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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 1930–1959 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930–1959-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 1960–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Beliefs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Beliefs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Salvation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salvation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Salvation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salvation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Baptism with the Holy Spirit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divine_healing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divine_healing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Divine healing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divine_healing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eschatology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eschatology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Eschatology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eschatology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiritual_gifts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritual_gifts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Spiritual gifts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritual_gifts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vocal_gifts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocal_gifts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Vocal gifts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocal_gifts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Word_of_wisdom_and_word_of_knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_of_wisdom_and_word_of_knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1.1 Word of wisdom and word of knowledge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_of_wisdom_and_word_of_knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prophecy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prophecy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1.2 Prophecy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prophecy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tongues_and_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tongues_and_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1.3 Tongues and interpretation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tongues_and_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_gifts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_gifts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Power gifts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_gifts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trinitarianism_and_Oneness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trinitarianism_and_Oneness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Trinitarianism and Oneness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trinitarianism_and_Oneness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Worship </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Worship subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ordinances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordinances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Ordinances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordinances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics_and_denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics_and_denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Statistics and denominations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics_and_denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment_from_the_social_sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment_from_the_social_sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Assessment from the social sciences </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assessment_from_the_social_sciences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Assessment from the social sciences subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Assessment_from_the_social_sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zora_Neale_Hurston" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zora_Neale_Hurston"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Zora Neale Hurston </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zora_Neale_Hurston-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rural_Pentecostalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rural_Pentecostalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Rural Pentecostalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rural_Pentecostalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Controversies and criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 People </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-People-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle People subsection </button> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forerunners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forerunners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Forerunners </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forerunners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Leaders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Pentecostalism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" > 70 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="خمسينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خمسينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecoutismo" title="Pentecoutismo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Pentecoutismo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fllincil%C9%99r" title="Əllincilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əllincilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Пяцідзясятніцтва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пяцідзясятніцтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Петдесятничество – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Петдесятничество" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostalisme" title="Pentecostalisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pentecostalisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letni%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_hnut%C3%AD" title="Letniční hnutí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Letniční hnutí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostiaeth" title="Pentecostiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pentecostiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinsebev%C3%A6gelsen" title="Pinsebevægelsen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pinsebevægelsen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Pentecostalism" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfingstbewegung" title="Pfingstbewegung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pfingstbewegung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelip%C3%BChilus" title="Nelipühilus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nelipühilus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Πεντηκοστιανισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πεντηκοστιανισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostalismo" title="Pentecostalismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pentecostalismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentekosta_Kristanismo" title="Pentekosta Kristanismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pentekosta Kristanismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendekostismo" title="Mendekostismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mendekostismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="پنطیکاستیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پنطیکاستیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentec%C3%B4tisme" title="Pentecôtisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pentecôtisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinksterbeweging" title="Pinksterbeweging – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pinksterbeweging" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostalisim" title="Pentecostalisim – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Pentecostalisim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caingeiseachd" title="Caingeiseachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Caingeiseachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%83g-s%C3%B9n-chiet_Yun-thung" title="Ńg-sùn-chiet Yun-thung – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ńg-sùn-chiet Yun-thung" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%88%9C%EC%A0%88%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="오순절주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오순절주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հոգեգալստականներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոգեգալստականներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentekostalizam" title="Pentekostalizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pentekostalizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Pentakosta" title="Gereja Pentakosta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja Pentakosta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostal" title="Pentecostal – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pentecostal" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostalismo" title="Pentecostalismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pentecostalismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="פנטקוסטליזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פנטקוסטליזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantekoti_%C5%8Bgb%C9%9By%C9%9B" title="Pantekoti ŋgbɛyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pantekoti ŋgbɛyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ორმოცდაათიანელობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ორმოცდაათიანელობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Елуліктер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Елуліктер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapentekoste" title="Wapentekoste – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wapentekoste" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia_Pentecostalis" title="Ecclesia Pentecostalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ecclesia Pentecostalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentakosti" title="Pentakosti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pentakosti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekmininkai" title="Sekmininkai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sekmininkai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nz%C3%A1mbe-Mal%C3%A1mu" title="Nzámbe-Malámu – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nzámbe-Malámu" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCnk%C3%B6sdizmus" title="Pünkösdizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pünkösdizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Пентекостализам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пентекостализам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentek%C3%B4tisma" title="Pentekôtisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pentekôtisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD" title="പെന്തക്കോസ്ത് സഭ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പെന്തക്കോസ്ത് സഭ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الكنيسه الخمسينيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكنيسه الخمسينيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentakostalisme" title="Pentakostalisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pentakostalisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostalismo" title="Pentecostalismo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Pentecostalismo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinksterbeweging" title="Pinksterbeweging – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pinksterbeweging" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E6%B4%BE" title="ペンテコステ派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペンテコステ派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinsebevegelsen" title="Pinsebevegelsen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pinsebevegelsen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinser%C3%B8rsla" title="Pinserørsla – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pinserørsla" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentekostalizm" title="Pentekostalizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pentekostalizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostalismo" title="Pentecostalismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pentecostalismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penticostalism" title="Penticostalism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Penticostalism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Пятидесятники – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пятидесятники" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komuniteti_Pfingst" title="Komuniteti Pfingst – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Komuniteti Pfingst" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinticustalisimu" title="Pinticustalisimu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pinticustalisimu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pentecostalism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letni%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_hnutie" title="Letničné hnutie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Letničné hnutie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binko%C5%A1tni%C5%A1tvo" title="Binkoštništvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Binkoštništvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Пентекостализам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пентекостализам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentekostalizam" title="Pentekostalizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pentekostalizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helluntaiher%C3%A4tys" title="Helluntaiherätys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Helluntaiherätys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentekostalism" title="Pentekostalism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pentekostalism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பெந்தகோஸ்து சபை இயக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெந்தகோஸ்து சபை இயக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentikostalizm" title="Pentikostalizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pentikostalizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="П'ятдесятництво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="П'ятдесятництво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%84" title="پینتی کاسٹل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پینتی کاسٹل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phong_tr%C3%A0o_Ng%C5%A9_tu%E1%BA%A7n" title="Phong trào Ngũ tuần – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phong trào Ngũ tuần" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%97%AC%E8%8A%82%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="五旬节运动 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="五旬节运动" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%97%AC%E7%AF%80%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="五旬節運動 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="五旬節運動" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pienksterbewehieng" title="Pienksterbewehieng – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Pienksterbewehieng" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%97%AC%E7%AF%80%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="五旬節運動 – Chinese" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:18em;border-collapse:collapse;color:#000000"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color: #FDEEAA; color:#000000">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Pentecostalism" title="Category:Pentecostalism"> a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #FDEEAA; color:#000000;font-size:150%; color:#000000; background-color: #FDEEAA; padding:0.2em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pentecostalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Chama_pentecoste.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Chama_pentecoste.svg/80px-Chama_pentecoste.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Chama_pentecoste.svg/120px-Chama_pentecoste.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Chama_pentecoste.svg/160px-Chama_pentecoste.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption">Tongues as of fire representing the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> on <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FDEEAA; color:#000000;background: #FDEEAA;padding:0.2em;color:black;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;background-color:#FFFAE0"><div style="color:Black;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">The Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist revivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Weslyean-Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FDEEAA; color:#000000;background: #FDEEAA;padding:0.2em;color:black;color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;background-color:#FFFAE0"><div style="color:Black;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Bible_College" title="Bethel Bible College">Bethel Bible College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904%E2%80%931905_Welsh_revival" title="1904–1905 Welsh revival">1904–1905 Welsh Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fox_Parham" title="Charles Fox Parham">Charles Fox Parham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Seymour" title="William J. Seymour">William J. Seymour</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FDEEAA; color:#000000;background: #FDEEAA;padding:0.2em;color:black;color: var(--color-base)">Theology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;background-color:#FFFAE0"><div style="color:Black;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">Infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Ghost</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Systematic_theology" title="Systematic theology">Systematic theology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel" title="Full Gospel">Full Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finished_Work_Pentecostalism" title="Finished Work Pentecostalism">Finished Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Rain_(post%E2%80%93World_War_II_movement)" title="Latter Rain (post–World War II movement)">Latter Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five solae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">Conversion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers%27_Church" title="Believers' Church">Believers' Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">Believer's baptism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Private doctrines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_work_of_grace" title="Third work of grace">Third work of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues" title="Speaking in tongues">Speaking in tongues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_gift" title="Spiritual gift">Spiritual gifts</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Pentecostal creeds</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_Statement_of_Fundamental_Truths" title="Assemblies of God Statement of Fundamental Truths">Fundamental Truths (AOG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Congregation_in_Brazil#Doctrine" title="Christian Congregation in Brazil">12 Articles from Niagara Falls (CC)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FDEEAA; color:#000000;background: #FDEEAA;padding:0.2em;color:black;color: var(--color-base)">Key people</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;background-color:#FFFAE0"><div style="color:Black;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._A._Allen" title="A. A. Allen">Asa A. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiye_%C3%81vila" title="Yiye Ávila">Yiye Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ball_Barratt" title="Thomas Ball Barratt">Thomas Ball Barratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ayo_Babalola" title="Joseph Ayo Babalola">Joseph Ayo Babalola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_K._Bernard" title="David K. Bernard">David K. Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bhengu" title="Nicholas Bhengu">Nicholas Bhengu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Bonnke" title="Reinhard Bonnke">Reinhard Bonnke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Branham" title="William M. Branham">William M. Branham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Yonggi_Cho" title="David Yonggi Cho">David Yonggi Cho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Coe" title="Jack Coe">Jack Coe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Court" title="Margaret Court">Margaret Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_F._Farrow" title="Lucy F. Farrow">Lucy F. Farrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Eleanor_Frey" title="Mae Eleanor Frey">Mae Eleanor Frey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Gee" title="Donald Gee">Donald Gee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Hinn" title="Benny Hinn">Benny Hinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Humbard" title="Rex Humbard">Rex Humbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jeffreys_(pastor)" title="George Jeffreys (pastor)">George Jeffreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Kuhlman" title="Kathryn Kuhlman">Kathryn Kuhlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Archie_Mangun" title="Gerald Archie Mangun">Gerald Archie Mangun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Harrison_Mason" title="Charles Harrison Mason">Charles Harrison Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Semple_McPherson" title="Aimee Semple McPherson">Aimee Semple McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Andersen_Nordquelle" title="Erik Andersen Nordquelle">Erik Andersen Nordquelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._L._Osborn" title="T. L. Osborn">T. L. Osborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Ozman" title="Agnes Ozman">Agnes Ozman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fox_Parham" title="Charles Fox Parham">Charles Fox Parham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewi_Pethrus" title="Lewi Pethrus">Lewi Pethrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_du_Plessis" title="David du Plessis">David du Plessis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_Roberts" title="Oral Roberts">Oral Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Robinson" title="Ida B. Robinson">Bishop Ida Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Seymour" title="William J. Seymour">William J. Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Jessup_Tomlinson" title="Ambrose Jessup Tomlinson">Ambrose Jessup Tomlinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_David_Urshan" title="Andrew David Urshan">Andrew David Urshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Wigglesworth" title="Smith Wigglesworth">Smith Wigglesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Woodworth-Etter" title="Maria Woodworth-Etter">Maria Woodworth-Etter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niilo_Yli-Vainio" title="Niilo Yli-Vainio">Niilo Yli-Vainio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pentecostals" title="Category:Pentecostals">Category:Pentecostals</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FDEEAA; color:#000000;background: #FDEEAA;padding:0.2em;color:black;color: var(--color-base)">Major denominations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;background-color:#FFFAE0"><div style="color:Black;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_Pentecostalism" title="Holiness Pentecostalism">Holiness Pentecostalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Faith_Church" title="Apostolic Faith Church">Apostolic Faith Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">Church of God in Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Pentecostal_Holiness_Church" title="International Pentecostal Holiness Church">International Pentecostal Holiness Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finished_Work_Pentecostalism" title="Finished Work Pentecostalism">Finished Work Pentecostalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Church_(1916_denomination)" title="Apostolic Church (1916 denomination)">Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Pentecostal_Church_of_God" title="Indian Pentecostal Church of God">Indian Pentecostal Church of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foursquare_Church" title="Foursquare Church">The Foursquare Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Pentecostal_Church_International" title="United Pentecostal Church International">United Pentecostal Church International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Assemblies_of_the_World" title="Pentecostal Assemblies of the World">Pentecostal Assemblies of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_the_Lord_Jesus_Christ" title="Assemblies of the Lord Jesus Christ">Assemblies of the Lord Jesus Christ</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FDEEAA; color:#000000;background: #FDEEAA;padding:0.2em;color:black;color: var(--color-base)">Related movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;background-color:#FFFAE0"><div style="color:Black;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pentecostalism" title="Template:Pentecostalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pentecostalism" title="Template talk:Pentecostalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pentecostalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pentecostalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Pentecostalism or classical Pentecostalism is a <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christian</a> movement<a href="#cite_note-Vondey_2017-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-survey-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstone2013461-3">[3]</a> that emphasizes direct personal experience of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> through <a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit#Classical_Pentecostalism" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">baptism with the Holy Spirit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vondey_2017-1">[1]</a> The term Pentecostal is derived from <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>, an event that commemorates the descent of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> upon the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> and other followers of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> while they were in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_during_the_Second_Temple_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period">Jerusalem</a> celebrating the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Weeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of Weeks">Feast of Weeks</a>, as described in the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acts_2" title="Acts 2">Acts 2</a>:1–31).<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Like other forms of <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical Protestantism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohler2011106–108-5">[5]</a> Pentecostalism adheres to the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">inerrancy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and the necessity of the <a href="/wiki/Born_again#Pentecostalism" title="Born again">New Birth</a>: an individual <a href="/wiki/Repentance_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Repentance (Christianity)">repenting</a> of their sin and "accepting Jesus Christ as their personal Lord and Savior". It is distinguished by belief in both the "baptism in the Holy Spirit" and baptism by water, that enables a Christian to "live a Spirit-filled and empowered life". This empowerment includes the use of <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_gift" title="Spiritual gift">spiritual gifts</a>: such as <a href="/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues" title="Speaking in tongues">speaking in tongues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divine_healing" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine healing">divine healing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vondey_2017-1">[1]</a> Because of their commitment to <a href="/wiki/Biblical_authority" title="Biblical authority">biblical authority</a>, spiritual gifts, and the miraculous, Pentecostals see their movement as reflecting the same kind of spiritual power and teachings that were found in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church">Early Church</a>. For this reason, some Pentecostals also use the term "Apostolic" or "<a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel" title="Full Gospel">Full Gospel</a>" to describe their movement.<a href="#cite_note-Vondey_2017-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection#Holiness_Pentecostalism" title="Christian perfection">Holiness Pentecostalism</a> emerged in the early 20th century among adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan-Holiness_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyan-Holiness movement">Wesleyan-Holiness movement</a>, who were energized by <a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Christian revivalism</a> and expectation of the imminent <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Coming of Christ">Second Coming of Christ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TWTHS2002-6">[6]</a> Believing that they were living in the <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">end times</a>, they expected God to spiritually renew the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a> and bring to pass the <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">restoration</a> of spiritual gifts and the <a href="/wiki/Evangelization" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelization">evangelization</a> of the world. In 1900, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Parham" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Parham">Charles Parham</a>, an American evangelist and <a href="/wiki/Faith_healer" class="mw-redirect" title="Faith healer">faith healer</a>, began teaching that speaking in tongues was the Biblical evidence of Spirit baptism. Along with <a href="/wiki/William_J._Seymour" title="William J. Seymour">William J. Seymour</a>, a Wesleyan-Holiness preacher, he taught that this was the <a href="/wiki/Third_work_of_grace" title="Third work of grace">third work of grace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FahlbuschBromiley1999-7">[7]</a> The three-year-long <a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a>, founded and led by Seymour in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, resulted in the growth of Pentecostalism throughout the United States and the rest of the world. Visitors carried the Pentecostal experience back to their home churches or felt called to the <a href="/wiki/Mission_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission field">mission field</a>. While virtually all Pentecostal denominations trace their origins to Azusa Street, the movement has had several divisions and controversies. Early disputes centered on challenges to the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Entire_sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Entire sanctification">entire sanctification</a>, and later on, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity">Holy Trinity</a>. As a result, the Pentecostal movement is divided between <a href="/wiki/Holiness_Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Holiness Pentecostal">Holiness Pentecostals</a> who affirm three definite works of grace,<a href="#cite_note-TWTHS2002-6">[6]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finished_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Finished Work">Finished Work Pentecostals</a> who are partitioned into trinitarian and non-trinitarian branches, the latter giving rise to <a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson2004-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levinson1996-9">[9]</a> Comprising over 700 <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">denominations</a> and many independent churches, Pentecostalism is highly decentralized.<a href="#cite_note-Schneider_2022-10">[10]</a> No central authority exists, but many denominations are affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_World_Fellowship" title="Pentecostal World Fellowship">Pentecostal World Fellowship</a>. With over 279 million classical Pentecostals worldwide, the movement is growing in many parts of the world, especially the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> countries.<a href="#cite_note-Schneider_2022-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins_2011-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Freston_2008-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robbins_2004-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robert_2000-14">[14]</a> Since the 1960s, Pentecostalism has increasingly gained acceptance from other Christian traditions, and Pentecostal beliefs concerning the baptism of the Holy Spirit and spiritual gifts have been embraced by non-Pentecostal Christians in Protestant and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> churches through their adherence to the Charismatic movement. Together, worldwide Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity numbers over 644 million adherents.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> While the movement originally attracted mostly lower classes in the global South, there is a new appeal to middle classes.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Middle-class congregations tend to have fewer members.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Pentecostalism is believed to be the fastest-growing <a href="/wiki/Religious_movement" title="Religious movement">religious movement</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> Early Pentecostals have considered the movement a latter-day restoration of the church's <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">apostolic</a> power, and historians such as Cecil M. Robeck Jr. and Edith Blumhofer write that the movement emerged from late 19th-century radical evangelical <a href="/wiki/Revival_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Revival movement">revival movements</a> in America and in Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeck2006119–122-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Within this radical evangelicalism, expressed most strongly in the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Holiness Movement">Wesleyan–holiness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Higher_Life_movement" title="Higher Life movement">Higher Life</a> movements, themes of <a href="/wiki/Restorationism_(Christian_primitivism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restorationism (Christian primitivism)">restorationism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">premillennialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">faith healing</a>, and greater attention on the person and work of the Holy Spirit were central to emerging Pentecostalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumhofer199311–12-25">[25]</a> Believing that the <a href="/wiki/Second_coming" class="mw-redirect" title="Second coming">second coming</a> of Christ was imminent, these Christians expected an <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">endtime</a> revival of apostolic power, spiritual gifts, and miracle-working.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumhofer199318–19-26">[26]</a> Figures such as <a href="/wiki/Dwight_L._Moody" title="Dwight L. Moody">Dwight L. Moody</a> and <a href="/wiki/R._A._Torrey" title="R. A. Torrey">R. A. Torrey</a> began to speak of an experience available to all Christians which would empower believers to evangelize the world, often termed baptism with the Holy Spirit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumhofer199330–31-27">[27]</a> Certain Christian leaders and movements had important influences on early Pentecostals. The essentially universal belief in the continuation of all the spiritual gifts in the <a href="/wiki/Keswick_Convention" title="Keswick Convention">Keswick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Higher_Life_movement" title="Higher Life movement">Higher Life</a> movements constituted a crucial historical background for the rise of Pentecostalism.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Benjamin_Simpson" title="Albert Benjamin Simpson">Albert Benjamin Simpson</a> (1843–1919) and his <a href="/wiki/Christian_and_Missionary_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian and Missionary Alliance">Christian and Missionary Alliance</a> (founded in 1887) was very influential in the early years of Pentecostalism, especially on the development of the <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a>. Another early influence on Pentecostals was <a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Dowie" title="John Alexander Dowie">John Alexander Dowie</a> (1847–1907) and his <a href="/wiki/Christian_Catholic_Apostolic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Catholic Apostolic Church">Christian Catholic Apostolic Church</a> (founded in 1896). Pentecostals embraced the teachings of Simpson, Dowie, <a href="/wiki/Adoniram_Judson_Gordon" title="Adoniram Judson Gordon">Adoniram Judson Gordon</a> (1836–1895) and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Woodworth-Etter" title="Maria Woodworth-Etter">Maria Woodworth-Etter</a> (1844–1924; she later joined the Pentecostal movement) on healing.<a href="#cite_note-RestoringtheFaith20-24-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Irving" title="Edward Irving">Edward Irving</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Catholic Apostolic Church</a> (founded c. 1831) also displayed many characteristics later found in the Pentecostal revival.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>: 131  Isolated Christian groups were experiencing <a href="/wiki/Charism" class="mw-redirect" title="Charism">charismatic</a> phenomena such as divine healing and speaking in tongues. The Holiness Pentecostal movement provided a theological explanation for what was happening to these Christians, and they adapted a modified form of Wesleyan <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">soteriology</a> to accommodate their new understanding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenzies200778–79-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-LatterRain-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-PimS1-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_revivals:_1900–1929">Early revivals: 1900–1929</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early revivals: 1900–1929">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlesparham.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Charlesparham.png/170px-Charlesparham.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Charlesparham.png 1.5x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Charles Fox Parham, who associated <a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">glossolalia</a> with the baptism in the Holy Spirit.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg/300px-AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg/450px-AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg/600px-AFM_on_azusa_street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>The Apostolic Faith Mission on Azusa Street, now considered to be the birthplace of Pentecostalism.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fox_Parham" title="Charles Fox Parham">Charles Fox Parham</a>, an independent holiness evangelist who believed strongly in divine healing, was an important figure to the emergence of Pentecostalism as a distinct Christian movement. Parham, who was raised as a Methodist,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> started a spiritual school near <a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka, Kansas</a> in 1900, which he named <a href="/wiki/Bethel_Bible_College" title="Bethel Bible College">Bethel Bible School</a>. There he taught that speaking in tongues was the scriptural evidence for the reception of the baptism with the Holy Spirit. On January 1, 1901, after a watch night service, the students prayed for and received the baptism with the Holy Spirit with the evidence of speaking in tongues.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Parham received this same experience sometime later and began preaching it in all his services. Parham believed this was <a href="/wiki/Xenoglossia" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenoglossia">xenoglossia</a> and that missionaries would no longer need to study foreign languages. Parham closed his Topeka school after 1901 and began a four-year revival tour throughout Kansas and Missouri.<a href="#cite_note-Synan-36">[36]</a> He taught that the baptism with the Holy Spirit was a third experience, subsequent to conversion and sanctification. Sanctification cleansed the believer, but Spirit baptism empowered for service.<a href="#cite_note-Synan93-94-37">[37]</a> At about the same time that Parham was spreading his doctrine of initial evidence in the Midwestern United States, news of the <a href="/wiki/1904%E2%80%931905_Welsh_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="1904–1905 Welsh Revival">Welsh Revival of 1904–1905</a> ignited intense speculation among radical evangelicals around the world and particularly in the US of a coming move of the Spirit which would renew the entire Christian Church. This revival saw thousands of conversions and also exhibited speaking in tongues.<a href="#cite_note-Synan86-88-38">[38]</a> Parham moved to Houston, Texas in 1905, where he started a Bible training school. One of his students was <a href="/wiki/William_J._Seymour" title="William J. Seymour">William J. Seymour</a>, a one-eyed black preacher. Seymour traveled to Los Angeles where his preaching sparked the three-year-long <a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a> in 1906.<a href="#cite_note-Synan92-98-39">[39]</a> The revival first broke out on Monday April 9, 1906 at 214 Bonnie Brae Street and then moved to 312 Azusa Street on Friday, April 14, 1906.<a href="#cite_note-kilpatrick20-22-40">[40]</a> Worship at the <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">racially integrated</a> Azusa Mission featured an absence of any order of service. People preached and testified as moved by the Spirit, spoke and sung in tongues, and fell (were slain) in the Spirit. The revival attracted both religious and secular media attention, and thousands of visitors flocked to the mission, carrying the "fire" back to their home churches.<a href="#cite_note-Synan98-100-41">[41]</a> Despite the work of various Wesleyan groups such as Parham's and <a href="/wiki/D._L._Moody" class="mw-redirect" title="D. L. Moody">D. L. Moody</a>'s revivals, the beginning of the widespread Pentecostal movement in the US is generally considered to have begun with Seymour's Azusa Street Revival.<a href="#cite_note-BlumhoferAGVol1-42">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_J._Seymour_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/William_J._Seymour_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-William_J._Seymour_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/William_J._Seymour_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-William_J._Seymour_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/William_J._Seymour_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-William_J._Seymour_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>William Seymour, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></figcaption></figure> The crowds of African-Americans and whites worshiping together at William Seymour's Azusa Street Mission set the tone for much of the early Pentecostal movement. During the period of 1906–1924, Pentecostals defied social, cultural and political norms of the time that called for <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> and the enactment of <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">Church of God in Christ</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of God (Cleveland)">Church of God (Cleveland)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Holiness_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal Holiness Church">Pentecostal Holiness Church</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Assemblies_of_the_World" title="Pentecostal Assemblies of the World">Pentecostal Assemblies of the World</a> were all interracial denominations before the 1920s. These groups, especially in the Jim Crow South were under great pressure to conform to segregation. Ultimately, North American Pentecostalism would divide into white and African-American branches. Though it never entirely disappeared, interracial worship within Pentecostalism would not reemerge as a widespread practice until after the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentecostals_Praising.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pentecostals_Praising.jpg/240px-Pentecostals_Praising.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pentecostals_Praising.jpg/360px-Pentecostals_Praising.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pentecostals_Praising.jpg/480px-Pentecostals_Praising.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5470" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption>Women in a Pentecostal worship service</figcaption></figure> Women were vital to the early Pentecostal movement.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Believing that whoever received the Pentecostal experience had the responsibility to use it towards the preparation for Christ's second coming, Pentecostal women held that the baptism in the Holy Spirit gave them empowerment and justification to engage in activities traditionally denied to them.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The first person at Parham's Bible college to receive Spirit baptism with the evidence of speaking in tongues was a woman, <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Ozman" title="Agnes Ozman">Agnes Ozman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burgess._Dictionary._893,895-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Women such as Florence Crawford, <a href="/wiki/Ida_Robinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida Robinson">Ida Robinson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aimee_Semple_McPherson" title="Aimee Semple McPherson">Aimee Semple McPherson</a> founded new denominations, and many women served as pastors, co-pastors, and missionaries.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Women wrote religious songs, edited Pentecostal papers, and taught and ran Bible schools.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The unconventionally intense and emotional environment generated in Pentecostal meetings dually promoted, and was itself created by, other forms of participation such as personal testimony and spontaneous prayer and singing. Women did not shy away from engaging in this forum, and in the early movement the majority of converts and church-goers were female.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-51">[51]</a> Nevertheless, there was considerable ambiguity surrounding the role of women in the church. The subsiding of the early Pentecostal movement allowed a socially more conservative approach to women to settle in, and, as a result, female participation was channeled into more supportive and traditionally accepted roles. Auxiliary women's organizations were created to focus women's talents on more traditional activities. Women also became much more likely to be evangelists and missionaries than pastors. When they were pastors, they often co-pastored with their husbands.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The majority of early Pentecostal denominations taught <a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a> and adopted military service articles that advocated <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscientious objection">conscientious objection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spread_and_opposition">Spread and opposition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spread and opposition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christian_population_growth" title="Christian population growth">Christian population growth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">Christianity by country</a></div> Azusa participants returned to their homes carrying their new experience with them. In many cases, whole churches were converted to the Pentecostal faith, but many times Pentecostals were forced to establish new religious communities when their experience was rejected by the established churches. One of the first areas of involvement was the African continent, where, by 1907, American missionaries were established in Liberia, as well as in South Africa by 1908.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Because speaking in tongues was initially believed to always be actual foreign languages, it was believed that missionaries would no longer have to learn the languages of the peoples they evangelized because the Holy Spirit would provide whatever foreign language was required. (When the majority of missionaries, to their disappointment, learned that tongues speech was unintelligible on the mission field, Pentecostal leaders were forced to modify their understanding of tongues.)<a href="#cite_note-portrait-55">[55]</a> Thus, as the experience of speaking in tongues spread, a sense of the immediacy of Christ's return took hold, and that energy would be directed into missionary and evangelistic activity. Early Pentecostals saw themselves as outsiders from mainstream society, dedicated solely to preparing the way for Christ's return.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> An associate of Seymour's, Florence Crawford, brought the message to the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwest</a>, forming what would become the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Faith_Church" title="Apostolic Faith Church">Apostolic Faith Church</a>—a Holiness Pentecostal denomination—by 1908. After 1907, Azusa participant <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Durham" title="William Howard Durham">William Howard Durham</a>, pastor of the North Avenue Mission in Chicago, returned to the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> to lay the groundwork for the movement in that region. It was from Durham's church that future leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Assemblies_of_Canada" title="Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada">Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada</a> would hear the Pentecostal message.<a href="#cite_note-Synan103-104-57">[57]</a> One of the most well known Pentecostal pioneers was <a href="/wiki/Gaston_B._Cashwell" title="Gaston B. Cashwell">Gaston B. Cashwell</a> (the "Apostle of Pentecost" to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>), whose evangelistic work led three <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a> holiness denominations into the new movement.<a href="#cite_note-Synan113-114-58">[58]</a> The Pentecostal movement, especially in its early stages, was typically associated with the impoverished and marginalized of America, especially African Americans and Southern Whites. With the help of many healing evangelists such as Oral Roberts, Pentecostalism spread across America by the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_1938.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_1938.svg/230px-Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_1938.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_1938.svg/345px-Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_1938.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_1938.svg/460px-Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_1938.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_(2010).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg/230px-Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg/345px-Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg/460px-Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_by_country" title="Protestantism by country">Countries by percentage of Protestant Christians</a> in 1938 and 2010. Pentecostal and <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">denominations</a> within Protestantism fueled much of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_population_growth" title="Christian population growth">global growth of Christianity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schneider_2022-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins_2011-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Freston_2008-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robbins_2004-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robert_2000-14">[14]</a></div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filadelfiakyrkan_stockholm_framsida.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Filadelfiakyrkan_stockholm_framsida.JPG/220px-Filadelfiakyrkan_stockholm_framsida.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Filadelfiakyrkan_stockholm_framsida.JPG/330px-Filadelfiakyrkan_stockholm_framsida.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Filadelfiakyrkan_stockholm_framsida.JPG/440px-Filadelfiakyrkan_stockholm_framsida.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2778" data-file-height="1986" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Filadelfiakyrkan" title="Filadelfiakyrkan">Filadelfiakyrkan</a> ('the Philadelphia Church') in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden, is part of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pentecostal_Movement" title="Swedish Pentecostal Movement">Swedish Pentecostal Movement</a></figcaption></figure> International visitors and Pentecostal missionaries would eventually export the revival to other nations. The first foreign Pentecostal missionaries were Alfred G. Garr and his wife, who were Spirit baptized at Azusa and traveled to India and later Hong Kong.<a href="#cite_note-Synan101-102-60">[60]</a> On being Spirit baptized, Garr spoke in Bengali, a language he did not know, and becoming convinced of his call to serve in India came to <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a> with his wife Lilian and began ministering at the Bow Bazar Baptist Church.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The Norwegian Methodist pastor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ball_Barratt" title="Thomas Ball Barratt">T. B. Barratt</a> was influenced by Seymour during a tour of the United States. By December 1906, he had returned to Europe, and he is credited with beginning the Pentecostal movement in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Germany, France and England.<a href="#cite_note-Synan104-105-62">[62]</a> A notable convert of Barratt was <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Boddy" title="Alexander Boddy">Alexander Boddy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Anglican</a> vicar of <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Monkwearmouth" title="All Saints' Church, Monkwearmouth">All Saints'</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sunderland,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunderland, England">Sunderland, England</a>, who became a founder of British Pentecostalism.<a href="#cite_note-Synan131-63">[63]</a> Other important converts of Barratt were German minister <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Paul" title="Jonathan Paul">Jonathan Paul</a> who founded the first German Pentecostal denomination (the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BClheim_Association_of_Free_Churches_and_Evangelical_Communities" title="Mülheim Association of Free Churches and Evangelical Communities">Mülheim Association</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Lewi_Pethrus" title="Lewi Pethrus">Lewi Pethrus</a>, the Swedish Baptist minister who founded the Swedish Pentecostal movement.<a href="#cite_note-Synan131-132-64">[64]</a> Through Durham's ministry, Italian immigrant <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Francescon" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Francescon">Luigi Francescon</a> received the Pentecostal experience in 1907 and established <a href="/wiki/Christian_Congregation_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Congregation in the United States">Italian Pentecostal congregations in the US</a>, Argentina (Christian Assembly in Argentina), and Brazil (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Congregation_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Congregation of Brazil">Christian Congregation of Brazil</a>). In 1908, Giacomo Lombardi led the first Pentecostal services in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-Synan133-134-65">[65]</a> In November 1910, two Swedish Pentecostal missionaries arrived in <a href="/wiki/Belem,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Belem, Brazil">Belem, Brazil</a> and established what would become the <a href="/wiki/Assembleias_de_Deus" title="Assembleias de Deus">Assembleias de Deus</a> (Assemblies of God of Brazil).<a href="#cite_note-Synan134-135-66">[66]</a> In 1908, <a href="/wiki/John_G._Lake" title="John G. Lake">John G. Lake</a>, a follower of Alexander Dowie who had experienced Pentecostal Spirit baptism, traveled to South Africa and founded what would become the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Faith_Mission_of_South_Africa" title="Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa">Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zion_Christian_Church" title="Zion Christian Church">Zion Christian Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Synan137-138-67">[67]</a> As a result of this missionary zeal, practically all Pentecostal denominations today trace their historical roots to the Azusa Street Revival.<a href="#cite_note-Synan105-68">[68]</a> Eventually, the first missionaries realized that they definitely needed to learn the local language and culture, needed to raise financial support, and develop long-term strategies for the development of indigenous churches.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The first generation of Pentecostal believers faced immense criticism and ostracism from other Christians, most vehemently from the Holiness movement from which they originated. <a href="/wiki/Alma_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Alma White">Alma White</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_Fire_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillar of Fire Church">Pillar of Fire Church</a>—a Holiness Methodist denomination, wrote a book against the movement titled Demons and Tongues in 1910. She called Pentecostal tongues "satanic gibberish" and Pentecostal services "the climax of demon worship".<a href="#cite_note-Synan145-70">[70]</a> Famous Holiness Methodist preacher <a href="/wiki/William_Baxter_Godbey" title="William Baxter Godbey">W. B. Godbey</a> characterized those at Azusa Street as "Satan's preachers, jugglers, necromancers, enchanters, magicians, and all sorts of mendicants". To Dr. <a href="/wiki/G._Campbell_Morgan" title="G. Campbell Morgan">G. Campbell Morgan</a>, Pentecostalism was "the last vomit of Satan", while Dr. <a href="/wiki/R._A._Torrey" title="R. A. Torrey">R. A. Torrey</a> thought it was "emphatically not of God, and founded by a Sodomite".<a href="#cite_note-Synan146-71">[71]</a> The Pentecostal Church of the Nazarene, one of the largest holiness groups, was strongly opposed to the new Pentecostal movement. To avoid confusion, the church changed its name in 1919 to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Synan147-72">[72]</a> A. B. Simpson's Christian and Missionary Alliance—a Keswickian denomination—negotiated a compromise position unique for the time. Simpson believed that Pentecostal tongues speaking was a legitimate manifestation of the Holy Spirit, but he did not believe it was a necessary evidence of Spirit baptism. This view on speaking in tongues ultimately led to what became known as the "Alliance position" articulated by <a href="/wiki/A._W._Tozer" title="A. W. Tozer">A. W. Tozer</a> as "seek not—forbid not".<a href="#cite_note-Synan147-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_controversies">Early controversies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early controversies">edit</a>]</div> The first Pentecostal converts were mainly derived from the Holiness movement and adhered to a <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyan">Wesleyan</a> understanding of <a href="/wiki/Entire_sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Entire sanctification">entire sanctification</a> as a definite, instantaneous experience and <a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">second work of grace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TWTHS2002-6">[6]</a> Problems with this view arose when large numbers of converts entered the movement from non-Wesleyan backgrounds, especially from <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> churches.<a href="#cite_note-Synan149-73">[73]</a> In 1910, William Durham of Chicago first articulated the <a href="/wiki/Finished_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Finished Work">Finished Work</a>, a doctrine which located sanctification at the moment of salvation and held that after conversion the Christian would progressively grow in grace in a lifelong process.<a href="#cite_note-Synan150-74">[74]</a> This teaching <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarization (politics)">polarized</a> the Pentecostal movement into two factions: Holiness Pentecostalism and Finished Work Pentecostalism.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson2004-8">[8]</a> The Wesleyan doctrine was strongest in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Faith_Church" title="Apostolic Faith Church">Apostolic Faith Church</a>, which views itself as being the successor of the <a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a>, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Calvary_Holiness_Association" title="Calvary Holiness Association">Calvary Holiness Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congregational_Holiness_Church" title="Congregational Holiness Church">Congregational Holiness Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of God (Cleveland)">Church of God (Cleveland)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">Church of God in Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Gospel_Church" title="Free Gospel Church">Free Gospel Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Holiness_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal Holiness Church">Pentecostal Holiness Church</a>; these bodies are classed as <a href="/wiki/Holiness_Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Holiness Pentecostal">Holiness Pentecostal</a> denominations.<a href="#cite_note-Borlase2006-75">[75]</a> The Finished Work, however, would ultimately gain ascendancy among Pentecostals, in denominations such as the <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a>, which was the first Finished Work Pentecostal denomination.<a href="#cite_note-Levinson1996-9">[9]</a> After 1911, most new Pentecostal denominations would adhere to Finished Work sanctification.<a href="#cite_note-Synan151-152-76">[76]</a> In 1914, a group of 300 predominately white Pentecostal ministers and laymen from all regions of the United States gathered in <a href="/wiki/Hot_Springs,_Arkansas" title="Hot Springs, Arkansas">Hot Springs, Arkansas</a>, to create a new, national Pentecostal fellowship—the <a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_the_Assemblies_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="General Council of the Assemblies of God">General Council of the Assemblies of God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Synan153-154-77">[77]</a> By 1911, many of these white ministers were distancing themselves from an existing arrangement under an African-American leader. Many of these white ministers were licensed by the African-American, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Harrison_Mason" title="Charles Harrison Mason">C. H. Mason</a> under the auspices of the Church of God in Christ, one of the few legally chartered Pentecostal organizations at the time credentialing and licensing ordained Pentecostal clergy. To further such distance, Bishop Mason and other African-American Pentecostal leaders were not invited to the initial 1914 fellowship of Pentecostal ministers. These predominately white ministers adopted a <a href="/wiki/Congregational_polity" title="Congregational polity">congregational polity</a>, whereas the COGIC and other Southern groups remained largely <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">episcopal</a> and rejected a Finished Work understanding of Sanctification. Thus, the creation of the Assemblies of God marked an official end of Pentecostal doctrinal unity and racial integration.<a href="#cite_note-Synan155-78">[78]</a> Among these Finished Work Pentecostals, the new Assemblies of God would soon face a "new issue" which first emerged at a 1913 camp meeting. During a baptism service, the speaker, R. E. McAlister, mentioned that the Apostles baptized converts once in the name of Jesus Christ, and the words "Father, Son, and Holy Ghost" were never used in baptism.<a href="#cite_note-Synan156-79">[79]</a> This inspired <a href="/wiki/Frank_Ewart" title="Frank Ewart">Frank Ewart</a> who claimed to have received as a divine prophecy revealing a <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nontrinitarian">nontrinitarian</a> conception of God.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Ewart believed that there was only one personality in the <a href="/wiki/Godhead_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Godhead (Christianity)">Godhead</a>—Jesus Christ. The terms "Father" and "Holy Ghost" were titles designating different aspects of Christ. Those who had been baptized in the Trinitarian fashion needed to submit to rebaptism in Jesus' name. Furthermore, Ewart believed that <a href="/wiki/Jesus%27_Name_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus' Name doctrine">Jesus' name baptism</a> and the gift of tongues were essential for salvation. Ewart and those who adopted his belief, which is known as <a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a>, called themselves "oneness" or "Jesus' Name" Pentecostals, but their opponents called them "Jesus Only".<a href="#cite_note-Synan157-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2004-8">[8]</a> Amid great controversy, the Assemblies of God rejected the Oneness teaching, and many of its churches and pastors were forced to withdraw from the denomination in 1916.<a href="#cite_note-Synan158-160-82">[82]</a> They organized their own Oneness groups. Most of these joined <a href="/wiki/Garfield_Thomas_Haywood" title="Garfield Thomas Haywood">Garfield T. Haywood</a>, an African-American preacher from Indianapolis, to form the <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Assemblies_of_the_World" title="Pentecostal Assemblies of the World">Pentecostal Assemblies of the World</a>. This church maintained an interracial identity until 1924 when the white ministers withdrew to form the Pentecostal Church, Incorporated. This church later merged with another group forming the <a href="/wiki/United_Pentecostal_Church_International" title="United Pentecostal Church International">United Pentecostal Church International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Synan160-161-83">[83]</a> This controversy among the Finished Work Pentecostals caused Holiness Pentecostals to further distance themselves from Finished Work Pentecostals, who they viewed as <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heretical</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson2004-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930–1959">1930–1959</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1930–1959">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Healing_%22laying_on_of_hands%22_ceremony_in_the_Pentecostal_Church_of_God._Lejunior,_Harlan_County,_Kentucky._-_NARA_-_541337.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Healing_%22laying_on_of_hands%22_ceremony_in_the_Pentecostal_Church_of_God._Lejunior%2C_Harlan_County%2C_Kentucky._-_NARA_-_541337.jpg/220px-Healing_%22laying_on_of_hands%22_ceremony_in_the_Pentecostal_Church_of_God._Lejunior%2C_Harlan_County%2C_Kentucky._-_NARA_-_541337.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Healing_%22laying_on_of_hands%22_ceremony_in_the_Pentecostal_Church_of_God._Lejunior%2C_Harlan_County%2C_Kentucky._-_NARA_-_541337.jpg/330px-Healing_%22laying_on_of_hands%22_ceremony_in_the_Pentecostal_Church_of_God._Lejunior%2C_Harlan_County%2C_Kentucky._-_NARA_-_541337.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Healing_%22laying_on_of_hands%22_ceremony_in_the_Pentecostal_Church_of_God._Lejunior%2C_Harlan_County%2C_Kentucky._-_NARA_-_541337.jpg/440px-Healing_%22laying_on_of_hands%22_ceremony_in_the_Pentecostal_Church_of_God._Lejunior%2C_Harlan_County%2C_Kentucky._-_NARA_-_541337.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2309" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_of_God" title="Pentecostal Church of God">Pentecostal Church of God</a> in Lejunior, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> pray for a girl in 1946</figcaption></figure> While Pentecostals shared many basic assumptions with conservative Protestants, the earliest Pentecostals were rejected by <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist Christians">Fundamentalist Christians</a> who adhered to <a href="/wiki/Cessationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cessationism">cessationism</a>. In 1928, the <a href="/wiki/World_Christian_Fundamentals_Association" title="World Christian Fundamentals Association">World Christian Fundamentals Association</a> labeled Pentecostalism "fanatical" and "unscriptural". By the early 1940s, this rejection of Pentecostals was giving way to a new cooperation between them and leaders of the "new evangelicalism", and American Pentecostals were involved in the founding of the 1942 <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Evangelicals" title="National Association of Evangelicals">National Association of Evangelicals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIDPCMEvangelicalism-84">[84]</a> Pentecostal denominations also began to interact with each other both on national levels and international levels through the <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_World_Fellowship" title="Pentecostal World Fellowship">Pentecostal World Fellowship</a>, which was founded in 1947. Some Pentecostal churches in Europe, especially in Italy and Germany, during the war were also victims of the Holocaust. Because of their tongues speaking their members were considered mentally ill, and many pastors were sent either to confinement or to concentration camps.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Though Pentecostals began to find acceptance among evangelicals in the 1940s, the previous decade was widely viewed as a time of spiritual dryness, when healings and other miraculous phenomena were perceived as being less prevalent than in earlier decades of the movement.<a href="#cite_note-NIDPCMLatterRain-85">[85]</a> It was in this environment that the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Rain_(post%E2%80%93World_War_II_movement)" title="Latter Rain (post–World War II movement)">Latter Rain Movement</a>, the most important controversy to affect Pentecostalism since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, began in North America and spread around the world in the late 1940s. Latter Rain leaders taught the restoration of the fivefold ministry led by apostles. These apostles were believed capable of imparting spiritual gifts through the <a href="/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands" title="Laying on of hands">laying on of hands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fp159-160-86">[86]</a> There were prominent participants of the early Pentecostal revivals, such as <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Frodsham" title="Stanley Frodsham">Stanley Frodsham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lewi_Pethrus" title="Lewi Pethrus">Lewi Pethrus</a>, who endorsed the movement citing similarities to early Pentecostalism.<a href="#cite_note-NIDPCMLatterRain-85">[85]</a> However, Pentecostal denominations were critical of the movement and condemned many of its practices as unscriptural. One reason for the conflict with the denominations was the <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarianism</a> of Latter Rain adherents.<a href="#cite_note-fp159-160-86">[86]</a> Many autonomous churches were birthed out of the revival.<a href="#cite_note-NIDPCMLatterRain-85">[85]</a> A simultaneous development within Pentecostalism was the postwar <a href="/wiki/Healing_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Healing Revival">Healing Revival</a>. Led by healing evangelists <a href="/wiki/William_Branham" class="mw-redirect" title="William Branham">William Branham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oral_Roberts" title="Oral Roberts">Oral Roberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Lindsay" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Lindsay">Gordon Lindsay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/T._L._Osborn" title="T. L. Osborn">T. L. Osborn</a>, the Healing Revival developed a following among non-Pentecostals as well as Pentecostals. Many of these non-Pentecostals were baptized in the Holy Spirit through these ministries. The Latter Rain and the Healing Revival influenced many leaders of the charismatic movement of the 1960s and 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-NIDPCMCharisMovement-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960–present">1960–present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1960–present">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dmanisi_Pentecostal_Church_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dmanisi_Pentecostal_Church_2022.jpg/250px-Dmanisi_Pentecostal_Church_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dmanisi_Pentecostal_Church_2022.jpg/375px-Dmanisi_Pentecostal_Church_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dmanisi_Pentecostal_Church_2022.jpg/500px-Dmanisi_Pentecostal_Church_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3934" data-file-height="2978" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dmanisi" title="Dmanisi">Dmanisi</a> Pentecostal Church in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%99%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%99%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg/250px-%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%99%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%99%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg/375px-%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%99%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%99%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg/500px-%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%99%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Pentecostal Church in <a href="/wiki/Belgrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgrad">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>.</figcaption></figure> Before the 1960s, most non-Pentecostal Christians who experienced the Pentecostal baptism in the Holy Spirit typically kept their experience a private matter or joined a Pentecostal church afterward.<a href="#cite_note-NIDPCMCharisMovementBefore1960-88">[88]</a> The 1960s saw a new pattern develop where large numbers of Spirit baptized Christians from <a href="/wiki/Mainline_(Protestant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainline (Protestant)">mainline churches</a> in the US, Europe, and other parts of the world chose to remain and work for spiritual renewal within their traditional churches. This initially became known as New or Neo-Pentecostalism (in contrast to the older classical Pentecostalism) but eventually became known as the <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatic Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIDPCMCharisMovement1960-1967-89">[89]</a> While cautiously supportive of the Charismatic Movement, the failure of Charismatics to embrace traditional Pentecostal teachings, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dancing_ban" title="Dancing ban">prohibition of dancing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">abstinence from alcohol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_drugs#Christianity" title="Religion and drugs">other drugs</a> such as tobacco, as well as restrictions on dress and appearance following the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Outward_holiness" title="Outward holiness">outward holiness</a>, initiated an identity crisis for classical Pentecostals, who were forced to reexamine long held assumptions about what it meant to be Spirit filled.<a href="#cite_note-Piepkorn1977-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-RestoringtheFaith226-91">[91]</a> The liberalizing influence of the Charismatic Movement on classical Pentecostalism can be seen in the disappearance of many of these taboos since the 1960s, apart from certain <a href="/wiki/Holiness_Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Holiness Pentecostal">Holiness Pentecostal</a> denominations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Faith_Church" title="Apostolic Faith Church">Apostolic Faith Church</a>, which maintain these standards of <a href="/wiki/Outward_holiness" title="Outward holiness">outward holiness</a>. Because of this, the cultural differences between classical Pentecostals and charismatics have lessened over time.<a href="#cite_note-RestoringtheFaith236-92">[92]</a> The global renewal movements manifest many of these tensions as inherent characteristics of Pentecostalism and as representative of the character of global Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Beliefs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4n_helluntaitemppeli.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4n_helluntaitemppeli.JPG/250px-Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4n_helluntaitemppeli.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4n_helluntaitemppeli.JPG/375px-Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4n_helluntaitemppeli.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4n_helluntaitemppeli.JPG/500px-Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4n_helluntaitemppeli.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A Pentecostal church in <a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> Pentecostalism is an <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> faith, emphasizing the reliability of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and the need for the transformation of an individual's life through faith in Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenzies200778–79-31">[31]</a> Like other evangelicals, Pentecostals generally adhere to the Bible's <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">divine inspiration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">inerrancy</a>—the belief that the Bible, in the original manuscripts in which it was written, is without error.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave198316–26-94">[94]</a> Pentecostals emphasize the teaching of the "full gospel" or "foursquare gospel". The term foursquare refers to the four fundamental beliefs of Pentecostalism: Jesus saves according to <a href="/wiki/John_3:16" title="John 3:16">John 3:16</a>; baptizes with the Holy Spirit according to <a href="/wiki/Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts">Acts</a> 2:4; heals bodily according to <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a> 5:15; and is coming again to receive those who are saved according to <a href="/wiki/1_Thessalonians" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a> 4:16–17.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDayton19804-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salvation">Salvation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Salvation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CCB_-_Foto_hist%C3%B3rica_em_Guaianases.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CCB_-_Foto_hist%C3%B3rica_em_Guaianases.jpg/250px-CCB_-_Foto_hist%C3%B3rica_em_Guaianases.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CCB_-_Foto_hist%C3%B3rica_em_Guaianases.jpg/375px-CCB_-_Foto_hist%C3%B3rica_em_Guaianases.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CCB_-_Foto_hist%C3%B3rica_em_Guaianases.jpg/500px-CCB_-_Foto_hist%C3%B3rica_em_Guaianases.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Pentecostal worshippers belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Congregation_(Pentecostal)" title="Christian Congregation (Pentecostal)">Christian Congregation</a> in Brazil, with women wearing modest dress and <a href="/wiki/Christian_head_covering" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian head covering">headcoverings</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_soteriology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian soteriology">Christian soteriology</a></div> The central belief of classical Pentecostalism is that through the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">death</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entombment_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Entombment of Christ">burial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of Jesus Christ">resurrection of Jesus Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sins</a> can be forgiven and humanity <a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(theology)" title="Reconciliation (theology)">reconciled</a> with God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983187-96">[96]</a> This is the <a href="/wiki/Good_news_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good news (Christianity)">Gospel</a> or "good news". The fundamental requirement of Pentecostalism is that one be <a href="/wiki/Born_again_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Born again (Christianity)">born again</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983258-97">[97]</a> The new birth is received by the <a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">grace</a> of God through <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">faith</a> in Christ as Lord and Savior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983239-98">[98]</a> In being born again, the believer is <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">regenerated</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">justified</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adoption_(theology)" title="Adoption (theology)">adopted</a> into the family of God, and the Holy Spirit's work of <a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">sanctification</a> is initiated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983225–251-99">[99]</a> Classical Pentecostal <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">soteriology</a> is generally <a href="/wiki/Arminian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminian">Arminian</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaileyAker199450-100">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">security of the believer</a> is a doctrine held within Pentecostalism; nevertheless, this security is conditional upon continual faith and <a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">repentance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983262-101">[101]</a> Pentecostals believe in both a literal <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a>, the former for those who have accepted God's gift of salvation and the latter for those who have rejected it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983524–525,_563–564-102">[102]</a> For most Pentecostals there is no other requirement to receive salvation. Baptism with the Holy Spirit and speaking in tongues are not generally required, though Pentecostal converts are usually encouraged to seek these experiences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstone2013431-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArrington19811–2-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pew16-17-105">[105]</a> A notable exception is <a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Jesus' Name Pentecostalism</a>, most adherents of which believe both water baptism and Spirit baptism are integral components of salvation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Baptism with the Holy Spirit">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></div> Pentecostals identify three distinct uses of the word "<a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>: <ul><li>Baptism into the body of Christ: This refers to salvation. Every believer in Christ is made a part of his body, the Church, through baptism. The Holy Spirit is the agent, and the body of Christ is the medium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983281–282-106">[106]</a></li> <li>Water baptism: Symbolic of dying to the world and living in Christ, water baptism is an outward symbolic expression of that which has already been accomplished by the Holy Spirit, namely baptism into the body of Christ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983282-107">[107]</a></li> <li>Baptism with the Holy Spirit: This is an experience distinct from baptism into the body of Christ. In this baptism, Christ is the agent and the Holy Spirit is the medium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983281–282-106">[106]</a></li></ul> While the figure of Jesus Christ and his redemptive work are at the center of Pentecostal theology, that redemptive work is believed to provide for a fullness of the Holy Spirit of which believers in Christ may take advantage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983308–309-108">[108]</a> The majority of Pentecostals believe that at the moment a person is born again, the new believer has the presence (indwelling) of the Holy Spirit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArrington19811–2-104">[104]</a> While the Spirit dwells in every Christian, Pentecostals believe that all Christians should seek to be filled with him. The Spirit's "filling", "falling upon", "coming upon", or being "poured out upon" believers is called the baptism with the Holy Spirit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983309–310-109">[109]</a> Pentecostals define it as a definite experience occurring after salvation whereby the Holy Spirit comes upon the believer to <a href="/wiki/Anoint#Pentecostal_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Anoint">anoint</a> and empower them for special service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983312-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton2005139–140-111">[111]</a> It has also been described as "a baptism into the love of God".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacchia200660-112">[112]</a> The main purpose of the experience is to grant power for Christian service. Other purposes include power for spiritual warfare (the Christian struggles against spiritual enemies and thus requires spiritual power), power for overflow (the believer's experience of the presence and power of God in their life flows out into the lives of others), and power for ability (to follow divine direction, to face persecution, to exercise spiritual gifts for the edification of the church, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983314–315-113">[113]</a> Pentecostals believe that the baptism with the Holy Spirit is available to all Christians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983317-114">[114]</a> Repentance from sin and being born again are fundamental requirements to receive it. There must also be in the believer a deep conviction of needing more of God in their life, and a measure of consecration by which the believer yields themself to the will of God. Citing instances in the Book of Acts where believers were Spirit baptized before they were baptized with water, most Pentecostals believe a Christian need not have been baptized in water to receive Spirit baptism. However, Pentecostals do believe that the biblical pattern is "repentance, regeneration, water baptism, and then the baptism with the Holy Ghost". There are Pentecostal believers who have claimed to receive their baptism with the Holy Spirit while being water baptized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983317–318-115">[115]</a> It is received by having faith in God's promise to fill the believer and in yielding the entire being to Christ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983320–321-116">[116]</a> Certain conditions, if present in a believer's life, could cause delay in receiving Spirit baptism, such as "weak faith, unholy living, imperfect consecration, and egocentric motives".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983323-117">[117]</a> In the absence of these, Pentecostals teach that seekers should maintain a persistent faith in the knowledge that God will fulfill his promise. For Pentecostals, there is no prescribed manner in which a believer will be filled with the Spirit. It could be expected or unexpected, during public or private prayer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983323–324-118">[118]</a> Pentecostals expect certain results following baptism with the Holy Spirit. Some of these are immediate while others are enduring or permanent. Most Pentecostal denominations teach that speaking in tongues is an immediate or initial physical evidence that one has received the experience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983324–326-119">[119]</a> Some teach that any of the gifts of the Spirit can be evidence of having received Spirit baptism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983326-120">[120]</a> Other immediate evidences include giving God praise, having joy, and desiring to testify about Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983324–326-119">[119]</a> Enduring or permanent results in the believer's life include Christ glorified and revealed in a greater way, a "deeper passion for souls", greater power to witness to nonbelievers, a more effective prayer life, greater love for and insight into the Bible, and the manifestation of the gifts of the Spirit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983327-121">[121]</a> Holiness Pentecostals, with their background in the Wesleyan-Holiness movement, historically teach that baptism with the Holy Spirit, as evidenced by glossolalia, is the <a href="/wiki/Third_work_of_grace" title="Third work of grace">third work of grace</a>, which follows the <a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">new birth</a> (first work of grace) and <a href="/wiki/Entire_sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Entire sanctification">entire sanctification</a> (second work of grace).<a href="#cite_note-TWTHS2002-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FahlbuschBromiley1999-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2004-8">[8]</a> While the baptism with the Holy Spirit is a definite experience in a believer's life, Pentecostals view it as just the beginning of living a Spirit-filled life. Pentecostal teaching stresses the importance of continually being filled with the Spirit. There is only one baptism with the Spirit, but there should be many infillings with the Spirit throughout the believer's life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983327–329-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divine_healing">Divine healing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Divine healing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Divine_healing" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine healing">Divine healing</a></div> Pentecostalism is a <a href="/wiki/Holistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic">holistic</a> faith, and the belief that Jesus is Healer is one quarter of the full gospel. Pentecostals cite four major reasons for believing in divine healing: 1) it is reported in the Bible, 2) Jesus' healing ministry is included in his <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">atonement</a> (thus divine healing is part of salvation), 3) "the whole gospel is for the whole person"—spirit, <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">body</a>, 4) sickness is a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Man">Fall of Man</a> and salvation is ultimately the restoration of the fallen world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurdy1994489–490-123">[123]</a> In the words of Pentecostal scholar Vernon L. Purdy, "Because sin leads to human suffering, it was only natural for the Early Church to understand the ministry of Christ as the alleviation of human suffering, since he was God's answer to sin ... The restoration of fellowship with God is the most important thing, but this restoration not only results in spiritual healing but many times in physical healing as well."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurdy1994494-124">[124]</a> In the book In Pursuit of Wholeness: Experiencing God's Salvation for the Total Person, Pentecostal writer and Church historian Wilfred Graves Jr. describes the healing of the body as a physical expression of <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves201152-125">[125]</a> For Pentecostals, spiritual and physical healing serves as a reminder and testimony to Christ's future return when his people will be completely delivered from all the consequences of the fall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurdy1994508–509-126">[126]</a> However, not everyone receives healing when they pray. It is God in his sovereign wisdom who either grants or withholds healing. Common reasons that are given in answer to the question as to why all are not healed include: God teaches through suffering, healing is not always immediate, lack of faith on the part of the person needing healing, and personal sin in one's life (however, this does not mean that all illness is caused by personal sin).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurdy1994517–518-127">[127]</a> Regarding healing and prayer Purdy states: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">On the other hand, it appears from Scripture that when we are sick we should be prayed for, and as we shall see later in this chapter, it appears that God's normal will is to heal. Instead of expecting that it is not God's will to heal us, we should pray with faith, trusting that God cares for us and that the provision He has made in Christ for our healing is sufficient. If He does not heal us, we will continue to trust Him. The victory many times will be procured in faith (see Heb. 10:35–36; 1 John 5:4–5).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurdy1994519-128">[128]</a> </blockquote> Pentecostals believe that prayer and faith are central in receiving healing. Pentecostals look to scriptures such as James 5:13–16 for direction regarding healing prayer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurdy1994520–521-129">[129]</a> One can pray for one's own healing (verse 13) and for the healing of others (verse 16); no special gift or clerical status is necessary. Verses 14–16 supply the framework for congregational healing prayer. The sick person expresses their faith by calling for the <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)" title="Elder (Christianity)">elders</a> of the church who pray over and <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointing of the Sick">anoint the sick</a> with olive oil. The oil is a symbol of the Holy Spirit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983401-130">[130]</a> Besides prayer, there are other ways in which Pentecostals believe healing can be received. One way is based on Mark 16:17–18 and involves believers <a href="/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands" title="Laying on of hands">laying hands on the sick</a>. This is done in imitation of Jesus who often healed in this manner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983402-131">[131]</a> Another method that is found in some Pentecostal churches is based on the account in Acts 19:11–12 where people were healed when given handkerchiefs or aprons worn by the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">Apostle Paul</a>. This practice is described by Duffield and Van Cleave in Foundations of Pentecostal Theology: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Many Churches have followed a similar pattern and have given out small pieces of cloth over which prayer has been made, and sometimes they have been anointed with oil. Some most remarkable miracles have been reported from the use of this method. It is understood that the prayer cloth has no virtue in itself, but provides an act of faith by which one's attention is directed to the Lord, who is the Great Physician.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983402-131">[131]</a> </blockquote> During the initial decades of the movement, Pentecostals thought it was sinful to take medicine or receive care from doctors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESynan1997192-132">[132]</a> Over time, Pentecostals moderated their views concerning medicine and doctor visits; however, a minority of Pentecostal churches continues to rely exclusively on prayer and divine healing. For example, doctors in the United Kingdom reported that a minority of Pentecostal <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> patients were encouraged to stop taking their medicines and parents were told to stop giving medicine to their children, trends that placed lives at risk.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eschatology">Eschatology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Eschatology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism (Christianity)</a></div> The last element of the gospel is that Jesus is the "Soon Coming King". For Pentecostals, "every moment is eschatological" since at any time Christ may return.<a href="#cite_note-foundations523-134">[134]</a> This "personal and imminent" <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> is for Pentecostals the motivation for practical Christian living including: personal holiness, meeting together for worship, faithful Christian service, and evangelism (both personal and worldwide).<a href="#cite_note-foundations530-135">[135]</a> Globally, Pentecostal attitudes to the End Times range from enthusiastic participation in the prophecy subculture to a complete lack of interest through to the more recent, optimistic belief in the coming restoration of God's kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson2005-136">[136]</a> Historically, however, they have been <a href="/wiki/Premillennial_dispensationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Premillennial dispensationalism">premillennial dispensationalists</a> believing in a <a href="/wiki/Pretribulation_rapture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pretribulation rapture">pretribulation rapture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-duffieldvancleave-137">[137]</a> Pre-tribulation rapture theology was popularized extensively in the 1830s by <a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_Darby" title="John Nelson Darby">John Nelson Darby</a>,<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> and further popularized in the United States in the early 20th century by the wide circulation of the <a href="/wiki/Scofield_Reference_Bible" title="Scofield Reference Bible">Scofield Reference Bible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spiritual_gifts">Spiritual gifts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Spiritual gifts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_gifts" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual gifts">Spiritual gifts</a></div> Pentecostals are <a href="/wiki/Continuationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuationism">continuationists</a>, meaning they believe that all of the spiritual gifts, including the miraculous or "sign gifts", found in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20corinthians%2012:4-11&version=ESV">1 Corinthians 12:4–11</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20corinthians%2012:27-31&version=ESV">12:27–31</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%2012:3-8&version=ESV">Romans 12:3–8</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ephesians%204:7-16&version=ESV">Ephesians 4:7–16</a> continue to operate within the Church in the present time.<a href="#cite_note-foundations331-140">[140]</a> Pentecostals place the gifts of the Spirit in context with the <a href="/wiki/Fruit_of_the_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit of the Spirit">fruit of the Spirit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-foundations300-302-141">[141]</a> The fruit of the Spirit is the result of the new birth and continuing to abide in Christ. It is by the fruit exhibited that spiritual character is assessed. Spiritual gifts are received as a result of the baptism with the Holy Spirit. As gifts freely given by the Holy Spirit, they cannot be earned or merited, and they are not appropriate criteria with which to evaluate one's spiritual life or maturity.<a href="#cite_note-foundations332-142">[142]</a> Pentecostals see in the biblical writings of Paul an emphasis on having both character and power, exercising the gifts in love. Just as fruit should be evident in the life of every Christian, Pentecostals believe that every Spirit-filled believer is given some capacity for the manifestation of the Spirit.<a href="#cite_note-foundations333-143">[143]</a> The exercise of a gift is considered to be a manifestation of the Spirit, not of the gifted person, and though the gifts operate through people, they are primarily gifts given to the Church.<a href="#cite_note-foundations332-142">[142]</a> They are valuable only when they minister spiritual profit and edification to the body of Christ. Pentecostal writers point out that the lists of spiritual gifts in the New Testament do not seem to be exhaustive. It is generally believed that there are as many gifts as there are useful ministries and functions in the Church.<a href="#cite_note-foundations333-143">[143]</a> A spiritual gift is often exercised in partnership with another gift. For example, in a Pentecostal church service, the gift of tongues might be exercised followed by the operation of the gift of interpretation. According to Pentecostals, all manifestations of the Spirit are to be judged by the church. This is made possible, in part, by the gift of <a href="/wiki/Discerning_of_spirits" class="mw-redirect" title="Discerning of spirits">discerning of spirits</a>, which is the capacity for discerning the source of a spiritual manifestation—whether from the Holy Spirit, an evil spirit, or from the human spirit.<a href="#cite_note-foundations340-144">[144]</a> While Pentecostals believe in the current operation of all the spiritual gifts within the church, their teaching on some of these gifts has generated more controversy and interest than others. There are different ways in which the gifts have been grouped. W. R. Jones<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> suggests three categories, illumination (Word of Wisdom, word of knowledge, discerning of spirits), action (Faith, working of miracles and gifts of healings) and communication (Prophecy, tongues and interpretation of tongues). Duffield and Van Cleave use two categories: the vocal and the power gifts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vocal_gifts">Vocal gifts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vocal gifts">edit</a>]</div> The gifts of prophecy, tongues, interpretation of tongues, and words of wisdom and knowledge are called the vocal gifts.<a href="#cite_note-foundations335-146">[146]</a> Pentecostals look to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Corinthians%2014&version=ESV">1 Corinthians 14</a> for instructions on the proper use of the spiritual gifts, especially the vocal ones. Pentecostals believe that prophecy is the vocal gift of preference, a view derived from 1 Corinthians 14. Some teach that the gift of tongues is equal to the gift of prophecy when tongues are interpreted.<a href="#cite_note-foundations344-147">[147]</a> Prophetic and glossolalic utterances are not to replace the preaching of the Word of God<a href="#cite_note-foundations346-148">[148]</a> nor to be considered as equal to or superseding the written Word of God, which is the final authority for determining teaching and doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Word_of_wisdom_and_word_of_knowledge">Word of wisdom and word of knowledge</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Word of wisdom and word of knowledge">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Word_of_wisdom" title="Word of wisdom">Word of wisdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Word_of_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Word of knowledge">Word of knowledge</a></div> Pentecostals understand the word of wisdom and the word of knowledge to be supernatural revelations of wisdom and knowledge by the Holy Spirit. The word of wisdom is defined as a revelation of the Holy Spirit that applies scriptural wisdom to a specific situation that a Christian community faces.<a href="#cite_note-NIDPCMCWisdom-150">[150]</a> The word of knowledge is often defined as the ability of one person to know what God is currently doing or intends to do in the life of another person.<a href="#cite_note-NIDPCMCKnowledgeTradition-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Prophecy">Prophecy</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Prophecy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></div> Pentecostals agree with the Protestant principle of <a href="/wiki/Sola_Scriptura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sola Scriptura">sola Scriptura</a>. The Bible is the "all sufficient rule for faith and practice"; it is "fixed, finished, and objective revelation".<a href="#cite_note-WritProph26-152">[152]</a> Alongside this high regard for the authority of scripture is a belief that the gift of prophecy continues to operate within the Church. Pentecostal theologians Duffield and van Cleave described the gift of prophecy in the following manner: "Normally, in the operation of the gift of prophecy, the Spirit heavily anoints the believer to speak forth to the body not premeditated words, but words the Spirit supplies spontaneously in order to uplift and encourage, incite to faithful obedience and service, and to bring comfort and consolation."<a href="#cite_note-foundations340-144">[144]</a> Any Spirit-filled Christian, according to Pentecostal theology, has the potential, as with all the gifts, to prophesy. Sometimes, prophecy can overlap with preaching "where great unpremeditated truth or application is provided by the Spirit, or where special revelation is given beforehand in prayer and is empowered in the delivery".<a href="#cite_note-foundations347-153">[153]</a> While a prophetic utterance at times might foretell future events, this is not the primary purpose of Pentecostal prophecy and is never to be used for personal guidance. For Pentecostals, prophetic utterances are <a href="/wiki/Fallible" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallible">fallible</a>, i.e. subject to error.<a href="#cite_note-foundations346-148">[148]</a> Pentecostals teach that believers must discern whether the utterance has edifying value for themselves and the local church.<a href="#cite_note-foundations354-154">[154]</a> Because prophecies are subject to the judgement and discernment of other Christians, most Pentecostals teach that prophetic utterances should never be spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">first person</a> (e.g. "I, the Lord") but always in the third person (e.g. "Thus saith the Lord" or "The Lord would have...").<a href="#cite_note-foundations355-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Tongues_and_interpretation">Tongues and interpretation</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tongues and interpretation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centro_de_Fe_Emanuel,_culto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Centro_de_Fe_Emanuel%2C_culto.jpg/300px-Centro_de_Fe_Emanuel%2C_culto.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Centro_de_Fe_Emanuel%2C_culto.jpg/450px-Centro_de_Fe_Emanuel%2C_culto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Centro_de_Fe_Emanuel%2C_culto.jpg/600px-Centro_de_Fe_Emanuel%2C_culto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Pentecostals pray in tongues at an Assemblies of God church in <a href="/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn" title="Cancún">Cancún</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></figcaption></figure> A Pentecostal believer in a spiritual experience may vocalize fluent, unintelligible utterances (<a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">glossolalia</a>) or articulate a natural language previously unknown to them (<a href="/wiki/Xenoglossy" title="Xenoglossy">xenoglossy</a>). Commonly termed "speaking in tongues", this vocal phenomenon is believed by Pentecostals to include an endless variety of languages. According to Pentecostal theology, the language spoken (1) may be an unlearned human language, such as the Bible claims happened on the Day of Pentecost, or (2) it might be of heavenly (<a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angelic</a>) origin. In the first case, tongues could work as a sign by which witness is given to the unsaved. In the second case, tongues are used for praise and prayer when the mind is superseded and "the speaker in tongues speaks to God, speaks mysteries, and ... no one understands him".<a href="#cite_note-foundations341-156">[156]</a> Within Pentecostalism, there is a belief that speaking in tongues serves two functions. Tongues as the initial evidence of the third work of grace, baptism with the Holy Spirit,<a href="#cite_note-TWTHS2002-6">[6]</a> and in individual prayer serves a different purpose than tongues as a spiritual gift.<a href="#cite_note-foundations341-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-emergingmagisteriumpg177-157">[157]</a> All Spirit-filled believers, according to initial evidence proponents, will speak in tongues when baptized in the Spirit and, thereafter, will be able to express prayer and praise to God in an unknown tongue. This type of tongue speaking forms an important part of many Pentecostals' personal daily devotions. When used in this way, it is referred to as a "prayer language" as the believer is speaking unknown languages not for the purpose of communicating with others but for "communication between the soul and God".<a href="#cite_note-emergingmagisteriumpg174-175-158">[158]</a> Its purpose is for the spiritual edification of the individual. Pentecostals believe the private use of tongues in prayer (i.e. "prayer in the Spirit") "promotes a deepening of the prayer life and the spiritual development of the personality". From <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%208:26-27&version=NIV">Romans 8:26–27</a>, Pentecostals believe that the Spirit <a href="/wiki/Intercession" title="Intercession">intercedes</a> for believers through tongues; in other words, when a believer prays in an unknown tongue, the Holy Spirit is supernaturally directing the believer's prayer.<a href="#cite_note-foundations345-159">[159]</a> Besides acting as a prayer language, tongues also function as the gift of tongues. Not all Spirit-filled believers possess the gift of tongues. Its purpose is for gifted persons to publicly "speak with God in praise, to pray or sing in the Spirit, or to speak forth in the congregation".<a href="#cite_note-foundations342-160">[160]</a> There is a division among Pentecostals on the relationship between the gifts of tongues and prophecy.<a href="#cite_note-divisionontongues-161">[161]</a> One school of thought believes that the gift of tongues is always directed from man to God, in which case it is always prayer or praise spoken to God but in the hearing of the entire congregation for encouragement and consolation. Another school of thought believes that the gift of tongues can be prophetic, in which case the believer delivers a "message in tongues"—a prophetic utterance given under the influence of the Holy Spirit—to a congregation. Whether prophetic or not, however, Pentecostals are agreed that all public utterances in an unknown tongue must be interpreted in the language of the gathered Christians.<a href="#cite_note-foundations346-148">[148]</a> This is accomplished by the <a href="/wiki/Interpretation_of_tongues" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpretation of tongues">gift of interpretation</a>, and this gift can be exercised by the same individual who first delivered the message (if he or she possesses the gift of interpretation) or by another individual who possesses the required gift. If a person with the gift of tongues is not sure that a person with the gift of interpretation is present and is unable to interpret the utterance themself, then the person should not speak.<a href="#cite_note-foundations346-148">[148]</a> Pentecostals teach that those with the gift of tongues should pray for the gift of interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-foundations342-160">[160]</a> Pentecostals do not require that an interpretation be a literal word-for-word translation of a glossolalic utterance. Rather, as the word "interpretation" implies, Pentecostals expect only an accurate explanation of the utterance's meaning.<a href="#cite_note-foundations343-162">[162]</a> Besides the gift of tongues, Pentecostals may also use glossolalia as a form of praise and worship in corporate settings. Pentecostals in a church service may pray aloud in tongues while others pray simultaneously in the common language of the gathered Christians.<a href="#cite_note-Crossroads83-163">[163]</a> This use of glossolalia is seen as an acceptable form of prayer and therefore requires no interpretation. Congregations may also corporately sing in tongues, a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Singing_in_the_Spirit" title="Singing in the Spirit">singing in the Spirit</a>. Speaking in tongues is not universal among Pentecostal Christians. In 2006, a ten-country survey by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Forum">Pew Forum</a> on Religion and Public Life found that 49 percent of Pentecostals in the US, 50 percent in Brazil, 41 percent in South Africa, and 54 percent in India said they "never" speak or pray in tongues.<a href="#cite_note-Pew16-17-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Power_gifts">Power gifts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Power gifts">edit</a>]</div> The gifts of power are distinct from the vocal gifts in that they do not involve utterance. Included in this category are the gift of faith, <a href="/wiki/Gifts_of_healing" title="Gifts of healing">gifts of healing</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gift_of_miracles" title="Gift of miracles">gift of miracles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GeeGifts49-164">[164]</a> The gift of faith (sometimes called "special" faith) is different from "saving faith" and normal Christian faith in its degree and application.<a href="#cite_note-foundations336-165">[165]</a> This type of faith is a manifestation of the Spirit granted only to certain individuals "in times of special crisis or opportunity" and endues them with "a divine certainty ... that triumphs over everything". It is sometimes called the "faith of miracles" and is fundamental to the operation of the other two power gifts.<a href="#cite_note-GeeGifts49-51-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trinitarianism_and_Oneness">Trinitarianism and Oneness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Trinitarianism and Oneness">edit</a>]</div> During the 1910s, the <a href="/wiki/Finished_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Finished Work">Finished Work Pentecostal</a> movement split over the nature of the <a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead</a> into two camps – Trinitarian and <a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Oneness Pentecostals">Oneness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson2004-8">[8]</a> The Oneness doctrine viewed the doctrine of the Trinity as <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The majority of Pentecostal denominations believe in the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, which is considered by them to be Christian <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a>; these include <a href="/wiki/Holiness_Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Holiness Pentecostal">Holiness Pentecostals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finished_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Finished Work">Finished Work Pentecostals</a>. Oneness Pentecostals are <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nontrinitarian">nontrinitarian</a> Christians, believing in the Oneness theology about God.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> In Oneness theology, the Godhead is not three <a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">persons</a> united by one <a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">substance</a>, but one God who reveals himself in three different modes. Thus, God relates himself to humanity as our Father within creation, he manifests himself in human form as the Son by virtue of his <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnation</a> as Jesus Christ (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/1_Timothy#3:16" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/1 Timothy">1 Timothy 3:16</a>), and he is the Holy Spirit (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#4:24" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 4:24</a>) by way of his activity in the life of the believer.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Oneness Pentecostals believe that Jesus is the name of God and therefore baptize in the name of Jesus Christ as performed by the apostles (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#2:38" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts 2:38</a>), fulfilling the instructions left by Jesus Christ in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#28:19" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 28:19</a>), they believe that Jesus is the only name given to mankind by which we must be saved (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#4:12" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts 4:12</a>). The Oneness doctrine may be considered a form of <a href="/wiki/Modalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modalism">Modalism</a>, an ancient teaching considered <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> by the Roman Catholic Church and other trinitarian denominations. In contrast, Trinitarian Pentecostals hold to the doctrine of the Trinity, that is, the Godhead is not seen as simply three modes or titles of God manifest at different points in history, but is constituted of three completely distinct persons who are co-eternal with each other and united as one substance. The Son is from all eternity who became incarnate as Jesus, and likewise the Holy Spirit is from all eternity, and both are with the eternal Father from all eternity.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship">Worship</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Worship">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Show_de_Hillsong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Show_de_Hillsong.jpg/200px-Show_de_Hillsong.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Show_de_Hillsong.jpg/300px-Show_de_Hillsong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Show_de_Hillsong.jpg/400px-Show_de_Hillsong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hillsong_Church" title="Hillsong Church">Hillsong Church</a>, a Pentecostal <a href="/wiki/Mega_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega church">mega church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australia, known for its <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music" title="Contemporary worship music">contemporary worship music</a></figcaption></figure> Traditional Pentecostal worship has been described as a "gestalt made up of prayer, singing, sermon, the operation of the gifts of the Spirit, altar intercession, offering, announcements, testimonies, musical specials, Scripture reading, and occasionally the Lord's supper".<a href="#cite_note-Johansson60-61-172">[172]</a> Russell P. Spittler identified five values that govern Pentecostal <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIDPCMSpirituality-173">[173]</a> The first was individual experience, which emphasizes the Holy Spirit's personal work in the life of the believer. Second was <a href="/wiki/Orality" title="Orality">orality</a>, a feature that might explain Pentecostalism's success in evangelizing nonliterate cultures. The third was spontaneity; members of Pentecostal congregations are expected to follow the leading of the Holy Spirit, sometimes resulting in unpredictable services. The fourth value governing Pentecostal spirituality was "otherworldliness" or <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a>, which was partly informed by Pentecostal eschatology. The final and fifth value was a commitment to biblical authority, and many of the distinctive practices of Pentecostals are derived from a <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">literal reading of scripture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIDPCMSpirituality-173">[173]</a> Spontaneity is a characteristic element of Pentecostal worship. This was especially true in the movement's earlier history, when anyone could initiate a song, chorus, or spiritual gift.<a href="#cite_note-Johansson50-51-174">[174]</a> Even as Pentecostalism has become more organized and formal, with more control exerted over services,<a href="#cite_note-Johansson56-57-175">[175]</a> the concept of spontaneity has retained an important place within the movement and continues to inform stereotypical imagery, such as the derogatory "<a href="/wiki/Holy_roller" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy roller">holy roller</a>". The phrase "Quench not the Spirit", derived from 1 Thessalonians 5:19, is used commonly and captures the thought behind Pentecostal spontaneity.<a href="#cite_note-foundations330-176">[176]</a> Prayer plays an important role in Pentecostal worship. Collective oral prayer, whether glossolalic or in the vernacular or a mix of both, is common. While praying, individuals may lay hands on a person in need of prayer, or they may raise their hands in response to biblical commands (<a href="/wiki/1_Timothy" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Timothy">1 Timothy</a> 2:8). The raising of hands (which itself is a revival of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Orans" title="Orans">orans</a> posture) is an example of some Pentecostal worship practices that have been widely adopted by the larger Christian world.<a href="#cite_note-Harvey&Goff-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Witham-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burns-179">[179]</a> Pentecostal musical and liturgical practice have also played an influential role in shaping <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship" title="Contemporary worship">contemporary worship</a> trends, popularized by the leading producers of Christian music<a href="#cite_note-OpentheDoors-180">[180]</a> from artists such as <a href="/wiki/Chris_Tomlin" title="Chris Tomlin">Chris Tomlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Smith" title="Michael W. Smith">Michael W. Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zach_Williams_(musician)" title="Zach Williams (musician)">Zach Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darlene_Zschech" title="Darlene Zschech">Darlene Zschech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matt_Maher" title="Matt Maher">Matt Maher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phil_Wickham" title="Phil Wickham">Phil Wickham</a>, Grace Larson, <a href="/wiki/Don_Moen" title="Don Moen">Don Moen</a> and bands such as <a href="/wiki/Hillsong_Worship" title="Hillsong Worship">Hillsong Worship</a>, Bethel Worship, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Culture" title="Jesus Culture">Jesus Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Grace_Churches" title="Sovereign Grace Churches">Sovereign Grace Music</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhromko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Zhromko.jpg/200px-Zhromko.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Zhromko.jpg/300px-Zhromko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Zhromko.jpg/400px-Zhromko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Pentecostals worshiping in <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></figcaption></figure> Several spontaneous practices have become characteristic of Pentecostal worship. Being "<a href="/wiki/Slain_in_the_Spirit" title="Slain in the Spirit">slain in the Spirit</a>" or "falling under the power" is a form of <a href="/wiki/Prostration" title="Prostration">prostration</a> in which a person falls backwards, as if fainting, while being prayed over.<a href="#cite_note-manifestations-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-AGAEcclesiology123-182">[182]</a> It is at times accompanied by glossolalic prayer; at other times, the person is silent.<a href="#cite_note-NIDPCMSpirituality-173">[173]</a> It is believed by Pentecostals to be caused by "an overwhelming experience of the presence of God",<a href="#cite_note-Crossroads85-183">[183]</a> and Pentecostals sometimes receive the baptism in the Holy Spirit in this posture.<a href="#cite_note-NIDPCMSpirituality-173">[173]</a> Another spontaneous practice is "dancing in the Spirit". This is when a person leaves their seat "spontaneously 'dancing' with eyes closed without bumping into nearby persons or objects". It is explained as the worshipper becoming "so enraptured with God's presence that the Spirit takes control of physical motions as well as the spiritual and emotional being".<a href="#cite_note-manifestations-181">[181]</a> Pentecostals derive biblical precedent for dancing in worship from <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Samuel">2 Samuel</a> 6, where <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> danced before the Lord.<a href="#cite_note-NIDPCMSpirituality-173">[173]</a> A similar occurrence is often called "<a href="/wiki/Running_the_aisles" title="Running the aisles">running the aisles</a>". The "Jericho march" (inspired by <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a> 6:1–27) is a celebratory practice occurring at times of high enthusiasm. Members of a congregation began to spontaneously leave their seats and walk in the aisles inviting other members as they go. Eventually, a full column forms around the perimeter of the meeting space as worshipers march with singing and loud shouts of praise and jubilation.<a href="#cite_note-NIDPCMSpirituality-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crossroads85-86-184">[184]</a> Another spontaneous manifestation found in some Pentecostal churches is <a href="/wiki/Holy_laughter" title="Holy laughter">holy laughter</a>, in which worshippers uncontrollably laugh. In some Pentecostal churches, these spontaneous expressions are primarily found in revival services (especially those that occur at <a href="/wiki/Tent_revival" title="Tent revival">tent revivals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">camp meetings</a>) or special prayer meetings, being rare or non-existent in the main services. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ordinances">Ordinances</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ordinances">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinance (Christian)">Ordinance (Christian)</a></div> Like other Christian churches, Pentecostals believe that certain rituals or ceremonies were instituted as a pattern and command by Jesus in the New Testament. Pentecostals commonly call these ceremonies <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinance (Christian)">ordinances</a>. Many Christians call these <a href="/wiki/Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments">sacraments</a>, but this term is not generally used by Pentecostals and certain other Protestants as they do not see ordinances as imparting grace.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-185">[185]</a> Instead the term <a href="/wiki/Sacerdotal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacerdotal">sacerdotal</a> ordinance is used to denote the distinctive belief that grace is received directly from God by the congregant with the officiant serving only to facilitate rather than acting as a <a href="/wiki/Conduit_(spiritualism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduit (spiritualism)">conduit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vicar" title="Vicar">vicar</a>. The ordinance of water <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> is an outward symbol of an inner conversion that has already taken place. Therefore, most Pentecostal groups practice <a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">believer's baptism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Immersion_baptism" title="Immersion baptism">immersion</a>. The majority of Pentecostals do not view baptism as essential for salvation, and likewise, most Pentecostals are Trinitarian and use the traditional Trinitarian baptismal formula. However, Oneness Pentecostals view baptism as an essential and necessary part of the salvation experience and, as non-Trinitarians, reject the use of the traditional baptismal formula. For more information on Oneness Pentecostal baptismal beliefs, see the following section on Statistics and denominations. The ordinance of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a>, or the Lord's Supper, is seen as a direct command given by Jesus at the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a>, to be done in remembrance of him. Pentecostal denominations, who traditionally support the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a>, reject the use of wine as part of communion, using grape juice instead.<a href="#cite_note-Sutton2020-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-AGAlcohol-187">[187]</a> Certain Pentecostal denominations observe the <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Christianity)" title="Ordinance (Christianity)">ordinance</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christian_head_covering" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian head covering">women's headcovering</a> in obedience to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2011:4–13&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 11:4–13</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brereton2002-188">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">Foot washing</a> is also held as an ordinance by some Pentecostals.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> It is considered an "ordinance of humility" because Jesus showed humility when washing his disciples' feet in John 13:14–17.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-185">[185]</a> Other Pentecostals do not consider it an ordinance; however, they may still recognize spiritual value in the practice.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics_and_denominations">Statistics and denominations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Statistics and denominations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations#Pentecostalism" title="List of Christian denominations">List of Christian denominations § Pentecostalism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pentecostal_churches" title="List of Pentecostal churches">List of Pentecostal churches</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravensburg_Freie_Christengemeinde_Saal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ravensburg_Freie_Christengemeinde_Saal.jpg/170px-Ravensburg_Freie_Christengemeinde_Saal.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ravensburg_Freie_Christengemeinde_Saal.jpg/255px-Ravensburg_Freie_Christengemeinde_Saal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ravensburg_Freie_Christengemeinde_Saal.jpg/340px-Ravensburg_Freie_Christengemeinde_Saal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A Pentecostal church in <a href="/wiki/Ravensburg,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravensburg, Germany">Ravensburg, Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sein%C3%A4joki_Pentecostal_Church_October_2022_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sein%C3%A4joki_Pentecostal_Church_October_2022_01.jpg/170px-Sein%C3%A4joki_Pentecostal_Church_October_2022_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sein%C3%A4joki_Pentecostal_Church_October_2022_01.jpg/255px-Sein%C3%A4joki_Pentecostal_Church_October_2022_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sein%C3%A4joki_Pentecostal_Church_October_2022_01.jpg/340px-Sein%C3%A4joki_Pentecostal_Church_October_2022_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A modern Pentecostal church in <a href="/wiki/Sein%C3%A4joki" title="Seinäjoki">Seinäjoki</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pastoresycolombia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pastoresycolombia.jpg/170px-Pastoresycolombia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pastoresycolombia.jpg/255px-Pastoresycolombia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pastoresycolombia.jpg/340px-Pastoresycolombia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>Pentecostal pastors pray over the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Colombia" title="Flag of Colombia">Colombian flag</a>.</figcaption></figure> According to various scholars and sources, Pentecostalism is the fastest-growing <a href="/wiki/Religious_movement" title="Religious movement">religious movement</a> in the world;<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> this growth is primarily due to <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">religious conversion to Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Center" title="Pulitzer Center">Pulitzer Center</a> 35,000 people become Pentecostal or "<a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a>" every day.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> According to scholar Keith Smith of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_University" title="Georgia State University">Georgia State University</a> "many scholars claim that Pentecostalism is the fastest growing religious phenomenon in human history",<a href="#cite_note-Georgia_State_University-199">[199]</a> and according to scholar Peter L. Berger of <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a> "the spread of Pentecostal Christianity may be the fastest growing movement in the history of religion".<a href="#cite_note-Georgia_State_University-199">[199]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AFM_Word_And_Life_Boksburg_worship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/AFM_Word_And_Life_Boksburg_worship.jpg/260px-AFM_Word_And_Life_Boksburg_worship.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/AFM_Word_And_Life_Boksburg_worship.jpg/390px-AFM_Word_And_Life_Boksburg_worship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/AFM_Word_And_Life_Boksburg_worship.jpg/520px-AFM_Word_And_Life_Boksburg_worship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="967" /></a><figcaption>Worship service at the Word and Life Church in <a href="/wiki/Boksburg" title="Boksburg">Boksburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Faith_Mission_of_South_Africa" title="Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa">Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1995, David Barrett estimated there were 217 million "Denominational Pentecostals" throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-Synan286-200">[200]</a> In 2011, a <a href="/wiki/Pew_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Forum">Pew Forum</a> study of global Christianity found that there were an estimated 279 million classical Pentecostals, making 4 percent of the total world population and 12.8 percent of the world's Christian population Pentecostal.<a href="#cite_note-PewGlobalChristianity67-201">[201]</a> The study found "Historically Pentecostal denominations" (a category that did not include independent Pentecostal churches) to be the largest Protestant denominational family.<a href="#cite_note-PewGlobalChristianity70-202">[202]</a> The largest percentage of Pentecostals are found in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> (44 percent), followed by <a href="/wiki/The_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Americas">the Americas</a> (37 percent)<a href="#cite_note-a322-203">[203]</a> and Asia and the Pacific (16 percent).<a href="#cite_note-PewGlobalChristianity68-204">[204]</a> The movement is witnessing its greatest surge today in the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">global South</a>, which includes Africa, Central and Latin America, and most of Asia.<a href="#cite_note-movedbythespirit-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-britannica-206">[206]</a> There are 740 recognized Pentecostal denominations,<a href="#cite_note-NIDPCMGobalStatistics-207">[207]</a> but the movement also has a significant number of independent churches that are not organized into denominations.<a href="#cite_note-RestoringtheFaith-208">[208]</a> Among the over 700 Pentecostal denominations, 240 are classified as part of <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyan">Wesleyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holiness_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Holiness Movement">Holiness</a>, or "<a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodistic</a>" Pentecostalism. Until 1910, Pentecostalism was universally Wesleyan in doctrine, and Holiness Pentecostalism continues to predominate in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>. Wesleyan Pentecostals teach that there are three crisis experiences within a Christian's life: conversion, sanctification, and Spirit baptism. They inherited the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">holiness movement</a>'s belief in <a href="/wiki/Entire_sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Entire sanctification">entire sanctification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TWTHS2002-6">[6]</a> According to Wesleyan Pentecostals, entire sanctification is a definite event that occurs after salvation but before Spirit baptism. This inward experience cleanses and enables the believer to live a life of <a href="/wiki/Outward_holiness" title="Outward holiness">outward holiness</a>. This personal cleansing prepares the believer to receive the baptism in the Holy Spirit. Holiness Pentecostal denominations include the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Faith_Church" title="Apostolic Faith Church">Apostolic Faith Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvary_Holiness_Association" title="Calvary Holiness Association">Calvary Holiness Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congregational_Holiness_Church" title="Congregational Holiness Church">Congregational Holiness Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Gospel_Church" title="Free Gospel Church">Free Gospel Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">Church of God in Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Pentecostal_Holiness_Church" title="International Pentecostal Holiness Church">Pentecostal Holiness Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIDPCMGobalStatistics-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-fp1-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> In the United States, many Holiness Pentecostal clergy are educated at the Heritage Bible College in <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Gospel_Bible_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Gospel Bible Institute">Free Gospel Bible Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Murrysville,_Pennsylvania" title="Murrysville, Pennsylvania">Murrysville, Pennsylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-Melton2003-212">[212]</a> After <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Durham" title="William Howard Durham">William H. Durham</a> began preaching his <a href="/wiki/Finished_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Finished Work">Finished Work</a> doctrine in 1910, many Pentecostals rejected the Wesleyan doctrine of entire sanctification and began to teach that there were only two definite crisis experiences in the life of a Christian: conversion and Spirit baptism. These Finished Work Pentecostals (also known as "<a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptistic</a>" or "Reformed" Pentecostals because many converts were originally drawn from <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> backgrounds) teach that a person is initially sanctified at the moment of conversion. After conversion, the believer grows in grace through a lifelong process of progressive sanctification. There are 390 denominations that adhere to the finished work position. They include the <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Church_of_the_Foursquare_Gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="International Church of the Foursquare Gospel">Foursquare Gospel Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_of_God" title="Pentecostal Church of God">Pentecostal Church of God</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Open_Bible_Churches" title="Open Bible Churches">Open Bible Churches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIDPCMGobalStatistics-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-fp1-209">[209]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1904%E2%80%931905_Welsh_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="1904–1905 Welsh Revival">1904–1905 Welsh Revival</a> laid the foundation for British Pentecostalism including a distinct family of denominations known as Apostolic Pentecostalism (not to be confused with Oneness Pentecostalism). These Pentecostals are led by a hierarchy of living apostles, prophets, and other charismatic offices. Apostolic Pentecostals are found worldwide in 30 denominations, including the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Church_(1911_denomination)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Church (1911 denomination)">Apostolic Church</a> based in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-NIDPCMGobalStatistics-207">[207]</a> There are 80 Pentecostal denominations that are classified as Jesus' Name or <a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a> (often self identifying as "Apostolic Pentecostals").<a href="#cite_note-NIDPCMGobalStatistics-207">[207]</a> These differ from the rest of Pentecostalism in several significant ways. Oneness Pentecostals reject the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>. They do not describe God as three persons but rather as three manifestations of the one living God. Oneness Pentecostals practice <a href="/wiki/Jesus%27_Name_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus' Name doctrine">Jesus' Name Baptism</a>—water baptisms performed in the name of Jesus Christ, rather than that of the Trinity. Oneness Pentecostal adherents believe repentance, baptism in Jesus' name, and Spirit baptism are all essential elements of the conversion experience.<a href="#cite_note-restorefaith-213">[213]</a> Oneness Pentecostals hold that repentance is necessary before baptism to make the ordinance valid, and receipt of the Holy Spirit manifested by speaking in other tongues is necessary afterwards, to complete the work of baptism. This differs from other Pentecostals, along with evangelical Christians in general, who see only repentance and faith in Christ as essential to salvation. This has resulted in Oneness believers being accused by some (including other Pentecostals) of a "works-salvation" soteriology,<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> a charge they vehemently deny. Oneness Pentecostals insist that salvation comes by grace through faith in Christ, coupled with obedience to his command to be "born of water and of the Spirit"; hence, no good works or obedience to laws or rules can save anyone.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> For them, baptism is not seen as a "work" but rather the indispensable means that Jesus himself provided to come into his kingdom. The major Oneness churches include the <a href="/wiki/United_Pentecostal_Church_International" title="United Pentecostal Church International">United Pentecostal Church International</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Assemblies_of_the_World" title="Pentecostal Assemblies of the World">Pentecostal Assemblies of the World</a>. In addition to the denominational Pentecostal churches, there are many Pentecostal churches that choose to exist independently of denominational oversight.<a href="#cite_note-RestoringtheFaith-208">[208]</a> Some of these churches may be doctrinally identical to the various Pentecostal denominations, while others may adopt beliefs and practices that differ considerably from classical Pentecostalism, such as <a href="/wiki/Word_of_Faith" title="Word of Faith">Word of Faith</a> teachings or <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Now_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom Now Theology">Kingdom Now theology</a>. Some of these groups have been successful in utilizing the mass media, especially television and radio, to spread their message.<a href="#cite_note-varcon33-34-216">[216]</a> According to a denomination census in 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a>, the largest Pentecostal denomination in the world, has 450,106 churches and 86,143,293 members worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> The other major international Pentecostal denominations are the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Church_(1911_denomination)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Church (1911 denomination)">Apostolic Church</a> with 15,000,000 members,<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of God (Cleveland)">Church of God (Cleveland)</a> with 36,000 churches and 7,000,000 members,<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Foursquare_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="The Foursquare Church">The Foursquare Church</a> with 67,500 churches and 8,800,000 members,<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> and the United Pentecostal Church International with 45,521 church and 5,800,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> Among the censuses carried out by Pentecostal denominations published in 2020, those claiming the most members were on each continent: In <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Redeemed_Christian_Church_of_God" title="Redeemed Christian Church of God">Redeemed Christian Church of God</a>,<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> with 14,000 churches and 5 million members. In <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_USA" title="Assemblies of God USA">Assemblies of God USA</a> with 12,986 churches and 1,810,093 members.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> In <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/General_Convention_of_the_Assemblies_of_God_in_Brazil" title="General Convention of the Assemblies of God in Brazil">General Convention of the Assemblies of God in Brazil</a> with 12,000,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Bethel_Church" title="Indonesian Bethel Church">Indonesian Bethel Church</a> with 5,000 churches and 3,000,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a> of France with 658 churches and 40,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Christian_Churches" title="Australian Christian Churches">Australian Christian Churches</a> with 1,000 churches and 375,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment_from_the_social_sciences">Assessment from the social sciences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Assessment from the social sciences">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zora_Neale_Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Zora Neale Hurston">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peoples_Church_Dublin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Peoples_Church_Dublin.jpg/220px-Peoples_Church_Dublin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Peoples_Church_Dublin.jpg/330px-Peoples_Church_Dublin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Peoples_Church_Dublin.jpg/440px-Peoples_Church_Dublin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>This Pentecostalist centre of worship has incorporated a populist label into its name, the Peoples Church Dublin City</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a> performed anthropological and sociological studies examining the spread of Pentecostalism, published posthumously in a collection of essays called The Sanctified Church.<a href="#cite_note-Hurston-228">[228]</a> According to scholar of religion Ashon Crawley, Hurston's analysis is important because she understood the class struggle that this seemingly new religiocultural movement articulated: "The Sanctified Church is a protest against the high-brow tendency in Negro Protestant congregations as the Negroes gain more education and wealth."<a href="#cite_note-Hurston-228">[228]</a> She stated that this sect was "a revitalizing element in Negro music and religion" and that this collection of groups was "putting back into Negro religion those elements which were brought over from Africa and grafted onto Christianity." Crawley would go on to argue that the shouting that Hurston documented was evidence of what Martinique psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a> called the refusal of positionality wherein "no strategic position is given preference" as the creation of, the grounds for, social form.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rural_Pentecostalism">Rural Pentecostalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Rural Pentecostalism">edit</a>]</div> Pentecostalism is a religious phenomenon more visible in the cities. However, it has attracted significant rural populations in Latin America, Africa, and Eastern Europe. Sociologist David Martin<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> has called attention on an overview on the rural Protestantism in Latin America, focusing on the indigenous and peasant conversion to Pentecostalism. The cultural change resulting from the countryside modernization has reflected on the peasant way of life. Consequently, many peasants – especially in Latin America – have experienced collective conversion to different forms of Pentecostalism and interpreted as a response to <a href="/wiki/Modernization" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernization">modernization</a> in the countryside<a href="#cite_note-auto-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-diva-portal.org-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> Rather than a mere religious shift from folk Catholicism to Pentecostalism, Peasant Pentecostals have dealt with agency to employ many of their cultural resources to respond development projects in a modernization framework<a href="#cite_note-doi.org-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> Researching Guatemalan peasants and indigenous communities, Sheldon Annis<a href="#cite_note-auto-231">[231]</a> argued that conversion to Pentecostalism was a way to quit the burdensome obligations of the cargo-system. Mayan folk Catholicism has many fiestas with a rotation leadership who must pay the costs and organize the yearly patron-saint festivities. One of the socially-accepted ways to opt out those obligations was to convert to Pentecostalism. By doing so, the Pentecostal Peasant engage in a "<a href="/wiki/Penny_capitalism" title="Penny capitalism">penny capitalism</a>". In the same lines of moral obligations but with different mechanism economic self-help, Paul Chandler<a href="#cite_note-doi.org-235">[235]</a> has compared the differences between Catholic and Pentecostal peasants, and has found a web of reciprocity among Catholics <a href="/wiki/Compadrazgo" class="mw-redirect" title="Compadrazgo">compadres</a>, which the Pentecostals lacked. However, Alves<a href="#cite_note-diva-portal.org-232">[232]</a> has found that the different Pentecostal congregations replaces the compadrazgo system and still provide channels to exercise the reciprocal obligations that the peasant moral economy demands. Conversion to Pentecostalism provides a rupture with a socially disrupted past while allowing to maintain elements of the peasant ethos. Brazil has provided many cases to evaluate this thesis. Hoekstra<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> has found out that rural Pentecostalism more as a continuity of the traditional past though with some ruptures. Anthropologist Brandão<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> sees the small town and rural Pentecostalism as another face for folk religiosity instead of a path to modernization. With similar finding, Abumanssur<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> regards Pentecostalism as an attempt to conciliate traditional worldviews of folk religion with modernity. Identity shift has been noticed among rural converts to Pentecostalism. Indigenous and peasant communities have found in the Pentecostal religion a new identity that helps them navigate the challenges posed by modernity.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> This identity shift corroborates the thesis that the peasant Pentecostals pave their own ways when facing modernization. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies_and_criticism">Controversies and criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Controversies and criticism">edit</a>]</div> Various Christian groups have criticized the Pentecostal and charismatic movement for too much attention to <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical</a> manifestations, such as <a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">glossolalia</a> (which, for a believer, would be the obligatory sign of a <a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">baptism with the Holy Spirit</a>); along with falls to the ground, moans and cries during worship services, as well as <a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">anti-intellectualism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> A particularly controversial doctrine in the Evangelical Churches is that of the <a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">prosperity theology</a>, which spread in the 1970s and 1980s in the United States, mainly through Pentecostals and <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">charismatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Televangelist" class="mw-redirect" title="Televangelist">televangelists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> This doctrine is centered on the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Christian_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian faith">Christian faith</a> as a means to enrich oneself financially and materially through a "positive confession" and a contribution to Christian <a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">ministries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> Promises of <a href="/wiki/Divine_healing" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine healing">divine healing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">prosperity</a> are guaranteed in exchange for certain amounts of donation.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> Some pastors threaten those who do not <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithe</a> with curses, attacks from the devil and poverty.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> The collections of offerings are multiple or separated in various baskets or envelopes to stimulate the contributions of the faithful.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-connectionivoirienne.net-254">[254]</a> The offerings and the tithe occupies a lot of time in some worship services.<a href="#cite_note-connectionivoirienne.net-254">[254]</a> Often associated with the mandatory tithe, this doctrine is sometimes compared to a <a href="/wiki/Business_plan" title="Business plan">religious business</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> In 2012, the National Council of Evangelicals of France published a document denouncing this doctrine, mentioning that prosperity was indeed possible for a believer, but that this theology taken to the extreme leads to materialism and to <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>, which is not the purpose of the gospel.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> Pentecostal pastors adhering to prosperity theology have been criticized by journalists for their lavish lifestyle (luxury clothes, big houses, <a href="/wiki/High_end" class="mw-redirect" title="High end">high end</a> cars, private aircraft, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> In Pentecostalism, rifts accompanied the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">faith healing</a>. In some churches, pricing for prayer against promises of healing has been observed.<a href="#cite_note-auto-231">[231]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Pastors" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastors">pastors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelists</a> have been charged with claiming false healings.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> Some churches have advised their members against <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, stating that it is for those weak in the faith and that with a positive confession, they would be immune from the disease.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> Pentecostal churches that discourage the use of medicine have caused preventable deaths, sometimes leading to parents being sentenced to prison for the deaths of their children.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> This position is not representative of most Pentecostal churches.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] "The Miraculous Healing", published in 2015 by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Evangelicals_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Council of Evangelicals of France (page does not exist)">National Council of Evangelicals of France</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_national_des_%C3%A9vang%C3%A9liques_de_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Conseil national des évangéliques de France">fr</a>], describes <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> as one of the gifts given by God to humanity.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> Churches and certain evangelical humanitarian organizations are also involved in medical health programs.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> In Pentecostalism, health and sickness is understood holistically. They are not just physical, concurrently, psychological and spiritual, i.e. diseases and despair are from evil forces; devil, sin. Through spiritual intimacy with ultimate divinity any illness can be healed. Today's Pentecostals accept biomedicine, but believe that divine intervention heals even where biomedicine fails. But critics argue that Pentecostal healers induce merely a placebo effect. In the anthropological view, the placebo effect mirrors that humans are a "socio- psycho -physical entity", thus through symbolic manipulation i.e. strong belief on divinity, rituals and miracles, it may induce an actual healing effect on the physical level.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> In Pentecostalism, healing mainly is a spiritual experience.<a href="#cite_note-:0-272">[272]</a> Being worthy of having an intimacy with God (i.e. ability to confess, forgiveness) gives a cathartic effect<a href="#cite_note-:1-273">[273]</a> which leads to inner healing; accepting of self, healing from memories, which cleanse the root of emotional wounds and sufferings.<a href="#cite_note-:0-272">[272]</a> Divine healing also addresses socially born distresses; socio gender inequalities, racial hatreds which often emerge as physical ailments<a href="#cite_note-:1-273">[273]</a> by empowering patients. Pentecostalism's divine healing practice is frequently dismissed as emotional or illogical, yet anthropological research reveals its profound cultural and social significance. Hefner<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> demonstrates how deeply rooted Pentecostal healing is in the social structures of countries like Indonesia. Healing techniques are not superstitious; rather, they are an expression of, and response to local power structures and social hierarchies. By functioning as tools for negotiating social roles and upholding communal ties, they show that these activities address genuine social issues and are not isolated from ordinary life. Meyer<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> shows how Pentecostal healing has a similar entanglement with broader cultural frameworks. Giving them a sense of empowerment dispels the notion that these activities are only a means of escape and group support. The focus on divine healing frequently reflects cultural perspectives on health and wellbeing, where social and spiritual dimensions are vital to comprehending and regulating health. Even while Pentecostals occasionally choose not to receive traditional medical care, this decision is influenced by a larger cultural framework that places a high importance on spiritual guidance and communal support. Pentecostalism's doctrine belief in faith healing has been criticized for more than just its aversion to modern medicine, their tendency to attribute mental health conditions to demonic activity has also been questioned.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> Faith healing has been the subject of numerous studies with a vast number of scholars aiming to either debunk or prove the effects of its use. One study however aimed rather to explore faith healing as a social construction. The study tracked the healing progress of over 100 participants. Throughout the study a significant number of participants went on to redefine their problem, such as one woman whose original problem was severe back pain; however at the conclusion of the study, she claims her troublesome relationship with her son was healed. Further the study found a correlation between those who redefine their issue and those who are more likely to claim they were healed. These findings suggest that these healings may not be a result of divine intervention. Glik<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> stated that "redefinitions may mirror therapeutic processes of self-discovery" meaning these acts of faith healing may simply be the result of self-growth or the result of the restructure of one's world view as they progress into a religious world view. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: People">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forerunners">Forerunners</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Forerunners">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Boardman" title="William Boardman">William Boardman</a> (1810–1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Boddy" title="Alexander Boddy">Alexander Boddy</a> (1854–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Dowie" title="John Alexander Dowie">John Alexander Dowie</a> (1848–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Drummond_(1786%E2%80%931860)" title="Henry Drummond (1786–1860)">Henry Drummond</a> (1786–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Irving" title="Edward Irving">Edward Irving</a> (1792–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Murray_(minister)" title="Andrew Murray (minister)">Andrew Murray</a> (1828–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Palmer" title="Phoebe Palmer">Phoebe Palmer</a> (1807–1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Penn-Lewis" title="Jessie Penn-Lewis">Jessie Penn-Lewis</a> (1861–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evan_Roberts_(minister)" title="Evan Roberts (minister)">Evan Roberts</a> (1878–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Benjamin_Simpson" title="Albert Benjamin Simpson">Albert Benjamin Simpson</a> (1843–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Rain_(1880s_movement)" title="Latter Rain (1880s movement)">Richard Green Spurling</a> father (1810–1891) and son (1857–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Haldane_Stewart" title="James Haldane Stewart">James Haldane Stewart</a> (1778–1854)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaders">Leaders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Leaders">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._A._Allen" title="A. A. Allen">A. A. Allen</a> (1911–1970) – Healing tent evangelist of the 1950s and 1960s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiye_%C3%81vila" title="Yiye Ávila">Yiye Ávila</a> (1925–2013) – <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a> Pentecostal evangelist of the late 20th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ayo_Babalola" title="Joseph Ayo Babalola">Joseph Ayo Babalola</a> (1904–1959) – Oke – Ooye, Ilesa revivalist in 1930, and spiritual founder of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Apostolic_Church" title="Christ Apostolic Church">Christ Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Bonnke" title="Reinhard Bonnke">Reinhard Bonnke</a> (1940–2019) – Evangelist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Branham" title="William M. Branham">William M. Branham</a> (1909–1965) – American healing evangelist of the mid-20th century, generally acknowledged as initiating the post-World War II <a href="/wiki/Healing_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Healing Revival">healing revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Yonggi_Cho" title="David Yonggi Cho">David Yonggi Cho</a> (1936–2021) – Senior pastor and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Yoido_Full_Gospel_Church" title="Yoido Full Gospel Church">Yoido Full Gospel Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, the world's largest congregation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Coe" title="Jack Coe">Jack Coe</a> (1918–1956) – Healing tent evangelist of the 1950s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnie_Copeland" title="Donnie Copeland">Donnie Copeland</a> (born 1961) – Pastor of Apostolic Church of <a href="/wiki/North_Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="North Little Rock, Arkansas">North Little Rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> member of the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_House_of_Representatives" title="Arkansas House of Representatives">Arkansas House of Representatives</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Court" title="Margaret Court">Margaret Court</a> (born 1942) – Tennis champion in the 1960s and 1970s and founder of Victory Life Centre in <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>, Australia; become a pastor in 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Francescon" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Francescon">Luigi Francescon</a> (1866–1964) – Missionary and pioneer of the Italian Pentecostal Movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Gee" title="Donald Gee">Donald Gee</a> (1891–1966) – Early Pentecostal bible teacher in UK; "the apostle of balance"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Hinn" title="Benny Hinn">Benny Hinn</a> (born 1952) – <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Humbard" title="Rex Humbard">Rex Humbard</a> (1919–2007) – TV evangelist, 1950s–1970s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jeffreys_(pastor)" title="George Jeffreys (pastor)">George Jeffreys</a> (1889–1962) – Founder of the <a href="/wiki/Elim_Foursquare_Gospel_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Elim Foursquare Gospel Alliance">Elim Foursquare Gospel Alliance</a> and the Bible-Pattern Church Fellowship (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._W._Kenyon" title="E. W. Kenyon">E. W. Kenyon</a> (1867–1948) – A major leader in what became the Word of Faith movement; had a particularly strong influence on <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Hagin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Hagin">Kenneth Hagin</a>'s theology and ministry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Kuhlman" title="Kathryn Kuhlman">Kathryn Kuhlman</a> (1907–1976) – Evangelist who brought Pentecostalism into the mainstream denominations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Archie_Mangun" title="Gerald Archie Mangun">Gerald Archie Mangun</a> (1919–2010) – American evangelist, pastor, who built one of the largest churches within the <a href="/wiki/United_Pentecostal_Church_International" title="United Pentecostal Church International">United Pentecostal Church International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Harrison_Mason" title="Charles Harrison Mason">Charles Harrison Mason</a> (1864–1961) – the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_In_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of God In Christ">Church of God In Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McKeown_(missionary)" title="James McKeown (missionary)">James McKeown</a> (1937–1982) – Irish missionary in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Pentecost" title="The Church of Pentecost">The Church of Pentecost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Semple_McPherson" title="Aimee Semple McPherson">Aimee Semple McPherson</a> (1890–1944) – Evangelist, pastor, and organizer of the <a href="/wiki/International_Church_of_the_Foursquare_Gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="International Church of the Foursquare Gospel">International Church of the Foursquare Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fox_Parham" title="Charles Fox Parham">Charles Fox Parham</a> (1873–1929) – Father of the Apostolic Faith movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_du_Plessis" title="David du Plessis">David du Plessis</a> (1905–1987) – South-African Pentecostal church leader, one of the founders of the Charismatic movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_Roberts" title="Oral Roberts">Oral Roberts</a> (1918–2009) – Healing tent evangelist who made the transition to <a href="/wiki/Televangelism" title="Televangelism">televangelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Ida_Robinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop Ida Robinson">Bishop Ida Robinson</a> (1891–1946) – Founder of the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_Holy_Church_of_America" title="Mount Sinai Holy Church of America">Mount Sinai Holy Church of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Seymour" title="William J. Seymour">William J. Seymour</a> (1870–1922) – Father of Global and Modern Pentecostalism, Azusa Street Mission founder (<a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Swaggart" title="Jimmy Swaggart">Jimmy Swaggart</a> (born 1935) – TV evangelist, pastor, musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Jessup_Tomlinson" title="Ambrose Jessup Tomlinson">Ambrose Jessup ("AJ") Tomlinson</a> (1865–1943) leader of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">"Church of God"</a> movement from 1903 until 1923, and of a minority grouping (now called <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_of_Prophecy" title="Church of God of Prophecy">Church of God of Prophecy</a>) from 1923 until his death in 1943</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Wigglesworth" title="Smith Wigglesworth">Smith Wigglesworth</a> (1859–1947) – British evangelist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Woodworth-Etter" title="Maria Woodworth-Etter">Maria Woodworth-Etter</a> (1844–1924) – Healing evangelist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" 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Churches">List of Pentecostal and Full Gospel Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_Hymnal" title="Redemption Hymnal">Redemption Hymnal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewal_theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewal theologian">Renewal theologian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_handling_in_Christianity" title="Snake handling in Christianity">Snake handling in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Vondey_2017-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vondey_2017_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vondey_2017_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vondey_2017_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vondey_2017_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVondey2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Vondey" title="Wolfgang Vondey">Vondey, Wolfgang</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nR0lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107">"Part 1: Full Gospel Story – Healed: Manifesting Signs and Wonders"</a>. Pentecostal Theology: Living the Full Gospel. T&T Clark Systematic Pentecostal and Charismatic Theology (1st ed.). London and New York: <a href="/wiki/T%26T_Clark" title="T&T Clark">T&T Clark</a>. pp. 107–130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-38773-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-38773-8"><bdi>978-0-567-38773-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+1%3A+Full+Gospel+Story+%E2%80%93+Healed%3A+Manifesting+Signs+and+Wonders&rft.btitle=Pentecostal+Theology%3A+Living+the+Full+Gospel&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.series=T%26T+Clark+Systematic+Pentecostal+and+Charismatic+Theology&rft.pages=107-130&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-567-38773-8&rft.aulast=Vondey&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnR0lDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-survey-2"><a href="#cite_ref-survey_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190131201306/http://www.pewforum.org/2006/10/05/spirit-and-power/">"Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals"</a>. pewforum.org. The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. 5 October 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2006/10/05/spirit-and-power/">the original</a> on 2019-01-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pewforum.org&rft.atitle=Spirit+and+Power%3A+A+10-Country+Survey+of+Pentecostals&rft.date=2006-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2006%2F10%2F05%2Fspirit-and-power%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstone2013461-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingstone2013461_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLivingstone2013">Livingstone 2013</a>, p. 461. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%202:1–31&version=nrsv">Acts 2:1–31</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohler2011106–108-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohler2011106–108_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMohler2011">Mohler 2011</a>, pp. 106–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-TWTHS2002-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TWTHS2002_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TWTHS2002_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TWTHS2002_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TWTHS2002_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TWTHS2002_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TWTHS2002_6-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The West Tennessee Historical Society Papers – Issue 56. West Tennessee Historical Society. 2002. p. 41. <q>Seymour's holiness background suggests that Pentecostalism had roots in the holiness movement of the late nineteenth century. The holiness movement embraced the Wesleyan doctrine of "sanctification" or the second work of grace, subsequent to conversion. Pentecostalism added a third work of grace, called the baptism of the Holy Ghost, which is often accompanied by glossolalia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+West+Tennessee+Historical+Society+Papers+%E2%80%93+Issue+56&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=West+Tennessee+Historical+Society.&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FahlbuschBromiley1999-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FahlbuschBromiley1999_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FahlbuschBromiley1999_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Encyclopedia of Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 1999. p. 415. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11695-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11695-5"><bdi>978-90-04-11695-5</bdi></a>. <q>While in Houston, Texas, where he had moved his headquarters, Parham came into contact with William Seymour (1870–1922), an African-American Baptist-Holiness preacher. Seymour took from Parham the teaching that the baptism of the Holy Spirit was not the blessing of sanctification, but rather a third work of grace that was accompanied by the experience of tongues.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.pages=415&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11695-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson2004-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2004_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2004_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2004_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2004_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2004_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2004_8-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2004" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Allan (13 May 2004). An Introduction to Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity. Cambridge University Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53280-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53280-8"><bdi>978-0-521-53280-8</bdi></a>. <q>Those who resisted Durham's teaching and remained in the 'three-stage' camp were Seymour, Crawford and Parham, and Bishops Charles H. Mason, A.J. Tomlinson and J.H. King, respectively leaders of the Church of God in Christ, the Church of God (Cleveland) and the Pentecostal Holiness Church.... a more fundamental and acrimonious split erupted in 1916 over the doctrine of the Trinity. ... The 'New Issue' was a schism in the ranks of the 'Finished Work' Pentecostals that began as a teaching that the correct formula for baptism is 'in the name of Jesus' and developed into a dispute about the Trinity. It confirmed for Holiness Pentecostals that they should have no further fellowship with the 'Finished Work' Pentecostals, who were in 'heresy'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Pentecostalism%3A+Global+Charismatic+Christianity&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004-05-13&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53280-8&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinson1996-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levinson1996_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levinson1996_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinson1996" class="citation book cs1">Levinson, David (1996). Religion: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-865-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-865-9"><bdi>978-0-87436-865-9</bdi></a>. <q>The Finished Work Pentecostals believed that conversion and sanctification were a single act of grace. The Assemblies of God, created in 1914, became the first Finished Work denomination.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%3A+A+Cross-cultural+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-87436-865-9&rft.aulast=Levinson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schneider_2022-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_2022_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_2022_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_2022_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2022" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, Nicolas I. (2022). "Pentecostals/Charismatics". In Ross, Kenneth R.; Bidegain, Ana M.; Johnson, Todd M. (eds.). Christianity in Latin America and the Caribbean. Edinburgh Companions to Global Christianity. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. pp. 322–334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-9216-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-9216-4"><bdi>978-1-4744-9216-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctv2mzb0p5">10.3366/j.ctv2mzb0p5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pentecostals%2FCharismatics&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+Latin+America+and+the+Caribbean&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.series=Edinburgh+Companions+to+Global+Christianity&rft.pages=322-334&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3366%2Fj.ctv2mzb0p5%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-4744-9216-4&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Nicolas+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jenkins_2011-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins_2011_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins_2011_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Jenkins" title="Philip Jenkins">Jenkins, Philip</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rPBoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA101">"The Rise of the New Christianity"</a>. The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 101–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976746-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976746-5"><bdi>978-0-19-976746-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2010046058">2010046058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+the+New+Christianity&rft.btitle=The+Next+Christendom%3A+The+Coming+of+Global+Christianity&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=101-133&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2010046058&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976746-5&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrPBoAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freston_2008-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Freston_2008_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freston_2008_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreston2008" class="citation book cs1">Freston, Paul (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y5TCBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">"The Changing Face of Christian Proselytization: New Actors from the Global South"</a>. 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"The Globalization of Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity". <a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Anthropology" title="Annual Review of Anthropology">Annual Review of Anthropology</a>. 33. <a href="/wiki/Annual_Reviews_(publisher)" title="Annual Reviews (publisher)">Annual Reviews</a>: 117–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.32.061002.093421">10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093421</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1545-4290">1545-4290</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25064848">25064848</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145722188">145722188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Globalization+of+Pentecostal+and+Charismatic+Christianity&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=117-143&rft.date=2004-10&rft.issn=1545-4290&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145722188%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25064848%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.32.061002.093421&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_2000-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_2000_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_2000_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dana_L._Robert" title="Dana L. 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Retrieved 16 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Bulletin+of+Missionary+Research&rft.atitle=Shifting+Southward%3A+Global+Christianity+Since+1945&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=50-58&rft.date=2000-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152096915%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0272-6122&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F239693930002400201&rft.aulast=Robert&rft.aufirst=Dana+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalbulletin.org%2Fissues%2F2000-02%2F2000-02-050-robert.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZurloJohnsonCrossing2019" class="citation journal cs1">Zurlo, Gina A.; Johnson, Todd M.; Crossing, Peter F. (July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2396939319880074">"World Christianity and Mission 2020: Ongoing Shift to the Global South"</a>. International Bulletin of Mission Research. 44 (1): 16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2396939319880074">10.1177/2396939319880074</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2396-9393">2396-9393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Bulletin+of+Mission+Research&rft.atitle=World+Christianity+and+Mission+2020%3A+Ongoing+Shift+to+the+Global+South&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2019-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2396939319880074&rft.issn=2396-9393&rft.aulast=Zurlo&rft.aufirst=Gina+A.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Todd+M.&rft.au=Crossing%2C+Peter+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F2396939319880074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJens2016" class="citation book cs1">Jens, Koehrsen (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/9789004310148/B9789004310148-s001.xml">Middle class pentecostalism in Argentina: inappropriate spirits</a>. Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004310148_001">10.1163/9789004310148_001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31014-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31014-8"><bdi>978-90-04-31014-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/932618793">932618793</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181230233528/https://brill.com/view/book/9789004310148/B9789004310148-s001.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-30. 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Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-23120-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-23120-X"><bdi>0-631-23120-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46500201">46500201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pentecostalism%3A+the+world+their+parish&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46500201&rft.isbn=0-631-23120-X&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoehrsen2017" class="citation journal cs1">Koehrsen, Jens (2017-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsocrel%2Fsrx030">"When Sects Become Middle Class: Impression Management among Middle-Class Pentecostals in Argentina"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociology of Religion">Sociology of Religion</a>. 78 (3): 318–339. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsocrel%2Fsrx030">10.1093/socrel/srx030</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1069-4404">1069-4404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociology+of+Religion&rft.atitle=When+Sects+Become+Middle+Class%3A+Impression+Management+among+Middle-Class+Pentecostals+in+Argentina&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=318-339&rft.date=2017-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fsocrel%2Fsrx030&rft.issn=1069-4404&rft.aulast=Koehrsen&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fsocrel%252Fsrx030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Martin, Bernice. 2006. "The Aesthetics of Latin American Pentecostalism: the Sociology of Religion and the Problem of Taste". pp. 138–160, in Materialising Religion: Expression, Performance, and Ritual, edited by E. Arweck and W. J. F. Keenan. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Hallum, Anne M. 2002. "Looking for Hope in Central America: the Pentecostal Movement". pp. 225–239, in Religion and Politics in Comparative Perspective: The One, the Few, and the Many, edited by T. G. Jelen and C. Wilcox. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerSargeantFlory2013" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Donald E.; Sargeant, Kimon H.; Flory, Richard (15 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q2s4rYsLzb8C&q=pentecostalism+fastest+growing+in+the+world">Spirit and Power: The Growth and Global Impact of Pentecostalism</a>. OUP USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992057-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992057-0"><bdi>978-0-19-992057-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407223849/https://books.google.com/books?id=q2s4rYsLzb8C&q=pentecostalism+fastest+growing+in+the+world">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spirit+and+Power%3A+The+Growth+and+Global+Impact+of+Pentecostalism&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2013-08-15&rft.isbn=978-0-19-992057-0&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft.au=Sargeant%2C+Kimon+H.&rft.au=Flory%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq2s4rYsLzb8C%26q%3Dpentecostalism%2Bfastest%2Bgrowing%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bworld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeck2006119–122-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobeck2006119–122_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeck2006">Robeck 2006</a>, pp. 119–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlumhofer1993">Blumhofer 1993</a>, pp. 11–12: "Molded by a view of history that anticipated that an intense, brief recurrence of pristine New Testament faith and practice would immediately precede Christ's physical return to earth, early Pentecostalism is best understood as an expression of restorationist yearning that was shaped in significant ways by the hopes and dreams of disparate groups of late nineteenth-century restorationists [...]" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumhofer199311–12-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumhofer199311–12_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlumhofer1993">Blumhofer 1993</a>, pp. 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumhofer199318–19-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumhofer199318–19_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlumhofer1993">Blumhofer 1993</a>, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumhofer199330–31-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumhofer199330–31_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlumhofer1993">Blumhofer 1993</a>, pp. 30–31"Moody—whose influence permeated much of popular evangelicalism at the end of the century—used the phrase baptism in the Holy Spirit to describe a profound experience he claimed had altered his spiritual perception [...] Because Torrey believed that the baptism with the Holy Spirit alone would facilitate the evangelization of the world before Christ's return, he taught that Spirit baptism was mandatory [...] </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129052701/http://faithsaves.net/keswick-theology-continuationism-anti-cessationism-spiritual-gifts/">""Keswick Theology and Continuationism or Anti-Cessationism: Vignettes of Certain Important Advocates of Keswick or Higher Life Theology and their Beliefs Concerning Spiritual Gifts and Other Matters: William Boardman, Andrew Murray, Frederick B. 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Retrieved 2014-12-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Keswick+Theology+and+Continuationism+or+Anti-Cessationism%3A+Vignettes+of+Certain+Important+Advocates+of+Keswick+or+Higher+Life+Theology+and+their+Beliefs+Concerning+Spiritual+Gifts+and+Other+Matters%3A+William+Boardman%2C+Andrew+Murray%2C+Frederick+B.+Meyer%2C+Evan+Roberts+and+Jessie+Penn-Lewis%2C+A.+B.+Simpson%2C+John+A.+MacMillan%2C+and+Watchman+Nee%22%2C+in+The+Doctrine+of+Sanctification%2C+Thomas+D.+Ross%2C+Ph.+D.+Diss%2C+Great+Plains+Baptist+Divinity+School%2C+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaithsaves.net%2Fkeswick-theology-continuationism-anti-cessationism-spiritual-gifts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RestoringtheFaith20-24-29"><a href="#cite_ref-RestoringtheFaith20-24_29-0">^</a> Blumhofer 1993, pp. 20–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarfield1918" class="citation book cs1">Warfield, Benjamin Breckinridge (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23291413M/Counterfeit_miracles">Counterfeit miracles</a>. 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Basileia. 4 (1): 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Basileia&rft.atitle=Pentecostalism+and+the+Emphasis+on+the+Spirit%3A+A+Historical+Overview&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Marbaniang&rft.aufirst=Domenic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Synan145-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Synan145_70-0">^</a> Quoted in Synan 1997, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-Synan146-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Synan146_71-0">^</a> Quotes taken from Synan 1997, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-Synan147-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Synan147_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Synan147_72-1">b</a> Quotes taken from Synan 1997, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-Synan149-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Synan149_73-0">^</a> Synan 1997, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-Synan150-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Synan150_74-0">^</a> Synan 1997, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-Borlase2006-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Borlase2006_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorlase2006" class="citation book cs1">Borlase, Craig (2006). 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Charisma Media. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59185-908-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59185-908-6"><bdi>978-1-59185-908-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Seymour%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Charisma+Media&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59185-908-6&rft.aulast=Borlase&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Synan151-152-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Synan151-152_76-0">^</a> Synan 1997, pp. 151–152. </li> <li id="cite_note-Synan153-154-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Synan153-154_77-0">^</a> Synan 1997, pp. 153–154. </li> <li id="cite_note-Synan155-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Synan155_78-0">^</a> Synan 1997, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-Synan156-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Synan156_79-0">^</a> Synan 1997, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Blumhofer. The Assemblies of God. Vol 1. pp. 217–239 </li> <li id="cite_note-Synan157-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Synan157_81-0">^</a> Synan 1997, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-Synan158-160-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Synan158-160_82-0">^</a> Synan 1997, pp. 158–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-Synan160-161-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Synan160-161_83-0">^</a> Synan 1997, pp. 160–161. </li> <li id="cite_note-NIDPCMEvangelicalism-84"><a href="#cite_ref-NIDPCMEvangelicalism_84-0">^</a> The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements, s.v. "Evangelicalism". </li> <li id="cite_note-NIDPCMLatterRain-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIDPCMLatterRain_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIDPCMLatterRain_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIDPCMLatterRain_85-2">c</a> The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements, s.v. "Latter Rain Movement". </li> <li id="cite_note-fp159-160-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fp159-160_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fp159-160_86-1">b</a> Patterson and Rybarczyk 2007, pp. 159–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-NIDPCMCharisMovement-87"><a href="#cite_ref-NIDPCMCharisMovement_87-0">^</a> The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements, s.v. "Charismatic Movement". </li> <li id="cite_note-NIDPCMCharisMovementBefore1960-88"><a href="#cite_ref-NIDPCMCharisMovementBefore1960_88-0">^</a> The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements, s.v. "Charismatic Movement: A. Earliest Stirrings (Before 1960)". </li> <li id="cite_note-NIDPCMCharisMovement1960-1967-89"><a href="#cite_ref-NIDPCMCharisMovement1960-1967_89-0">^</a> The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements, s.v. "Charismatic Movement: B. The Emergence of the Movement (1960–1967)". </li> <li id="cite_note-Piepkorn1977-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Piepkorn1977_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiepkorn1977" class="citation book cs1">Piepkorn, Arthur Carl (1977). Profiles in Belief: The Religious Bodies of the United States and Canada. Harper & Row. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-066581-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-066581-4"><bdi>978-0-06-066581-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Profiles+in+Belief%3A+The+Religious+Bodies+of+the+United+States+and+Canada&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-06-066581-4&rft.aulast=Piepkorn&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RestoringtheFaith226-91"><a href="#cite_ref-RestoringtheFaith226_91-0">^</a> Blumhofer 1993, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-RestoringtheFaith236-92"><a href="#cite_ref-RestoringtheFaith236_92-0">^</a> Blumhofer 1993, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVondey2013" class="citation book cs1">Vondey, Wolfgang (2013). Pentecostalism: A Guide for the Perplexed. London and New York: Bloomsbury. pp. 1–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-52226-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-52226-9"><bdi>978-0-567-52226-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pentecostalism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=1-8&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-567-52226-9&rft.aulast=Vondey&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave198316–26-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave198316–26_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffieldVan_Cleave1983">Duffield & Van Cleave 1983</a>, pp. 16–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDayton19804-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDayton19804_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDayton1980">Dayton 1980</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983187-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983187_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffieldVan_Cleave1983">Duffield & Van Cleave 1983</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983258-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983258_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffieldVan_Cleave1983">Duffield & Van Cleave 1983</a>, p. 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983239-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983239_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffieldVan_Cleave1983">Duffield & Van Cleave 1983</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983225–251-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983225–251_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffieldVan_Cleave1983">Duffield & Van Cleave 1983</a>, pp. 225–251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaileyAker199450-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaileyAker199450_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaileyAker1994">Railey & Aker 1994</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983262-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983262_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffieldVan_Cleave1983">Duffield & Van Cleave 1983</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983524–525,_563–564-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983524–525,_563–564_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffieldVan_Cleave1983">Duffield & Van Cleave 1983</a>, pp. 524–525, 563–564. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstone2013431-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingstone2013431_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLivingstone2013">Livingstone 2013</a>, p. 431. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArrington19811–2-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArrington19811–2_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArrington19811–2_104-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFArrington1981">Arrington 1981</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew16-17-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pew16-17_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew16-17_105-1">b</a> The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewforum.org/2006/10/05/spirit-and-power/">Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190131201306/http://www.pewforum.org/2006/10/05/spirit-and-power/">Archived</a> 2019-01-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "While many renewalists say they attend religious services where speaking in tongues is a common practice, fewer tend to say that they themselves regularly speak or pray in tongues. In fact, in six of the ten countries surveyed, more than four-in-ten Pentecostals say they never speak or pray in tongues," pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983281–282-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983281–282_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983281–282_106-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffieldVan_Cleave1983">Duffield & Van Cleave 1983</a>, pp. 281–282. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983282-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983282_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffieldVan_Cleave1983">Duffield & Van Cleave 1983</a>, p. 282. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983308–309-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983308–309_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffieldVan_Cleave1983">Duffield & Van Cleave 1983</a>, pp. 308–309. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983309–310-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983309–310_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffieldVan_Cleave1983">Duffield & Van Cleave 1983</a>, pp. 309–310. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983312-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983312_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffieldVan_Cleave1983">Duffield & Van Cleave 1983</a>, p. 312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton2005139–140-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2005139–140_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorton2005">Horton 2005</a>, pp. 139–140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacchia200660-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacchia200660_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacchia2006">Macchia 2006</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983314–315-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983314–315_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffieldVan_Cleave1983">Duffield & Van Cleave 1983</a>, pp. 314–315. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983317-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983317_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffieldVan_Cleave1983">Duffield & Van Cleave 1983</a>, p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983317–318-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983317–318_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffieldVan_Cleave1983">Duffield & Van Cleave 1983</a>, pp. 317–318. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983320–321-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983320–321_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffieldVan_Cleave1983">Duffield & Van Cleave 1983</a>, pp. 320–321. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983323-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983323_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffieldVan_Cleave1983">Duffield & Van Cleave 1983</a>, p. 323. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983323–324-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983323–324_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffieldVan_Cleave1983">Duffield & Van Cleave 1983</a>, pp. 323–324. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983324–326-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983324–326_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983324–326_119-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffieldVan_Cleave1983">Duffield & Van Cleave 1983</a>, pp. 324–326. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983326-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983326_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffieldVan_Cleave1983">Duffield & Van Cleave 1983</a>, pp. 326. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983327-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983327_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffieldVan_Cleave1983">Duffield & Van Cleave 1983</a>, p. 327. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983327–329-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983327–329_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffieldVan_Cleave1983">Duffield & Van Cleave 1983</a>, pp. 327–329. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurdy1994489–490-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurdy1994489–490_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurdy1994">Purdy 1994</a>, pp. 489–490. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurdy1994494-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurdy1994494_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurdy1994">Purdy 1994</a>, pp. 494. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves201152-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves201152_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraves2011">Graves 2011</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurdy1994508–509-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurdy1994508–509_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurdy1994">Purdy 1994</a>, pp. 508–509. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurdy1994517–518-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurdy1994517–518_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurdy1994">Purdy 1994</a>, pp. 517–518. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurdy1994519-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurdy1994519_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurdy1994">Purdy 1994</a>, p. 519. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurdy1994520–521-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurdy1994520–521_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurdy1994">Purdy 1994</a>, pp. 520–521. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983401-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983401_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffieldVan_Cleave1983">Duffield & Van Cleave 1983</a>, p. 401. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983402-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983402_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffieldVan_Cleave1983402_131-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffieldVan_Cleave1983">Duffield & Van Cleave 1983</a>, p. 402. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESynan1997192-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESynan1997192_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSynan1997">Synan 1997</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrangwayes-Booth2013" class="citation news cs1">Strangwayes-Booth, Alex (16 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-23729684">"HIV patients 'told to rely on God'"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820032829/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-23729684">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=HIV+patients+%27told+to+rely+on+God%27&rft.date=2013-08-16&rft.aulast=Strangwayes-Booth&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-23729684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-foundations523-134"><a href="#cite_ref-foundations523_134-0">^</a> Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p. 523. </li> <li id="cite_note-foundations530-135"><a href="#cite_ref-foundations530_135-0">^</a> Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p. 530. </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson2005-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson2005_136-0">^</a> Thompson 2005 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0195178564.001.0001/acprof-9780195178562-chapter-3">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224085405/https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0195178564.001.0001/acprof-9780195178562-chapter-3">Archived</a> 2019-12-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-duffieldvancleave-137"><a href="#cite_ref-duffieldvancleave_137-0">^</a> Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, pp. 541–542. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlaisingBock1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_A._Blaising" title="Craig A. Blaising">Blaising, Craig A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Darrell_Bock" class="mw-redirect" title="Darrell Bock">Bock, Darrell L.</a> (November 1993). Progressive Dispensationalism. Wheaton, IL: <a href="/wiki/Baker_Publishing_Group" title="Baker Publishing Group">Bridgepoint Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-0512-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-0512-4"><bdi>978-1-4412-0512-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Progressive+Dispensationalism&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+IL&rft.pub=Bridgepoint+Books&rft.date=1993-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-0512-4&rft.aulast=Blaising&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rft.au=Bock%2C+Darrell+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> The Scofield Bible: Its History and Impact on the Evangelical Church, Magnum & Sweetnam. Pages 188–195, 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-foundations331-140"><a href="#cite_ref-foundations331_140-0">^</a> Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p. 331. </li> <li id="cite_note-foundations300-302-141"><a href="#cite_ref-foundations300-302_141-0">^</a> Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, pp. 300–302. </li> <li id="cite_note-foundations332-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foundations332_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foundations332_142-1">b</a> Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p. 332. </li> <li id="cite_note-foundations333-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foundations333_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foundations333_143-1">b</a> Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p. 333. </li> <li id="cite_note-foundations340-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foundations340_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foundations340_144-1">b</a> Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p. 340. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> P. S. Brewster 1976, p. 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-foundations335-146"><a href="#cite_ref-foundations335_146-0">^</a> Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p. 335. </li> <li id="cite_note-foundations344-147"><a href="#cite_ref-foundations344_147-0">^</a> Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p. 344. </li> <li id="cite_note-foundations346-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foundations346_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foundations346_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foundations346_148-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foundations346_148-3">d</a> Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p. 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> W. R. Jones in R. S. Brewster 1976. </li> <li id="cite_note-NIDPCMCWisdom-150"><a href="#cite_ref-NIDPCMCWisdom_150-0">^</a> The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements, s.v. "Wisdom, Word of". </li> <li id="cite_note-NIDPCMCKnowledgeTradition-151"><a href="#cite_ref-NIDPCMCKnowledgeTradition_151-0">^</a> The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements, s.v. "Knowledge, Word of: 3. The Word of Knowledge in Tradition". </li> <li id="cite_note-WritProph26-152"><a href="#cite_ref-WritProph26_152-0">^</a> Robeck, Jr. 1980, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-foundations347-153"><a href="#cite_ref-foundations347_153-0">^</a> Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p. 347. </li> <li id="cite_note-foundations354-154"><a href="#cite_ref-foundations354_154-0">^</a> Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p. 354. </li> <li id="cite_note-foundations355-155"><a href="#cite_ref-foundations355_155-0">^</a> Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p. 355. </li> <li id="cite_note-foundations341-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foundations341_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foundations341_156-1">b</a> Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p. 341. </li> <li id="cite_note-emergingmagisteriumpg177-157"><a href="#cite_ref-emergingmagisteriumpg177_157-0">^</a> Robeck 2003, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-emergingmagisteriumpg174-175-158"><a href="#cite_ref-emergingmagisteriumpg174-175_158-0">^</a> Robeck 2003, pp. 174–175. </li> <li id="cite_note-foundations345-159"><a href="#cite_ref-foundations345_159-0">^</a> Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p. 345. </li> <li id="cite_note-foundations342-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foundations342_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foundations342_160-1">b</a> Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p. 342. </li> <li id="cite_note-divisionontongues-161"><a href="#cite_ref-divisionontongues_161-0">^</a> Aker, Benny C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enrichmentjournal.ag.org/top/Holy_Spirit/200701.cfm">"The Gift Of Tongues In 1 Corinthians 14:1–5"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928015326/http://enrichmentjournal.ag.org/top/Holy_Spirit/200701.cfm">Archived</a> 2011-09-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enrichmentjournal.ag.org/">Enrichment Journal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100919022720/http://enrichmentjournal.ag.org/">Archived</a> 2010-09-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed May 24, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-foundations343-162"><a href="#cite_ref-foundations343_162-0">^</a> Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p. 343. </li> <li id="cite_note-Crossroads83-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Crossroads83_163-0">^</a> Poloma 1989, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-GeeGifts49-164"><a href="#cite_ref-GeeGifts49_164-0">^</a> Gee, Concerning Spiritual Gifts, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-foundations336-165"><a href="#cite_ref-foundations336_165-0">^</a> Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p. 336. </li> <li id="cite_note-GeeGifts49-51-166"><a href="#cite_ref-GeeGifts49-51_166-0">^</a> Gee, Concerning Spiritual Gifts, pp. 49–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Vinson Synan, The Century of the Holy Spirit: 100 Years of Pentecostal and Charismatic Renewal, 1901–2001 (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 2001), 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Talmadge French, Our God is One, Voice and Vision Publishers, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-888251-20-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-888251-20-3">978-1-888251-20-3</a>. The most recent and collegiate work was done by David S. Norris, PhD, "I Am: A Oneness Pentecostal Perspective.", Word Aflame Publishers, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56722-730-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56722-730-7">978-1-56722-730-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> See under "The Son in Biblical Terminology" in Chapter 5 of David Bernard <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/pentecostal/One-Top.htm">The Oneness of God [https://web.archive.org/web/20080216034825/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/pentecostal/One-Top.htm Archived</a> 2008-02-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on June 13, 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150817001820/http://www.upcbaypoint.com/onegodtruth.html">"The Truth About One God"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upcbaypoint.com/onegodtruth.html">the original</a> on 2015-08-17. Retrieved 2015-08-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Truth+About+One+God&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upcbaypoint.com%2Fonegodtruth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> The Truth About One God </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15047a.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: The Blessed Trinity"</a>. www.newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180123070514/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15047a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-23. Retrieved 2018-05-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+The+Blessed+Trinity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F15047a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johansson60-61-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Johansson60-61_172-0">^</a> Calvin M. Johansson in Patterson and Rybarczyk 2007, pp. 60–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-NIDPCMSpirituality-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIDPCMSpirituality_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIDPCMSpirituality_173-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIDPCMSpirituality_173-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIDPCMSpirituality_173-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIDPCMSpirituality_173-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIDPCMSpirituality_173-5">f</a> The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements, s.v. "Spirituality, Pentecostal and Charismatic". </li> <li id="cite_note-Johansson50-51-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Johansson50-51_174-0">^</a> Johansson, in Patterson and Rybarczyk 2007, pp. 50–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-Johansson56-57-175"><a href="#cite_ref-Johansson56-57_175-0">^</a> Johansson, in Patterson and Rybarczyk 2007, pp. 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-foundations330-176"><a href="#cite_ref-foundations330_176-0">^</a> Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p. 330. </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey&Goff-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Harvey&Goff_177-0">^</a> Paul Harvey and Philip Goff, The Columbia documentary history of religion in America since 1945 (Columbia University Press, 2005), 347. </li> <li id="cite_note-Witham-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Witham_178-0">^</a> Larry Witham, Who shall lead them?: the future of ministry in America (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, Jul 1, 2005), 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Burns_179-0">^</a> Stephen Burns, SCM Studyguide to Liturgy (Hymns Ancient & Modern Ltd, 2006), 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-OpentheDoors-180"><a href="#cite_ref-OpentheDoors_180-0">^</a> Evans 2006, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-manifestations-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-manifestations_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-manifestations_181-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ag.org/top/beliefs/sptlissues_manifestations.cfm">"Modern Day Manifestations of the Spirit"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090726123339/http://www.ag.org/top/Beliefs/sptlissues_manifestations.cfm">Archived</a> 2009-07-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, paper detailing the "common understanding of scriptural teaching" of the Assemblies of God USA. Accessed August 26, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-AGAEcclesiology123-182"><a href="#cite_ref-AGAEcclesiology123_182-0">^</a> Shane Jack Clifton, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/digitaltheses/public/adt-acuvp78.25092005/02wholex.pdf">"An Analysis of the Developing Ecclesiology of the Assemblies of God in Australia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091112031940/http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/digitaltheses/public/adt-acuvp78.25092005/02wholex.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-11-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [PhD thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2005], p. 205. Accessed August 26, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-Crossroads85-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Crossroads85_183-0">^</a> Poloma 1989, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-Crossroads85-86-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Crossroads85-86_184-0">^</a> Poloma 1989, pp. 85–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_185-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_–_Religion_&_Ethics2007" class="citation web cs1">BBC – Religion & Ethics (2007-06-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/pentecostal_1.shtml">"Pentecostalism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114125759/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/pentecostal_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2009-02-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pentecostalism&rft.date=2007-06-20&rft.au=BBC+%E2%80%93+Religion+%26+Ethics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fchristianity%2Fsubdivisions%2Fpentecostal_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sutton2020-186"><a href="#cite_ref-Sutton2020_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton2020" class="citation book cs1">Sutton, Geoffrey W. (17 September 2020). Counseling and Psychotherapy with Pentecostal and Charismatic Christians: Culture & Research | Assessment & Practice. Sunflower. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counseling+and+Psychotherapy+with+Pentecostal+and+Charismatic+Christians%3A+Culture+%26+Research+%7C+Assessment+%26+Practice&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Sunflower&rft.date=2020-09-17&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AGAlcohol-187"><a href="#cite_ref-AGAlcohol_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100215111649/http://ag.org/top/Beliefs/Position_Papers/pp_downloads/pp_4187_abstinence.pdf">"Abstinence: A Biblical Perspective on Abstinence"</a> (PDF). General Council of the Assemblies of God. Springfield, MO. 1985. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ag.org/top/Beliefs/position_papers/pp_downloads/pp_4187_abstinence.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2010-02-15. Retrieved 2009-03-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=General+Council+of+the+Assemblies+of+God&rft.atitle=Abstinence%3A+A+Biblical+Perspective+on+Abstinence&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1985&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ag.org%2Ftop%2FBeliefs%2Fposition_papers%2Fpp_downloads%2Fpp_4187_abstinence.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brereton2002-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Brereton2002_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBendrothBrereton2002" class="citation book cs1">Bendroth, Margaret Lamberts; Brereton, Virginia Lieson (2002). Women and Twentieth-century Protestantism. University of Illinois Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06998-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06998-7"><bdi>978-0-252-06998-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Twentieth-century+Protestantism&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06998-7&rft.aulast=Bendroth&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Lamberts&rft.au=Brereton%2C+Virginia+Lieson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> This view is held by the <a href="/wiki/United_Pentecostal_Church_International" title="United Pentecostal Church International">United Pentecostal Church International</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">Church of God in Christ</a>. For the UPCI, see under "The Church," in Essential Doctrines of the Bible, copyright 1990, by Word Aflame Press. For the COGIC, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cogic.com/doctrine.html">The Doctrine of the Church of God in Christ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100124083809/http://www.cogic.com/doctrine.html">Archived</a> 2010-01-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> For the <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_USA" title="Assemblies of God USA">Assemblies of God USA</a>'s position on ordinances, see Article 6 of its <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_Statement_of_Fundamental_Truths" title="Assemblies of God Statement of Fundamental Truths">Statement of Fundamental Truths</a> which only lists water baptism and holy communion. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerSargeantFlory2013" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Donald E; Sargeant, Kimon H; Flory, Richard, eds. (9 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199920570.001.0001/acprof-9780199920570">Spirit and Power: The Growth and Global Impact of Pentecostalism</a>. Oxford University Press Scholarship. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199920570.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199920570.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-934563-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-934563-2"><bdi>978-0-19-934563-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212919/https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199920570.001.0001/acprof-9780199920570">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2022. <q>Pentecostalism is the fastest-growing religious movement in the world</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spirit+and+Power%3A+The+Growth+and+Global+Impact+of+Pentecostalism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+Scholarship&rft.date=2013-09-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199920570.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-934563-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxford.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199920570.001.0001%2Facprof-9780199920570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonBergunderDroogers2012" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Allan; Bergunder, Michael; Droogers, Andre (9 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://california.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1525/california/9780520266612.001.0001/upso-9780520266612">Studying Global Pentecostalism: Theories and Methods</a>. University of California Press Scholarship. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcalifornia%2F9780520266612.001.0001">10.1525/california/9780520266612.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26661-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26661-2"><bdi>978-0-520-26661-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210719115608/https://california.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1525/california/9780520266612.001.0001/upso-9780520266612">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2022. <q>With its remarkable ability to adapt to different cultures, Pentecostalism has become the world's fastest growing religious movement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studying+Global+Pentecostalism%3A+Theories+and+Methods&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press+Scholarship&rft.date=2012-05-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fcalifornia%2F9780520266612.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26661-2&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft.au=Bergunder%2C+Michael&rft.au=Droogers%2C+Andre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1525%2Fcalifornia%2F9780520266612.001.0001%2Fupso-9780520266612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2002/08/03/witnessing-the-new-reach-of-pentecostalism/c91a9c71-5e4d-481f-9dd9-e3f98dc7fac3/">"Witnessing The New Reach of Pentecostalism"</a>. The Washington Post. 3 August 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721050141/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2002/08/03/witnessing-the-new-reach-of-pentecostalism/c91a9c71-5e4d-481f-9dd9-e3f98dc7fac3/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2022. <q>Pentecostalism is widely recognized by religious scholars as the fastest-growing Christian movement in the world, reaching into many different denominations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Witnessing+The+New+Reach+of+Pentecostalism&rft.date=2002-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flocal%2F2002%2F08%2F03%2Fwitnessing-the-new-reach-of-pentecostalism%2Fc91a9c71-5e4d-481f-9dd9-e3f98dc7fac3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mqup.ca/canadian-pentecostalism-products-9780773534575.php">"Canadian Pentecostalism"</a>. McGill–Queen's University Press. 9 February 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210719115608/https://www.mqup.ca/canadian-pentecostalism-products-9780773534575.php">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2022. <q>One of the most significant transformations in twentieth-century Christianity is the emergence and development of Pentecostalism. With over five hundred million followers, it is the fastest-growing movement in the world. An incredibly diverse movement, it has influenced many sectors of Christianity, flourishing in Africa, Latin America, and Asia and having an equally significant effect on Canada.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadian+Pentecostalism&rft.pub=McGill%E2%80%93Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2009-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mqup.ca%2Fcanadian-pentecostalism-products-9780773534575.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Elwell2017" class="citation book cs1">A. Elwell, Walter (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qsU4DgAAQBAJ&q=pentecostalism+fastest+religion+growing+movement+conversion&pg=PT1469">Evangelical Dictionary of Theology</a>. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-1077-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-1077-4"><bdi>978-1-4934-1077-4</bdi></a>. <q>Pentecostalism arguably has been the fastest growing religious movement in the contemporary world</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelical+Dictionary+of+Theology&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4934-1077-4&rft.aulast=A.+Elwell&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqsU4DgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpentecostalism%2Bfastest%2Breligion%2Bgrowing%2Bmovement%2Bconversion%26pg%3DPT1469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manilatimes.net/2017/11/18/opinion/columnists/topanalysis/protestantism-fastest-growing-religion-developing-world/363522/">"Protestantism: The fastest growing religion in the developing world"</a>. The Manila Times. 18 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210719120305/https://www.manilatimes.net/2017/11/18/opinion/columnists/topanalysis/protestantism-fastest-growing-religion-developing-world/363522">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2022. <q>At the heart of this religious resurgence are Islam and Pentecostalism, a branch of Protestant Christianity. Islam grew at an annual average of 1.9 percent between 2000 and 2017, mainly as the result of a high birth rate. Pentecostalism grew at 2.2 percent each year, mainly by conversion. Half of developing-world Christians are Pentecostal, evangelical or charismatic (all branches of the faith emphasize the authority of the Bible and the need for a spiritual rebirth). Why are people so attracted to it?.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protestantism%3A+The+fastest+growing+religion+in+the+developing+world&rft.pub=The+Manila+Times&rft.date=2017-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manilatimes.net%2F2017%2F11%2F18%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Ftopanalysis%2Fprotestantism-fastest-growing-religion-developing-world%2F363522%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/11/09/why-is-protestantism-flourishing-in-the-developing-world">"Why is Protestantism flourishing in the developing world?"</a>. The Economist. 18 November 2017. <q>Pentecostalism grew at 2.2 percent each year, mainly by conversion. Half of developing-world Christians are Pentecostal, evangelical or charismatic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Why+is+Protestantism+flourishing+in+the+developing+world%3F&rft.date=2017-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fthe-economist-explains%2F2017%2F11%2F09%2Fwhy-is-protestantism-flourishing-in-the-developing-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/pentecostalism-massive-global-growth-under-radar">"Pentecostalism: Massive Global Growth Under the Radar"</a>. Pulitzer Center. 9 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210720232316/https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/pentecostalism-massive-global-growth-under-radar">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2022. <q>Massive Growth Under the Radar: Each day, 35,000 people are born again through baptism with the Holy Spirit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pentecostalism%3A+Massive+Global+Growth+Under+the+Radar&rft.pub=Pulitzer+Center&rft.date=2015-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpulitzercenter.org%2Fstories%2Fpentecostalism-massive-global-growth-under-radar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Georgia_State_University-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Georgia_State_University_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Georgia_State_University_199-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1067&context=political_science_theses">"Max Weber and Pentecostals in Latin America: The Protestant Ethic, Social Capital and Spiritual Capital Ethic, Social Capital and Spiritual Capital"</a>. Georgia State University. 9 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721004302/https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&httpsredir=1&article=1067&context=political_science_theses">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2022. <q>The spread of Pentecostal Christianity may be the fastest growing movement in the history of religion (Berger 2009).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Max+Weber+and+Pentecostals+in+Latin+America%3A+The+Protestant+Ethic%2C+Social+Capital+and+Spiritual+Capital+Ethic%2C+Social+Capital+and+Spiritual+Capital&rft.pub=Georgia+State+University&rft.date=2016-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.gsu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1067%26context%3Dpolitical_science_theses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Synan286-200"><a href="#cite_ref-Synan286_200-0">^</a> Barrett's statistics found in Synan 1997, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-PewGlobalChristianity67-201"><a href="#cite_ref-PewGlobalChristianity67_201-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pew_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Forum">Pew Forum</a> on Religion and Public Life (December 19, 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Christian/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf">Global Christianity: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723134849/http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Christian/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-07-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-PewGlobalChristianity70-202"><a href="#cite_ref-PewGlobalChristianity70_202-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pew_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Forum">Pew Forum</a> 2011, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-a322-203"><a href="#cite_ref-a322_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaughrity2024" class="citation book cs1">Daughrity, D.B. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YVkcEQAAQBAJ&pg=PT44">Christ and Culture: A Global Perspective</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-04-015724-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-04-015724-4"><bdi>978-1-04-015724-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2024-11-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christ+and+Culture%3A+A+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-04-015724-4&rft.aulast=Daughrity&rft.aufirst=D.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYVkcEQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PewGlobalChristianity68-204"><a href="#cite_ref-PewGlobalChristianity68_204-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pew_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Forum">Pew Forum</a> 2011, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-movedbythespirit-205"><a href="#cite_ref-movedbythespirit_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPew_Forum_on_Religion_and_Public_Life2006" class="citation web cs1">Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life (2006-04-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewforum.org/events/?EventID=109">"Moved by the Spirit: Pentecostal Power and Politics after 100 Years"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081109202127/http://pewforum.org/events/?EventID=109">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-11-09. Retrieved 2008-09-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moved+by+the+Spirit%3A+Pentecostal+Power+and+Politics+after+100+Years&rft.date=2006-04-24&rft.au=Pew+Forum+on+Religion+and+Public+Life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpewforum.org%2Fevents%2F%3FEventID%3D109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-206"><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1B1-374862.html">"Pentecostalism"</a>. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. 2007. Retrieved 2008-12-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pentecostalism&rft.btitle=Britannica+Concise+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1B1-374862.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIDPCMGobalStatistics-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIDPCMGobalStatistics_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIDPCMGobalStatistics_207-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIDPCMGobalStatistics_207-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIDPCMGobalStatistics_207-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIDPCMGobalStatistics_207-4">e</a> The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements, s.v. "Part II Global Statistics". </li> <li id="cite_note-RestoringtheFaith-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RestoringtheFaith_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RestoringtheFaith_208-1">b</a> Blumhofer 1993, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-fp1-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fp1_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fp1_209-1">b</a> Rybarczyk in Patterson and Rybarczyk 2007, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2018" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon (7 December 2018). Religious Bodies in the U.S.: A Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-52353-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-52353-4"><bdi>978-1-135-52353-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Bodies+in+the+U.S.%3A+A+Dictionary&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-12-07&rft.isbn=978-1-135-52353-4&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2006" class="citation web cs1">Scott, Rebekah (5 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.post-gazette.com/local/westmoreland/2006/01/05/Murrysville-Bible-school-produces-teachers-preachers-prophets-and-apostles/stories/200601050316">"Murrysville Bible school produces teachers, preachers, prophets and apostles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617190715/https://www.post-gazette.com/local/westmoreland/2006/01/05/Murrysville-Bible-school-produces-teachers-preachers-prophets-and-apostles/stories/200601050316">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Murrysville+Bible+school+produces+teachers%2C+preachers%2C+prophets+and+apostles&rft.pub=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.date=2006-01-05&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Rebekah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Flocal%2Fwestmoreland%2F2006%2F01%2F05%2FMurrysville-Bible-school-produces-teachers-preachers-prophets-and-apostles%2Fstories%2F200601050316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melton2003-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Melton2003_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2003" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions. Gale. p. 450. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-6384-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-6384-1"><bdi>978-0-7876-6384-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Religions&rft.pages=450&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7876-6384-1&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-restorefaith-213"><a href="#cite_ref-restorefaith_213-0">^</a> Blumhofer 1993, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> See, for instance, Thomas A. Fudge: Christianity Without the Cross: A History of Salvation in Oneness Pentecostalism. 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Retrieved April 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Donnie+Copeland&rft.pub=arkansashouse.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkansashouse.org%2Fmember%2F355%2FDonnie-Copeland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrington1981" class="citation cs2">Arrington, French L. (Fall 1981), "The Indwelling, Baptism, and Infilling with the Holy Spirit: A Differentiation of Terms", <a href="/wiki/Pneuma:_The_Journal_of_the_Society_for_Pentecostal_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneuma: The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies">Pneuma: The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies</a>, 3 (1): 1–10, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157007481x00089">10.1163/157007481x00089</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pneuma%3A+The+Journal+of+the+Society+for+Pentecostal+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Indwelling%2C+Baptism%2C+and+Infilling+with+the+Holy+Spirit%3A+A+Differentiation+of+Terms&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157007481x00089&rft.aulast=Arrington&rft.aufirst=French+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumhofer1989" class="citation cs2">Blumhofer, Edith L. (1989), Pentecost in My Soul: Explorations in the Meaning of Pentecostal Experience in the Early Assemblies of God, Springfield, Missouri: Gospel Publishing House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88243-646-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88243-646-5"><bdi>0-88243-646-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pentecost+in+My+Soul%3A+Explorations+in+the+Meaning+of+Pentecostal+Experience+in+the+Early+Assemblies+of+God&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Gospel+Publishing+House&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-88243-646-5&rft.aulast=Blumhofer&rft.aufirst=Edith+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumhofer1989" class="citation cs2">Blumhofer, Edith L. (1989), The Assemblies of God:A Chapter in the Story of America Pentecostalism, Volume 1 – To 1941, Springfield, Missouri: Gospel Publishing House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88243-457-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88243-457-8"><bdi>0-88243-457-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Assemblies+of+God%3AA+Chapter+in+the+Story+of+America+Pentecostalism%2C+Volume+1+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BTo+1941&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Gospel+Publishing+House&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-88243-457-8&rft.aulast=Blumhofer&rft.aufirst=Edith+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumhofer1993" class="citation cs2">Blumhofer, Edith L. (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKuTIfCPeJwC&q=Restoring+the+Faith">Restoring the Faith: The Assemblies of God, Pentecostalism, and American Culture</a>, Urbana and Chicago, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06281-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06281-0"><bdi>978-0-252-06281-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restoring+the+Faith%3A+The+Assemblies+of+God%2C+Pentecostalism%2C+and+American+Culture&rft.place=Urbana+and+Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06281-0&rft.aulast=Blumhofer&rft.aufirst=Edith+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtKuTIfCPeJwC%26q%3DRestoring%2Bthe%2BFaith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgessVan_der_Maas2002" class="citation cs2">Burgess, Stanley M.; Van der Maas, Eduard M. (2002), The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements, Grand Rapids: Zondervan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+International+Dictionary+of+Pentecostal+and+Charismatic+Movements&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Stanley+M.&rft.au=Van+der+Maas%2C+Eduard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayton1980" class="citation cs2">Dayton, Donald W. (Spring 1980), "Theological Roots of Pentecostalism", Pneuma: The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies, 2 (1): 3–21, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157007480x00017">10.1163/157007480x00017</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pneuma%3A+The+Journal+of+the+Society+for+Pentecostal+Studies&rft.atitle=Theological+Roots+of+Pentecostalism&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-21&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157007480x00017&rft.aulast=Dayton&rft.aufirst=Donald+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffieldVan_Cleave1983" class="citation cs2">Duffield, Guy P.; Van Cleave, Nathaniel M. (1983), Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, Los Angeles: Foursquare Media, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59979-3368" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59979-3368"><bdi>978-1-59979-3368</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Pentecostal+Theology&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Foursquare+Media&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-1-59979-3368&rft.aulast=Duffield&rft.aufirst=Guy+P.&rft.au=Van+Cleave%2C+Nathaniel+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2006" class="citation cs2">Evans, Mark (2006), Open Up the Doors: Music in the Modern Church, London: Equinox Publishing Ltd., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84553187-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84553187-4"><bdi>978-1-84553187-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Up+the+Doors%3A+Music+in+the+Modern+Church&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84553187-4&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGee1980" class="citation cs2">Gee, Donald (1980), Concerning Spiritual Gifts, Springfield, Missouri: Gospel Publishing House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88243-486-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88243-486-1"><bdi>0-88243-486-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concerning+Spiritual+Gifts&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Gospel+Publishing+House&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-88243-486-1&rft.aulast=Gee&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves2011" class="citation cs2">Graves, Wilfred Jr. (2011), In Pursuit of Wholeness: Experiencing God's Salvation for the Total Person, PA: Destiny Image Publishers, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7684-3794-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7684-3794-2"><bdi>978-0-7684-3794-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Pursuit+of+Wholeness%3A+Experiencing+God%27s+Salvation+for+the+Total+Person&rft.place=PA&rft.pub=Destiny+Image+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7684-3794-2&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Wilfred+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyatt2006" class="citation cs2">Hyatt, Eddie (2006), Kilpatrick, Joel (ed.), The Azusa Street Revival: The Holy Spirit in America 100 Years, Lake Mary, Florida: Chrisma House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59979-005-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59979-005-3"><bdi>978-1-59979-005-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Azusa+Street+Revival%3A+The+Holy+Spirit+in+America+100+Years&rft.place=Lake+Mary%2C+Florida&rft.pub=Chrisma+House&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59979-005-3&rft.aulast=Hyatt&rft.aufirst=Eddie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorton2005" class="citation cs2">Horton, Stanley M. (2005), What the Bible Says about the Holy Spirit (revised ed.), Springfield, Missouri: Gospel Publishing House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88243-359-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88243-359-8"><bdi>0-88243-359-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+the+Bible+Says+about+the+Holy+Spirit&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Missouri&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Gospel+Publishing+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-88243-359-8&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=Stanley+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohansson2007" class="citation cs2">Johansson, Calvin M. (2007), "Music in the Pentecostal Movement", in Patterson, Eric; Rybarczyk, Edmund (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOSjBO-vVZQC">The Future of Pentecostalism in the United States</a>, New York: Lexington Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2102-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2102-3"><bdi>978-0-7391-2102-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Music+in+the+Pentecostal+Movement&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Pentecostalism+in+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-2102-3&rft.aulast=Johansson&rft.aufirst=Calvin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOSjBO-vVZQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingstone2013" class="citation cs2">Livingstone, E. A., ed. (2013), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacchia1996" class="citation cs2">Macchia, Frank D. (Spring 1996), "God Present in a Confused Situation: The Mixed Influence of the Charismatic Movement on Classical Pentecostalism in the United States", Pneuma: The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies, 18 (1): 33–54, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157007496x00047">10.1163/157007496x00047</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pneuma%3A+The+Journal+of+the+Society+for+Pentecostal+Studies&rft.atitle=God+Present+in+a+Confused+Situation%3A+The+Mixed+Influence+of+the+Charismatic+Movement+on+Classical+Pentecostalism+in+the+United+States&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-54&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157007496x00047&rft.aulast=Macchia&rft.aufirst=Frank+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacchia2006" class="citation cs2">Macchia, Frank D. (2006), Baptized in the Spirit: A Global Pentecostal Theology, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-25236-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-25236-8"><bdi>978-0-310-25236-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baptized+in+the+Spirit%3A+A+Global+Pentecostal+Theology&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-310-25236-8&rft.aulast=Macchia&rft.aufirst=Frank+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGee1999" class="citation cs2">McGee, Gary B. (September 1999), "'Latter Rain' Falling in the East: Early-Twentieth-Century Pentecostalism in India and the Debate over Speaking in Tongues", Church History, 68 (3): 648–665, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3170042">10.2307/3170042</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3170042">3170042</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162798722">162798722</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=%27Latter+Rain%27+Falling+in+the+East%3A+Early-Twentieth-Century+Pentecostalism+in+India+and+the+Debate+over+Speaking+in+Tongues&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=648-665&rft.date=1999-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162798722%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3170042%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3170042&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=Gary+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenzies2007" class="citation cs2">Menzies, William W. (2007), "The Reformed Roots of Pentecostalism", PentecoStudies, 6 (2): 78–99</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PentecoStudies&rft.atitle=The+Reformed+Roots+of+Pentecostalism&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=78-99&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Menzies&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohler2011" class="citation cs2">Mohler, Albert (2011), "Confessional Evangelicalism", in Naselli, Andrew; Hansen, Collin (eds.), Four Views on the Spectrum of Evangelicalism, Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-55581-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-55581-0"><bdi>978-0-310-55581-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Confessional+Evangelicalism&rft.btitle=Four+Views+on+the+Spectrum+of+Evangelicalism&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-310-55581-0&rft.aulast=Mohler&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoloma1989" class="citation cs2">Poloma, Margaret M. (1989), The Assemblies of God at the Crossroads: Charisma and Institutional Dilemmas, Knoxville, Tennessee: The University of Tennessee Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87049-607-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87049-607-7"><bdi>0-87049-607-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Assemblies+of+God+at+the+Crossroads%3A+Charisma+and+Institutional+Dilemmas&rft.place=Knoxville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=The+University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-87049-607-7&rft.aulast=Poloma&rft.aufirst=Margaret+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolomaGreen2010" class="citation cs2">Poloma, Margaret M.; Green, John C. (2010), The Assemblies of God: Godly Love and the Revitalization of American Pentecostalism, New York: New York University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Assemblies+of+God%3A+Godly+Love+and+the+Revitalization+of+American+Pentecostalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Poloma&rft.aufirst=Margaret+M.&rft.au=Green%2C+John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurdy1994" class="citation cs2">Purdy, Vernon L. (1994), "Divine Healing", in Horton, Stanley M. (ed.), Systematic Theology (revised ed.), Springfield, Missouri: Logion Press/Gospel Publishing House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88243-855-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88243-855-9"><bdi>978-0-88243-855-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Divine+Healing&rft.btitle=Systematic+Theology&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Missouri&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Logion+Press%2FGospel+Publishing+House&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-88243-855-9&rft.aulast=Purdy&rft.aufirst=Vernon+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaileyAker1994" class="citation cs2">Railey, James H. Jr.; Aker, Benny C. (1994), "Theological Foundations", in Horton, Stanley M. (ed.), Systematic Theology (revised ed.), Springfield, Missouri: Logion Press/Gospel Publishing House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88243-855-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88243-855-9"><bdi>978-0-88243-855-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theological+Foundations&rft.btitle=Systematic+Theology&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Missouri&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Logion+Press%2FGospel+Publishing+House&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-88243-855-9&rft.aulast=Railey&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=Aker%2C+Benny+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobeck1980" class="citation cs2">Robeck, Cecil M. Jr. (Fall 1980), "Written Prophecies: A Question of Authority", Pneuma: The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies, 2 (1): 26–45, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157007480x00080">10.1163/157007480x00080</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pneuma%3A+The+Journal+of+the+Society+for+Pentecostal+Studies&rft.atitle=Written+Prophecies%3A+A+Question+of+Authority&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26-45&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157007480x00080&rft.aulast=Robeck&rft.aufirst=Cecil+M.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobeck2003" class="citation cs2">Robeck, Cecil M. Jr. (Fall 2003), "An Emerging Magisterium? The Case of the Assemblies of God", Pneuma: The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies, 25 (2): 164–215, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157007403776113224">10.1163/157007403776113224</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pneuma%3A+The+Journal+of+the+Society+for+Pentecostal+Studies&rft.atitle=An+Emerging+Magisterium%3F+The+Case+of+the+Assemblies+of+God&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=164-215&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157007403776113224&rft.aulast=Robeck&rft.aufirst=Cecil+M.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobeck2006" class="citation cs2">Robeck, Cecil M. Jr. (2006), The Azusa Street Mission and Revival: The Birth of the Global Pentecostal Movement, Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Azusa+Street+Mission+and+Revival%3A+The+Birth+of+the+Global+Pentecostal+Movement&rft.place=Nashville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Robeck&rft.aufirst=Cecil+M.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faithsaves.net/sanctification-baptist-higher-life-3/">Ross, Thomas D., "The Doctrine of Sanctification." Ph. D. Diss., Great Plains Baptist Divinity School, 2015.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRybarczyk2007" class="citation cs2">Rybarczyk, Edmund (2007), "Introduction: American Pentecostalism: Challenges and Temptations", in Patterson, Eric; Rybarczyk, Edmund (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOSjBO-vVZQC">The Future of Pentecostalism in the United States</a>, New York: Lexington Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2102-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2102-3"><bdi>978-0-7391-2102-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+American+Pentecostalism%3A+Challenges+and+Temptations&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Pentecostalism+in+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-2102-3&rft.aulast=Rybarczyk&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOSjBO-vVZQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSynan1987" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/H._Vinson_Synan" title="H. Vinson Synan">Synan, Vinson</a> (Fall 1987), "Pentecostalism: Varieties and Contributions", Pneuma: The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies, 9: 31–49, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157007487x00047">10.1163/157007487x00047</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pneuma%3A+The+Journal+of+the+Society+for+Pentecostal+Studies&rft.atitle=Pentecostalism%3A+Varieties+and+Contributions&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=31-49&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157007487x00047&rft.aulast=Synan&rft.aufirst=Vinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSynan1997" class="citation cs2">Synan, Vinson (1997), The Holiness–Pentecostal Tradition: Charismatic Movements in the Twentieth Century, Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4103-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4103-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-4103-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holiness%E2%80%93Pentecostal+Tradition%3A+Charismatic+Movements+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4103-2&rft.aulast=Synan&rft.aufirst=Vinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWacker2001" class="citation cs2">Wacker, Grant (2001), Heaven Below: Earlier Pentecostals and American Culture, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven+Below%3A+Earlier+Pentecostals+and+American+Culture&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Wacker&rft.aufirst=Grant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Alexander, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cascadiapublishinghouse.com/ptw/ptw.htm">Peace to War: Shifting Allegiances in the Assemblies of God</a>. Telford, Pennsylvania: Cascadia Publishing/Herald Press, 2009.</li> <li>Alexander, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.josseybass.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470183969.html">Signs and Wonders: Why Pentecostalism is the World's Fastest Growing Faith</a>. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass, 2009.</li> <li>Blanton, Anderson. Hittin' the Prayer Bones: Materiality of Spirit in the Pentecostal South. (U of North Carolina Press, 2015) 222 pp</li> <li>Brewster, P. S. Pentecostal Doctrine. Grenehurst Press, United Kingdom, May 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905857-00-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-905857-00-8">978-0-905857-00-8</a>.</li> <li>Campbell, Marne L. "'The Newest Religious Sect Has Started in Los Angeles': Race, Class, Ethnicity, and the Origins of the Pentecostal Movement, 1906–1913", The Journal of African American History 95#1 (2010), pp. 1–25 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.95.1.0001">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Clement, Arthur J. Pentecost or Pretense?: an Examination of the Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements. Milwaukee, Wis.: Northwestern Publishing House, 1981. 255 [1] p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8100-0118-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8100-0118-7">0-8100-0118-7</a></li> <li>Clifton, Shane Jack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091112031940/http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/digitaltheses/public/adt-acuvp78.25092005/02wholex.pdf">"An Analysis of the Developing Ecclesiology of the Assemblies of God in Australia"</a>. PhD thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2005.</li> <li>Cruz, Samuel. Masked Africanisms: Puerto Rican Pentecostalism. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7575-2181-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7575-2181-9">0-7575-2181-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hollenweger" title="Walter Hollenweger">Hollenweger, Walter</a>. The Pentecostals: The Charismatic Movement in the Churches. Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1972. 255, [1] p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8066-1210-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8066-1210-X">0-8066-1210-X</a>.</li> <li>Hollenweger, Walter. Pentecostalism : Origins and Developments Worldwide. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-943575-36-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-943575-36-2">0-943575-36-2</a>.</li> <li>Knox, Ronald. Enthusiasm: a Chapter in the History of Religion, with Special Reference to the XVII and XVIII Centuries. Oxford, Eng.: Oxford University Press, 1950. viii, 622 pp.</li> <li>Lewis, Meharry H. Mary Lena Lewis Tate: Vision!, A Biography of the Founder and History of the Church of the Living God, the Pillar and Ground of the Truth, Inc. Nashville, Tennessee: The New and Living Way Publishing Company, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-910003-08-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-910003-08-4">0-910003-08-4</a>.</li> <li>Malcomson, Keith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pentecostalpioneers.org/catalog.html">Pentecostal Pioneers Remembered: British and Irish Pioneers of Pentecost</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140815030734/http://www.pentecostalpioneers.org/catalog.html">Archived</a> 2014-08-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2008.</li> <li>Mendiola, Kelly Willis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/53825039&referer=brief_results">OCLC 56818195 The Hand of a Woman: Four Holiness-Pentecostal Evangelists and American Culture, 1840–1930</a>. PhD thesis, University of Texas at Austin, 2002.</li> <li>Miller, Donald E. and Tetsunao Yamamori. Global Pentecostalism: The New Face of Christian Social Engagement. Berkeley, California: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 2007.</li> <li>Olowe, Abi Olowe. Great Revivals, Great Revivalist – Joseph Ayo Babalola. Omega Publishers, 2007.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsinulu2017" class="citation journal cs1">Osinulu, Adedamola (2017). "A transnational history of Pentecostalism in West Africa". History Compass. 15 (6): e12386. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhic3.12386">10.1111/hic3.12386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=A+transnational+history+of+Pentecostalism+in+West+Africa&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e12386&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fhic3.12386&rft.aulast=Osinulu&rft.aufirst=Adedamola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecostalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ramírez, Daniel. Migrating Faith: Pentecostalism in the United States and Mexico in the Twentieth Century (2015)</li> <li>Robins, R. G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.us.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/ReligionTheology/American/~~/dmlldz11c2EmY2k9OTc4MDE5NTE2NTkxMw==">A. J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist</a>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2004.</li> <li>Robins, R. G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc-clio.com/product.aspx?id=52819">Pentecostalism in America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808044809/http://www.abc-clio.com/product.aspx?id=52819">Archived</a> 2014-08-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger/ABC-CLIO, 2010.</li> <li>Steel, Matthew. "Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers". MSc dissertation, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales" title="University of Wales">University of Wales</a>, 2005.</li> <li>Woodberry, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prec.com">"Pentecostalism and Economic Development"</a>, in Markets, Morals and Religion, ed. Jonathan B. Imber, 157–177. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2008.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pentecostalism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Pentecostalism <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=pentecostalism">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=pentecostalism&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctlibrary.com/ch/1998/issue58/">"The Rise of Pentecostalism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140811095513/http://www.ctlibrary.com/ch/1998/issue58/">Archived</a> 2014-08-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_History_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian History (magazine)">Christian History</a> 58 (1998) special issue. As of 1998,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pentecostalism&action=edit">[update]</a> two special issues of this magazine had addressed Pentecostalism's roots: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctlibrary.com/ch/1989/issue23">Spiritual Awakenings in North America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140811095507/http://www.ctlibrary.com/ch/1989/issue23">Archived</a> 2014-08-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (issue 23, 1989) and "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctlibrary.com/ch/1995/issue45">Camp Meetings & Circuit Riders: Frontier Revivals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140811095510/http://www.ctlibrary.com/ch/1995/issue45">Archived</a> 2014-08-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (issue 45, 1995)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glopent.net/">The European Research Network on Global Pentecostalism</a> Multi-user academic website providing reliable information about Pentecostalism and networking current interdisciplinary research, hosts a dedicated web search engine for Pentecostal studies</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190409090006/https://ifphc.org/">Flower Pentecostal Heritage Center</a> One of the largest collections of materials documenting the global Pentecostal movement, including searchable databases of periodicals, photographs, and other items</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://holinessmessenger.com/index.html">The Holiness Messenger:</a> a Holiness Pentecostal periodical</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://holinesschurchdirectory.com/">Holiness Pentecostal church directory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728155103/http://reocities.com/Athens/acropolis/4824/penthist.htm">Pentecostal History</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five solae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arminianism_footer" title="Template:Arminianism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arminianism_footer" title="Template talk:Arminianism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arminianism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arminianism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arminianism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Synod of Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remonstrants" title="Remonstrants">Remonstrants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description" title="James Arminius"><img alt="James Arminius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png/125px-Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png/188px-Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png/250px-Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="518" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Articles_of_Remonstrance" title="Five Articles of Remonstrance">Five Articles of Remonstrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remonstrant_Confession" title="Remonstrant Confession">Remonstrant Confession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctrine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">Conditional election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation of the saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical theologians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Episcopius" title="Simon Episcopius">Simon Episcopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodwin_(preacher)" title="John Goodwin (preacher)">John Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Grantham_(Baptist)" title="Thomas Grantham (Baptist)">Thomas Grantham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Watson_(Methodist)" title="Richard Watson (Methodist)">Richard Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Osmond_Summers" title="Thomas Osmond Summers">Thomas Osmond Summers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Miley" title="John Miley">John Miley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burt_Pope" title="William Burt Pope">William Burt Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Orton_Wiley" title="Henry Orton Wiley">Henry Orton Wiley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern theologians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Kenneth_Grider" title="J. Kenneth Grider">J. Kenneth Grider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pawson" title="David Pawson">David Pawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Oden" title="Thomas C. Oden">Thomas C. Oden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_R._Osborne" title="Grant R. Osborne">Grant R. Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Witherington_III" title="Ben Witherington III">Ben Witherington III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_E._Olson" title="Roger E. Olson">Roger E. Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_S._Keener" title="Craig S. Keener">Craig S. Keener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._J._Oropeza" title="B. J. Oropeza">B. J. Oropeza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism_in_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminianism in the Church of England">Arminianism in the Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Baptists" title="General Baptists">General Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Adventist church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pentecostalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_religious_movements_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Religious_Movements_in_the_United_States" title="Template:New Religious Movements in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Religious_Movements_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:New Religious Movements in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Religious_Movements_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Religious Movements in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_religious_movements_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements_in_the_United_States" title="New religious movements in the United States">New religious movements in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antebellum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purification_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Purification movement">Purification movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Beverly_Randolph" title="Paschal Beverly Randolph">Rosicrucianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gilded Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost Dance movement">Ghost Dance movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pentecostalism</a> & <a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Moorish Science">Moorish Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Positive_Thinking" title="The Power of Positive Thinking">The Power of Positive Thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Evangelicalism in the United States">Evangelicalism in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Baptist" title="Independent Baptist">Independent Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Baptists" title="Missionary Baptists">Missionary Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_Church_Network" title="Venture Church Network">Conservative Baptist Association of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Will_Baptist" title="Free Will Baptist">Free Will Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Association_of_Regular_Baptist_Churches" title="General Association of Regular Baptist Churches">General Association of Regular Baptist Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_%E2%80%93_Missouri_Synod" title="Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America" title="Presbyterian Church in America">Presbyterian Church in America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pentecostal family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_USA" title="Assemblies of God USA">Assemblies of God USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foursquare_Church" title="Foursquare Church">Foursquare Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_of_God" title="Pentecostal Church of God">Pentecostal Church of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Holiness_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal Holiness Church">Pentecostal Holiness Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Pentecostal">Apostolic Pentecostal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_churches_and_churches_of_Christ" title="Christian churches and churches of Christ">Christian churches and churches of Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congregationalism" title="Congregationalism">Congregationalist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Congregational_Christian_Conference" title="Conservative Congregational Christian Conference">Conservative Congregational Christian Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Church" title="Wesleyan Church">Wesleyan Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Anderson,_Indiana)" title="Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)">Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Higher_Life_movement" title="Higher Life movement">Keswickian family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_and_Missionary_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian and Missionary Alliance">Christian and Missionary Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Reformed_Church_in_North_America" title="Christian Reformed Church in North America">Christian Reformed Church in North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Vineyard_Churches" title="Association of Vineyard Churches">Association of Vineyard Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvary_Chapel_Association" title="Calvary Chapel Association">Calvary Chapel Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Statement_on_Biblical_Inerrancy" title="Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy">Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93modernist_controversy" title="Fundamentalist–modernist controversy">Fundamentalist–modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cane_Ridge_Revival" title="Cane Ridge Revival">Cane Ridge Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_revival" title="Healing revival">Healing revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Crusade_(1949)" title="Los Angeles Crusade (1949)">Los Angeles Crusade (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_1800" title="Revival of 1800">Revival of 1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thought</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_by_fire" title="Baptism by fire">Baptism by fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers%27_Church" title="Believers' Church">Believers' Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Biblical inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_patriarchy" title="Biblical patriarchy">Biblical patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_womanhood" title="Biblical womanhood">Biblical womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_abortion" title="Christianity and abortion">Christianity and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theology" title="Decision theology">Decision theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel" title="Full Gospel">Full Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_theology" title="Kingdom theology">Kingdom theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiverfull" title="Quiverfull">Quiverfull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_call" title="Altar call">Altar call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship" title="Contemporary worship">Contemporary worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music" title="Contemporary worship music">Contemporary worship music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourner%27s_bench" title="Mourner's bench">Mourner's bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_warrior" title="Prayer warrior">Prayer warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival meeting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tent_revival" title="Tent revival">Tent revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinner%27s_prayer" title="Sinner's prayer">Sinner's prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_church" title="Bible church">Bible church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megachurch" title="Megachurch">Megachurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Televangelism" title="Televangelism">Televangelism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic-Prophetic_Movement" title="Apostolic-Prophetic Movement">Apostolic-Prophetic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bapticostal_movement" title="Bapticostal movement">Bapticostal movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Christian fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exvangelical" title="Exvangelical">Exvangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-evangelicalism" title="Post-evangelicalism">Post-evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Reformation" title="New Apostolic Reformation">New Apostolic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-Letter_Christians" title="Red-Letter Christians">Red-Letter Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Mountain_Mandate" title="Seven Mountain Mandate">Seven Mountain Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformational_Christianity" title="Transformational Christianity">Transformational Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Biblical_Manhood_and_Womanhood" title="Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood">Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Climate_Initiative" title="Evangelical Climate Initiative">Evangelical Climate Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_and_Ecumenical_Women%27s_Caucus" title="Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus">Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller_Theological_Seminary" title="Fuller Theological Seminary">Fuller Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moody_Bible_Institute" title="Moody Bible Institute">Moody Bible Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Evangelicals" title="National Association of Evangelicals">National Association of Evangelicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Religious_Broadcasters" title="National Religious Broadcasters">National Religious Broadcasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promise_Keepers" title="Promise Keepers">Promise Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vision_United_States" title="World Vision United States">World Vision United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_for_Christ" title="Youth for Christ">Youth for Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Semple_McPherson" title="Aimee Semple McPherson">Aimee Semple McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Sunday" title="Billy Sunday">Billy Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._I._Scofield" title="C. I. Scofield">C. I. Scofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grandison_Finney" title="Charles Grandison Finney">Charles Grandison Finney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_L._Moody" title="Dwight L. Moody">Dwight L. Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Graham" title="Franklin Graham">Franklin Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Jerry Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483978#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483978#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483978#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/293840451">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4136841-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85099639">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11946238c">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11946238c">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577441">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122271&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533821005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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