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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_alternative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_alternative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>European alternative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_alternative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>International standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_layer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_layer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Physical layer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_layer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_link_layer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_link_layer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Data link layer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_link_layer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Throughput" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Throughput"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Throughput</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Throughput-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Network_layer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network_layer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Network layer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Network_layer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Throughput_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Throughput_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Throughput</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Throughput_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Throughput subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Throughput_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Upstream" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upstream"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Upstream</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upstream-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Specifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">DOCSIS</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="DOCSIS" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="DOCSIS" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="DOCSIS" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="DOCSIS" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Over_Cable_Service_Interface_Specification" title="Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="DOCSIS" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="DOCSIS" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="DOCSIS" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="داکسیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داکسیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Over_Cable_Service_Interface_Specification" title="Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="DOCSIS" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="DOCSIS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1" title="דוקסיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דוקסיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="DOCSIS" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="DOCSIS" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB" title="ഡാറ്റാ ഓവർ കേബിൾ സർവീസ് ഇന്റർഫേസ് സ്പെസിഫിക്കഷൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡാറ്റാ ഓവർ കേബിൾ സർവീസ് ഇന്റർഫേസ് സ്പെസിഫിക്കഷൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Over_Cable_Service_Interface_Specification" title="Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Over_Cable_Service_Interface_Specifications" title="Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="DOCSIS" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="DOCSIS" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="DOCSIS" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="DOCSIS" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="DOCSIS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="DOCSIS" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="DOCSIS" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="DOCSIS" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5%E7%BC%86%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%A3%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83" title="有线电缆数据服务接口规范 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="有线电缆数据服务接口规范" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q944595#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/DOCSIS" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:DOCSIS" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Standard for computer networking over a cable television system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/DOCSIS" title="Special:EditPage/DOCSIS">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22DOCSIS%22">"DOCSIS"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22DOCSIS%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22DOCSIS%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22DOCSIS%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22DOCSIS%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22DOCSIS%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification</b> (<b>DOCSIS</b>) is an international telecommunications standard that permits the addition of high-bandwidth data transfer to an existing <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a> (CATV) system. It is used by many cable television operators to provide <a href="/wiki/Cable_Internet_access" title="Cable Internet access">cable Internet access</a> over their existing <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_fiber-coaxial" title="Hybrid fiber-coaxial">hybrid fiber-coaxial</a> (HFC) infrastructure. </p><p>DOCSIS was originally developed by <a href="/wiki/CableLabs" title="CableLabs">CableLabs</a> and contributing companies, including <a href="/wiki/Arris_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Arris Group">Arris</a>, <a href="/wiki/BigBand_Networks" title="BigBand Networks">BigBand Networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broadcom" title="Broadcom">Broadcom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xfinity" title="Xfinity">Comcast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conexant" title="Conexant">Conexant</a>, Correlant, <a href="/wiki/Cox_Communications" title="Cox Communications">Cox</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Instrument" title="General Instrument">General Instrument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmonic_Inc." title="Harmonic Inc.">Harmonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netgear" title="Netgear">Netgear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terayon" title="Terayon">Terayon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_Warner_Cable" title="Time Warner Cable">Time Warner Cable</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versions">Versions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOCSIS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="DOCSIS_1.0"></span><span class="vanchor-text">DOCSIS 1.0</span></span></dt> <dd>Released in March 1997, DOCSIS 1.0 included functional elements from preceding proprietary <a href="/wiki/Cable_modem" title="Cable modem">cable modems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cablelabs-docsis1.0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cablelabs-docsis1.0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="DOCSIS_1.1"></span><span class="vanchor-text">DOCSIS 1.1</span></span></dt> <dd>Released in April 1999, DOCSIS 1.1 standardized <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_service" title="Quality of service">quality of service</a> (QoS) mechanisms that were outlined in DOCSIS 1.0.<sup id="cite_ref-DOCSIS_RFI_1.0-I01_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOCSIS_RFI_1.0-I01-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="DOCSIS_2.0"></span><span class="vanchor-text">DOCSIS 2.0</span></span> (abbreviated D2)</dt> <dd>Released in December 2001, DOCSIS 2.0 enhanced upstream data rates in response to increased demand for symmetric services such as IP telephony.</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="DOCSIS_3.0"></span><span class="vanchor-text">DOCSIS 3.0</span></span> (abbreviated D3)</dt> <dd>Released in August 2006, DOCSIS 3.0 significantly increased data rates (both upstream and downstream) and introduced support for <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_version_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Protocol version 6">Internet Protocol version 6</a> (IPv6).</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="DOCSIS_3.1"></span><span class="vanchor-text">DOCSIS 3.1</span></span></dt> <dd>First released in October 2013, and subsequently updated several times, the DOCSIS 3.1 suite of specifications support capacities of up to 10 Gbit/s downstream and 1 Gbit/s upstream using 4096 <a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">QAM</a>. The new specifications eliminated 6 MHz and 8 MHz wide <a href="/wiki/Channel_spacing" title="Channel spacing">channel spacing</a> and instead use narrower (25 kHz or 50 kHz wide) <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing</a> (OFDM) <a href="/wiki/Subcarrier" title="Subcarrier">subcarriers</a>; these can be <a href="/wiki/Link_aggregation" title="Link aggregation">bonded</a> inside a block spectrum that could end up being about 200 MHz wide.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DOCSIS 3.1 technology also includes <a href="/wiki/Power_management" title="Power management">power-management</a> features that will enable the cable industry to reduce its energy usage, and the DOCSIS-PIE<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> algorithm to reduce <a href="/wiki/Bufferbloat" title="Bufferbloat">bufferbloat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, broadband provider Comcast announced in February 2016 that several cities within its footprint will have DOCSIS 3.1 availability before the end of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of 2016, <a href="/wiki/Mediacom" title="Mediacom">Mediacom</a> announced it would become the first major U.S. cable company to fully transition to the DOCSIS 3.1 platform.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="DOCSIS_4.0"></span><span class="vanchor-text">DOCSIS 4.0</span></span></dt> <dd>Improves DOCSIS 3.1 to use the full spectrum of the cable plant (0 MHz to ~1.8 GHz) at the same time in both upstream and downstream directions. This technology enables multi-gigabit symmetrical services while retaining <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward compatibility</a> with DOCSIS 3.1. CableLabs released the full specification in October 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously branded as DOCSIS 3.1 Full Duplex, these technologies have been rebranded as part of DOCSIS 4.0.<sup id="cite_ref-DOCSIS_4.0_Tech_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOCSIS_4.0_Tech-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison">Comparison</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOCSIS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several DOCSIS versions can co exist by using frequency division multiplexing and separating new DOCSIS versions from old ones according to their operation frequencies.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>DOCSIS version comparison<sup id="cite_ref-DOCSIS_4.0_Tech_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOCSIS_4.0_Tech-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>DOCSIS version </th> <th>Production date </th> <th>Maximum downstream capacity </th> <th>Maximum upstream capacity </th> <th>Features </th></tr> <tr> <td>1.0 </td> <td>1997 </td> <td rowspan="3">40 Mbit/s </td> <td rowspan="2">10 Mbit/s </td> <td>Initial release </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.1 </td> <td>2001 </td> <td>Added VOIP capabilities and QoS mechanisms </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.0 </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>30 Mbit/s </td> <td>Enhanced upstream data rates </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.0 </td> <td>2006 </td> <td>1 Gbit/s </td> <td>200 Mbit/s </td> <td>Significantly increased downstream and upstream data rates, introduced support for IPv6, introduced <a href="/wiki/Channel_bonding" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel bonding">channel bonding</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.1 </td> <td>2013 </td> <td rowspan="2">10 Gbit/s </td> <td>1–2 Gbit/s </td> <td>Significantly increased downstream and upstream data rates, restructured channel specifications </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.0 </td> <td>2017 </td> <td>6 Gbit/s </td> <td>Significantly increased upstream rates from DOCSIS 3.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_alternative">European alternative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOCSIS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: European alternative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As frequency allocation bandwidth plans differ between United States and European CATV systems, DOCSIS standards earlier than 3.1 have been modified for use in Europe. These modifications were published under the name <b>EuroDOCSIS</b>. The differences between the bandwidths exist because European cable TV conforms to <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>/<a href="/wiki/DVB-C" title="DVB-C">DVB-C</a> standards of 8 MHz RF channel bandwidth and North American cable TV conforms to <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>/<a href="/wiki/ATSC" class="mw-redirect" title="ATSC">ATSC</a> standards which specify 6 MHz per channel. The wider channel bandwidth in EuroDOCSIS architectures permits more bandwidth to be allocated to the downstream data path (toward the user). EuroDOCSIS certification testing is executed by Belgian company Excentis (formerly known as tComLabs), while DOCSIS certification testing is executed by CableLabs. Typically, <a href="/wiki/Customer-premises_equipment" title="Customer-premises equipment">customer premises equipment</a> receives "certification", while CMTS equipment receives "qualification". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_standards">International standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOCSIS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: International standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/ITU_Telecommunication_Standardization_Sector" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector">ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector</a> (ITU-T) has approved the various versions of DOCSIS as international standards. DOCSIS 1.0 was ratified as ITU-T Recommendation J.112 Annex B (1998), but it was superseded by DOCSIS 1.1 which was ratified as ITU-T Recommendation <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-J.112/en">J.112</a> Annex B (2001). Subsequently, DOCSIS 2.0 was ratified as ITU-T Recommendation <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-J.122/en">J.122</a>. Most recently, DOCSIS 3.0 was ratified as ITU-T Recommendation J.222 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-J.222.0/en">J.222.0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-J.222.1">J.222.1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-J.222.2">J.222.2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-J.222.3">J.222.3</a>). </p><p>Note: While ITU-T Recommendation J.112 Annex B corresponds to DOCSIS/EuroDOCSIS 1.1, Annex A describes an earlier European cable modem system ("<a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a> EuroModem") based on ATM transmission standards. Annex C describes a variant of DOCSIS 1.1 that is designed to operate in Japanese cable systems. The ITU-T Recommendation J.122 main body corresponds to DOCSIS 2.0, J.122 Annex F corresponds to EuroDOCSIS 2.0, and J.122 Annex J describes the Japanese variant of DOCSIS 2.0 (analogous to Annex C of J.112). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOCSIS&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DOCSIS provides a variety of options available at <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">Open Systems Interconnection</a> (OSI) layers 1 and 2—the <a href="/wiki/Physical_layer" title="Physical layer">physical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_link_layer" title="Data link layer">data link layers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_layer">Physical layer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOCSIS&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Physical layer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Channel width: <ul><li>Downstream: All versions of DOCSIS earlier than 3.1 use either 6 MHz channels (e.g. North America) or 8 MHz channels ("EuroDOCSIS"). DOCSIS 3.1 uses channel bandwidths of up to 192 MHz in the downstream.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Upstream: DOCSIS 1.0/1.1 specifies channel widths between 200 kHz and 3.2 MHz. DOCSIS 2.0 & 3.0 specify 6.4 MHz, but can use the earlier, narrower channel widths for backward compatibility. DOCSIS 3.1 uses channel bandwidths of up to 96 MHz in the upstream.</li></ul></li> <li>Modulation: <ul><li>Downstream: All versions of DOCSIS prior to 3.1 specify that 64-level or 256-level <a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">QAM</a> (64-QAM or 256-QAM) be used for modulation of downstream data, using the <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> J.83-Annex B standard<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for 6 MHz channel operation, and the DVB-C modulation standard for 8 MHz (EuroDOCSIS) operation. DOCSIS 3.1 adds 16-QAM, 128-QAM, 512-QAM, 1024-QAM, 2048-QAM and 4096-QAM, with optional support of 8192-QAM/16384-QAM.</li> <li>Upstream: Upstream data uses <a href="/wiki/Phase-shift_keying#Quadrature_phase-shift_keying_(QPSK)" title="Phase-shift keying">QPSK</a> or 16-level QAM (16-QAM) for DOCSIS 1.x, while QPSK, 8-QAM, 16-QAM, 32-QAM, and 64-QAM are used for DOCSIS 2.0 and 3.0. DOCSIS 2.0 and 3.0 also support 128-QAM with <a href="/wiki/Trellis_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trellis modulation">trellis coded modulation</a> in <a href="/wiki/SCDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="SCDMA">S-CDMA</a> mode (with an effective <a href="/wiki/Spectral_efficiency" title="Spectral efficiency">spectral efficiency</a> equivalent to that of 64-QAM). DOCSIS 3.1 supports data modulations from QPSK up to 1024-QAM, with optional support for 2048-QAM and 4096-QAM.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_link_layer">Data link layer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOCSIS&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Data link layer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>DOCSIS employs a mixture of deterministic access methods for upstream transmissions, specifically <a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiple_access" title="Time-division multiple access">time-division multiple access</a> (TDMA) for DOCSIS 1.0/1.1 and both TDMA and S-CDMA for DOCSIS 2.0 and 3.0, with a limited use of contention for bandwidth reservation requests. In TDMA, a cable modem requests a time to transmit and the CMTS grants it an available time slot.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>For DOCSIS 1.1 and above, the data layer also includes extensive <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_service" title="Quality of service">quality-of-service</a> (QoS) features that help to efficiently support applications that have specific traffic requirements such as low latency, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">voice over IP</a>.</li> <li>DOCSIS 3.0 features <a href="/wiki/Channel_bonding" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel bonding">channel bonding</a>, which enables multiple downstream and upstream channels to be used together at the same time by a single subscriber.<sup id="cite_ref-cablelabs.com_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cablelabs.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Throughput">Throughput</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOCSIS&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Throughput"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bandwidth is shared among users of an HFC, within service groups which are groups of customers that share <a href="/wiki/Television_channel_frequencies" title="Television channel frequencies">RF channels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first three versions of the DOCSIS standard support a downstream throughput with 256-QAM of up to 42.88 Mbit/s per 6 MHz channel (approximately 38 Mbit/s after overhead), or 55.62 Mbit/s per 8 MHz channel for EuroDOCSIS (approximately 50 Mbit/s after overhead). The upstream throughput possible is 30.72 Mbit/s per 6.4 MHz channel (approximately 27 Mbit/s after overhead), or 10.24 Mbit/s per 3.2 MHz channel (approximately 9 Mbit/s after overhead). </p><p>DOCSIS 3.1 supports a downstream throughput with 4096-QAM and 25 kHz <a href="/wiki/Subcarrier_spacing" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcarrier spacing">subcarrier spacing</a> of up to 1.89 Gbit/s per 192 MHz OFDM channel. The upstream throughput possible is 0.94 Gbit/s per 96 MHz <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access">OFDMA</a> channel.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Network_layer">Network layer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOCSIS&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Network layer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>DOCSIS modems are managed via an <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> (IP) address.</li> <li>The 'DOCSIS 2.0 + IPv6' specification allowed support for IPv6 on DOCSIS 2.0 modems via a firmware upgrade.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>DOCSIS 3.0 added management over <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cablelabs.com_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cablelabs.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Throughput_2">Throughput</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOCSIS&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Throughput"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tables assume 256-QAM modulation for downstream and 64-QAM for upstream on DOCSIS 3.0, and 4096-QAM modulation for OFDM/OFDMA (first downstream/upstream methods) on DOCSIS 3.1, although real-world data rates may be lower due to variable modulation depending on SNR. Higher data rates are possible but require higher order QAM schemes which require higher downstream <a href="/wiki/Modulation_error_ratio" title="Modulation error ratio">modulation error ratio</a> (MER). DOCSIS 3.1 was designed to support up to 8192-QAM/16,384-QAM, but only support of up through 4096-QAM is mandatory to meet the minimum DOCSIS 3.1 standards. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" border="1"> <caption>Maximum raw throughput including overhead </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Version</th> <th colspan="6">Downstream</th> <th colspan="5">Upstream </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Channel configuration</th> <th rowspan="2">DOCSIS throughput in Mbit/s</th> <th rowspan="2">EuroDOCSIS throughput in Mbit/s</th> <th colspan="4">Channel configuration</th> <th rowspan="2">Throughput in Mbit/s </th></tr> <tr> <th>Minimum selectable number of channels</th> <th>Minimum number of channels that hardware must support</th> <th>Selected number of channels</th> <th>Maximum number of channels</th> <th>Minimum selectable number of channels</th> <th>Minimum number of channels that hardware must support</th> <th>Selected number of channels</th> <th>Maximum number of channels </th></tr> <tr> <td>1.x</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>42.88</td> <td>55.62</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>10.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>42.88</td> <td>55.62</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>30.72 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.0</td> <td>1</td> <td>4</td> <td><i>m</i></td> <td>Not defined</td> <td><i>m</i> × 42.88</td> <td><i>m</i> × 55.62</td> <td>1</td> <td>4</td> <td><i>n</i></td> <td>Not defined</td> <td><i>n</i> × 30.72 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.1</td> <td>1 OFDM channel <br />or<br />1 SC-QAM channel</td> <td>2 OFDM channels<br />and<br />32 SC-QAM channels</td> <td><i>m<sub>1</sub></i><br /><i>m<sub>2</sub></i></td> <td>Not defined</td> <td>Dependent on OFDM channel bandwidth in MHz<br />plus<br /><i>m<sub>2</sub></i> × 42.88</td> <td>Dependent on OFDM channel bandwidth in MHz<br />plus<br /><i>m<sub>2</sub></i> × 55.62</td> <td>1 OFDMA channel<br />or<br />1 SC-QAM channel</td> <td>2 OFDMA channels<br />and<br />8 SC-QAM channels</td> <td><i>n<sub>1</sub></i><br /><i>n<sub>2</sub></i></td> <td>Not defined</td> <td>Dependent on OFDMA channel bandwidth in MHz<br />plus<br /><i>n<sub>2</sub></i> × 30.72 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For DOCSIS 3.0, the theoretical maximum throughput for the number of bonded channels are listed in the table below.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Number of channels</th> <th colspan="2">Downstream throughput</th> <th rowspan="2">Upstream throughput </th></tr> <tr> <th>Downstream</th> <th>Upstream</th> <th>DOCSIS</th> <th>EuroDOCSIS </th></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>171.52 Mbit/s</td> <td>222.48 Mbit/s</td> <td rowspan="3">122.88 Mbit/s </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>4</td> <td>343.04 Mbit/s</td> <td>444.96 Mbit/s </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>4</td> <td>686.08 Mbit/s</td> <td>889.92 Mbit/s </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td>8</td> <td>1029.12 Mbit/s</td> <td>1334.784 Mbit/s</td> <td rowspan="2">245.76 Mbit/s </td></tr> <tr> <td>32</td> <td>8</td> <td>1372.16 Mbit/s</td> <td>1779.712 Mbit/s </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note that the number of channels a cable system can support is dependent on how the cable system is set up. For example, the amount of available bandwidth in each direction, the width of the channels selected in the upstream direction, and hardware constraints limit the maximum amount of channels in each direction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Note that the maximum downstream bandwidth on all versions of DOCSIS depends on the version of DOCSIS used and the number of upstream channels used if DOCSIS 3.0 is used, but the upstream channel widths are independent of whether DOCSIS or EuroDOCSIS is used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upstream">Upstream</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOCSIS&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Upstream"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional DOCSIS upstream in North America uses the 5–42 MHz frequency range. The 5–65 MHz range is used by EuroDOCSIS. This is known as a "low-split" or "sub-split" design, capable of a total shared capacity of ~108 Mbit/s upstream (assuming 4 SC-QAM upstream channels) for the service group.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> cable operators<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2022)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> have begun to increase the amount of bandwidth dedicated to the upstream. The two most popular options for this include a "mid-split" or "high-split".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A mid-split increases the upstream frequency range to 5–85 MHz, supporting a total shared upstream capacity of ~450 Mbit/s (assuming 4 SC-QAM + OFDMA channels) for the service group.<sup id="cite_ref-Howald_2021_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howald_2021-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A high-split increases the upstream frequency range to 5–204 MHz, supporting a total shared upstream capacity of ~1.5 Gbit/s (assuming 4 SC-QAM + OFDMA channels) for the service group.<sup id="cite_ref-Howald_2021_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howald_2021-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DOCSIS 4.0 in both full-duplex (FDX) and extended spectrum DOCSIS (ESD) configurations will support upstream speeds surpassing 5 Gbit/s.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOCSIS&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ARRIS_CM820B_DOCSIS_Cable_Modem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ARRIS_CM820B_DOCSIS_Cable_Modem.jpg/220px-ARRIS_CM820B_DOCSIS_Cable_Modem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ARRIS_CM820B_DOCSIS_Cable_Modem.jpg/330px-ARRIS_CM820B_DOCSIS_Cable_Modem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ARRIS_CM820B_DOCSIS_Cable_Modem.jpg/440px-ARRIS_CM820B_DOCSIS_Cable_Modem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3883" data-file-height="2429" /></a><figcaption>A DOCSIS 3.0 cable modem</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CMTS_Arris_Cadant_C4_CityPlay_Amiens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/CMTS_Arris_Cadant_C4_CityPlay_Amiens.jpg/170px-CMTS_Arris_Cadant_C4_CityPlay_Amiens.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/CMTS_Arris_Cadant_C4_CityPlay_Amiens.jpg/255px-CMTS_Arris_Cadant_C4_CityPlay_Amiens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/CMTS_Arris_Cadant_C4_CityPlay_Amiens.jpg/340px-CMTS_Arris_Cadant_C4_CityPlay_Amiens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1223" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Cable_modem_termination_system" title="Cable modem termination system">cable modem termination system</a> (CMTS)</figcaption></figure> <p>A DOCSIS architecture includes two primary components: a cable modem located at the customer premises, and a <a href="/wiki/Cable_modem_termination_system" title="Cable modem termination system">cable modem termination system</a> (CMTS) located at the CATV headend.<sup id="cite_ref-DOCSIS_3.1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOCSIS_3.1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The customer PC and associated peripherals are termed <a href="/wiki/Customer-premises_equipment" title="Customer-premises equipment">customer-premises equipment</a> (CPE). The CPE are connected to the cable modem, which is in turn connected through the HFC network to the CMTS. The CMTS then routes traffic between the HFC and the Internet. Using provisioning systems and through the CMTS, the cable operator exercises control over the cable modem's configuration.<sup id="cite_ref-DOCSIS_3.1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOCSIS_3.1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DOCSIS 2.0 was also used over microwave frequencies (10 GHz) in Ireland by <a href="/wiki/Digiweb" title="Digiweb">Digiweb</a>, using dedicated wireless links rather than HFC network. At each subscriber premises the ordinary CM is connected to an antenna box which converts to/from microwave frequencies and transmits/receives on 10 GHz. Each customer has a dedicated link but the transmitter mast must be in line of sight (most sites are hilltop).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOCSIS&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DOCSIS includes <a href="/wiki/Media_access_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Media access control">media access control</a> (MAC) layer security services in its Baseline Privacy Interface specifications. DOCSIS 1.0 used the initial Baseline Privacy Interface (BPI) specification. BPI was later improved with the release of the Baseline Privacy Interface Plus (BPI+) specification used by DOCSIS 1.1 and 2.0. Most recently, a number of enhancements to the Baseline Privacy Interface were added as part of DOCSIS 3.0, and the specification was renamed "Security" (SEC). </p><p>The intent of the BPI/SEC specifications is to describe MAC layer security services for DOCSIS CMTS to cable modem communications. BPI/SEC security goals are twofold: </p> <ul><li>Provide cable modem users with <a href="/wiki/Data_privacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Data privacy">data privacy</a> across the cable network</li> <li>Provide cable service operators with service protection (i.e. prevent unauthorized modems and users from gaining access to the network's RF MAC services)</li></ul> <p>BPI/SEC is intended to prevent cable users from listening to each other. It does this by <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encrypting</a> data flows between the CMTS and the cable modem. BPI and BPI+ use 56-bit <a href="/wiki/Data_Encryption_Standard" title="Data Encryption Standard">Data Encryption Standard</a> (DES) encryption, while SEC adds support for 128-bit <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard" title="Advanced Encryption Standard">Advanced Encryption Standard</a> (AES). The AES key, however, is protected only by a 1024-bit RSA key.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>BPI/SEC is intended to allow cable service operators to refuse service to uncertified cable modems and unauthorized users. BPI+ strengthened service protection by adding <a href="/wiki/Digital_certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital certificate">digital certificate</a> based authentication to its <a href="/wiki/Key_exchange" title="Key exchange">key exchange</a> protocol, using a <a href="/wiki/Public_key_infrastructure" title="Public key infrastructure">public key infrastructure</a> (PKI), based on digital <a href="/wiki/Certificate_authority" title="Certificate authority">certificate authorities</a> (CAs) of the certification testers, currently Excentis (formerly known as tComLabs) for EuroDOCSIS and CableLabs for DOCSIS. Typically, the cable service operator manually adds the cable modem's <a href="/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">MAC address</a> to a customer's account with the cable service operator;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the network allows access only to a cable modem that can attest to that MAC address using a valid certificate issued via the PKI. The earlier BPI specification (ANSI/SCTE 22-2) had limited service protection because the underlying <a href="/wiki/Key_management" title="Key management">key management</a> protocol did not <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authenticate</a> the user's cable modem. </p><p>Security in the DOCSIS network is vastly improved when only business critical communications are permitted, and end user communication to the network infrastructure is denied. Successful attacks often occur when the CMTS is configured for backward compatibility with early pre-standard DOCSIS 1.1 modems. These modems were "software upgradeable in the field", but did not include valid DOCSIS or EuroDOCSIS root certificates.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOCSIS&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DOCSIS_Set-top_Gateway" title="DOCSIS Set-top Gateway">DOCSIS Set-top Gateway</a> – Communications technical specification</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_over_coax" title="Ethernet over coax">Ethernet over coax</a> – Telecommunication technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_device_bandwidths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of device bandwidths">List of device bandwidths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_over_Coax_Alliance" title="Multimedia over Coax Alliance">Multimedia over Coax Alliance</a> – International standards consortium that publishes specifications for networking over coaxial cable</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Node (networking)</a> – Device or point within a network capable of creating, receiving, or transmitting data</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PacketCable" title="PacketCable">PacketCable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_cable" title="Telecommunications cable">Telecommunications cable</a> – Bundles of wires used for transmitting information</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOCSIS&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Execute+the+Upstream+Makeover+without+Leaving+Scars&rft.pub=SCTE&rft.date=2021-10-11&rft.aulast=Howald&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Wolcott%2C+Larry&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scte.org%2Fdocuments%2F4614%2F2104_Howald_3441_paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOCSIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumgartner2022" class="citation web cs1">Baumgartner, Jeff (April 29, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lightreading.com/cable-tech/comcast-charter-take-docsis-40-and-10g-step-toward-commercial-reality-/d/d-id/777103">"Comcast, Charter Take DOCSIS 4.0 and '10G' a Step Toward Commercial Reality"</a>. <i>Light Reading</i>. Louisville, Colorado<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Light+Reading&rft.atitle=Comcast%2C+Charter+Take+DOCSIS+4.0+and+%2710G%27+a+Step+Toward+Commercial+Reality&rft.date=2022-04-29&rft.aulast=Baumgartner&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lightreading.com%2Fcable-tech%2Fcomcast-charter-take-docsis-40-and-10g-step-toward-commercial-reality-%2Fd%2Fd-id%2F777103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOCSIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOCSIS_3.1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOCSIS_3.1_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOCSIS_3.1_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation techreport cs1"><i>DOCSIS 3.1</i> (Technical report). CableLabs. Physical Layer Specification. CM-SP-PHYv3.1-I19-211110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=DOCSIS+3.1&rft.pages=Physical+Layer+Specification&rft.pub=CableLabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOCSIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ogierelectronics.com/broadband-wireless.php">"Wireless Broadband Internet"</a>. <i>Ogier Electronics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ogier+Electronics&rft.atitle=Wireless+Broadband+Internet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fogierelectronics.com%2Fbroadband-wireless.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOCSIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation techreport cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://community.cablelabs.com/wiki/plugins/servlet/cablelabs/alfresco/download?id=2bdb7994-798c-4b65-a5bd-a92c9da7e72c"><i>Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specifications DOCSIS 3.0 Security Specification</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Technical report). CableLabs. 2006–2013. p. 87. CM-SP-SECv3.0-I15-130808.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Data-Over-Cable+Service+Interface+Specifications+DOCSIS+3.0+Security+Specification&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=CableLabs&rft.date=2006%2F2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.cablelabs.com%2Fwiki%2Fplugins%2Fservlet%2Fcablelabs%2Falfresco%2Fdownload%3Fid%3D2bdb7994-798c-4b65-a5bd-a92c9da7e72c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOCSIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/images_blogs/threatlevel/2009/11/derengel_indictment1.pdf">"United States v. Ryan Harris a.k.a. DerEngel and TCNISO, Inc"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Wired</i>. p. 2. <q>When a computer user seeks to access the internet, the user's modem will report its MAC address to the ISP, and if the ISP recognizes the modem's MAC address as belonging to a paying subscriber, the ISP will allow the user to access the internet via the ISP's network.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=United+States+v.+Ryan+Harris+a.k.a.+DerEngel+and+TCNISO%2C+Inc.&rft.pages=2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fimages_blogs%2Fthreatlevel%2F2009%2F11%2Fderengel_indictment1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADOCSIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOCSIS&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rohde-schwarz.com/en/applications/docsis-3.1-application-note_56280-108554.html">DOCSIS 3.1</a> This Rohde & Schwarz application note discusses the fundamental technological advances of DOCSIS 3.1.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volpefirm.com/docsis101/">DOCSIS Tutorial</a> (2009) at Volpe Firm</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specifications">Specifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOCSIS&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cablelabs.com/specifications/search?query=&category=DOCSIS&subcat=DOCSIS%201.0&doctype=&content=false&archives=false&currentPage=1">DOCSIS 1.0 specifications</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cablelabs.com/specifications/search?query=&category=DOCSIS&subcat=DOCSIS%201.1&doctype=&content=false&archives=false&currentPage=1">DOCSIS 1.1 specifications</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cablelabs.com/specifications/search?query=&category=DOCSIS&subcat=DOCSIS%202.0&doctype=&content=false&archives=false&currentPage=1">DOCSIS 2.0 specifications</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cablelabs.com/specifications/search?query=&category=DOCSIS&subcat=DOCSIS%203.0&doctype=&content=false&archives=false&currentPage=1">DOCSIS 3.0 specifications</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cablelabs.com/specifications/search?query=&category=DOCSIS&subcat=DOCSIS%203.1&doctype=&content=false&archives=false&currentPage=1">DOCSIS 3.1 specifications</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cablelabs.com/specifications/search?query=&category=DOCSIS&subcat=DOCSIS%204.0&doctype=&content=false&archives=false&currentPage=1">DOCSIS 4.0 specifications</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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