦聯">萊茵邦聯</a><br />（1806年－1813年）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">護國主</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="拿破仑一世">拿破仑一世</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="采邑主教长" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prince-primate"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%87%E9%82%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E9%95%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="采邑主教长（页面不存在）">采邑主教长</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-primate" class="extiw" title="en:Prince-primate"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prince-primate</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%C2%B7%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="卡爾·西奧多·安東·瑪麗亞·馮·達爾伯格">卡爾·馮·達爾伯格</a> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E4%BB%81%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%86%85" title="欧仁·德·博阿尔内">欧仁·德·博阿尔内</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="德意志邦聯">德意志邦聯</a><br />（1815年－1866年）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主席</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="弗朗茨二世 (神圣罗马帝国)">法蘭茲一世</a> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D)" title="斐迪南一世 (奥地利皇帝)">斐迪南一世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世">弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B_(1848%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941849%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志帝國 (1848年—1849年)">帝國</a>攝政</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC" title="約翰大公">奧地利的約翰</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="北德意志邦聯">北德意志邦聯</a><br />（1867年－1871年）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主席</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉一世 (德国)">威廉一世</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">總理</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">奥托·冯·俾斯麦</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8442#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8442#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8442#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981061119865106706">加泰罗尼亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11851136X">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bismarck, Otto : von"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV058267">意大利</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007258612005171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14190171">比利时</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79018384">美国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz11rc534rdqjt">瑞典</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000036789&P_CON_LNG=ENG">拉脱维亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620375">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000600879&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35018957">澳大利亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record144384">希腊</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201620185">韩国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.bibnat.ro:8991/F/?func=direct&local_base=NLR10&doc_number=000023608">罗马尼亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000167145&local_base=nsk10">克罗地亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06855981X">荷兰</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810648272505606">波兰</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/279824">葡萄牙</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1734909">2</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/17769">梵蒂冈</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01485244?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">艺术家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/mitglieder/?we_objectID=53239">柏林藝術學院</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11851136X.html?language=en">德意志传记</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/793321">Trove</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bismarck, Otto von, 1815-1898"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/si/en/conor/55243619">CONOR</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/19778">RISM</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tq6b38">SNAC</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027460770">IdRef</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=奥托·冯·俾斯麦&oldid=84888478">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=奥托·冯·俾斯麦&oldid=84888478</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1815%E5%B9%B4%E5%87%BA%E7%94%9F" title="Category:1815年出生">1815年出生</a></li><li><a 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