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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_and_medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_and_medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ancient and medieval </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_and_medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation,_prison_ships_and_penal_colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation,_prison_ships_and_penal_colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Transportation, prison ships and penal colonies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation,_prison_ships_and_penal_colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prison_reform_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prison_reform_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Prison reform movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prison_reform_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_the_modern_prison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_the_modern_prison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Development of the modern prison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_the_modern_prison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Staff </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Design </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Design subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inmate_security_classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inmate_security_classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Inmate security classifications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inmate_security_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Common facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kitchen_and_dining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kitchen_and_dining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Kitchen and dining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kitchen_and_dining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Library_and_educational_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Library_and_educational_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Library and educational facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Library_and_educational_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literacy_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literacy_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Literacy programs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literacy_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreation_and_fitness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreation_and_fitness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 Recreation and fitness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreation_and_fitness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.6 Control units </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.7 Other facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Special types </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Special_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Special types subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Special_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Youth_detention_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youth_detention_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Youth detention facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youth_detention_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_prisons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_prisons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Women's prisons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_prisons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_prisons_and_prisoner-of-war_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_prisons_and_prisoner-of-war_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Military prisons and prisoner-of-war camps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_prisons_and_prisoner-of-war_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_prisons_and_administrative_detention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_prisons_and_administrative_detention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Political prisons and administrative detention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_prisons_and_administrative_detention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychiatric_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychiatric_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Psychiatric facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychiatric_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prison_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prison_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Prison population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prison_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics_of_the_prison_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics_of_the_prison_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Economics of the prison industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics_of_the_prison_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Social effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Social effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Social_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Internal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 External </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories_of_punishment_and_criminality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_of_punishment_and_criminality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Theories of punishment and criminality </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theories_of_punishment_and_criminality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Theories of punishment and criminality subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Theories_of_punishment_and_criminality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Evaluation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Alternatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Prison</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" > 112 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tronk" title="Tronk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tronk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%86" title="سجن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سجن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garchola" title="Garchola – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Garchola" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%92%DC%98%DC%AB%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܚܒܘܫܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܒܘܫܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF" title="Բանտ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բանտ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1rcel" title="Cárcel – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cárcel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mut%C3%BCwi" title="Mutüwi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Mutüwi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99bsxana" title="Həbsxana – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Həbsxana" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زیندان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زیندان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="কারাগার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কারাগার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%E2%81%BF-ga%CC%8Dk" title="Kaⁿ-ga̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kaⁿ-ga̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Турма – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Турма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Турма – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Турма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Затвор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Затвор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zatvor" title="Zatvor – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zatvor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toull-bac%27h" title="Toull-bac'h – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Toull-bac'h" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pres%C3%B3" title="Presó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Presó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Тĕрме – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тĕрме" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilanggoan" title="Bilanggoan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bilanggoan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%9Bznice" title="Věznice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Věznice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carchar" title="Carchar – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carchar" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A6ngsel" title="Fængsel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fængsel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%B3" title="حبس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حبس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gef%C3%A4ngnis" title="Gefängnis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gefängnis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangla" title="Vangla – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vangla" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Φυλακή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φυλακή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Умория – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Умория" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisi%C3%B3n" title="Prisión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Prisión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malliberejo" title="Malliberejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malliberejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espetxe" title="Espetxe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espetxe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زندان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زندان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fongsul" title="Fongsul – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fongsul" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison" title="Prison – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prison" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finzenis" title="Finzenis – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Finzenis" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%ADos%C3%BAn" title="Príosún – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Príosún" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%ACosan" title="Prìosan – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Prìosan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_penitenciario" title="Centro penitenciario – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Centro penitenciario" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A2%E7%9B%A3" title="牢監 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="牢監" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%EB%8F%84%EC%86%8C" title="교도소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교도소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF" title="Բանտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բանտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="कारागार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कारागार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zatvor" title="Zatvor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zatvor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karcero" title="Karcero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karcero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagbaludan" title="Pagbaludan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagbaludan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penjara" title="Penjara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penjara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangelsi" title="Fangelsi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fangelsi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prigione" title="Prigione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prigione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A8" title="בית סוהר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית סוהר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakunjaran" title="Pakunjaran – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pakunjaran" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%B9" title="ಕಾರಾಗೃಹ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾರಾಗೃಹ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%B2%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81%D9%95" title="قٲد خانہٕ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="قٲد خانہٕ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Абақты – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Абақты" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereza" title="Gereza – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gereza" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girt%C3%AEgeh" title="Girtîgeh – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Girtîgeh" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BC%D3%A9" title="Түрмө – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түрмө" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcer" title="Carcer – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carcer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cietums" title="Cietums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cietums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%97jimas" title="Kalėjimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalėjimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%B3ko" title="Bolóko – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bolóko" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fegyh%C3%A1z" title="Fegyház – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fegyház" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Затвор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Затвор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" title="ജയിൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജയിൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="तुरुंग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तुरुंग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%86" title="سجن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سجن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penjara" title="Penjara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penjara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandang_situmbin" title="Kandang situmbin – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kandang situmbin" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အကျဉ်းထောင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အကျဉ်းထောင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gevangenis" title="Gevangenis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gevangenis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="कारागार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कारागार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%91%E5%8B%99%E6%89%80" title="刑務所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="刑務所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengsel" title="Fengsel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fengsel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengsel" title="Fengsel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fengsel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preson" title="Preson – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Preson" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turma" title="Turma – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Turma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B9" title="ਜੇਲ੍ਹ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੇਲ੍ਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%84" title="جیل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zak%C5%82ad_karny" title="Zakład karny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zakład karny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penitenci%C3%A1ria" title="Penitenciária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Penitenciária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Enchisoare" title="Închisoare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Închisoare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samk%27ay_wasi" title="Samk'ay wasi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Samk'ay wasi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Тюрьма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тюрьма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preeson" title="Preeson – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Preeson" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgu" title="Burgu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Burgu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0rzari" title="Càrzari – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Facility where people are kept as punishment for a crime</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Jail" and "Penitentiary" redirect here. 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">penology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 1.0em 1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentonvilleiso19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pentonvilleiso19.jpg/220px-Pentonvilleiso19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pentonvilleiso19.jpg/330px-Pentonvilleiso19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pentonvilleiso19.jpg/440px-Pentonvilleiso19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="525" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.75em;padding-right:0.75em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosocial_criminology" title="Biosocial criminology">Biosocial criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_windows_theory" title="Broken windows theory">Broken windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_efficacy" title="Collective efficacy">Collective efficacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_analysis" title="Crime analysis">Crime analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization" title="Criminalization">Criminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_association" title="Differential association">Differential association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressive_function_of_law" title="Expressive function of law">Expressive function of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeling_theory" title="Labeling theory">Labeling theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">Psychopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_choice_theory_(criminology)" title="Rational choice theory (criminology)">Rational choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_and_actuarial_criminology" title="Risk and actuarial criminology">Risk & actuarial criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_control_theory" title="Social control theory">Social control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_learning_theory" title="Social learning theory">Social learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strain_theory_(sociology)" title="Strain theory (sociology)">Strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcultural_theory" title="Subcultural theory">Subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Major theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Ferri_(criminologist)" title="Enrico Ferri (criminologist)">Enrico Ferri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Lacassagne" title="Alexandre Lacassagne">Alexandre Lacassagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso">Cesare Lombroso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Reiss" title="Archibald Reiss">Archibald Reiss</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>Against <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offence_against_the_person" title="Offence against the person">Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offence_against_the_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Offence against the state">State</a></li></ul></li> <li>Class <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_crime" title="Blue-collar crime">Blue-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_crime" title="White-collar crime">White-collar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_case" title="Cold case">Cold case</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_crime" title="Perfect crime">Perfect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency" title="Juvenile delinquency">Juvenile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">Organized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_crime" title="Political crime">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public-order_crime" title="Public-order crime">Public-order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_crime" title="State crime">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-corporate_crime" title="State-corporate crime">State-corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_crime" title="Transnational crime">Transnational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimless_crime" title="Victimless crime">Victimless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Methods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offender_profiling" title="Offender profiling">Profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Crime_Reports" title="Uniform Crime Reports">Uniform Crime Reports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_mapping" title="Crime mapping">Crime mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_statistics" title="Crime statistics">Crime statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivist_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Positivist school">Positivist school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics" title="Bureau of Justice Statistics">BJS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Incident-Based_Reporting_System" title="National Incident-Based Reporting System">NIBRS</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">Penology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denunciation_(penology)" title="Denunciation (penology)">Denunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_(penology)" title="Deterrence (penology)">Deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incapacitation_(penology)" title="Incapacitation (penology)">Incapacitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">Trial</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prison_abolition_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison abolition movement">abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_prison" title="Open prison">open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_reform" title="Prison reform">reform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners%27_rights" title="Prisoners' rights">Prisoners' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recidivism" title="Recidivism">Recidivism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a> in penology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;;padding-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_justice" title="Participatory justice">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">Restorative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformative_justice" title="Transformative justice">Transformative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retributive_justice" title="Retributive justice">Retributive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice#Utilitarian_justice" title="Justice">Utilitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">Solitary confinement</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_(sociology)" title="Chicago school (sociology)">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_school_(criminology)" title="Classical school (criminology)">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_criminology" title="Conflict criminology">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_criminology" title="Critical criminology">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_criminology" title="Environmental criminology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrative_criminology" title="Integrative criminology">Integrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_criminology" title="Italian school of criminology">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_criminology" title="Marxist criminology">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-classical_school_(criminology)" title="Neo-classical school (criminology)">Neo-classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivist_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Positivist school">Positivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodernist school">Postmodernist</a></li> <li>Realism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_realism" title="Left realism">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Subfields</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Criminology" title="American Society of Criminology">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_criminology" title="Anthropological criminology">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosocial_criminology" title="Biosocial criminology">Biosocial criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_criminology" title="Conflict criminology">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_criminology" title="Critical criminology">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_criminology" title="Cultural criminology">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime"> Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_theory" title="Development theory">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_criminology" title="Environmental criminology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_criminology" title="Experimental criminology">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_theory" title="Organizational theory">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_crime" title="Political crime">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_criminology" title="Public criminology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_criminology" title="Radical criminology">Radical criminology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criminology_and_penology" title="Template:Criminology and penology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criminology_and_penology" title="Template talk:Criminology and penology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Criminology_and_penology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Criminology and penology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jail_Cell_at_the_Old_Jail_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jail_Cell_at_the_Old_Jail_Museum.jpg/220px-Jail_Cell_at_the_Old_Jail_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jail_Cell_at_the_Old_Jail_Museum.jpg/330px-Jail_Cell_at_the_Old_Jail_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jail_Cell_at_the_Old_Jail_Museum.jpg/440px-Jail_Cell_at_the_Old_Jail_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century jail room at a <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> museum</figcaption></figure> A prison,<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> also known as a jail,<a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a> gaol,<a href="#cite_note-5">[c]</a> penitentiary, detention center,<a href="#cite_note-6">[d]</a> correction center, correctional facility, remand center, hoosegow, and slammer, is a facility where <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">people</a> are <a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">imprisoned</a> against their will under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>, generally as <a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">punishment</a> for various <a href="/wiki/Crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes">crimes</a>. Authorities most commonly use prisons within a <a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">criminal-justice</a> system: people charged with crimes may be <a href="/wiki/Remand_(detention)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remand (detention)">imprisoned until their trial</a>; those who have pled or been found <a href="/wiki/Guilt_(law)" title="Guilt (law)">guilty</a> of crimes at trial may be <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(law)" title="Sentence (law)"> sentenced</a> to a specified period of imprisonment. Prisons can also be used as a tool for <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political repression</a> by <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> regimes who <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">detain perceived opponents</a> for <a href="/wiki/Political_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Political crimes">political crimes</a>, often without a fair trial or <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a>; this use is illegal under most forms of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> governing fair <a href="/wiki/Administration_of_justice" title="Administration of justice">administration of justice</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In times of war, belligerents or neutral countries may detain <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> or <a href="/wiki/Detainees" class="mw-redirect" title="Detainees">detainees</a> in <a href="/wiki/Military_prisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Military prisons">military prisons</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">prisoner-of-war camps</a>. At any time, states may imprison civilians – sometimes large groups of civilians – in <a href="/wiki/Internment_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Internment camps">internment camps</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, the terms prison and jail have separate definitions, though this is not always adhered to in casual speech. <ul><li>A jail holds people for shorter periods of time or for <a href="/wiki/Remand_(detention)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remand (detention)">pre-trial detention</a> and is usually operated by a local government, typically the county <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">sheriff</a>.</li> <li>A prison or penitentiary holds people for longer periods of time, such as many years, and is operated by a state or federal government. After a conviction, a <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(law)" title="Sentence (law)">sentenced</a> person is sent to prison.</li></ul> Outside of the United States, prison and jail often have the same meaning. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New Zealand">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, the terms "jail" and "prison" are commonly used, although the terms "correctional facility" and "prison" among others are in official usage. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papua_New_Guinea">Papua New Guinea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Papua New Guinea">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, "prison" is officially used, although "jail" is widely understood and more common in usage.<a href="#cite_note-7">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the words "gaol", "jail" and "prison" are commonly used.<a href="#cite_note-8">[4]</a> The spelling "gaol" was in official use in the past, and many historical gaols are now tourist attractions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Maitland_Gaol" title="Maitland Gaol">Maitland Gaol</a>. Officially, the term "correctional centre" is used for almost all prisons in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, while other states and territories use a variety of names. "Prison" is officially used for some facilities in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Youth_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Youth prison">Youth prisons</a> in Australia are referred to as "youth correctional facilities" or "youth detention centres" among other names, depending on the jurisdiction. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, while the terms "jail" and "prison" are commonly used in speech, officially named facilities use "facility", "correctional centre", "penitentiary", or "institution". A number of facilities retain their historical designation as a "jail". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_and_medieval">Ancient and medieval</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ancient and medieval">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_r%C3%A9ale_returning_to_port.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_r%C3%A9ale_returning_to_port.jpg/220px-The_r%C3%A9ale_returning_to_port.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_r%C3%A9ale_returning_to_port.jpg/330px-The_r%C3%A9ale_returning_to_port.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_r%C3%A9ale_returning_to_port.jpg/440px-The_r%C3%A9ale_returning_to_port.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3244" data-file-height="2320" /></a><figcaption>A very common punishment in <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Europe">Early Modern Europe</a> was to be made a <a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">galley slave</a>. The galley pictured here belonged to the Mediterranean fleet of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1694.</figcaption></figure> The use of prisons can be traced back to the rise of the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> as a form of social organization. Some <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> philosophers, such as <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, began to develop ideas of using punishment to reform offenders instead of for retribution. Imprisonment as a penalty was used commonly for those who could not afford to pay their fines. Eventually, since impoverished <a href="/wiki/Athenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenians">Athenians</a> could not pay their fines, leading to indefinite periods of imprisonment, time limits were set instead.<a href="#cite_note-9">[5]</a> The prison in ancient Athens was known as the desmoterion or "the place of chains".<a href="#cite_note-10">[6]</a> The Romans were among the first to use prisons as a form of punishment rather than simply for detention. A variety of existing structures were used to house prisoners, such as metal cages, basements of public buildings, and <a href="/wiki/Quarries" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarries">quarries</a>. One of the most notable <a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_ancient_Rome" title="Prisons in ancient Rome">Roman prisons</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Mamertine_Prison" title="Mamertine Prison">Mamertine Prison</a>, established around 640 B.C. by <a href="/wiki/Ancus_Marcius" title="Ancus Marcius">Ancus Marcius</a>. The Mamertine Prison was located within a <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">sewer</a> system beneath ancient Rome and contained a large network of dungeons where prisoners were held in squalid conditions contaminated with <a href="/wiki/Human_waste" title="Human waste">human waste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[7]</a> Forced labor on public works projects was also a common form of punishment. In many cases, citizens were sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, often in <a href="/wiki/Ergastula" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergastula">ergastula</a> (a primitive form of prison where unruly slaves were chained to workbenches and performed hard labor).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There were numerous prisons not only in the capital Rome, but throughout the Roman Empire. However, a regulated prison system did not emerge.<a href="#cite_note-12">[8]</a> In Medieval <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a>, results of a <a href="/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">trial</a> could have led to confiscation of merchandise or imprisonment as a form of punishment, since various prisons existed in the empire.<a href="#cite_note-13">[9]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> in Europe, castles, fortresses, and the basements of public buildings were often used as makeshift prisons. The capability to imprison citizens granted an air of legitimacy to officials at all levels of government and served as a signifier of who possessed <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a> or <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> over others.<a href="#cite_note-14">[10]</a> Another common punishment was sentencing people to <a href="/wiki/Galley_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Galley slavery">galley slavery</a>, which involved chaining prisoners together in the bottoms of ships and forcing them to row on naval or merchant vessels. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern era">edit</a>]</div> The French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>, especially his book <a href="/wiki/Discipline_and_Punish:_The_Birth_of_the_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison">Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison</a> (1975), energized the historical study of prisons and their role in the overall social system.<a href="#cite_note-15">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a> The book analyzed changes in Western <a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">penal systems</a> during the modern age based on historical documents from France. Foucault argues that prison did not become the principal form of punishment just because of the <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian">humanitarian</a> concerns of <a href="/wiki/Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformists">reformists</a>. He traces the cultural shifts that led to the predominance of prison via the body and power. Prison used by the "disciplines" – new technological powers that can be found, according to Foucault, in places such as schools, hospitals, and military barracks.<a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a> From the late 17th century and during the 18th century, popular resistance to <a href="/wiki/Public_execution" title="Public execution">public execution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> became more widespread both in Europe and in the United States. Particularly under the <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Code" title="Bloody Code">Bloody Code</a>, with few sentencing alternatives, imposition of the death penalty for petty crimes, such as theft, was proving increasingly unpopular with the public; many jurors were refusing to convict defendants of petty crimes when they knew the defendants would be sentenced to death. Rulers began looking for means to punish and control their subjects in a way that did not cause people to associate them with spectacles of tyrannical and sadistic violence. They developed systems of <a href="/wiki/Mass_incarceration" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass incarceration">mass incarceration</a>, often with hard labor, as a solution.<a href="#cite_note-history-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> The prison reform movement that arose at this time was heavily influenced by two somewhat contradictory philosophies. The first was based in Enlightenment ideas of <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a>, and suggested that prisons should simply be used as a more effective substitute for public corporal punishments such as whipping, hanging, etc. This theory, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Deterrence_(legal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deterrence (legal)">deterrence</a>, claims that the primary purpose of prisons is to be so harsh and terrifying that they deter people from committing crimes out of fear of going to prison. The second theory, which saw prisons as a form of <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">rehabilitation</a> or moral reform, was based on religious ideas that equated crime with sin, and saw prisons as a place to instruct prisoners in Christian morality, obedience and proper behavior. These later reformers believed that prisons could be constructed as humane institutions of moral instruction, and that prisoners' behavior could be "corrected" so that when they were released, they would be model members of society.<a href="#cite_note-DavidLewis-23">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> The concept of the modern prison was imported to Europe in the early 19th-century.[from where?] Prior forms of punishment were usually physical, including capital punishment, <a href="/wiki/Mutilation" title="Mutilation">mutilation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">flagellation</a> (whipping), <a href="/wiki/Human_branding" title="Human branding">branding</a>, and non-physical punishments, such as <a href="/wiki/Public_humiliation" title="Public humiliation">public shaming</a> rituals (like the <a href="/wiki/Stocks" title="Stocks">stocks</a>).<a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> From the Middle Ages up to the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe, imprisonment was rarely used as a punishment in its own right, and prisons were mainly to hold those awaiting trial and convicts awaiting punishment. However, an important innovation at the time was the Bridewell House of Corrections, located at <a href="/wiki/Bridewell_Palace" title="Bridewell Palace">Bridewell Palace</a> in London, which resulted in the building of other <a href="/wiki/House_of_correction" title="House of correction">houses of correction</a>. These houses held mostly petty offenders, vagrants, and the disorderly local poor. In these facilities, the inmates were given "<a href="/wiki/Prison_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison labor">prison labor</a>" jobs that were anticipated to shape them into hardworking individuals and prepare them for the real world. By the end of the 17th century, houses of correction were absorbed into local prison facilities under the control of the local justice of the peace.<a href="#cite_note-history-20">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transportation,_prison_ships_and_penal_colonies">Transportation, prison ships and penal colonies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transportation, prison ships and penal colonies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black-eyed_Sue_and_Sweet_Poll_of_Plymouth_taking_leave_of_their_lovers_who_are_going_to_Botany_Bay.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Black-eyed_Sue_and_Sweet_Poll_of_Plymouth_taking_leave_of_their_lovers_who_are_going_to_Botany_Bay.jpeg/220px-Black-eyed_Sue_and_Sweet_Poll_of_Plymouth_taking_leave_of_their_lovers_who_are_going_to_Botany_Bay.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Black-eyed_Sue_and_Sweet_Poll_of_Plymouth_taking_leave_of_their_lovers_who_are_going_to_Botany_Bay.jpeg/330px-Black-eyed_Sue_and_Sweet_Poll_of_Plymouth_taking_leave_of_their_lovers_who_are_going_to_Botany_Bay.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Black-eyed_Sue_and_Sweet_Poll_of_Plymouth_taking_leave_of_their_lovers_who_are_going_to_Botany_Bay.jpeg/440px-Black-eyed_Sue_and_Sweet_Poll_of_Plymouth_taking_leave_of_their_lovers_who_are_going_to_Botany_Bay.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Women in Plymouth, England (Black-eyed Sue and Sweet Poll) mourning their lovers who are soon to be transported to <a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay" title="Botany Bay">Botany Bay</a> (1792)</figcaption></figure> England used <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">penal transportation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Convict" title="Convict">convicted</a> criminals (and others generally young and poor) for a term of <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured servitude</a> within the general population of <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a> between the 1610s and 1776. The <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Act_1717" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation Act 1717">Transportation Act 1717</a> made this option available for lesser crimes, or offered it by discretion as a longer-term alternative to the death penalty, which could theoretically be imposed for the growing number of offenses in Britain. The substantial expansion of transportation was the first major innovation in eighteenth-century British penal practice.<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> Transportation to America was abruptly suspended by the Criminal Law Act 1776 (16 Geo. 3 c.43)<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> with the start of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Rebellion</a>. While sentencing to transportation continued, the act instituted a punishment policy of <a href="/wiki/Hard_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard labour">hard labor</a> instead. The suspension of transport also prompted the use of prisons for punishment and the initial start of a prison building program.<a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a> Britain would resume transportation to specifically planned <a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">penal colonies</a> in Australia between 1788 and 1868.<a href="#cite_note-30">[e]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Discovery_at_Deptford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Discovery_at_Deptford.jpg/220px-Discovery_at_Deptford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Discovery_at_Deptford.jpg/330px-Discovery_at_Deptford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Discovery_at_Deptford.jpg/440px-Discovery_at_Deptford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1431" data-file-height="1103" /></a><figcaption>The beached <a href="/wiki/Prison_ship" title="Prison ship">convict ship</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1789)" title="HMS Discovery (1789)">HMS Discovery</a> at <a href="/wiki/Deptford" title="Deptford">Deptford</a> served as a convict hulk between 1818 and 1834.</figcaption></figure> Jails at the time were run as business ventures, and contained both felons and debtors; the latter were often housed with their wives and younger children. The jailers made their money by charging the inmates for food, drink, and other services, and the system was generally corruptible.<a href="#cite_note-31">[26]</a> One reform of the seventeenth century was the establishment of the London <a href="/wiki/Bridewell" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridewell">Bridewell</a> as a <a href="/wiki/House_of_correction" title="House of correction">house of correction</a> for women and children. It was the first facility to make any medical services available to prisoners. With the widely used alternative of <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">penal transportation</a> halted in the 1770s, the immediate need for additional penal accommodations emerged. Given the undeveloped institutional facilities, old <a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">sailing vessels</a>, termed <a href="/wiki/Hulk_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulk (ship)">hulks</a>, were the most readily available and expandable choice to be used as <a href="/wiki/Prison_ship" title="Prison ship">places of temporary confinement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a> While conditions on these ships were generally appalling, their use and the labor thus provided set a precedent which persuaded many people that mass incarceration and labor were viable methods of crime prevention and punishment. The turn of the 19th century would see the first movement toward <a href="/wiki/Prison_reform" title="Prison reform">prison reform</a>, and by the 1810s, the first state prisons and correctional facilities were built, thereby inaugurating the modern prison facilities available today. France also sent criminals to overseas penal colonies, including <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, in the early 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a> Penal colonies in <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> operated until 1952, such as the notable <a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Island" title="Devil's Island">Devil's Island</a> (Île du Diable). <a href="/wiki/Katorga" title="Katorga">Katorga</a> prisons were harsh work camps established in the 17th century in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a>, in remote underpopulated areas of <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>, that had few towns or food sources. Siberia quickly gained its fearful connotation of punishment.<a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prison_reform_movement">Prison reform movement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prison reform movement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panopticon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Panopticon.jpg/220px-Panopticon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Panopticon.jpg/330px-Panopticon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Panopticon.jpg/440px-Panopticon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2179" data-file-height="2402" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Panopticon" title="Panopticon">panopticon</a>" prison introduced many of the principles of <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_control" title="Social control">social control</a> that underpin the design of the modern prison. In the panopticon model, prisoners were housed in one-person cells arranged in a circular pattern, all facing towards a central observation tower in such a way that the guards could see into all of the cells from the observation tower, while the prisoners were unable to see the guards.<a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[f]</a> (Architectural drawing by <a href="/wiki/Willey_Reveley" title="Willey Reveley">Willey Reveley</a>, 1791)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_(prison_reformer)" title="John Howard (prison reformer)">John Howard</a> was one of the most notable early <a href="/wiki/Prison_reform" title="Prison reform">prison reformers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[g]</a> After having visited several hundred prisons across <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and Europe, in his capacity as high sheriff of <a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a>, he published The State of the Prisons in 1777.<a href="#cite_note-39">[32]</a> He was particularly appalled to discover prisoners who had been acquitted but were still confined because they could not pay the jailer's fees. He proposed wide-ranging reforms to the system, including the housing of each prisoner in a separate cell and the requirements that staff should be professional and paid by the government, that outside inspection of prisons should be imposed, and that prisoners should be provided with a healthy diet and reasonable living conditions. The prison reform charity, the <a href="/wiki/Howard_League_for_Penal_Reform" title="Howard League for Penal Reform">Howard League for Penal Reform</a>, was established in 1866 by his admirers.<a href="#cite_note-40">[33]</a> Following Howard's agitation, the <a href="/wiki/Penitentiary_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Penitentiary Act">Penitentiary Act</a> was passed in 1779. This introduced solitary confinement, religious instruction, a labor regime, and proposed two state penitentiaries (one for men and one for women). However, these were never built due to disagreements in the committee and pressures from <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="French Revolutionary War">wars with France</a>, and jails remained a local responsibility. But other measures passed in the next few years provided magistrates with the powers to implement many of these reforms, and eventually, in 1815, jail fees were abolished.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> were prominent in campaigning against and publicizing the dire state of the prisons at the time. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Fry" title="Elizabeth Fry">Elizabeth Fry</a> documented the conditions that prevailed at <a href="/wiki/Newgate_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Newgate prison">Newgate prison</a>, where the ladies' section was overcrowded with women and children, some of whom had not even received a trial. The inmates did their own cooking and washing in the small cells in which they slept on straw. In 1816, Fry founded a prison school for the children who were imprisoned with their parents. She also began a system of supervision and required the women to sew and to read the Bible. In 1817, she helped to found the Association for the Reformation of the Female Prisoners in Newgate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Development_of_the_modern_prison">Development of the modern prison</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Development of the modern prison">edit</a>]</div> The theory of the modern prison system was born in London, influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>. Bentham's <a href="/wiki/Panopticon" title="Panopticon">panopticon</a> introduced the principle of observation and control that underpins the design of the modern prison. The notion of prisoners being incarcerated as part of their punishment and not simply as a holding state until trial or hanging, was at the time revolutionary. His views influenced the establishment of the first prisons used as criminal rehabilitation centers. At a time when the implementation of capital punishment for a variety of relatively trivial offenses was on the decline, the notion of incarceration as a form of punishment and correction held great appeal to reform-minded thinkers and politicians. In the first half of the 19th century, capital punishment came to be regarded as inappropriate for many crimes that it had previously been carried out for, and by the mid-19th century, imprisonment had replaced the death penalty for the most serious offenses except for murder.<a href="#cite_note-history-20">[16]</a> The first state prison in England was the <a href="/wiki/Millbank_Prison" title="Millbank Prison">Millbank Prison</a>, established in 1816 with a capacity for just under 1,000 inmates. By 1824, 54 prisons had adopted the disciplinary system advocated by the SIPD.<a href="#cite_note-41">[34]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Acronyms_and_abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">expand acronym</a>] By the 1840s, <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">penal transportation</a> to Australia and the use of hulks was on the decline, and the <a href="/wiki/Surveyor-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Surveyor-General">Surveyor-General</a> of convict prisons, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Jebb" title="Joshua Jebb">Joshua Jebb</a>, set an ambitious program of prison building in the country, with one large prison opening per year. <a href="/wiki/Pentonville_(HM_Prison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentonville (HM Prison)">Pentonville prison</a> opened in 1842, beginning a trend of ever increasing incarceration rates and the use of prison as the primary form of crime punishment.<a href="#cite_note-42">[35]</a> Robert Peel's <a href="/wiki/Gaols_Act_1823" title="Gaols Act 1823">Gaols Act</a> of 1823 introduced regular visits to prisoners by chaplains, provided for the payment of jailers and prohibited the use of irons and manacles. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Prison,_at_Sing_Sing,_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/State_Prison%2C_at_Sing_Sing%2C_New_York.jpg/220px-State_Prison%2C_at_Sing_Sing%2C_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/State_Prison%2C_at_Sing_Sing%2C_New_York.jpg/330px-State_Prison%2C_at_Sing_Sing%2C_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/State_Prison%2C_at_Sing_Sing%2C_New_York.jpg/440px-State_Prison%2C_at_Sing_Sing%2C_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>An 1855 <a href="/wiki/Wood_engraving" title="Wood engraving">engraving</a> of New York's <a href="/wiki/Sing_Sing" title="Sing Sing">Sing Sing</a> Penitentiary, which also followed the <a href="/wiki/Auburn_system" title="Auburn system">"Auburn (or Congregate) System"</a>, where prison cells were placed inside of rectangular buildings that lent themselves more to large-scale <a href="/wiki/Penal_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal labor">penal labor</a></figcaption></figure> In 1786, the state of Pennsylvania passed a law that mandated that all convicts who had not been sentenced to death would be placed in penal servitude to do public works projects such as building <a href="/wiki/Roads" class="mw-redirect" title="Roads">roads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forts" class="mw-redirect" title="Forts">forts</a>, and mines. Besides the economic benefits of providing a free source of hard labor, the proponents of the new penal code also thought that this would deter criminal activity by making a conspicuous public example of consequences of breaking the law. However, what actually ended up happening was frequent spectacles of disorderly conduct by the convict work crews, and the generation of sympathetic feelings from the citizens who witnessed the mistreatment of the convicts. The laws quickly drew criticism from a humanitarian perspective (as cruel, exploitative and degrading) and from a utilitarian perspective (as failing to deter crime and delegitimizing the state in the eyes of the public). Reformers such as <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a> came up with a solution that would enable the continued use of forced labor while keeping disorderly conduct and abuse out of the eyes of the public. They suggested that prisoners be sent to secluded "houses of repentance" where they would be subjected (out of the view of the public) to "bodily pain, labor, watchfulness, solitude, and silence ... joined with cleanliness and a simple diet".<a href="#cite_note-43">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[h]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> soon put this theory into practice, and turned its old jail at <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Walnut Street (Philadelphia)">Walnut Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> into a state prison, in 1790. This prison was modeled on what became known as the "Pennsylvania system" (or "separate system"), and placed all prisoners into solitary cells with nothing other than religious literature, made them wear <a href="/wiki/Prison_uniforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison uniforms">prison uniforms</a>, and forced them to be completely silent to reflect on their wrongs.<a href="#cite_note-45">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> soon built the Newgate state prison in Greenwich Village, which was modeled on the Pennsylvania system,<a href="#cite_note-46">[38]</a> and other states followed. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coldbath-fields-oakum-room-mayhew-p301.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Coldbath-fields-oakum-room-mayhew-p301.jpg/220px-Coldbath-fields-oakum-room-mayhew-p301.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Coldbath-fields-oakum-room-mayhew-p301.jpg/330px-Coldbath-fields-oakum-room-mayhew-p301.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Coldbath-fields-oakum-room-mayhew-p301.jpg/440px-Coldbath-fields-oakum-room-mayhew-p301.jpg 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption>Prisoners picking oakum at <a href="/wiki/Coldbath_Fields_Prison" title="Coldbath Fields Prison">Coldbath Fields Prison</a> in London, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1864</figcaption></figure> But, by 1820, faith in the efficacy of legal reform had declined, as statutory changes had no discernible effect on the level of crime, and the prisons, where prisoners shared large rooms and booty including alcohol, had become riotous and prone to escapes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In response, New York developed the <a href="/wiki/Auburn_system" title="Auburn system">Auburn system</a> in which prisoners were confined in separate cells and prohibited from talking when eating and working together, implementing it at <a href="/wiki/Auburn_State_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Auburn State Prison">Auburn State Prison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sing_Sing" title="Sing Sing">Sing Sing</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ossining_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossining (town), New York">Ossining</a>. The aim of this was <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">rehabilitative</a>: the reformers talked about the penitentiary serving as a model for the family and the school and almost all the states adopted the plan (though Pennsylvania went even further in separating prisoners). The system's fame spread and visitors to the U.S. to see the prisons included <a href="/wiki/De_Tocqueville" class="mw-redirect" title="De Tocqueville">de Tocqueville</a> who wrote <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> as a result of his visit.<a href="#cite_note-47">[39]</a> The use of prisons in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a> was never as popular as it became in the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a>, although state prison systems were largely in place by the end of the 19th century in most European countries. After the unification of Italy in 1861, the government reformed the repressive and arbitrary prison system they inherited, and modernized and secularized criminal punishment by emphasizing discipline and deterrence.<a href="#cite_note-48">[40]</a> Italy developed an advanced penology under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso">Cesare Lombroso</a> (1835–1909).<a href="#cite_note-49">[41]</a> Another prominent prison reformer who made important contributions was <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Paterson_(penologist)" title="Alexander Paterson (penologist)">Alexander Paterson</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[42]</a> who advocated for the necessity of humanizing and socializing methods within the prison system in Great Britain and America.<a href="#cite_note-51">[43]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Staff">Staff</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Staff">edit</a>]</div> Prisons employ people to run and maintain the prison while keeping control of the inmates. Oftentimes, the number of people employed within a prison depends upon factors such as the size of the prison, how many inmates the prison has, and how much funding the prison gets. Staff may include: <ul><li>The Warden, also known as a Governor is the official who is in charge of the prison and heads all the staff.</li></ul> <ul><li>Security staff, also known as <a href="/wiki/Prison_guards" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison guards">prison guards</a>, are enforcement officials who are in charge of enforcing prison rules among the inmates. Thus they are responsible for the care, custody and control of the prison.</li></ul> <ul><li>Teachers are employed to provide education for inmates to use after their release, in order to reduce the likelihood of the inmates reoffending.<a href="#cite_note-52">[44]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Case managers are people who perform correctional casework in an institutional setting; develop, evaluate, and analyze program needs and other data about inmates; evaluate progress of individual offenders in the institution; coordinate and integrate inmate training programs; develop social histories; evaluate positive and negative aspects in each case situation, and develop release plans.<a href="#cite_note-53">[45]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Prison counselors are people who are employed to intervene therapeutically with various clients, the majority of whom happen to be offenders. These interventions include prison adjustment, prerelease and postrelease vocational and marital/family readjustment, and work with adolescent adjustment problems.<a href="#cite_note-54">[46]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Medical workers are <a href="/wiki/Doctor_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor (medicine)">doctors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurse">nurses</a> who are tasked with providing the inmates with healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-55">[47]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>A work release supervisor is someone who is tasked with monitoring inmates outside of the prison during a <a href="/wiki/Work_release" title="Work release">work release program</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>In private prisons, contractors are people who pay the prison for the use of <a href="/wiki/Penal_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal labor">prison labor</a> and supplied the prisoners with work.<a href="#cite_note-56">[48]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Prisons may also provide religious workers to meet the religious need for inmates.<a href="#cite_note-57">[49]</a> Religious workers are also in charge of the weddings when inmates marry someone outside the prison.</li></ul> <ul><li>In addition to the prison staff, inmate labor may be utilized for tasks within the prison, such as cooking food for the other inmates or providing cleaning services.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Design">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xatta137.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shata Prison" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Xatta137.jpg/220px-Xatta137.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Xatta137.jpg/330px-Xatta137.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Xatta137.jpg/440px-Xatta137.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Shita (Shata) Prison in Israel. Many modern prisons are surrounded by a perimeter of high walls, <a href="/wiki/Razor_wire" title="Razor wire">razor wire</a> or <a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">barbed wire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motion_sensors" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion sensors">motion sensors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guard_towers" class="mw-redirect" title="Guard towers">guard towers</a> in order to prevent prisoners from <a href="/wiki/Prison_escape" title="Prison escape">escaping</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Security">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prison_in_Kylm%C3%A4koski.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Prison_in_Kylm%C3%A4koski.JPG/220px-Prison_in_Kylm%C3%A4koski.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Prison_in_Kylm%C3%A4koski.JPG/330px-Prison_in_Kylm%C3%A4koski.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Prison_in_Kylm%C3%A4koski.JPG/440px-Prison_in_Kylm%C3%A4koski.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The main gate of the Kylmäkoski Prison in <a href="/wiki/Kylm%C3%A4koski" title="Kylmäkoski">Kylmäkoski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akaa" title="Akaa">Akaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Physical_security" title="Physical security">Physical security</a></div> Prisons are normally surrounded by fencing, walls, earthworks, geographical features, or other barriers to prevent escape. Multiple barriers, <a href="/wiki/Concertina_wire" title="Concertina wire">concertina wire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_fence" title="Electric fence">electrified fencing</a>, secured and defensible main gates, armed <a href="/wiki/Guard_towers" class="mw-redirect" title="Guard towers">guard towers</a>, security lighting, <a href="/wiki/Motion_sensors" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion sensors">motion sensors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_dog" title="Police dog">dogs</a> and roving patrols may all also be present depending on the level of security.<a href="#cite_note-58">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[51]</a> Remotely controlled doors, <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">CCTV</a> monitoring, alarms, cages, <a href="/wiki/Physical_restraint" title="Physical restraint">restraints</a>, nonlethal and lethal weapons, riot-control gear and physical segregation of units and prisoners may all also be present within a prison to monitor and control the movement and activity of prisoners within the facility.<a href="#cite_note-60">[i]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ADX_prison_cell.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/ADX_prison_cell.svg/220px-ADX_prison_cell.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/ADX_prison_cell.svg/330px-ADX_prison_cell.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/ADX_prison_cell.svg/440px-ADX_prison_cell.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>Design of a cell at <a href="/wiki/ADX_Florence" title="ADX Florence">ADX Florence</a></figcaption></figure> Modern prison designs have increasingly sought to restrict and control the movement of prisoners throughout the facility and also to allow a smaller prison staff to monitor prisoners directly, often using a decentralized "podular" layout.<a href="#cite_note-61">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[53]</a> (In comparison, 19th-century prisons had large landings and cell blocks which permitted only intermittent observation of prisoners.) Smaller, separate and self-contained housing units known as "pods" or "modules" are designed to hold 16 to 50 prisoners and are arranged around exercise yards or support facilities in a decentralized "campus" pattern. A small number of prison officers, sometimes a single officer, supervise each pod. The pods contain tiers of cells arranged around a central control station or desk from which a single officer can monitor all the cells and the entire pod, control cell doors and communicate with the rest of the prison.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Pods may be designed for high-security "indirect supervision", in which officers in segregated and sealed control booths monitor smaller numbers of prisoners confined to their cells. An alternative is "direct supervision", in which officers work within the pod and directly interact with and supervise prisoners, who may spend the day outside their cells in a central "dayroom" on the floor of the pod. Movement in or out of the pod to and from exercise yards, work assignments or medical appointments can be restricted to individual pods at designated times and is generally centrally controlled. Goods and services, such as meals, laundry, <a href="/wiki/Prison_commissary" title="Prison commissary">commissary</a>, educational materials, religious services and medical care can increasingly be brought to individual pods or cells as well.<a href="#cite_note-63">[54]</a> Some modern prisons may exclude certain inmates from the general population, usually for safety reasons, such as those within solitary confinement, celebrities, political figures and former law enforcement officers, those convicted of sexual crimes and/or crimes against children, or those on the medical wing or protective custody.<a href="#cite_note-64">[55]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inmate_security_classifications">Inmate security classifications</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Inmate security classifications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supermax_prison,_Florence_Colorado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Supermax_prison%2C_Florence_Colorado.jpg/220px-Supermax_prison%2C_Florence_Colorado.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Supermax_prison%2C_Florence_Colorado.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="203" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ADX_Florence" title="ADX Florence">ADX Florence</a> is presently the only facility housing <a href="/wiki/Supermax_prison" title="Supermax prison">supermax</a> units operating in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons" title="Federal Bureau of Prisons">Federal Bureau of Prisons</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clinton_correctional_facility,_Dannemora,_NY,_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Clinton_correctional_facility%2C_Dannemora%2C_NY%2C_2007.jpg/220px-Clinton_correctional_facility%2C_Dannemora%2C_NY%2C_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Clinton_correctional_facility%2C_Dannemora%2C_NY%2C_2007.jpg/330px-Clinton_correctional_facility%2C_Dannemora%2C_NY%2C_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Clinton_correctional_facility%2C_Dannemora%2C_NY%2C_2007.jpg/440px-Clinton_correctional_facility%2C_Dannemora%2C_NY%2C_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2908" data-file-height="1934" /></a><figcaption>A maximum security prison, the <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Correctional_Facility" title="Clinton Correctional Facility">Clinton Correctional Facility</a>, in Dannemorra, New York</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inmate_uniform_(striped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Inmate_uniform_%28striped%29.jpg/220px-Inmate_uniform_%28striped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Inmate_uniform_%28striped%29.jpg/330px-Inmate_uniform_%28striped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Inmate_uniform_%28striped%29.jpg/440px-Inmate_uniform_%28striped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3172" data-file-height="3437" /></a><figcaption>Inmate in striped <a href="/wiki/Prison_uniform" title="Prison uniform">prison uniform</a> and restraints</figcaption></figure> Generally, when an inmate arrives at a prison, they go through a security classification screening and risk assessment that determines where they will be placed within the prison system. Classifications are assigned by assessing the prisoner's personal history and criminal record, and through subjective determinations made by intake personnel (which include mental health workers, counselors, clerical staff, sheriff deputies, prison unit managers, and others). This process will have a major impact on the prisoner's experience, determining their security level, educational and work programs, mental health status (e.g. the determination of whether they will be placed in a mental health unit), and many other factors. This sorting of prisoners is one of the fundamental techniques through which the prison administration maintains control over the inmate population and attempts to reduce risks and liabilities in an attempt to create an orderly and secure prison environment.<a href="#cite_note-65">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[58]</a> At some prisons, prisoners are made to wear a <a href="/wiki/Prison_uniform" title="Prison uniform">prison uniform</a>. The levels of security within a prison system are categorized differently around the world, but tend to follow a distinct pattern. At one end of the spectrum are the most secure facilities ("maximum security"), which typically hold prisoners that are considered dangerous, disruptive or likely to try to escape. Furthermore, in recent times, <a href="/wiki/Supermax" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermax">supermax</a> prisons have been created where the custody level goes beyond maximum security for people such as terrorists or <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners" class="mw-redirect" title="Political prisoners">political prisoners</a> deemed a threat to <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a>, and inmates from other prisons who have a history of violent or other disruptive behavior in prison or are suspected of <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">gang</a> affiliation. These inmates have individual cells and are kept in <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">lockdown</a>, often for more than 23 hours per day. Meals are served through "chuck-holes" in the cell door, and each inmate is allowed one hour of outdoor exercise per day, alone. They are normally permitted no contact with other inmates and are under constant surveillance via closed-circuit television cameras.<a href="#cite_note-68">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_chain_gang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Modern_chain_gang.jpg/220px-Modern_chain_gang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Modern_chain_gang.jpg/330px-Modern_chain_gang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Modern_chain_gang.jpg/440px-Modern_chain_gang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>A minimum security prison in the U.S.</figcaption></figure> On the other end are "minimum security" prisons which are most often used to house those for whom more stringent security is deemed unnecessary. For example, prisoners convicted of <a href="/wiki/White-collar_crime" title="White-collar crime">white-collar crime</a> (which rarely results in incarceration) are almost always sent to minimum-security prisons due to them having committed nonviolent crimes.<a href="#cite_note-69">[60]</a> Lower-security prisons are often designed with less restrictive features, confining prisoners at night in smaller locked dormitories or even cottage or cabin-like housing while permitting them free movement around the grounds to work or partake in activities during the day. Some countries (such as <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>) also have "open" prisons where prisoners are allowed home-leave or part-time employment outside of the prison. <a href="/wiki/Suomenlinna#Present" title="Suomenlinna">Suomenlinna Island facility</a> in Finland is an example of one such "open" correctional facility. The prison has been open since 1971 and, as of September 2013, the facility's 95 male prisoners leave the prison grounds on a daily basis to work in the corresponding township or commute to the mainland for either work or study. Prisoners can rent flat-screen televisions, sound systems, and mini-refrigerators with the prison-labor wages that they can earn—wages range between 4.10 and €7.30 per hour. With <a href="/wiki/Electronic_monitoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic monitoring">electronic monitoring</a>, prisoners are also allowed to visit their families in Helsinki and eat together with the prison staff. Prisoners in Scandinavian facilities are permitted to wear their own clothes.<a href="#cite_note-70">[61]</a> There are fundamental differences between the security level of men's prisons and that of women's prisons. Male prisons tend to have higher, or more severe, security levels/classifications than female prisons.<a href="#cite_note-study-71">[62]</a> This is even noticeable when comparing the construction and design of male prisons which tend to have very tall walls and towers, barbed wire and other serious security measures whereas these types of high level security measures are absent at many female prisons.<a href="#cite_note-study-71">[62]</a> This is due to multiple factors including females being convicted of less severe offences,<a href="#cite_note-72">[63]</a> and being less likely to be convicted of violent offences,<a href="#cite_note-73">[64]</a> in comparison to males,<a href="#cite_note-74">[65]</a> and due to female prisoners being less likely to be violent than male prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-75">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_facilities">Common facilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Common facilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prison_crowded.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Prison_crowded.jpg/220px-Prison_crowded.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Prison_crowded.jpg/330px-Prison_crowded.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Prison_crowded.jpg/440px-Prison_crowded.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>The crowded living quarters of <a href="/wiki/San_Quentin_State_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="San Quentin State Prison">San Quentin State Prison</a> in California, in January 2006. As a result of overcrowding in the <a href="/wiki/California_state_prison_system" class="mw-redirect" title="California state prison system">California state prison system</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> ordered California to reduce its prison population (the second largest in the nation, after <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>).</figcaption></figure> Modern prisons often hold hundreds or thousands of inmates, and must have facilities onsite to meet most of their needs, including dietary, health, fitness, education, religious practices, entertainment, and many others. Conditions in prisons vary widely around the world, and the types of facilities within prisons depend on many intersecting factors including funding, legal requirements, and cultural beliefs/practices. Nevertheless, in addition to the cell blocks that contain the prisoners, there are also certain auxiliary facilities that are common in prisons throughout the world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kitchen_and_dining">Kitchen and dining</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Kitchen and dining">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prison_food" title="Prison food">Prison food</a></div> Prisons generally have to provide food for a large number of individuals, and thus are generally equipped with a large institutional kitchen. There are many security considerations, however, that are unique to the prison dining environment. For instance, cutlery equipment must be very carefully monitored and accounted for at all times, and the layout of prison kitchens must be designed in a way that allows staff to observe activity of the kitchen staff (who are usually prisoners). The quality of kitchen equipment varies from prison to prison, depending on when the prison was constructed, and the level of funding available to procure new equipment. Prisoners are often served food in a large cafeteria with rows of tables and benches that are securely attached to the floor. However, inmates that are locked in control units, or prisons that are on "lockdown" (where prisoners are made to remain in their cells all day) have trays of food brought to their cells and served through "chuck-holes" in the cell door.<a href="#cite_note-77">[68]</a> Prison food in many <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a> is nutritionally adequate for most inmates.<a href="#cite_note-78">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Healthcare">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incarceration_of_women_in_the_United_States#Healthcare" title="Incarceration of women in the United States">Incarceration of women in the United States § Healthcare</a></div> Prisons in wealthy, industrialized nations provide medical care for most of their inmates.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Additionally, prison medical staff play a major role in monitoring, organizing, and controlling the prison population through the use of psychiatric evaluations and interventions (psychiatric drugs, isolation in mental health units, etc.). Prison populations are largely from poor minority communities that experience greater rates of chronic illness, substance abuse, and mental illness than the general population. This leads to a high demand for medical services, and in countries such as the US that do not provide tax-payer funded healthcare, prison is often the first place that people are able to receive medical treatment (which they could not afford outside).<a href="#cite_note-Senior-2012-80">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drucker-2011-p115-82">[73]</a> Some prison medical facilities include <a href="/wiki/Primary_care" title="Primary care">primary care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> services, <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dental care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a> treatment, and other forms of specialized care, depending on the needs of the inmate population and the willingness of the prison to provide for these needs. Health care services in many prisons have long been criticized as inadequate, underfunded, and understaffed, and many prisoners have experienced abuse and mistreatment at the hands of prison medical staff who are entrusted with their care.<a href="#cite_note-Senior-2012-80">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drucker-2011-p115-82">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[74]</a> In the United States, a million incarcerated people suffer from mental illness without any assistance or treatment for their condition. The tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend, known as the rate of recidivism, is unusually high for those with the most serious disorders.<a href="#cite_note-Byron-2014-84">[75]</a> Analysis of data in 2000 from several forensic hospitals in California, New York and Oregon found that with treatment the rate of recidivism was "much lower" than for untreated mentally ill offenders.<a href="#cite_note-Byron-2014-84">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Library_and_educational_facilities">Library and educational facilities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Library and educational facilities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prison_education" title="Prison education">Prison education</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inmate_teacher_teaching_other_inmates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Inmate_teacher_teaching_other_inmates.jpg/220px-Inmate_teacher_teaching_other_inmates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Inmate_teacher_teaching_other_inmates.jpg/330px-Inmate_teacher_teaching_other_inmates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Inmate_teacher_teaching_other_inmates.jpg/440px-Inmate_teacher_teaching_other_inmates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Inmate teaching other inmates in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></figcaption></figure> Some prisons provide educational programs for inmates that can include basic literacy, secondary education, or even college education. Prisoners seek education for a variety of reasons, including the development of skills for after release, personal enrichment and curiosity, finding something to fill their time, or trying to please prison staff (which can often secure early release for good behavior). However, the educational needs of prisoners often come into conflict with the security concerns of prison staff and with a public that wants to be "tough on crime" (and thus supports denying prisoners access to education). Whatever their reasons for participating in educational programs, prison populations tend to have very low literacy rates and lack of basic mathematical skills, and many have not completed secondary education. This lack of basic education severely limits their employment opportunities outside of prison, leading to high rates of recidivism, and research has shown that prison education can play a significant role in helping prisoners reorient their lives and become successful after reentry.<a href="#cite_note-85">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[77]</a> Many prisons also provide a library where prisoners can check out books, or do legal research for their cases.<a href="#cite_note-87">[j]</a> Often these libraries are very small, consisting of a few shelves of books. In some countries, such as the United States, drastic budget cuts have resulted in many <a href="/wiki/Prison_library" title="Prison library">prison libraries</a> being shut down. Meanwhile, many nations that have historically lacked prison libraries are starting to develop them.<a href="#cite_note-88">[78]</a> Prison libraries can dramatically improve the quality of life for prisoners, who have large amounts of empty time on their hands that can be occupied with reading. This time spent reading has a variety of benefits including improved literacy, ability to understand rules and regulations (leading to improved behavior), ability to read books that encourage self-reflection and analysis of one's emotional state, consciousness of important real-world events, and education that can lead to successful re-entry into society after release.<a href="#cite_note-89">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[80]</a> In 2024, the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> published Standards for Library Services for the Incarcerated or Detained. <a href="#cite_note-91">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literacy_programs">Literacy programs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Literacy programs">edit</a>]</div> Under the Federal Bureau of Prisons in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, all prison institutions offer literacy programs to expand inmates' educational opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-92">[82]</a> Some scholars in the field see prison literacy programs as organic, tactical spaces that resist institutionalization. They warn against the dehumanizing nature of <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">rehabilitative</a> practices and encourage the maintenance of agency and control in these programs to prevent them from becoming self-serving entities that cause further exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-93">[83]</a> Others argue that certain <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> systems are falsely advertised as a perfect solution when in reality there are much larger systemic issues at hand. Rather than trying to shape <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">inmates</a> into helpful workforce members upon release, scholars like Michael Sutcliffe argue that there needs to be a focus on re-enfranchising members and helping them share their voices.<a href="#cite_note-94">[84]</a> Still others advocate for styles of collective life-writing to capture the experience of incarcerated individuals and fight against exclusionary institutions.<a href="#cite_note-95">[85]</a> Taking an alternative approach, <a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queer</a> literacy frameworks have also been supported by scholars like Alexandra Cavallaro who see the incorporation of LGBTQ individuals' stories as key to promoting lifelong learning.<a href="#cite_note-96">[86]</a> Keeping forward solutions in mind, rhetorical listening is a final approach that is spread by leaders like Wendy Hinshaw.<a href="#cite_note-97">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recreation_and_fitness">Recreation and fitness</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Recreation and fitness">edit</a>]</div> Many prisons provide limited recreational and fitness facilities for prisoners. The provision of these services is controversial, with certain elements of society claiming that prisons are being "soft" on inmates, and others claiming that it is cruel and dehumanizing to confine people for years without any recreational opportunities. The tension between these two opinions, coupled with lack of funding, leads to a large variety of different recreational procedures at different prisons. Prison administrators, however, generally find the provision of recreational opportunities to be useful at maintaining order in the prisons, because it keeps prisoners occupied and provides leverage to gain compliance (by depriving prisoners of recreation as punishment). Examples of common facilities/programs that are available in some prisons are: gyms and weightlifting rooms, arts and crafts, games (such as cards, chess, or bingo), television sets, and sports teams.<a href="#cite_note-98">[88]</a> Additionally, many prisons have an outdoor recreation area, commonly referred to as an "exercise yard". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Control_units">Control units</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Control units">edit</a>]</div> Most prisoners are part of the "general population" of the prison, members of which are generally able to socialize with each other in common areas of the prison.<a href="#cite_note-99">[89]</a> A <dfn>control unit</dfn> or <dfn>segregation unit</dfn> (also called a "block" or "isolation cell") is a highly secure area of the prison, where inmates are placed in <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">solitary confinement</a> to isolate them from the general population.<a href="#cite_note-100">[90]</a> Other prisoners that are often segregated from the general population include those who are in <a href="/wiki/Protective_custody" title="Protective custody">protective custody</a>, or who are on suicide watch, and those whose behavior presents a threat to other prisoners. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_facilities">Other facilities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other facilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SQ_Lethal_Injection_Room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/SQ_Lethal_Injection_Room.jpg/220px-SQ_Lethal_Injection_Room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/SQ_Lethal_Injection_Room.jpg/330px-SQ_Lethal_Injection_Room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/SQ_Lethal_Injection_Room.jpg/440px-SQ_Lethal_Injection_Room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3618" data-file-height="2685" /></a><figcaption>In countries where capital punishment is practiced, such as the United States, some prisons are equipped with a "<a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">death row</a>", where prisoners are held prior to their executions, as well as an execution chamber, where they are put to death under controlled conditions. Pictured here is the <a href="/wiki/Lethal_injection" title="Lethal injection">lethal injection</a> room at <a href="/wiki/San_Quentin_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="San Quentin Prison">San Quentin Prison</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2010.</figcaption></figure> In addition to the above facilities, others that are common include prison factories and workshops, visiting areas, mail rooms, telephone and computer rooms, a prison store (often called a "canteen") where prisoners can purchase goods with <a href="/wiki/Prison_commissary" title="Prison commissary">prison commissary</a>. Some prisons have a <a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">death row</a> where prisoners who have been sentenced to death await execution and an execution room, where the death sentence is carried out. In places like Singapore and Malaysia, there is place for <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a> (carried out by caning).<a href="#cite_note-101">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Special_types">Special types</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Special types">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth_detention_facilities">Youth detention facilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Youth detention facilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jugendstrafvollzug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jugendstrafvollzug.jpg/180px-Jugendstrafvollzug.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jugendstrafvollzug.jpg/270px-Jugendstrafvollzug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jugendstrafvollzug.jpg/360px-Jugendstrafvollzug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Juvenile prison in Germany</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Youth_detention_center" title="Youth detention center">Youth detention center</a></div> Prisons for <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">juveniles</a> are known by a variety of names, including "youth detention facilities", "juvenile detention centers", and "reformatories". The purpose of youth detention facilities is to keep young offenders away from the public, while working towards rehabilitation.<a href="#cite_note-102">[92]</a> The idea of separately treating youthful and adult offenders is a relatively modern idea. The earliest known use of the term "juvenile delinquency" was in London in 1816, from where it quickly spread to the United States. The first juvenile correctional institution in the United States opened in 1825 in New York City. By 1917, juvenile courts had been established in all but 3 states.<a href="#cite_note-Welch-2004-juveniles-103">[93]</a> It was estimated that in 2011 more than 95,000 juveniles were locked up in prisons and jails in the United States (the largest youth prisoner population in the world).<a href="#cite_note-104">[94]</a> Besides prisons, many other types of residential placement exist within juvenile justice systems, including youth homes, community-based programs, training schools and boot camps.<a href="#cite_note-Welch-2004-juveniles-103">[93]</a> Like adult facilities, youth detention centers in some countries are experiencing overcrowding due to large increases in incarceration rates of young offenders. Crowding can create extremely dangerous environments in juvenile detention centers and juvenile correctional facilities. Overcrowding may also lead to the decrease in availability to provide the youth with much needed and promised programs and services while they are in the facility. Many times the administration is not prepared to handle the large number of residents and therefore the facilities can become unstable and create instability in simple logistics.<a href="#cite_note-OJJDP_2005_Report_Pg_2-105">[95]</a> In addition to overcrowding, juvenile prisons are questioned for their overall effectiveness in rehabilitating youth. Many critics note high juvenile <a href="/wiki/Recidivism" title="Recidivism">recidivism</a> rates, and the fact that most of the youths that are incarcerated are those from lower socio-economic classes (who often suffer from broken families, lack of educational/job opportunities, and violence in their communities).<a href="#cite_note-Welch-2004-juveniles-103">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-OJJDP_2005_Report_Pg_2-105">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_prisons">Women's prisons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Women's prisons">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Incarceration_of_women" title="Incarceration of women">Incarceration of women</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercer_Reformatory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mercer_Reformatory.jpg/220px-Mercer_Reformatory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mercer_Reformatory.jpg/330px-Mercer_Reformatory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mercer_Reformatory.jpg/440px-Mercer_Reformatory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mercer_Reformatory_for_Women" title="Andrew Mercer Reformatory for Women">Mercer Reformatory</a> (Toronto, Canada), which opened in 1874 and was Canada's first dedicated prison for women. The reformatory was closed in 1969 due to an abuse scandal.</figcaption></figure> In the 19th century, a growing awareness that female prisoners had different needs to male prisoners led to the establishment of dedicated prisons for women.<a href="#cite_note-106">[96]</a> In modern times, it is the norm for female inmates to be housed in either a separate prison or a separate wing of a unisex prison. The aim is to protect them from physical and sexual abuse that would otherwise occur. In the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, the guards of women's prisons are usually female, though not always.<a href="#cite_note-107">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[98]</a> For example, in federal women's correction facilities of the United States, 70% of guards are male.<a href="#cite_note-109">[99]</a> Rape and sexual offenses remain commonplace in many women's prisons, and are usually underreported.<a href="#cite_note-110">[100]</a> Two studies in the late 2000s noted that because a high proportion of female inmates have experienced sexual abuse in the past, they are particularly vulnerable to further abuse.<a href="#cite_note-111">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[102]</a> The needs of mothers during pregnancy and childbirth often conflict with the demands of the prison system. The Rebecca Project, a non-profit organization that campaigns for women's rights issues, reports that "In 2007, the Bureau of Justice Statistics stated that, on average, 5% of women who enter into state prisons are pregnant and in jails [local prisons] 6% of women are pregnant".<a href="#cite_note-Rebecca_Project-113">[103]</a> The standard of care that female prisoners receive before and after giving birth is often far worse than the standard expected by the general population, and sometimes almost none is given.<a href="#cite_note-Rebecca_Project-113">[103]</a> In some countries, female prisoners may be restrained while giving birth.<a href="#cite_note-114">[104]</a> In many countries including the United States, mothers will frequently be separated from their baby after giving birth.<a href="#cite_note-115">[105]</a> Research has shown a significant link between females in prison and brain injury <a href="#cite_note-116">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[109]</a> which supports research that shows incarcerated females are overwhelmingly victims of domestic violence (mainly male violence against women).<a href="#cite_note-120">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_prisons_and_prisoner-of-war_camps">Military prisons and prisoner-of-war camps</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Military prisons and prisoner-of-war camps">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guantanamo_captives_in_January_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Guantanamo_captives_in_January_2002.jpg/220px-Guantanamo_captives_in_January_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Guantanamo_captives_in_January_2002.jpg/330px-Guantanamo_captives_in_January_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Guantanamo_captives_in_January_2002.jpg/440px-Guantanamo_captives_in_January_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption>Captives at <a href="/wiki/Camp_X-Ray" title="Camp X-Ray">Camp X-Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Detention_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp">Guantanamo Bay, Cuba</a>, a United States military prison where people are being <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_detention_without_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Indefinite detention without trial">indefinitely detained</a> in <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">solitary confinement</a> as part of the "<a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>" (January 2002). The prisoners are forced to wear goggles and headphones for <a href="/wiki/Sensory_deprivation" title="Sensory deprivation">sensory deprivation</a> and to prevent them from communicating with other prisoners.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patarei_vangla_2010-07-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Patarei_vangla_2010-07-19.jpg/220px-Patarei_vangla_2010-07-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Patarei_vangla_2010-07-19.jpg/330px-Patarei_vangla_2010-07-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Patarei_vangla_2010-07-19.jpg/440px-Patarei_vangla_2010-07-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Patarei_Prison" title="Patarei Prison">Patarei Sea Fortress</a>, known as the notorious <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet-era</a> prison, in <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn, Estonia</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Military_prison" title="Military prison">Military prison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">Prisoner-of-war camp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">American Civil War prison camps</a></div> Prisons have formed parts of military systems since the French Revolution. France set up its system in 1796. They were modernized in 1852 and since their existence, are used variously to house prisoners of war, <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">unlawful combatants</a>, those whose freedom is deemed a national security risk by military or civilian authorities, and members of the military found guilty of a serious crime. Military prisons in the United States have also been converted to civilian prisons, to include <a href="/wiki/Alcatraz_Island" title="Alcatraz Island">Alcatraz Island</a>. Alcatraz was formerly a military prison for soldiers during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[113]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, British prisoners held by the U.S. were assigned to local farmers as laborers. The British kept American sailors in broken down ship hulls with high death rates.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the Napoleonic wars, the broken down hulks were still in use for naval prisoners. One French surgeon recalled his captivity in Spain, where scurvy, diarrhea, dysentery, and typhus abounded, and prisoners died by the thousands: <dl><dd>"These great trunks of ships were immense coffins, in which living men were consigned to a slow death.... [In the hot weather we had] black army bread full of gritty particles, biscuit full of maggots, salt meat that was already decomposing, rancid lard, spoiled cod, [and] stale rice, peas, and beans."<a href="#cite_note-124">[114]</a></dd></dl> In the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, at first prisoners of war were released, after they promised not to fight again unless formally exchanged. When the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners the system broke down, and each side built large-scale POW camps. Conditions in terms of housing, food, and medical care were bad in the Confederacy, and the Union retaliated by imposing harsh conditions.<a href="#cite_note-125">[115]</a> By 1900, the legal framework of the Geneva and Hague Convention provided considerable protection. In the First World War, millions of prisoners were held on both sides, with no major atrocities. Officers received privileged treatment. There was an increase in the use of forced labor throughout Europe. Food and medical treatment were generally comparable to what active duty soldiers received, and housing was much better than front-line conditions.<a href="#cite_note-126">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_prisons_and_administrative_detention">Political prisons and administrative detention</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Political prisons and administrative detention">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detention</a></div> Political prisoners are people who have been imprisoned because of their political beliefs, activities and affiliations. There is much debate about who qualifies as a "political prisoner". The category of "political prisoner" is often contested, and many regimes that incarcerate political prisoners often claim that they are merely "criminals". Others who are sometimes classified as "political prisoners" include prisoners who were politicized in prison, and are subsequently punished for their involvement with political causes.<a href="#cite_note-127">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[k]</a> Many countries maintain or have in the past had a system of prisons specifically intended for political prisoners. In some countries, dissidents can be detained, tortured, executed, and/or "disappeared" without trial. This can happen either legally, or extralegally (sometimes by falsely accusing people and fabricating evidence against them).<a href="#cite_note-130">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detention</a> is a classification of prisons or detention centers where people are held without trial. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychiatric_facilities">Psychiatric facilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Psychiatric facilities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">Psychiatric hospital</a></div> Some <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatric</a> facilities have characteristics of prisons, particularly when confining patients who have committed a crime and are considered dangerous.<a href="#cite_note-131">[120]</a> In addition, many prisons have psychiatric units dedicated to housing offenders diagnosed with a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorders</a>. The United States government refers to psychiatric prisons housing federal inmates as "<a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._federal_prisons" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. federal prisons">Federal Medical Centers (FMC)</a>". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prison_population">Prison population</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Prison population">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_map_of_prison_population_rates_from_World_Prison_Brief.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/World_map_of_prison_population_rates_from_World_Prison_Brief.svg/220px-World_map_of_prison_population_rates_from_World_Prison_Brief.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/World_map_of_prison_population_rates_from_World_Prison_Brief.svg/330px-World_map_of_prison_population_rates_from_World_Prison_Brief.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/World_map_of_prison_population_rates_from_World_Prison_Brief.svg/440px-World_map_of_prison_population_rates_from_World_Prison_Brief.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A map of incarceration rates by country</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._incarceration_rates_1925_onwards.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/U.S._incarceration_rates_1925_onwards.png/220px-U.S._incarceration_rates_1925_onwards.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/U.S._incarceration_rates_1925_onwards.png/330px-U.S._incarceration_rates_1925_onwards.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/U.S._incarceration_rates_1925_onwards.png/440px-U.S._incarceration_rates_1925_onwards.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1684" /></a><figcaption>A graph showing the incarceration rate per 100,000 population in the United States. The rapid rise in the rate of imprisonment in the United States came in response to the declaration of a <a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a>: nearly half of those incarcerated in the United States are sentenced to prison for violating <a href="/wiki/Drug_prohibition" title="Drug prohibition">drug prohibition</a> laws.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_incarceration_rate" title="List of countries by incarceration rate">List of countries by incarceration rate</a></div> Some jurisdictions refer to the prison population (total or per-prison) as the prison muster.<a href="#cite_note-132">[121]</a> In 2021, the World Prison Brief reported that at least 11.5 million people were imprisoned worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-133">[122]</a> In 2021, the United States of America had the world's largest prison population, with over 2 million people in American prisons or jails—up from 744,000 in 1985—making 1 in every 200 American adults a prisoner. In 2017, the nonprofit organization Prison Policy Initiative estimated that the United States government spent an estimated US$80.7 billion to maintain prisons.<a href="#cite_note-134">[123]</a> CNBC estimated that the cost of maintaining the US prison system was US$74 billion per year.<a href="#cite_note-135">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[l]</a> This increases government spending on prisons.<a href="#cite_note-137">[125]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit">[update]</a>, the US no longer has the highest incarceration rate in the world, with <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> now having the highest.<a href="#cite_note-138">[126]</a> Not all countries have experienced a rise in prison population: Sweden closed four prisons in 2013 due to a significant drop in the number of inmates. The head of Sweden's prison and probation services characterized the decrease in the number of Swedish prisoners as "out-of-the-ordinary", with prison numbers in Sweden falling by around 1% a year since 2004.<a href="#cite_note-139">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a> website hosts data<a href="#cite_note-140">[128]</a> regarding prison populations around the world, including "Persons held – by sex, by age group,"<a href="#cite_note-141">[129]</a> "Persons held – by status and sex"<a href="#cite_note-142">[130]</a> and "Prison capacity and overcrowding – totals".<a href="#cite_note-143">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics_of_the_prison_industry">Economics of the prison industry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Economics of the prison industry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Penal_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal labor">Penal labor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Private_prisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Private prisons">Private prisons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prison-industrial_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison-industrial complex">Prison-industrial complex</a></div> In the United States alone, more than $74 billion per year is spent on prisons, with over 800,000 people employed in the prison industry.<a href="#cite_note-144">[132]</a> As the prison population grows, revenues increase for a variety of small and large businesses that construct facilities, and provide equipment (security systems, furniture, clothing), and services (transportation, communications, healthcare, food) for prisons. These parties have a strong interest in the expansion of the prison system since their development and prosperity directly depends on the number of inmates.<a href="#cite_note-145">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[134]</a> The prison industry also includes private businesses that benefit from the exploitation of the prison labor.<a href="#cite_note-147">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[136]</a> Some scholars, using the term <a href="/wiki/Prison-industrial_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison-industrial complex">prison-industrial complex</a>, have argued that the trend of "hiring out prisoners" is a continuation of the slavery tradition, pointing out that the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> freed slaves but allowed forced labor for people convicted of crimes.<a href="#cite_note-149">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[138]</a> Prisons are very attractive to employers, because prisoners can be made to perform a great array of jobs, under conditions that most free laborers would not accept (and would be illegal outside of prisons): sub-minimum wage payments, no insurance, no collective bargaining, lack of alternative options, etc.<a href="#cite_note-Young2000-151">[139]</a> Prison labor can soon deprive the free labor of jobs in a number of sectors, since the organized labor turns out to be uncompetitive compared to the prison counterpart.<a href="#cite_note-Young2000-151">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_effects">Social effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Social effects">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal">Internal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Internal">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attica_Prison_Riot_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Attica_Prison_Riot_Memorial.jpg/200px-Attica_Prison_Riot_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Attica_Prison_Riot_Memorial.jpg/300px-Attica_Prison_Riot_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Attica_Prison_Riot_Memorial.jpg/400px-Attica_Prison_Riot_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to the prison staff who died in the <a href="/wiki/Attica_Prison_riot" title="Attica Prison riot">1971 riot</a> at <a href="/wiki/Attica_Correctional_Facility" title="Attica Correctional Facility">Attica Correctional Facility</a></figcaption></figure> Prisons can be difficult places to live and work in, even in <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a> in the present day. By their very definition, prisons house individuals who may be prone to violence and rule-breaking.<a href="#cite_note-154">[142]</a> It is also typical that a high proportion of inmates have mental health concerns. A 2014 US report found that this included 64% of local jail inmates, 54% of state prisoners and 45% of federal prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-155">[143]</a> The environment may be worsened by <a href="/wiki/Prison_overcrowding" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison overcrowding">overcrowding</a>, poor sanitation and maintenance, <a href="/wiki/Prison_violence" title="Prison violence">violence</a> by prisoners against other prisoners or staff, staff misconduct, <a href="/wiki/Prison_gang" title="Prison gang">prison gangs</a>, self-harm, and the widespread smuggling of illegal drugs and other contraband.<a href="#cite_note-156">[144]</a> The social system within the prison commonly develops an "<a href="/wiki/Inmate_Code" title="Inmate Code">inmate code</a>", an informal set of internal values and rules that govern prison life and relationships, but that may be at odds with the interests of prison management or external society, compromising future rehabilitation and increasing recidivism rates.<a href="#cite_note-157">[145]</a> In some cases, disorder can escalate into a full-scale <a href="/wiki/Prison_riot" title="Prison riot">prison riot</a>, which could lead to serious injury or death en masse. Academic research has found that poor conditions tend to increase the likelihood of <a href="/wiki/Prison_violence" title="Prison violence">violence within prisons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External">External</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External">edit</a>]</div> Prisoners can face difficulty re-integrating back into society upon their release. They often <a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination_against_persons_with_criminal_records" title="Employment discrimination against persons with criminal records">have difficulty finding work</a>, earn less money when they do find work, and experience a wide range of medical and psychological issues. Many countries have a high recidivism rate. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, 67.8% of released prisoners in the United States are rearrested within three years and 76.6% are rearrested within five years.<a href="#cite_note-nij-recidivism-161">[149]</a> If the prisoner has a family, they are likely to suffer socially and economically from their absence.<a href="#cite_note-162">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-ToddClear-163">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-MichelleAlexander-164">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[153]</a> If a society has a very high imprisonment rate, these effects become noticeable not just on family units, but also on entire poor communities or communities of color.<a href="#cite_note-ToddClear-163">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-MichelleAlexander-164">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[154]</a> The expensive cost of maintaining a high imprisonment rate also costs money that must come at the expense of either the taxpayer or other government agencies.<a href="#cite_note-167">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories_of_punishment_and_criminality">Theories of punishment and criminality</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Theories of punishment and criminality">edit</a>]</div> A variety of justifications and explanations are put forth for why people are imprisoned by the state. The most common of these are:<a href="#cite_note-Oxford-History-pX-169">[157]</a> <ul><li>Rehabilitation:<a href="#cite_note-170">[m]</a> Theories of rehabilitation argue that the purpose of imprisonment is to change prisoners' lives in a way that will make them productive and law-abiding members of society once they are released. The idea was promoted by 19th century reformers, who promoted prisons as a humane alternative to harsh punishments of the past.<a href="#cite_note-DavidLewis-23">[19]</a> Many governments and prison systems have adopted rehabilitation as an official aim.<a href="#cite_note-171">[158]</a> In the United States and Canada, prison agencies are often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Corrections" title="Corrections">Corrections</a>" services for this reason.</li> <li>Deterrence: Theories of deterrence argue that by sentencing criminals to extremely harsh penalties, other people who might be considering criminal activities will be so terrified of the consequences that they will choose not to commit crimes out of fear.</li> <li>Incapacitation: Theories of <dfn>incapacitation</dfn> argue that while prisoners are incarcerated, they will be unable to commit crimes, thus keeping communities safer.</li> <li>Retribution: Theories of <dfn>retribution</dfn> argue that the purpose of imprisonment is to cause a sufficient level of misery to the prisoner, in proportion to the perceived seriousness of their crime. These theories do not necessarily focus on whether or not a particular punishment benefits the community, but instead are based upon a belief that some kind of moral balance will be achieved by "paying back" the prisoner for the wrongs they have committed.<a href="#cite_note-172">[159]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evaluation">Evaluation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Evaluation">edit</a>]</div> Academic studies have been inconclusive as to whether high imprisonment rates reduce crime rates in comparison to low imprisonment rates; only a minority suggest it creates a significant reduction, and others suggest it increases crime.<a href="#cite_note-ToddClear-163">[151]</a> Prisoners are at risk of being drawn further into crime, as they may become acquainted with other criminals, trained in further criminal activity, exposed to further abuse (both from staff and other prisoners) and left with criminal records that make it difficult to find legal employment after release. All of these things can result in a higher likelihood of reoffending upon release.<a href="#cite_note-173">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[161]</a> This has resulted in a series of studies that are skeptical towards the idea that prison can rehabilitate offenders.<a href="#cite_note-175">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[163]</a> As Morris and Rothman (1995) point out, "It's hard to train for freedom in a cage."<a href="#cite_note-Oxford-History-pX-169">[157]</a> A few countries have been able to operate prison systems with a low <a href="/wiki/Recidivism" title="Recidivism">recidivism</a> rate, including <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[164]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[165]</a> On the other hand, in many countries including the United States, the vast majority of prisoners are rearrested within 3 years of their release.<a href="#cite_note-nij-recidivism-161">[149]</a> Prison reform organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Howard_League_for_Penal_Reform" title="Howard League for Penal Reform">Howard League for Penal Reform</a> are not entirely opposed to attempting to rehabilitate offenders, but instead argue that most prisoners would be more likely to be rehabilitated if they received a punishment other than prison.<a href="#cite_note-179">[166]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Justice" title="National Institute of Justice">National Institute of Justice</a> argues that offenders can be deterred by the fear of being caught but are unlikely to be deterred by the fear or experience of the punishment.<a href="#cite_note-ncj-deterrence-180">[167]</a> Like <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_W._Sherman" title="Lawrence W. Sherman">Lawrence W. Sherman</a>, they argue that better policing is a more effective way to reduce crime rates.<a href="#cite_note-ncj-deterrence-180">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[168]</a> The argument that prisons can reduce crime through incapacitation is more widely accepted, even among academics who doubt that prisons can rehabilitate or deter offenders.<a href="#cite_note-ncj-deterrence-180">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-ToddClear-163">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[169]</a> A dissenting argument from Arrigo and Milovanovic, who argue that prisoners will simply continue to victimize people inside of the prison and that this harm has impacts on the society outside.<a href="#cite_note-183">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Alternatives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_imprisonment" title="Alternatives to imprisonment">Alternatives to imprisonment</a></div> Modern <a href="/wiki/Prison_reform" title="Prison reform">prison reform</a> movements generally seek to reduce prison populations. A key goal is to improve conditions by reducing <a href="/wiki/Prison_overcrowding" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison overcrowding">overcrowding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[171]</a> Prison reformers also argue that alternative methods are often better at rehabilitating offenders and preventing crime in the long term. Among the countries that have sought to actively reduce prison populations include Sweden,<a href="#cite_note-185">[172]</a> Germany and the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-186">[173]</a> Alternatives to prison sentences include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fine_(penalty)" title="Fine (penalty)">Fines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_service#Court_ordered_service" title="Community service">Community service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution">Execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_sentence" title="Suspended sentence">Suspended sentence</a>: The offender performs of a period of probation, and only serves a prison sentence if the terms of probation are broken. This is similar to the Canadian concept of a <a href="/wiki/Conditional_sentence_(Canada)" title="Conditional sentence (Canada)">conditional sentence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ogrady-187">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">House arrest</a>/<a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfews</a>: Sometimes a condition of a strict suspended/conditional sentence.<a href="#cite_note-Ogrady-187">[174]</a></li> <li>Mandatory treatment for drug offenders.</li> <li>Rehabilitation programs, such as <a href="/wiki/Anger_management" title="Anger management">anger management</a> classes.</li> <li>Mental health treatment for offenders with mental illness.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_(sentence)" title="Discharge (sentence)">Conditional discharge</a>: The offender is not punished for the crime if they abide by certain conditions; typically they must not commit any further crimes within a designated period.</li> <li>Other court orders that take away privileges from the offender, such as banning motoring offenders from driving.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">Restorative justice</a> programs,<a href="#cite_note-188">[n]</a> which overlap with the above methods. Restorative justice is based around arranging a mediation between the offender and victim, so that the offenders can take responsibility for their actions, "to repair the harm they've done—by apologizing, returning stolen money, or community service".<a href="#cite_note-189">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[177]</a></li></ul> These alternatives do not eliminate the need for imprisonment altogether. Suspended sentences entail the threat of time in prison, while for others, actual imprisonment may be used as a punishment for noncompliance. The <a href="/wiki/Prison_abolition_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison abolition movement">prison abolition movement</a> seeks to eliminate prisons altogether. It is distinct from <a href="/wiki/Prison_reform" title="Prison reform">prison reform</a>, although abolitionists often support reform campaigns, regarding them as incremental steps towards abolishing prisons.<a href="#cite_note-192">[178]</a> The abolition movement is motivated by a belief that prisons are inherently ineffective <a href="#cite_note-193">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[180]</a> and discriminatory.<a href="#cite_note-195">[181]</a> The movement is associated with <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">anti-authoritarianism</a>, with some prison abolitionists arguing that imprisoning people for actions the state designates as crimes is not only inexpedient but also immoral.<a href="#cite_note-196">[182]</a> Historian Robin Bernstein further explains that the movement "organizes around no single plan for the future, but instead a process of imagining a world in which justice, freedom, and life flourish - without prisons," and that "Prison abolition is a commitment to a simple, powerful idea: prisons do not foster justice."<a href="#cite_note-197">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Decarceration in the United States">Decarceration in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_prisons" class="mw-redirect" title="For-profit prisons">For-profit prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_detention" title="Immigration detention">Immigration detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_and_health" title="Incarceration and health">Incarceration and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">Incarceration in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inmate_telephone_system" title="Inmate telephone system">Inmate telephone system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kids_for_Cash_Scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kids for Cash Scandal">Kids for Cash Scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_in_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT people in prison">LGBT people in prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">Life imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons" title="List of prisons">List of prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_prison" title="Military prison">Military prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_prison" title="Open prison">Open prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_gang" title="Prison gang">Prison gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_officer" title="Prison officer">Prison officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_pose" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison pose">Prison pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_sexuality" title="Prison sexuality">Prison sexuality</a>, including homosexuality and sexual abuse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_strike" title="Prison strike">Prison strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners%27_rights" title="Prisoners' rights">Prisoners' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School-to-prison_pipeline" title="School-to-prison pipeline">School-to-prison pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_treatment" title="Silent treatment">Silent treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Minimum_Rules_for_the_Treatment_of_Prisoners" title="Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners">Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> From the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> prisoun<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> In American and Canadian English, prison and jail usually refer to separate things in formal speech. In general, a prison is a place where individuals given long sentences are incarcerated, while a jail is a place where individuals in pretrial custody or given short sentences school are sent. In the United States, jails are often run by counties, while prisons are run by the state or federal government.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> gaol is a dated British and South African spelling also used historically in Canada and Australia. The spelling jail is sometimes preferred because gaol does not follow the usual <a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_G#English" title="Hard and soft G">English pronunciation rules for hard and soft G</a> and ao is not a <a href="/wiki/Diphthong#English" title="Diphthong">standard English diphthong</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> In Britain a 'detention centre' is a military detention facility, not a prison </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> For a more detailed look at the English "transportation" system, and the transition from <a href="/wiki/Penal_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal colonies">penal colonies</a> to prisons, see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHostettler,_John2009" class="citation book cs1">Hostettler, John (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hogc8SihCjoC&pg=PA157">A History of Criminal Justice in England and Wales</a>. Waterside Press. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906534-79-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906534-79-0"><bdi>978-1-906534-79-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Criminal+Justice+in+England+and+Wales&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Waterside+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-906534-79-0&rft.au=Hostettler%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhogc8SihCjoC%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> For an in-depth treatment of Bentham's panopticon, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemple,_Janet1993" class="citation book cs1">Semple, Janet (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ayjLuTdVkTYC">Bentham's Prison: A Study of the Panopticon Penitentiary: A Study of the Panopticon Penitentiary</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-159081-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-159081-8"><bdi>978-0-19-159081-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bentham%27s+Prison%3A+A+Study+of+the+Panopticon+Penitentiary%3A+A+Study+of+the+Panopticon+Penitentiary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-159081-8&rft.au=Semple%2C+Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DayjLuTdVkTYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> But some authors have pointed out that many historical treatments overemphasize Howard's work, and that there were many other individuals (including local prison administrators) that also played a significant role in the development of modern prisons. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLacy,_Margaret1986" class="citation book cs1">DeLacy, Margaret (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hc7YAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA15">"The Eighteenth Century Gaol"</a>. Prison Reform in Lancashire, 1700–1850: A Study in Local Administration. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-1341-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-1341-6"><bdi>978-0-7190-1341-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Eighteenth+Century+Gaol&rft.btitle=Prison+Reform+in+Lancashire%2C+1700%E2%80%931850%3A+A+Study+in+Local+Administration&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-1341-6&rft.au=DeLacy%2C+Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhc7YAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> There were several reasons that early prison reformers sought to move punishment out of the view of the public, by placing prisons away from population centers and restricting access to the inside of prison facilities. For a detailed history of the ideological origins of these practices of concealment and exclusion, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKann,_Mark_E.2005" class="citation book cs1">Kann, Mark E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajwunh3qA2gC&pg=PA215">"Concealing Punishment"</a>. Punishment, Prisons, and Patriarchy: Liberty and Power in the Early American Republic. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4783-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4783-4"><bdi>978-0-8147-4783-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Concealing+Punishment&rft.btitle=Punishment%2C+Prisons%2C+and+Patriarchy%3A+Liberty+and+Power+in+the+Early+American+Republic&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-4783-4&rft.au=Kann%2C+Mark+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dajwunh3qA2gC%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> For a broad overview of the technologies used in prison security, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatessa,_Edward_J.1996" class="citation book cs1">Latessa, Edward J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GBWOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA741">"Technology"</a>. In McShane, Marilyn D.; Williams, Frank P. (eds.). Encyclopedia Of American Prisons. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-58270-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-58270-8"><bdi>978-1-135-58270-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Technology&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Of+American+Prisons&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-135-58270-8&rft.au=Latessa%2C+Edward+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGBWOAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> For a history of the development of prison libraries, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyle,_William1987" class="citation book cs1">Coyle, William (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lBKlbR0sdgUC">Libraries in Prisons: A Blending of Institutions</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-24769-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-24769-9"><bdi>978-0-313-24769-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libraries+in+Prisons%3A+A+Blending+of+Institutions&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-313-24769-9&rft.au=Coyle%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlBKlbR0sdgUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiegand,_Wayne_A.Davis,_Donald_G.1994" class="citation book cs1">Wiegand, Wayne A.; Davis, Donald G., eds. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WR9bsvhc4XMC&pg=PA510">"Prison libraries"</a>. Encyclopedia of Library History. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-5787-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-5787-9"><bdi>978-0-8240-5787-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prison+libraries&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Library+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-5787-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWR9bsvhc4XMC%26pg%3DPA510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> For a detailed discussion of the sometimes blurred line between "criminals" and "political prisoners", see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWachsmann,_Nikolaus2004" class="citation book cs1">Wachsmann, Nikolaus (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s7cvA1eewzUC">Hitler's Prisons: Legal Terror in Nazi Germany</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10250-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10250-5"><bdi>978-0-300-10250-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Prisons%3A+Legal+Terror+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10250-5&rft.au=Wachsmann%2C+Nikolaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds7cvA1eewzUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> For a detailed look at the <a href="/wiki/Demographics" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics">demographics</a> of the U.S. prison population, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon,_Ritade_Waal,_Christiaan2009" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Rita; de Waal, Christiaan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qwBs-kqL7dEC&pg=PA16">"United States"</a>. Prisons the World Over. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-4024-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-4024-6"><bdi>978-0-7391-4024-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=United+States&rft.btitle=Prisons+the+World+Over&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-4024-6&rft.au=Simon%2C+Rita&rft.au=de+Waal%2C+Christiaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqwBs-kqL7dEC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Also frequently referred to as "reformation" or "corrections" </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Sometimes called "reparative justice" (See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitekamp1993" class="citation journal cs1">Weitekamp, Elmar (1993). "Reparative justice: Towards a victim oriented system". European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. 1 (1): 70–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02249525">10.1007/BF02249525</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147309026">147309026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+on+Criminal+Policy+and+Research&rft.atitle=Reparative+justice%3A+Towards+a+victim+oriented+system&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=70-93&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02249525&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147309026%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Weitekamp&rft.aufirst=Elmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988">) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Harper2001–2013" class="citation web cs1">Douglas Harper (2001–2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=prison&searchmode=none">"Prison"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130909233445/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=prison&searchmode=none">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Prison&rft.date=2001%2F2013&rft.au=Douglas+Harper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3Dprison%26searchmode%3Dnone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/jail-vs-prison-difference">"Jail vs prison difference"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jail+vs+prison+difference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fwords-at-play%2Fjail-vs-prison-difference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.correctionalservices.gov.pg/en/operations/73-operations-division">"Operation Division – PNG Correctional Services"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operation+Division+%E2%80%93+PNG+Correctional+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.correctionalservices.gov.pg%2Fen%2Foperations%2F73-operations-division&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2016" class="citation web cs1">Webb, Tiger (22 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/archived/booksandarts/jail-or-gaol-how-should-australia-spell-it/7532694">"Jail or gaol: Which spelling is correct?"</a>. ABC Radio National. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 20 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+Radio+National&rft.atitle=Jail+or+gaol%3A+Which+spelling+is+correct%3F&rft.date=2016-06-22&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Tiger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fradionational%2Farchived%2Fbooksandarts%2Fjail-or-gaol-how-should-australia-spell-it%2F7532694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen,_Danielle_S." class="citation web cs1">Allen, Danielle S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=1192">"Punishment in Ancient Athens"</a>. Harvard University, Center for Hellenic Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002347/http://chs.harvard.edu/wa/pageR?tn=ArticleWrapper&bdc=12&mn=1192">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+University%2C+Center+for+Hellenic+Studies&rft.atitle=Punishment+in+Ancient+Athens&rft.au=Allen%2C+Danielle+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchs.harvard.edu%2Fwa%2FpageR%3Ftn%3DArticleWrapper%26bdc%3D12%26mn%3D1192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth,_Michael_P.2006" class="citation book cs1">Roth, Michael P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RTH31DgbTzgC&pg=PR26">Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia</a>. Greenwood Publishing. p. xxvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32856-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32856-5"><bdi>978-0-313-32856-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160515115859/https://books.google.com/books?id=RTH31DgbTzgC&pg=PR26">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prisons+and+Prison+Systems%3A+A+Global+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=xxvi&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32856-5&rft.au=Roth%2C+Michael+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRTH31DgbTzgC%26pg%3DPR26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopes2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lopes, Jenna (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/ojii_volumes/116/">"There's Got to Be a Better Way: Retribution vs. Restoration"</a>. Osprey Journal of Ideals and Inquiry. II: 53. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808235532/http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/ojii_volumes/116/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Osprey+Journal+of+Ideals+and+Inquiry&rft.atitle=There%27s+Got+to+Be+a+Better+Way%3A+Retribution+vs.+Restoration&rft.volume=II&rft.pages=53&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Lopes&rft.aufirst=Jenna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unf.edu%2Fojii_volumes%2F116%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Krause, Jens-Uwe (1996). Gefängnisse im Römischen Reich [Prisons in the Roman Empire]. Heidelberger Althistorische Beiträge und Epigraphische Studien, vol. 23. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-06976-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-06976-3">3-515-06976-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLady_Lugard1997" class="citation book cs1">Lady Lugard, Flora Louisa Shaw (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FX5UGiFsmbEC&pg=PA199">"Songhay Under Askia the Great"</a>. A tropical dependency: an outline of the ancient history of the western Sudan with an account of the modern settlement of northern Nigeria / [Flora S. Lugard]. Black Classic Press. pp. 199–200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933121-92-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-933121-92-X"><bdi>0-933121-92-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Songhay+Under+Askia+the+Great&rft.btitle=A+tropical+dependency%3A+an+outline+of+the+ancient+history+of+the+western+Sudan+with+an+account+of+the+modern+settlement+of+northern+Nigeria+%2F+%5BFlora+S.+Lugard%5D&rft.pages=199-200&rft.pub=Black+Classic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-933121-92-X&rft.aulast=Lady+Lugard&rft.aufirst=Flora+Louisa+Shaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFX5UGiFsmbEC%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurning,_Patricia2012" class="citation book cs1">Turning, Patricia (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BxmTcMMfLpIC&pg=PA285">"Competition for the Prisoner's Body: Wardens and Jailers in Fourteenth-Century Southern France"</a>. In Classen, Albrecht; Scarborough, Connie (eds.). Crime and Punishment in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age: Mental-Historical Investigations of Basic Human Problems and Social Responses. Walter de Gruyter. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-029458-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-029458-3"><bdi>978-3-11-029458-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603023524/https://books.google.com/books?id=BxmTcMMfLpIC&pg=PA285">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Competition+for+the+Prisoner%27s+Body%3A+Wardens+and+Jailers+in+Fourteenth-Century+Southern+France&rft.btitle=Crime+and+Punishment+in+the+Middle+Ages+and+Early+Modern+Age%3A+Mental-Historical+Investigations+of+Basic+Human+Problems+and+Social+Responses&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-11-029458-3&rft.au=Turning%2C+Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBxmTcMMfLpIC%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> George Fisher, "The birth of the prison retold." Yale Law Journal 104.6 (1995): 1235–1324. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7606&context=ylj">online free</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> C. Fred Alford, "What would it matter if everything Foucault said about prison were wrong? Discipline and Punish after twenty years." Theory and society 29.1 (2000): 125–146. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3108481">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> David Garland, "Review: Foucault's "Discipline and Punish"--An Exposition and Critique" American Bar Foundation Research Journal 11#4 (1986), pp. 847–880 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/828299">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Karl von Schriltz, "Foucault on the prison: Torturing history to punish capitalism." Critical Review 13.3–4 (1999): 391–411. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Schwan, A., & Shapiro, S. (2011). How to read Foucault's discipline and punish. London : Pluto Press, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-history-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_20-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331082409/http://www.howardleague.org/history-of-prison-system/">"History of the prison system"</a>. 16 October 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.howardleague.org/history-of-prison-system/">the original</a> on 31 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+prison+system&rft.date=2014-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.howardleague.org%2Fhistory-of-prison-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault,_Michel1995" class="citation book cs1">Foucault, Michel (1995). Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-75255-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-75255-4"><bdi>978-0-679-75255-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discipline+%26+Punish%3A+The+Birth+of+the+Prison&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-679-75255-4&rft.au=Foucault%2C+Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKann,_Mark_E.2005" class="citation book cs1">Kann, Mark E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajwunh3qA2gC&pg=PA216">"Concealing Punishment"</a>. Punishment, Prisons, and Patriarchy: Liberty and Power in the Early American Republic. NYU Press. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4783-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4783-4"><bdi>978-0-8147-4783-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160518221615/https://books.google.com/books?id=ajwunh3qA2gC&pg=PA216">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Concealing+Punishment&rft.btitle=Punishment%2C+Prisons%2C+and+Patriarchy%3A+Liberty+and+Power+in+the+Early+American+Republic&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-4783-4&rft.au=Kann%2C+Mark+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dajwunh3qA2gC%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidLewis-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DavidLewis_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidLewis_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis,_W._David2009" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, W. David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lVKsRQjN9M4C&pg=PA6">From Newgate to Dannemora: The Rise of the Penitentiary in New York, 1796–1848</a>. Cornell University Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7548-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7548-1"><bdi>978-0-8014-7548-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504220659/https://books.google.com/books?id=lVKsRQjN9M4C&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Newgate+to+Dannemora%3A+The+Rise+of+the+Penitentiary+in+New+York%2C+1796%E2%80%931848&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-7548-1&rft.au=Lewis%2C+W.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlVKsRQjN9M4C%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2024" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Robin (2024). Freeman's Challenge: The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit. The University of Chicago Press. p. 16-19, 31-32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freeman%27s+Challenge%3A+The+Murder+That+Shook+America%27s+Original+Prison+for+Profit&rft.pages=16-19%2C+31-32&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpierenburg,_Peter1998" class="citation book cs1">Spierenburg, Peter (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bwvH5ce94eIC&pg=PA44">"The Body and The State: Early Modern Europe"</a>. In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.). The Oxford History of the Prison: the Practice of Punishment in Western Society. Oxford University Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511814-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511814-8"><bdi>978-0-19-511814-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504060934/https://books.google.com/books?id=bwvH5ce94eIC&pg=PA44">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Body+and+The+State%3A+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Prison%3A+the+Practice+of+Punishment+in+Western+Society&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511814-8&rft.au=Spierenburg%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbwvH5ce94eIC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160607005341/http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/Punishment.jsp">"Transportation"</a>. Crime and Justice - Punishments at the Old Bailey - Central Criminal Court. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/Punishment.jsp#transportation">the original</a> on 2016-06-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crime+and+Justice+-+Punishments+at+the+Old+Bailey+-+Central+Criminal+Court&rft.atitle=Transportation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldbaileyonline.org%2Fstatic%2FPunishment.jsp%23transportation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickering1775" class="citation book cs1">Pickering, Danby (1775-08-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180329231528/https://books.google.com/books?id=B09RAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA262&">The Statutes at Large from the Magna Charta, to the End of the Eleventh Parliament of Great Britain, Anno 1761 [continued to 1806]</a>. Great Britain: J. Bentham. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B09RAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA262">the original</a> on 2018-03-29. <q>An act to authorise, for a limited time, the punishment by hard labour of offenders who, for certain crimes, are or shall become liable to be transported to any of his Majesty's colonies and plantations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statutes+at+Large+from+the+Magna+Charta%2C+to+the+End+of+the+Eleventh+Parliament+of+Great+Britain%2C+Anno+1761+%5Bcontinued+to+1806%5D&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pub=J.+Bentham&rft.date=1775-08-18&rft.aulast=Pickering&rft.aufirst=Danby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB09RAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Marilyn C. Baseler, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asylumformankind00base/page/125">"Asylum for Mankind": America, 1607–1800</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180329231529/https://books.google.com/books?id=5gJ3tOl20eYC&pg=PA125&">Archived</a> 2018-03-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p.124-127, Cornell University Press (1998), </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Drew D. Gray, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=33Y8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT298">Crime, Policing and Punishment in England, 1660–1914</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180329231528/https://books.google.com/books?id=33Y8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT298&">Archived</a> 2018-03-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p.298 (2016) </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> See e.g. <a href="/wiki/Marshalsea#First_Marshalsea_(1373–1811)" title="Marshalsea">Marshalsea#First Marshalsea (1373–1811)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1895" class="citation book cs1">West, Charles E. (1895). Horrors of the prison ships: Dr. West's description of the wallabout floating dungeons, how captive patriots fared. Eagle Book Printing Department.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horrors+of+the+prison+ships%3A+Dr.+West%27s+description+of+the+wallabout+floating+dungeons%2C+how+captive+patriots+fared&rft.pub=Eagle+Book+Printing+Department&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2001" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Alan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americancolonies00tayl_1/page/384">American Colonies</a>. Penguin Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americancolonies00tayl_1/page/384">384</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-87282-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-87282-4"><bdi>978-0-670-87282-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Colonies&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-670-87282-4&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericancolonies00tayl_1%2Fpage%2F384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Jonathan W. Daly, Autocracy under Siege: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 1866–1905 (1998) </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInnes,_Martin2003" class="citation book cs1">Innes, Martin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6yXo5ARzFaMC&pg=PA95">"The Architecture of Social Control"</a>. Understanding Social Control: Crime and Social Order in Late Modernity. McGraw-Hill International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-335-20940-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-335-20940-8"><bdi>978-0-335-20940-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160502160714/https://books.google.com/books?id=6yXo5ARzFaMC&pg=PA95">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Architecture+of+Social+Control&rft.btitle=Understanding+Social+Control%3A+Crime+and+Social+Order+in+Late+Modernity&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+International&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-335-20940-8&rft.au=Innes%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6yXo5ARzFaMC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParolin,_Cristina2010" class="citation book cs1">Parolin, Cristina (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uRMRmZBr4f4C&pg=PA58">Radical Spaces: Venues of Popular Politics in London, 1790 – C. 1845</a>. ANU Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921862-00-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921862-00-7"><bdi>978-1-921862-00-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522021210/https://books.google.com/books?id=uRMRmZBr4f4C&pg=PA58">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-22. <q>Architectural innovation lay at the heart of eighteenth-century prison reform and one of its master thinkers was Jeremy Bentham [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Spaces%3A+Venues+of+Popular+Politics+in+London%2C+1790+%E2%80%93+C.+1845&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-921862-00-7&rft.au=Parolin%2C+Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuRMRmZBr4f4C%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Howard1777" class="citation cs2">John Howard (1777), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4EhNAAAAYAAJ">The State of the Prisons in England and Wales with an account of some foreign prisons</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430081320/https://books.google.com/books?id=4EhNAAAAYAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-30</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+the+Prisons+in+England+and+Wales+with+an+account+of+some+foreign+prisons&rft.date=1777&rft.au=John+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4EhNAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://howardleague.org/what-we-do/">"What We Do"</a>. The Howard League for Penal Reform. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709213633/http://howardleague.org/what-we-do/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Howard+League+for+Penal+Reform&rft.atitle=What+We+Do&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhowardleague.org%2Fwhat-we-do%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris,_NorvalRothman,_David1995" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Norval; Rothman, David, eds. (1995). The Oxford History of the Prison: the practice of punishment in western society. Oxford University Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506153-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506153-6"><bdi>978-0-19-506153-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Prison%3A+the+practice+of+punishment+in+western+society&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506153-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFox1952">Fox 1952</a>, p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClennan,_Rebecca_M.2008" class="citation book cs1">McClennan, Rebecca M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gnjwVU3qGu4C&pg=PA33">The Crisis of Imprisonment: Protest, Politics, and the Making of the American Penal State, 1776–1941</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46748-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46748-3"><bdi>978-1-139-46748-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160510122354/https://books.google.com/books?id=gnjwVU3qGu4C&pg=PA33">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crisis+of+Imprisonment%3A+Protest%2C+Politics%2C+and+the+Making+of+the+American+Penal+State%2C+1776%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=33-36&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-139-46748-3&rft.au=McClennan%2C+Rebecca+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgnjwVU3qGu4C%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurty,_Komanduri_S.2004" class="citation book cs1">Murty, Komanduri S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KZF4wtvdQJgC&pg=PA64">Voices from Prison: An Ethnographic Study of Black Male Prisoners</a>. University Press of America. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2966-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2966-9"><bdi>978-0-7618-2966-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603140733/https://books.google.com/books?id=KZF4wtvdQJgC&pg=PA64">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+from+Prison%3A+An+Ethnographic+Study+of+Black+Male+Prisoners&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-2966-9&rft.au=Murty%2C+Komanduri+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKZF4wtvdQJgC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis,_W._David2009" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, W. 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Cornell University Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7548-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7548-1"><bdi>978-0-8014-7548-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430044930/https://books.google.com/books?id=lVKsRQjN9M4C&pg=PA30">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Newgate+to+Dannemora%3A+The+Rise+of+the+Penitentiary+in+New+York%2C+1796%E2%80%931848&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-7548-1&rft.au=Lewis%2C+W.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlVKsRQjN9M4C%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth,_Mary2002" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, Mary (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/usfederalprisons0000bosw">The U.S. Federal Prison System</a>. 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Routledge. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-02667-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-02667-8"><bdi>978-1-134-02667-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617122816/https://books.google.com/books?id=2EypWdw111YC&pg=PA101">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supermax%3A+Controlling+Risk+Through+Solitary+Confinement&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-02667-8&rft.au=Shalev%2C+Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2EypWdw111YC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarceral,_K.C.2006" class="citation book cs1">Carceral, K.C. 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NYU Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9955-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9955-0"><bdi>978-0-8147-9955-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427155140/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSp2WceCR4QC&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prison%2C+Inc%3A+A+Convict+Exposes+Life+Inside+a+Private+Prison&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-9955-0&rft.au=Carceral%2C+K.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZSp2WceCR4QC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJewkes,_YvonneJohnston,_Helen2012" class="citation book cs1">Jewkes, Yvonne & Johnston, Helen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xKmlwwLyFfkC&pg=PA174">"The evolution of prison architecture"</a>. In Jewkes, Yvonne (ed.). Handbook on Prisons. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-30830-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-30830-7"><bdi>978-1-136-30830-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506045841/https://books.google.com/books?id=xKmlwwLyFfkC&pg=PA174">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+prison+architecture&rft.btitle=Handbook+on+Prisons&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-30830-7&rft.au=Jewkes%2C+Yvonne&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxKmlwwLyFfkC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Wolff, Nancy, and Jing Shi. 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Jones & Bartlett. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-5306-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-5306-4"><bdi>978-1-4496-5306-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160619134432/https://books.google.com/books?id=hW0rAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA52">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Inmate+Classification&rft.btitle=Prison+and+Jail+Administration%3A+Practice+and+Theory&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4496-5306-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhW0rAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes,_Lorna_A.2004" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, Lorna A. 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University of California Press. pp. 134–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24076-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24076-6"><bdi>978-0-520-24076-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522131952/https://books.google.com/books?id=lrcbIXuAqG8C&pg=PA134">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Total+Confinement%3A+Madness+and+Reason+in+the+Maximum+Security+Prison&rft.pages=134-39&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24076-6&rft.au=Rhodes%2C+Lorna+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlrcbIXuAqG8C%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShalev,_Sharon2013" class="citation book cs1">Shalev, Sharon (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2EypWdw111YC&pg=PA88">Supermax: Controlling Risk Through Solitary Confinement</a>. Routledge. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-02667-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-02667-8"><bdi>978-1-134-02667-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513235702/https://books.google.com/books?id=2EypWdw111YC&pg=PA88">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supermax%3A+Controlling+Risk+Through+Solitary+Confinement&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-02667-8&rft.au=Shalev%2C+Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2EypWdw111YC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss,_Jeffrey_Ian2012" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Jeffrey Ian (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5r6mY9EuoXcC&pg=PA10">"The Invention of the American Supermax Prison"</a>. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-30830-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-30830-7"><bdi>978-1-136-30830-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513010600/https://books.google.com/books?id=NTLweWmA_F0C&pg=PT227">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Healthcare&rft.btitle=Handbook+on+Prisons&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-30830-7&rft.au=Senior%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNTLweWmA_F0C%26pg%3DPT227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser,_Andrew2007" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Andrew (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vvTZFfE_yv8C&pg=PA21">"Primary health care in prisons"</a>. In Møller, Lars; et al. (eds.). Health in Prisons: A WHO Guide to the Essentials in Prison Health. WHO Regional Office Europe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-890-7280-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-890-7280-9"><bdi>978-92-890-7280-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160516100704/https://books.google.com/books?id=vvTZFfE_yv8C&pg=PA21">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Primary+health+care+in+prisons&rft.btitle=Health+in+Prisons%3A+A+WHO+Guide+to+the+Essentials+in+Prison+Health&rft.pub=WHO+Regional+Office+Europe&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-92-890-7280-9&rft.au=Fraser%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvvTZFfE_yv8C%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drucker-2011-p115-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drucker-2011-p115_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drucker-2011-p115_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrucker,_Ernest2011" class="citation book cs1">Drucker, Ernest (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S2YIpn5KlCIC&pg=PA115">A Plague of Prisons: The Epidemiology of Mass Incarceration in America</a>. The New Press. pp. 115–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-605-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-605-6"><bdi>978-1-59558-605-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160502154321/https://books.google.com/books?id=S2YIpn5KlCIC&pg=PA115">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Plague+of+Prisons%3A+The+Epidemiology+of+Mass+Incarceration+in+America&rft.pages=115-116&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59558-605-6&rft.au=Drucker%2C+Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS2YIpn5KlCIC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWehr,_KevinAseltine,_Elyshia2013" class="citation book cs1">Wehr, Kevin; Aseltine, Elyshia (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LxcsmADxoRQC&pg=PA28">Beyond the Prison Industrial Complex: Crime and Incarceration in the 21st Century</a>. Routledge. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-09312-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-09312-9"><bdi>978-1-135-09312-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506222125/https://books.google.com/books?id=LxcsmADxoRQC&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Prison+Industrial+Complex%3A+Crime+and+Incarceration+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-09312-9&rft.au=Wehr%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Aseltine%2C+Elyshia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLxcsmADxoRQC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Byron-2014-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Byron-2014_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Byron-2014_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByron2014" class="citation journal cs1">Byron, Robert (2014). "Criminals Need Mental Health Care". Scientific American Mind. 25 (2): 20–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamericanmind0314-20">10.1038/scientificamericanmind0314-20</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American+Mind&rft.atitle=Criminals+Need+Mental+Health+Care&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=20-23&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamericanmind0314-20&rft.aulast=Byron&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson,_DavidReuss,_Anne2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, David; Reuss, Anne, eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G-4kXrm11WwC&pg=PA12">"Introduction"</a>. Prison(Er) Education: Stories of Change and Transformation. Waterside Press. pp. 12–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906534-59-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906534-59-2"><bdi>978-1-906534-59-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160619111321/https://books.google.com/books?id=G-4kXrm11WwC&pg=PA12">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Prison%28Er%29+Education%3A+Stories+of+Change+and+Transformation&rft.pages=12-15&rft.pub=Waterside+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-906534-59-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG-4kXrm11WwC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson,_Peter_M.2013" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Peter M., ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hW0rAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA108">"Correctional Academic, Career, and Reentry Education"</a>. Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory. Jones & Bartlett. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-5306-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-5306-4"><bdi>978-1-4496-5306-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160518072705/https://books.google.com/books?id=hW0rAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA108">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Correctional+Academic%2C+Career%2C+and+Reentry+Education&rft.btitle=Prison+and+Jail+Administration%3A+Practice+and+Theory&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4496-5306-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhW0rAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel,_Brenda2009" class="citation book cs1">Vogel, Brenda (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G7ReWQzP1FgC&pg=PR5">The Prison Library Primer: A Program for the Twenty-First Century</a>. Scarecrow Press. pp. v–vi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6743-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6743-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-6743-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522105952/https://books.google.com/books?id=G7ReWQzP1FgC&pg=PR5">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prison+Library+Primer%3A+A+Program+for+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=v-vi&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6743-7&rft.au=Vogel%2C+Brenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG7ReWQzP1FgC%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel,_Brenda2009" class="citation book cs1">Vogel, Brenda (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G7ReWQzP1FgC&pg=PA176">The Prison Library Primer: A Program for the Twenty-First Century</a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6743-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6743-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-6743-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529111720/https://books.google.com/books?id=G7ReWQzP1FgC&pg=PA176">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prison+Library+Primer%3A+A+Program+for+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6743-7&rft.au=Vogel%2C+Brenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG7ReWQzP1FgC%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweeney,_Megan2010" class="citation book cs1">Sweeney, Megan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BMb_hakiBNAC">Reading Is My Window: Books and the Art of Reading in Women's Prisons</a>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-9835-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-9835-2"><bdi>978-0-8078-9835-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160619120642/https://books.google.com/books?id=BMb_hakiBNAC&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Is+My+Window%3A+Books+and+the+Art+of+Reading+in+Women%27s+Prisons&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-9835-2&rft.au=Sweeney%2C+Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBMb_hakiBNAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> American Library Association, American Library Association Standards for Library Services for the Incarcerated or Detained Working Group, American Library Association Council Committee on Diversity, American Library Association Office for Diversity, Literacy, and Outreach Services, San Francisco Public Library Jail and Reentry Services, and Association of Specialized and Cooperative Library Agencies. 2024. Standards for Library Services for the Incarcerated or Detained. Edited by Erin Boyington, Randall Horton, Eldon Ray James, Sharaya Olmeda, and Victoria Van Hyning. 2024 revised edition. Chicago: American Library Association. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bop.gov/inmates/custody_and_care/education.jsp#:~:text=Education%20Programs,-We%20offer%20opportunities&text=so%20they%20can%20obtain%20employment,instruction%20in%20leisure-time%20activities.">"BOP: Education"</a>. www.bop.gov. Retrieved 2024-03-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bop.gov&rft.atitle=BOP%3A+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bop.gov%2Finmates%2Fcustody_and_care%2Feducation.jsp%23%3A~%3Atext%3DEducation%2520Programs%2C-We%2520offer%2520opportunities%26text%3Dso%2520they%2520can%2520obtain%2520employment%2Cinstruction%2520in%2520leisure-time%2520activities.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlemons2013" class="citation journal cs1">Plemons, Anna (2013-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/communityliteracy/vol7/iss2/3">"Literacy as an Act of Creative Resistance: Joining the Work of Incarcerated Teaching Artists at a Maximum-Security Prison"</a>. Community Literacy Journal. 7 (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25148%2FCLJ.7.2.009348">10.25148/CLJ.7.2.009348</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1555-9734">1555-9734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Community+Literacy+Journal&rft.atitle=Literacy+as+an+Act+of+Creative+Resistance%3A+Joining+the+Work+of+Incarcerated+Teaching+Artists+at+a+Maximum-Security+Prison&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2013-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25148%2FCLJ.7.2.009348&rft.issn=1555-9734&rft.aulast=Plemons&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.fiu.edu%2Fcommunityliteracy%2Fvol7%2Fiss2%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFabolitionjournal2018" class="citation web cs1">abolitionjournal (2018-02-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abolitionjournal.org/communitys-voices-unteaching-prison-literacy-complex/">"All our Community's Voices: Unteaching the Prison Literacy Complex"</a>. Abolition. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abolition&rft.atitle=All+our+Community%27s+Voices%3A+Unteaching+the+Prison+Literacy+Complex&rft.date=2018-02-02&rft.au=abolitionjournal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabolitionjournal.org%2Fcommunitys-voices-unteaching-prison-literacy-complex%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enculturation.net/If_It_Hadnt_Been_for_Writing">"|"</a>. enculturation.net. Retrieved 2024-03-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=enculturation.net&rft.atitle=%7C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenculturation.net%2FIf_It_Hadnt_Been_for_Writing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavallaro2019" class="citation journal cs1">Cavallaro, Alexandra (2019-03-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://licsjournal.org/index.php/LiCS/article/view/717">"Making Citizens Behind Bars (and the Stories We Tell About It): Queering Approaches to Prison Literacy Programs"</a>. Literacy in Composition Studies. 7 (1): 1–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21623%2F1.7.1.2">10.21623/1.7.1.2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Literacy+in+Composition+Studies&rft.atitle=Making+Citizens+Behind+Bars+%28and+the+Stories+We+Tell+About+It%29%3A+Queering+Approaches+to+Prison+Literacy+Programs&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-21&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21623%2F1.7.1.2&rft.aulast=Cavallaro&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flicsjournal.org%2Findex.php%2FLiCS%2Farticle%2Fview%2F717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinshaw2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hinshaw, Wendy (2018-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/communityliteracy/vol13/iss1/7">"Writing to Listen: Why I Write Across Prison Walls"</a>. Community Literacy Journal. 13 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25148%2FCLJ.13.1.009090">10.25148/CLJ.13.1.009090</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1555-9734">1555-9734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Community+Literacy+Journal&rft.atitle=Writing+to+Listen%3A+Why+I+Write+Across+Prison+Walls&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25148%2FCLJ.13.1.009090&rft.issn=1555-9734&rft.aulast=Hinshaw&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.fiu.edu%2Fcommunityliteracy%2Fvol13%2Fiss1%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanser,_Robert_D.2012" class="citation book cs1">Hanser, Robert D. 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SAGE. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-7566-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-7566-7"><bdi>978-1-4129-7566-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160619172026/https://books.google.com/books?id=NfCZbAuMtysC&pg=PA200">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Corrections&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-7566-7&rft.au=Hanser%2C+Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNfCZbAuMtysC%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Kevin I. Minor and Stephen Parson, "Protective Custody", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2015" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Peter M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804214416/http://www.jblearning.com/catalog/9781449653057/">Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory</a> (Third ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-5305-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-5305-7"><bdi>978-1-4496-5305-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/848267914">848267914</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jblearning.com/catalog/9781449653057/">the original</a> on 2017-08-04. Retrieved 2017-08-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prison+and+Jail+Administration%3A+Practice+and+Theory&rft.place=Burlington%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F848267914&rft.isbn=978-1-4496-5305-7&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Peter+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jblearning.com%2Fcatalog%2F9781449653057%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988">, p. 379. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes,_Lorna_A.2004" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, Lorna A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lrcbIXuAqG8C&pg=PA28">Total Confinement: Madness and Reason in the Maximum Security Prison</a>. University of California Press. pp. 28–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24076-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24076-6"><bdi>978-0-520-24076-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527193225/https://books.google.com/books?id=lrcbIXuAqG8C&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Total+Confinement%3A+Madness+and+Reason+in+the+Maximum+Security+Prison&rft.pages=28-35&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24076-6&rft.au=Rhodes%2C+Lorna+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlrcbIXuAqG8C%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/27/us/teen-ager-caned-in-singapore-tells-of-the-blood-and-the-scars.html">"Teen-Ager Caned in Singapore Tells of the Blood and the Scars"</a>. 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Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-308-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-308-4"><bdi>978-1-57181-308-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604001347/https://books.google.com/books?id=IuZZJXSWQ50C&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Becoming+a+Subject%3A+Political+Prisoners+During+the+Greek+Civil+War&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-308-4&rft.au=Voglis%2C+Polymeris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIuZZJXSWQ50C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu,_Yenna2011" class="citation book cs1">Wu, Yenna (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xgB4AAkAry4C&pg=PA1">"Introduction"</a>. In Livescu, Simona; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanri_xxx_2011_00_9206/page/1">Human Rights, Suffering, and Aesthetics in Political Prison Literature</a>. Lexington Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanri_xxx_2011_00_9206/page/1">1–2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-6742-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-6742-7"><bdi>978-0-7391-6742-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Human+Rights%2C+Suffering%2C+and+Aesthetics+in+Political+Prison+Literature&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-6742-7&rft.au=Wu%2C+Yenna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxgB4AAkAry4C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwains2016" class="citation news cs1">Swains, Howard (23 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/dec/23/better-than-prison-secure-hospitals-mental-health">"Better than prison: life inside the UK's secure hospitals"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022142756/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/dec/23/better-than-prison-secure-hospitals-mental-health">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Better+than+prison%3A+life+inside+the+UK%27s+secure+hospitals&rft.date=2016-12-23&rft.aulast=Swains&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2016%2Fdec%2F23%2Fbetter-than-prison-secure-hospitals-mental-health&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjeeScutt2015" class="citation book cs1">Mukherjee, Satyanshu K.; <a href="/wiki/Jocelynne_Scutt" title="Jocelynne Scutt">Scutt, Jocelynne A.</a>, eds. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUpACwAAQBAJ">Women and Crime</a>. Routledge Library Editions: Women and Crime. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-28701-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-28701-8"><bdi>978-1-317-28701-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180329231528/https://books.google.com/books?id=gUpACwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-29. Retrieved 2017-09-11. <q>[...] it is apparent that while the number of prisoner receivals at the women's prison, Bandyup, has been declining over the last five years, the prison muster has been steadily rising. For the first time in its history, Bandyup is filling to capacity. The current high prison muster reflects an unchanging policy of sentencing a comparatively large number of the population, [...] compounded by an apparent increase in prisoners' terms of imprisonment [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Crime&rft.series=Routledge+Library+Editions%3A+Women+and+Crime&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-28701-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgUpACwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairWalmsley2021" class="citation web cs1">Fair, Helen; Walmsley, Roy (October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prisonstudies.org/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/world_prison_population_list_13th_edition.pdf">"World Prison Population List (13th Edition)"</a> (PDF). www.prisonstudies.org. Retrieved 2023-01-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.prisonstudies.org&rft.atitle=World+Prison+Population+List+%2813th+Edition%29&rft.date=2021-10&rft.aulast=Fair&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Walmsley%2C+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prisonstudies.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fresources%2Fdownloads%2Fworld_prison_population_list_13th_edition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagnerRabuy2017" class="citation web cs1">Wagner, Peter; Rabuy, Bernadette (January 25, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/money.html">"Following the Money of Mass Incarceration"</a>. [[[Prison Policy Initiative]]. Retrieved 2023-01-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%5BPrison+Policy+Initiative&rft.atitle=Following+the+Money+of+Mass+Incarceration&rft.date=2017-01-25&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Rabuy%2C+Bernadette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prisonpolicy.org%2Freports%2Fmoney.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527183655/https://www.cnbc.com/id/44762286">"Billions Behind Bars: Inside America's Prison Industry"</a>. CNBC. NBCUniversal. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/id/44762286">the original</a> on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Billions+Behind+Bars%3A+Inside+America%27s+Prison+Industry&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2Fid%2F44762286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/10/20/there-is-nothing-inevitable-about-americas-over-use-of-prisons">"There is nothing inevitable about America's over-use of prisons"</a>. The Economist. 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Statista.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Incarceration+rates+in+selected+countries+2023&rft.date=2023-01-03&rft.au=Statista&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F262962%2Fcountries-with-the-most-prisoners-per-100-000-inhabitants%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Orange2013" class="citation news cs1">Richard Orange (11 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/11/sweden-closes-prisons-number-inmates-plummets">"Sweden closes four prisons as number of inmates plummets"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131115000627/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/11/sweden-closes-prisons-number-inmates-plummets">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sweden+closes+four+prisons+as+number+of+inmates+plummets&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft.au=Richard+Orange&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fnov%2F11%2Fsweden-closes-prisons-number-inmates-plummets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dataunodc.un.org/">"dataUNODC |"</a>. dataunodc.un.org. Retrieved 2022-02-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dataunodc.un.org&rft.atitle=dataUNODC+%7C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdataunodc.un.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dataunodc.un.org/data/Prison/Persons%20held%20in%20prison">"Persons held in prison | dataUNODC"</a>. dataunodc.un.org. 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Retrieved 2022-02-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dataunodc.un.org&rft.atitle=Overcrowding+%7C+dataUNODC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdataunodc.un.org%2Fdata%2FPrison%2FOvercrowding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn,_Scott2011" class="citation news cs1">Cohn, Scott (2011-10-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527183655/https://www.cnbc.com/id/44762286">"Billions Behind Bars: Inside America's Prison Industry"</a>. CNBC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/id/44762286">the original</a> on 2013-05-27. Retrieved 2017-09-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Billions+Behind+Bars%3A+Inside+America%27s+Prison+Industry&rft.date=2011-10-18&rft.au=Cohn%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2Fid%2F44762286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2009" class="citation book cs1">Goldberg, Evans (2009). Prison Industrial Complex and the Global Economy. 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NYU Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/downsizingprison0000jaco/page/6">6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4274-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4274-7"><bdi>978-0-8147-4274-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Downsizing+Prisons%3A+How+to+Reduce+Crime+and+End+Mass+Incarceration&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-4274-7&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdownsizingprison0000jaco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrucker,_Ernest2011" class="citation book cs1">Drucker, Ernest (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S2YIpn5KlCIC&pg=PA47">A Plague of Prisons: The Epidemiology of Mass Incarceration in America</a>. The New Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-605-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-605-6"><bdi>978-1-59558-605-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425092156/https://books.google.com/books?id=S2YIpn5KlCIC&pg=PA47">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Plague+of+Prisons%3A+The+Epidemiology+of+Mass+Incarceration+in+America&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59558-605-6&rft.au=Drucker%2C+Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS2YIpn5KlCIC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-History-pX-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford-History-pX_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford-History-pX_169-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris,_NorvalRothman,_David1995" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Norval; Rothman, David, eds. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195061536/page/">The Oxford History of the Prison: the practice of punishment in western society</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195061536/page/">x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506153-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506153-6"><bdi>978-0-19-506153-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Prison%3A+the+practice+of+punishment+in+western+society&rft.pages=x&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506153-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195061536%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHope2017" class="citation news cs1">Hope, Christopher (2017-04-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/13/prisons-no-longer-place-punishment-ministers-say/">"Prisons no longer place for punishment, ministers say"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/13/prisons-no-longer-place-punishment-ministers-say/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-11. Retrieved 2018-05-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Prisons+no+longer+place+for+punishment%2C+ministers+say&rft.date=2017-04-13&rft.aulast=Hope&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2017%2F04%2F13%2Fprisons-no-longer-place-punishment-ministers-say%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushway,_Shawn_D.Paternoster,_Raymond2009" class="citation book cs1">Bushway, Shawn D.; Paternoster, Raymond (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xziF2DFEAKMC&pg=120">"The Impact of Prison on Crime"</a>. In Raphael, Stephen; Stoll, Michael (eds.). Do Prisons Make Us Safer?: The Benefits and Costs of the Prison Boom. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61044-465-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61044-465-1"><bdi>978-1-61044-465-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610223255/https://books.google.com/books?id=xziF2DFEAKMC&pg=120">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Prison+on+Crime&rft.btitle=Do+Prisons+Make+Us+Safer%3F%3A+The+Benefits+and+Costs+of+the+Prison+Boom&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Russell+Sage+Foundation&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-61044-465-1&rft.au=Bushway%2C+Shawn+D.&rft.au=Paternoster%2C+Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxziF2DFEAKMC%26pg%3D120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerman,_Amy_E.2009" class="citation book cs1">Lerman, Amy E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xziF2DFEAKMC&pg=120">"The People Prisons Make: Effects of Incarceration on Criminal Psychology"</a>. In Raphael, Stephen; Stoll, Michael (eds.). Do Prisons Make Us Safer?: The Benefits and Costs of the Prison Boom. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61044-465-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61044-465-1"><bdi>978-1-61044-465-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610223255/https://books.google.com/books?id=xziF2DFEAKMC&pg=120">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+People+Prisons+Make%3A+Effects+of+Incarceration+on+Criminal+Psychology&rft.btitle=Do+Prisons+Make+Us+Safer%3F%3A+The+Benefits+and+Costs+of+the+Prison+Boom&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Russell+Sage+Foundation&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-61044-465-1&rft.au=Lerman%2C+Amy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxziF2DFEAKMC%26pg%3D120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoulding,_Dot2007" class="citation book cs1">Goulding, Dot (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5vy_oHiXlrIC&pg=PA8">Recapturing Freedom: Issues Relating to the Release of Long-term Prisoners Into the Community</a>. Hawkins Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-876067-18-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-876067-18-2"><bdi>978-1-876067-18-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529064729/https://books.google.com/books?id=5vy_oHiXlrIC&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recapturing+Freedom%3A+Issues+Relating+to+the+Release+of+Long-term+Prisoners+Into+the+Community&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Hawkins+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-876067-18-2&rft.au=Goulding%2C+Dot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5vy_oHiXlrIC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts,_Julian_V.2004" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Julian V. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/virtualprisoncom0000robe">The Virtual Prison: Community Custody and the Evolution of Imprisonment</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/virtualprisoncom0000robe/page/1">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53644-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53644-8"><bdi>978-0-521-53644-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virtual+Prison%3A+Community+Custody+and+the+Evolution+of+Imprisonment&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53644-8&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Julian+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvirtualprisoncom0000robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJewkes,_YvonneBennett,_Jamie2013" class="citation book cs1">Jewkes, Yvonne; Bennett, Jamie, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NTLweWmA_F0C&pg=PT469">"Rehabilitation"</a>. Dictionary of Prisons and Punishment. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-01190-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-01190-2"><bdi>978-1-134-01190-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603114108/https://books.google.com/books?id=NTLweWmA_F0C&pg=PT469">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rehabilitation&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Prisons+and+Punishment&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-01190-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNTLweWmA_F0C%26pg%3DPT469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/why-norways-prison-system-is-so-successful-2014-12">"Why Norway's prison system is so successful"</a>. Business Insider. Retrieved 2017-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Why+Norway%27s+prison+system+is+so+successful&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fwhy-norways-prison-system-is-so-successful-2014-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/dec/01/why-sweden-closing-prisons">"Why is Sweden closing its prisons?"</a>. 2013-12-01. Retrieved 2018-05-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+is+Sweden+closing+its+prisons%3F&rft.date=2013-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2013%2Fdec%2F01%2Fwhy-sweden-closing-prisons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://howardleague.org/blog/rehabilitativeprisons/">"We've tried expecting prisons to rehabilitate and it just doesn't work"</a>. The Howard League for Penal Reform. 2016-10-24. Retrieved 2018-05-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We%27ve+tried+expecting+prisons+to+rehabilitate+and+it+just+doesn%27t+work&rft.pub=The+Howard+League+for+Penal+Reform&rft.date=2016-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhowardleague.org%2Fblog%2Frehabilitativeprisons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ncj-deterrence-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ncj-deterrence_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncj-deterrence_180-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncj-deterrence_180-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/247350.pdf">"Five Things About Deterrence"</a> (PDF). National Institute of Justice. Retrieved 2018-05-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+Things+About+Deterrence&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Justice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncjrs.gov%2Fpdffiles1%2Fnij%2F247350.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4klRF7vFFg">"Professor Lawrence Sherman: 'Less Prison + More Policing = Less Crime'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Professor+Lawrence+Sherman%3A+%27Less+Prison+%2B+More+Policing+%3D+Less+Crime%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dq4klRF7vFFg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_D._Lofton_Jr.1975" class="citation news cs1">John D. Lofton Jr. (14 April 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kAdRAAAAIBAJ&pg=6723,2110719">"The case for jailing crooks"</a>. The Telegraph-Herald. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph-Herald&rft.atitle=The+case+for+jailing+crooks&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1975-04-14&rft.au=John+D.+Lofton+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DkAdRAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6723%2C2110719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrigo,_Bruce_A.Milovanovic,_Dragan2009" class="citation book cs1">Arrigo, Bruce A.; Milovanovic, Dragan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GRYoVstcXf4C&pg=PA39">Revolution in Penology: Rethinking the Society of Captives</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6362-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6362-9"><bdi>978-0-7425-6362-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425143710/https://books.google.com/books?id=GRYoVstcXf4C&pg=PA39">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+in+Penology%3A+Rethinking+the+Society+of+Captives&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6362-9&rft.au=Arrigo%2C+Bruce+A.&rft.au=Milovanovic%2C+Dragan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGRYoVstcXf4C%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/pdf/criminal_justice/Handbook_of_Basic_Principles_and_Promising_Practices_on_Alternatives_to_Imprisonment.pdf">Handbook of basic principles and promising practices on Alternatives to Imprisonment</a> (PDF). United Nations. April 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-148220-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-148220-1"><bdi>978-92-1-148220-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130319165748/http://www.unodc.org/pdf/criminal_justice/Handbook_of_Basic_Principles_and_Promising_Practices_on_Alternatives_to_Imprisonment.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2013-03-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+basic+principles+and+promising+practices+on+Alternatives+to+Imprisonment&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2007-04&rft.isbn=978-92-1-148220-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Fpdf%2Fcriminal_justice%2FHandbook_of_Basic_Principles_and_Promising_Practices_on_Alternatives_to_Imprisonment.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrange,_Richard2013" class="citation news cs1">Orange, Richard (11 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/11/sweden-closes-prisons-number-inmates-plummets">"Sweden closes four prisons as number of inmates plummets"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131115000627/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/11/sweden-closes-prisons-number-inmates-plummets">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sweden+closes+four+prisons+as+number+of+inmates+plummets&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft.au=Orange%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fnov%2F11%2Fsweden-closes-prisons-number-inmates-plummets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiggs,_Mike2013" class="citation news cs1">Riggs, Mike (12 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatlanticcities.com/politics/2013/11/why-america-has-mass-incarceration-problem-while-germany-and-netherlands-dont/7553/">"Why America Has a Mass Incarceration Problem, and Why Germany and the Netherlands Don't"</a>. The Atlantic Cities. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140206082908/http://www.theatlanticcities.com/politics/2013/11/why-america-has-mass-incarceration-problem-while-germany-and-netherlands-dont/7553/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Cities&rft.atitle=Why+America+Has+a+Mass+Incarceration+Problem%2C+and+Why+Germany+and+the+Netherlands+Don%27t&rft.date=2013-11-12&rft.au=Riggs%2C+Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlanticcities.com%2Fpolitics%2F2013%2F11%2Fwhy-america-has-mass-incarceration-problem-while-germany-and-netherlands-dont%2F7553%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ogrady-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ogrady_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ogrady_187-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'grady2011" class="citation book cs1">O'grady, William (2011). Crime in Canadian Context- Debates and Controversies. Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press. pp. 218–220.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crime+in+Canadian+Context-+Debates+and+Controversies&rft.place=Don+Mills%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=218-220&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=O%27grady&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolford,_Andrew2009" class="citation book cs1">Woolford, Andrew (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DpebQAAACAAJ">The Politics of Restorative Justice: A Critical Introduction</a>. Fernwood Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55266-316-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55266-316-5"><bdi>978-1-55266-316-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160518052110/https://books.google.com/books?id=DpebQAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Restorative+Justice%3A+A+Critical+Introduction&rft.pub=Fernwood+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-55266-316-5&rft.au=Woolford%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDpebQAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHames-Garcia,_Michael_Roy2004" class="citation book cs1">Hames-Garcia, Michael Roy (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bOD166s6oLkC&pg=PA3">"Towards a Critical Theory of Justice"</a>. Fugitive Thought: Prison Movements, Race, and the Meaning of Justice. University of Minnesota Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4314-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4314-1"><bdi>978-0-8166-4314-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428055901/https://books.google.com/books?id=bOD166s6oLkC&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Critical+Theory+of+Justice&rft.btitle=Fugitive+Thought%3A+Prison+Movements%2C+Race%2C+and+the+Meaning+of+Justice&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-4314-1&rft.au=Hames-Garcia%2C+Michael+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbOD166s6oLkC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoker,_Donna2002" class="citation book cs1">Coker, Donna (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=naa2dRDVx94C&pg=PA128">"Transformative Justice: Anti-Subordination Process in Cases of Domestic Violence"</a>. In Strang, Heather; Braithwaite, John (eds.). Restorative Justice and Family Violence. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52165-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52165-9"><bdi>978-0-521-52165-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429221115/https://books.google.com/books?id=naa2dRDVx94C&pg=PA128">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transformative+Justice%3A+Anti-Subordination+Process+in+Cases+of+Domestic+Violence&rft.btitle=Restorative+Justice+and+Family+Violence&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52165-9&rft.au=Coker%2C+Donna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnaa2dRDVx94C%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Moshe,_Liat2013" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Moshe, Liat (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TZAjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86">"The Tension Between Abolition and Reform"</a>. In Negel, Mechthild; Nocella II, Anthony J. (eds.). The End of Prisons: Reflections from the Decarceration Movement. Rodopi. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-012-0923-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-012-0923-6"><bdi>978-94-012-0923-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604010637/https://books.google.com/books?id=TZAjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tension+Between+Abolition+and+Reform&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Prisons%3A+Reflections+from+the+Decarceration+Movement&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-94-012-0923-6&rft.au=Ben-Moshe%2C+Liat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTZAjAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals (US). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/54466NCJRS.pdf">A National Strategy to Reduce Crime</a>". 1973. p. 358. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1998" class="citation news cs1">Davis, Angela (1998-09-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colorlines.com/articles/masked-racism-reflections-prison-industrial-complex">"Masked Racism: Reflections on the Prison Industrial Complex"</a>. Colorlines. Retrieved 2016-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colorlines&rft.atitle=Masked+Racism%3A+Reflections+on+the+Prison+Industrial+Complex&rft.date=1998-09-10&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colorlines.com%2Farticles%2Fmasked-racism-reflections-prison-industrial-complex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prisonactivist.org/about">"About PARC"</a>. Prison Activist Resource Center. Retrieved 2016-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prison+Activist+Resource+Center&rft.atitle=About+PARC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prisonactivist.org%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrison_Research_Education_Action2005" class="citation book cs1">Prison Research Education Action (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/instead_of_prisons/chapter2.shtml">"Demythologizing Our Views of Prison"</a>. Instead of Prisons: A Handbook for Abolitionists. Critical Resistance. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9767070-1-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9767070-1-1"><bdi>978-0-9767070-1-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130827092428/http://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/instead_of_prisons/chapter2.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-08-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Demythologizing+Our+Views+of+Prison&rft.btitle=Instead+of+Prisons%3A+A+Handbook+for+Abolitionists&rft.pub=Critical+Resistance&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9767070-1-1&rft.au=Prison+Research+Education+Action&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prisonpolicy.org%2Fscans%2Finstead_of_prisons%2Fchapter2.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2024" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Robin (2024). Freeman's Challenge: The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit. The University of Chicago Press. p. 191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freeman%27s+Challenge%3A+The+Murder+That+Shook+America%27s+Original+Prison+for+Profit&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox1952" class="citation cs2">Fox, Lionel W. (1952), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bl6Tk5ysFQwC">The English Prison and Borstal Systems</a>, Routledge and Kegan Paul, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17738-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17738-2"><bdi>978-0-415-17738-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Prison+and+Borstal+Systems&rft.pub=Routledge+and+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-0-415-17738-2&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Lionel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBl6Tk5ysFQwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrzejewski,_Anna_Vemer2008" class="citation book cs1">Andrzejewski, Anna Vemer (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9J7S6AqKOUAC">Building Power: Architecture and Surveillance in Victorian America</a>. University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57233-631-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57233-631-5"><bdi>978-1-57233-631-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+Power%3A+Architecture+and+Surveillance+in+Victorian+America&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-57233-631-5&rft.au=Andrzejewski%2C+Anna+Vemer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9J7S6AqKOUAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bernstein, Robin. Freeman's Challenge: The Murder that Shook America's Original Prison for Profit. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2024. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-74423-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-74423-0">978-0-226-74423-0</a>.</li> <li>Diiulio, John J., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s6AsM5Y_MUIC">Governing Prisons: A Comparative Study of Correctional Management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-907883-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-907883-0">0-02-907883-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDikötter,_Frank2002" class="citation book cs1">Dikötter, Frank (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wQgdfx7dTs0C">Crime, Punishment and the Prison in Modern China</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12508-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12508-6"><bdi>978-0-231-12508-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crime%2C+Punishment+and+the+Prison+in+Modern+China&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12508-6&rft.au=Dik%C3%B6tter%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwQgdfx7dTs0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDow,_Mark2005" class="citation book cs1">Dow, Mark (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/america_dow_2004_00_2361">American Gulag: Inside U.S. Immigration Prisons</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93927-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93927-1"><bdi>978-0-520-93927-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Gulag%3A+Inside+U.S.+Immigration+Prisons&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-520-93927-1&rft.au=Dow%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famerica_dow_2004_00_2361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake,_Deborah2012" class="citation book cs1">Drake, Deborah (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j6NsZZ4H60YC">Prisons, Punishment and the Pursuit of Security</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-00484-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-00484-0"><bdi>978-1-137-00484-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prisons%2C+Punishment+and+the+Pursuit+of+Security&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-137-00484-0&rft.au=Drake%2C+Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj6NsZZ4H60YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Fisher, George. "The birth of the prison retold." Yale Law Journal 104.6 (1995): 1235–1324. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7606&context=ylj">online free</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarland,_David2001" class="citation book cs1">Garland, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJOxKXPsVnYC">Mass Imprisonment: Social Causes and Consequences</a>. SAGE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84920-823-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84920-823-9"><bdi>978-1-84920-823-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mass+Imprisonment%3A+Social+Causes+and+Consequences&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84920-823-9&rft.au=Garland%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZJOxKXPsVnYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmore,_Ruth_Wilson2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore, Ruth Wilson</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldengulagpriso00gilm">Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22256-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22256-4"><bdi>978-0-520-22256-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Golden+Gulag%3A+Prisons%2C+Surplus%2C+Crisis%2C+and+Opposition+in+Globalizing+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22256-4&rft.au=Gilmore%2C+Ruth+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoldengulagpriso00gilm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallett,_Michael_A.2006" class="citation book cs1">Hallett, Michael A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cF5Md6QXQNEC">Private Prisons in America: A Critical Race Perspective</a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07308-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07308-3"><bdi>978-0-252-07308-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Private+Prisons+in+America%3A+A+Critical+Race+Perspective&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-252-07308-3&rft.au=Hallett%2C+Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcF5Md6QXQNEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames,_Joy2005" class="citation book cs1">James, Joy, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cB9YRqeXZ_kC">The New Abolitionists: (Neo)slave Narratives And Contemporary Prison Writings</a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8310-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8310-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-8310-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Abolitionists%3A+%28Neo%29slave+Narratives+And+Contemporary+Prison+Writings&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8310-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcB9YRqeXZ_kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrew,_Ken2008" class="citation book cs1">McGrew, Ken (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6B_NqZcaZR8C">Education's Prisoners: Schooling, the Political Economy, and the Prison Industrial Complex</a>. Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0175-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0175-5"><bdi>978-1-4331-0175-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education%27s+Prisoners%3A+Schooling%2C+the+Political+Economy%2C+and+the+Prison+Industrial+Complex&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4331-0175-5&rft.au=McGrew%2C+Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6B_NqZcaZR8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Moran, Dominique (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Carceral-Geography-Spaces-and-Practices-of-Incarceration/Moran/p/book/9781138308466">Carceral Geography: Spaces and Practices of Incarceration</a> Routledge ISBN 9781138308466</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNashif,_Esmail2008" class="citation book cs1">Nashif, Esmail (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=isM0jRDRgN4C">Palestinian Political Prisoners: Identity and community</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-89561-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-89561-0"><bdi>978-0-203-89561-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinian+Political+Prisoners%3A+Identity+and+community&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-203-89561-0&rft.au=Nashif%2C+Esmail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DisM0jRDRgN4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeild,_James2011" class="citation book cs1">Neild, James (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3z2mCMaRaC0C">The State of Prisons of England, Scotland and Wales: Not for the Debtor Only, But for Felons Also, and Other Less Criminal Offenders</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-03699-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-03699-3"><bdi>978-1-108-03699-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+Prisons+of+England%2C+Scotland+and+Wales%3A+Not+for+the+Debtor+Only%2C+But+for+Felons+Also%2C+and+Other+Less+Criminal+Offenders&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-108-03699-3&rft.au=Neild%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3z2mCMaRaC0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPisciotta,_Alexander2012" class="citation book cs1">Pisciotta, Alexander (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ofCaLDy4SHEC">Benevolent Repression: Social Control and the American Reformatory-Prison Movement</a>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6797-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6797-9"><bdi>978-0-8147-6797-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benevolent+Repression%3A+Social+Control+and+the+American+Reformatory-Prison+Movement&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-6797-9&rft.au=Pisciotta%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DofCaLDy4SHEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez,_Dylan2006" class="citation book cs1">Rodriguez, Dylan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ss6WP-Y7wooC">Forced Passages: Imprisoned Radical Intellectuals And the U.S. Prison Regime</a>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-0733-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-0733-8"><bdi>978-1-4529-0733-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forced+Passages%3A+Imprisoned+Radical+Intellectuals+And+the+U.S.+Prison+Regime&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4529-0733-8&rft.au=Rodriguez%2C+Dylan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dss6WP-Y7wooC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelman,_DonnaLeighton,_Paul2010" class="citation book cs1">Selman, Donna; Leighton, Paul (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xHU_IRjsMZgC">Punishment for Sale: Private Prisons, Big Business, and the Incarceration Binge Issues in crime & justice</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0173-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0173-6"><bdi>978-1-4422-0173-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punishment+for+Sale%3A+Private+Prisons%2C+Big+Business%2C+and+the+Incarceration+Binge+Issues+in+crime+%26+justice&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-0173-6&rft.au=Selman%2C+Donna&rft.au=Leighton%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxHU_IRjsMZgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp,_Susan_F.Eriksen,_M._Elaine2003" class="citation book cs1">Sharp, Susan F. & Eriksen, M. Elaine (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RyBF1WXXmckC&pg=PA119">"Imprisoned Mothers and Their Children"</a>. In Zaitzow, Barbara H. & Thomas, Jim (eds.). Women in Prison: Gender and Social Control. Lynne Reiner Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-228-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-228-8"><bdi>978-1-58826-228-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imprisoned+Mothers+and+Their+Children&rft.btitle=Women+in+Prison%3A+Gender+and+Social+Control&rft.pub=Lynne+Reiner+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58826-228-8&rft.au=Sharp%2C+Susan+F.&rft.au=Eriksen%2C+M.+Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRyBF1WXXmckC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Skarbek, David. 2020. The Puzzle of Prison Order: Why Life Behind Bars Varies Around the World. Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Slade, Gavin; Trochev, Alexei (2024). Our zona: the impact of decarceration and prison closure on local communities in Kazakhstan, Post-Soviet Affairs, 40:2, 71–87, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1060586X.2024.2312081">DOI: 10.1080/1060586X.2024.2312081</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSim,_Joe2009" class="citation book cs1">Sim, Joe (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B1z1oOE9BOkC">Punishment and Prisons: Power and the Carceral State</a>. SAGE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85702-953-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85702-953-9"><bdi>978-0-85702-953-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punishment+and+Prisons%3A+Power+and+the+Carceral+State&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-85702-953-9&rft.au=Sim%2C+Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB1z1oOE9BOkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolinger,_Rickie2010" class="citation book cs1">Solinger, Rickie (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSGYWHAmsaQC">Interrupted Life: Experiences of Incarcerated Women in the United States</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25249-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25249-3"><bdi>978-0-520-25249-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interrupted+Life%3A+Experiences+of+Incarcerated+Women+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25249-3&rft.au=Solinger%2C+Rickie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdSGYWHAmsaQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson,_Anthony_C.2008" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Anthony C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vnEmtS2pRqIC">Releasing Prisoners, Redeeming Communities: Reentry, Race, and Politics</a>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8316-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8316-0"><bdi>978-0-8147-8316-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Releasing+Prisoners%2C+Redeeming+Communities%3A+Reentry%2C+Race%2C+and+Politics&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-8316-0&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Anthony+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvnEmtS2pRqIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThroness,_Laurie2008" class="citation book cs1">Throness, Laurie (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jI-Iqtv-kU8C">A Protestant Purgatory: Theological Origins of the Penitentiary Act, 1779</a>. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6392-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6392-8"><bdi>978-0-7546-6392-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Protestant+Purgatory%3A+Theological+Origins+of+the+Penitentiary+Act%2C+1779&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6392-8&rft.au=Throness%2C+Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjI-Iqtv-kU8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh,_John_P.2013" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, John P. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oIQ-70Zq2zsC&pg=PA51">"Conditions of Confinement: The Social Reality of the Jail Inmate"</a>. The Culture of Urban Control: Jail Overcrowding in the Crime Control Era. Lexington Books. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7465-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7465-4"><bdi>978-0-7391-7465-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conditions+of+Confinement%3A+The+Social+Reality+of+the+Jail+Inmate&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+Urban+Control%3A+Jail+Overcrowding+in+the+Crime+Control+Era&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-7465-4&rft.au=Walsh%2C+John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoIQ-70Zq2zsC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWortley,_Richard2002" class="citation book cs1">Wortley, Richard (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uxe1_tkxtt4C">Situational Prison Control: Crime Prevention in Correctional Institutions</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00940-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00940-9"><bdi>978-0-521-00940-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Situational+Prison+Control%3A+Crime+Prevention+in+Correctional+Institutions&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00940-9&rft.au=Wortley%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUxe1_tkxtt4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYousman,_Bill2009" class="citation book cs1">Yousman, Bill (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/primetimeprisons0000yous">Prime Time Prisons on U.S. TV: Representation of Incarceration</a>. Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0477-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0477-0"><bdi>978-1-4331-0477-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prime+Time+Prisons+on+U.S.+TV%3A+Representation+of+Incarceration&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4331-0477-0&rft.au=Yousman%2C+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprimetimeprisons0000yous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prison" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:prison">prison</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jail" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:jail">jail</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gaol" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gaol">gaol</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/penitentiary" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:penitentiary">penitentiary</a>, or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/calaboose" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:calaboose">calaboose</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Prison" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:Prison">Prison</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Prison" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Prison">Prison</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bop.gov">Federal Bureau of Prisons</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prisonradio.org">Priston Radio Official website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Incarceration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Incarceration" title="Template:Incarceration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Incarceration" title="Template talk:Incarceration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Incarceration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Incarceration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Incarceration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">Incarceration</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">Penology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">Punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment" title="Stanford prison experiment">Stanford prison experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convict" title="Convict">Convict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Criminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_(imprisonment)" title="Detention (imprisonment)">Detainee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience" title="Prisoner of conscience">Prisoner of conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">Prisoner of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prisons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_site" title="Black site">Black site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_labor_colony" title="Corrective labor colony">Corrective labor colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debtors%27_prison" title="Debtors' prison">Debtors'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_farm" title="Prison farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_island" title="Prison island">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">Labor camp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_battalion" title="Labour battalion">Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_gang" title="Chain gang">Chain gang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_prison" title="Military prison">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">Penal colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">Prisoner-of-war camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_prison" title="Private prison">Private</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_ship" title="Prison ship">Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_detention_center" title="Youth detention center">Youth detention center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Security levels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">House arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_prison" title="Open prison">Open</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Security_levels">Maximum security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermax_prison" title="Supermax prison">Supermax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prison_cell" title="Prison cell">Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_cemetery" title="Prison cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_commissary" title="Prison commissary">Commissary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_food" title="Prison food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_library" title="Prison library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_nursery" title="Prison nursery">Nursery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_officer" title="Prison officer">Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_port" title="Sally port">Sally port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusty_system_(prison)" title="Trusty system (prison)">Trusty system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_warden" title="Prison warden">Warden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prison_escape" title="Prison escape">Escape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prison_escapes" title="List of prison escapes">Prison escapes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_helicopter_prison_escapes" title="List of helicopter prison escapes">Helicopter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisoner-of-war_escapes" title="List of prisoner-of-war escapes">Prisoner-of-war escapes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prison_art" title="Prison art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_gang" title="Prison gang">Gang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prison_gangs_in_the_United_States" title="Prison gangs in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_literature" title="Prison literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_prison_literature" title="American prison literature">American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_ring" title="Prison ring">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_slang" title="Prison slang">Slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_tattooing" title="Prison tattooing">Tattooing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoner abuse in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_contemplative_programs" title="Prison contemplative programs">Contemplative programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_education" title="Prison education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jailhouse_informants" class="mw-redirect" title="Jailhouse informants">Informants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_prison" title="LGBTQ people in prison">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentally_ill_people_in_United_States_jails_and_prisons" title="Mentally ill people in United States jails and prisons">Mentally ill people in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_in_prison" title="Mobile phones in prison">Mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay-to-stay_(imprisonment)" title="Pay-to-stay (imprisonment)">Pay-to-stay</a></li> <li>Prison overcrowding <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prison_overcrowding_in_the_United_States" title="Prison overcrowding in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_prison" title="Private prison">Private prisons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States#Privatization" title="Incarceration in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protective_custody" title="Protective custody">Protective custody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">Rape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape_in_the_United_States" title="Prison rape in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_religion" title="Prison religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_United_States_prisons" title="Religion in United States prisons">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_riot" title="Prison riot">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_sexuality" title="Prison sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">Solitary confinement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_strike" title="Prison strike">Strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_suicide" title="Prisoner suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_violence" title="Prison violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_of_women" title="Incarceration of women">Women in prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration of women in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Protection_and_Assistance_of_the_Convicted" title="Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted">Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_and_Pink" title="Black and Pink">Black and Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Justice_Institute" title="Florida Justice Institute">Florida Justice Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Network_of_Prison_Ministries" title="International Network of Prison Ministries">International Network of Prison Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Action" title="Justice Action">Justice Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Defenders" title="Justice Defenders">Justice Defenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tamalpais_College" title="Mount Tamalpais College">Mount Tamalpais College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POA_(trade_union)" title="POA (trade union)">POA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_abolition_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison abolition movement">Prison abolition movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Advice_and_Care_Trust" title="Prison Advice and Care Trust">Prison Advice and Care Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison-Ashram_Project" title="Prison-Ashram Project">Prison-Ashram Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Fellowship" title="Prison Fellowship">Prison Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Fellowship_International" title="Prison Fellowship International">Prison Fellowship International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Legal_News" title="Prison Legal News">Prison Legal News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Officers%27_Association_(Ireland)" title="Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)">Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prison_Phoenix_Trust" title="The Prison Phoenix Trust">The Prison Phoenix Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Radio" title="Prison Radio">Prison Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Reform_Trust" title="Prison Reform Trust">Prison Reform Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WriteAPrisoner.com" title="WriteAPrisoner.com">WriteAPrisoner.com</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaving prison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_release" title="Work release">Work release</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_incarceration_rate" title="List of countries by incarceration rate">Countries by incarceration rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons" title="List of prisons">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prison_films" title="List of prison films">Films featuring prisons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Penal_systems_by_country" title="Category:Penal systems by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punishment_in_Australia" title="Punishment in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Chile" title="Prisons in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Estonia" title="Prisons in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Germany" title="Prisons in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Iceland" title="List of prisons in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Prisons in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland, Republic of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Jamaica" title="List of prisons in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_of_Japan" title="Penal system of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_New_Zealand" title="List of prisons in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_North_Korea" title="Prisons in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_Norway" title="Incarceration in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Penitentiary_Institute_(Peru)" title="National Penitentiary Institute (Peru)">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Russia" title="Prisons in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prisons_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Prisons in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Turkey" title="Prisons in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Ukraine" title="Prisons in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li>United Kingdom and British overseas territories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Department_of_Corrections" title="Bermuda Department of Corrections">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Prison_Service" title="His Majesty's Prison Service">England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Prison_Service" title="Northern Ireland Prison Service">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Prison_Service" title="Scottish Prison Service">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Imprisonment_and_detention" title="Category:Imprisonment and detention">Imprisonment and detention</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Imprisonment_and_detention" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Imprisonment and detention">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prison_riots_and_uprisings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prison_riots_and_uprisings" title="Template:Prison riots and uprisings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prison_riots_and_uprisings" title="Template talk:Prison riots and uprisings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prison_riots_and_uprisings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prison riots and uprisings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prison_riots_and_uprisings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prison_riot" title="Prison riot">Prison riots and uprisings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1804 <a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill convict rebellion</a></li> <li>1830 <a href="/wiki/Bathurst_Rebellion" title="Bathurst Rebellion">Bathurst Rebellion</a></li> <li>1846 <a href="/wiki/Cooking_Pot_Uprising" title="Cooking Pot Uprising">Cooking Pot Uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1944 <a href="/wiki/Cowra_breakout" title="Cowra breakout">Cowra breakout</a></li> <li>1946 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alcatraz" title="Battle of Alcatraz">Battle of Alcatraz</a></li> <li>1953 <a href="/wiki/Norilsk_uprising" title="Norilsk uprising">Norilsk uprising</a></li> <li>1953 <a href="/wiki/Vorkuta_uprising" title="Vorkuta uprising">Vorkuta uprising</a></li> <li>1954 <a href="/wiki/Kengir_uprising" title="Kengir uprising">Kengir uprising</a></li> <li>1963 <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Senang_prison_riots" title="Pulau Senang prison riots">Pulau Senang prison riots</a></li> <li>1971 <a href="/wiki/Attica_Prison_riot" title="Attica Prison riot">Attica Prison riot</a></li> <li>1974 <a href="/wiki/1974_Huntsville_Prison_siege" title="1974 Huntsville Prison siege">Huntsville Prison siege</a></li> <li>1980 <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Penitentiary_riot" title="New Mexico State Penitentiary riot">New Mexico State Penitentiary riot</a></li> <li>1985 <a href="/wiki/Badaber_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Badaber Uprising">Badaber Uprising</a></li> <li>1986 <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_prison_massacres" title="Peruvian prison massacres">Peruvian prison massacres</a></li> <li>1987 <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_prison_riots" title="Atlanta prison riots">Atlanta prison riots</a></li> <li>1988 <a href="/wiki/Fremantle_Prison_riot" title="Fremantle Prison riot">Fremantle Prison riot</a></li> <li>1989 <a href="/wiki/1989_Polish_prison_riots" title="1989 Polish prison riots">Polish prison riots</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Leopoldov_prison_uprising" title="Leopoldov prison uprising">Leopoldov prison uprising</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Strangeways_Prison_riot" title="Strangeways Prison riot">Strangeways Prison riot</a></li> <li>1992 <a href="/wiki/Carandiru_massacre" title="Carandiru massacre">Carandiru massacre</a></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Khujand_prison_riot" title="Khujand prison riot">Khujand prison riot</a></li> <li>2000 <a href="/wiki/F-type_prison#Incidents_in_2000" title="F-type prison">F-type prisons strike and riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qala-i-Jangi" title="Battle of Qala-i-Jangi">Battle of Qala-i-Jangi</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/2009_Mexico_prison_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 Mexico prison riot">Mexico prison riot</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Altamira_prison_brawl" title="Altamira prison brawl">Altamira prison brawl</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Apodaca_prison_riot" title="Apodaca prison riot">Apodaca prison riot</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Yare_prison_riot" title="Yare prison riot">Yare prison riot</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/2012_Welikada_prison_riot" title="2012 Welikada prison riot">Welikada prison riot</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/2013_Uribana_prison_riot" title="2013 Uribana prison riot">Uribana prison riot</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/2013_Palmasola_prison_riot" title="2013 Palmasola prison riot">Palmasola prison riot</a></li> <li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung_Prison_riot" title="Kaohsiung Prison riot">Kaohsiung Prison riot</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/Topo_Chico_prison_riot" title="Topo Chico prison riot">Topo Chico prison riot</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Penitentiary_of_Monte_Cristo_riot" title="Agricultural Penitentiary of Monte Cristo riot">Agricultural Penitentiary of Monte Cristo riot</a></li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/2017_Kidapawan_jail_siege" title="2017 Kidapawan jail siege">Kidapawan jail siege</a></li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/2017_Brazil_prison_riots" title="2017 Brazil prison riots">Brazil prison riots</a></li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/2017_Makala_jailbreak" title="2017 Makala jailbreak">Makala jailbreak</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/2018_Valencia,_Venezuela_fire" title="2018 Valencia, Venezuela fire">Valencia fire</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Acarigua_prison_riot" title="Acarigua prison riot">Acarigua prison riot</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/2019_Brazil_prison_riots" title="2019 Brazil prison riots">Amazonas prison riots</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/2019_Altamira_prison_riot" title="2019 Altamira prison riot">Altamira prison riot</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/July_2019_Cameroon_prison_riots" title="July 2019 Cameroon prison riots">Cameroon prison riots</a></li> <li>2020 <a href="/wiki/Guanare_prison_riot" title="Guanare prison riot">Guanare prison riot</a></li> <li>2020 <a href="/wiki/Mahara_prison_riot" title="Mahara prison riot">Mahara prison riot</a></li> <li>2021 <a href="/wiki/February_2021_Ecuadorian_prison_riots" title="February 2021 Ecuadorian prison riots">February Ecuadorian prison riots</a></li> <li>2021 <a href="/wiki/September_2021_Guayaquil_prison_riot" title="September 2021 Guayaquil prison riot">September Guayaquil prison riot</a></li> <li>2021 <a href="/wiki/November_2021_Guayaquil_prison_riot" title="November 2021 Guayaquil prison riot">November Guayaquil prison riot</a></li> <li>2021 <a href="/wiki/Tula_prison_break" title="Tula prison break">Tula prison break</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">Battle of al-Hasakah</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/Tulu%C3%A1_prison_riot" title="Tuluá prison riot">Tuluá prison riot</a></li> <li>2023 <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1mara_prison_riot" title="Támara prison riot">Támara prison riot</a></li> <li>2024 <a href="/wiki/2024_Makala_jailbreak_attempt" title="2024 Makala jailbreak attempt">Makala jailbreak attempt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4071628-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2002006523">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318425p">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318425p">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565362">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127394&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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