Antibiotics | Special Issue : Bacteriophages and Phage-Derived Enzymes as Antibacterial Agents

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This special issue belongs to the section "<a href="/journal/antibiotics/sections/Bacteriophages">Bacteriophages</a>".<span data-section-id="705"></span></p> <p style="padding:0.5em 0;"> <span class="si-deadline"> Deadline for manuscript submissions: <b>31 May 2025</b> | Viewed by 1760 </span> <br/> </p> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="sharingLinks"> <h2>Share This Special Issue</h2> <div class="social-media-links" style="text-align: left;"><a 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data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> </div> </div> <h2><a name="editors"></a> Special Issue Editor</h2> <div class="no-margin"> <div class="generic-item editor-div" data-filter="grzegorz wegrzyn gene expression regulation; dna replication; bacteriophages; plasmids; human genetic diseases; neurodegeneration"> <div class="editor-div__content smaller-pictures"> <div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop77979' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> <div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/data/editors/editor_77979.png?1717060092" style= "width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name"> Prof. Dr. Grzegorz Wegrzyn </span></div></div> </div> <div id="profile-card-drop77979" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="profile-card__title "> <div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/data/editors/editor_77979.png?1717060092" style= "width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name"> Prof. Dr. Grzegorz Wegrzyn </span></div></div> </div> <div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/132254?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a> <a href="https://scilit.com/scholars?q=Grzegorz%20Wegrzyn" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Grzegorz%20Wegrzyn&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Grzegorz%20Wegrzyn" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a> </div> </div> <br class="show-for-small-only" /> <a class="inline-spacer toEncode emailCaptcha" href="" data-editor-id="77979">E-Mail</a> <a class="inline-spacer" href="https://old-en.ug.edu.pl/pracownik/3140/grzegorz_wegrzyn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Website</a> <br/> <i>Guest Editor</i><br> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="editor-div__content smaller-pictures"> Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland<br> <b>Interests:</b> gene expression regulation; DNA replication; bacteriophages; plasmids; human genetic diseases; neurodegeneration<br> <a href="#" id="editor_contrib_77979" onclick="div_toggle(this.id); return false;">Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals</a> <div id="div_editor_contrib_77979" style="display: none"> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/molecules/special_issues/Oxidative_Stress"> <i>Molecules</i>: Chemistry and Pharmacology of Modulators of Oxidative Stress</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/ijms/special_issues/MPS"> <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i>: Mucopolysaccharidoses: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/diagnostics/special_issues/MPS-joint"> <i>Diagnostics</i>: Mucopolysaccharidoses: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/ijms/special_issues/genetic_metabolic"> <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i>: Genetic and Metabolic Molecular Research of Lysosomal Storage Disease</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/molecules/special_issues/Oxidative_Stress_2020"> <i>Molecules</i>: Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology of Modulators of Oxidative Stress</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/diagnostics/special_issues/MPS-joint_v2"> <i>Diagnostics</i>: Mucopolysaccharidoses: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management 2.0</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/ijms/special_issues/MPS_v2"> <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i>: Mucopolysaccharidoses: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management 2.0</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/antibiotics/special_issues/anti_phage"> <i>Antibiotics</i>: Antibiotics vs. Phage Therapy</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/ijms/special_issues/small_prokarytoic_proteins"> <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i>: Small Prokaryotic Proteins Interacting with Nucleic Acids</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/ijms/special_issues/lysosomal_storage2"> <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i>: Genetic and Metabolic Molecular Research of Lysosomal Storage Disease 2.0</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/ijms/special_issues/monogenic"> <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i>: Complex Molecular Mechanisms of Monogenic Diseases</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/microorganisms/special_issues/FP_Biofilm"> <i>Microorganisms</i>: Feature Papers in Microbial Biofilm Formation</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/diagnostics/special_issues/MPS_v3"> <i>Diagnostics</i>: Mucopolysaccharidoses: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management, Volume 3</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/ijms/special_issues/MPS_v_3"> <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i>: Mucopolysaccharidoses: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management 3.0</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/cimb/special_issues/CIMB_monogenic"> <i>Current Issues in Molecular Biology</i>: Complex Molecular Mechanism of Monogenic Diseases</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/antibiotics/special_issues/MI8S6ER17J"> <i>Antibiotics</i>: Antibiotics vs. Phage Therapy, 2nd Edition</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/ijms/special_issues/343R7X7M0Y"> <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i>: Small Prokaryotic Proteins Interacting with Nucleic Acids 2.0</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/ijms/special_issues/FP59A79TN0"> <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i>: Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/microorganisms/special_issues/Z5Q2GWOKQT"> <i>Microorganisms</i>: Esther Lederberg’s 100th Anniversary: Microbial Genetics and Bacteriophages</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/ijms/special_issues/5OA3L4Y5EW"> <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i>: Genetic and Metabolic Molecular Research of Lysosomal Storage Disease 3.0</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/microorganisms/special_issues/CV13645PBC"> <i>Microorganisms</i>: Latest Review Papers in Molecular Microbiology and Immunology 2023</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/cimb/special_issues/IL4684WI14"> <i>Current Issues in Molecular Biology</i>: Complex Molecular Mechanism of Monogenic Diseases 2.0</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/ijms/special_issues/71NXDUP916"> <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i>: Mucopolysaccharidoses: Diagnosis, Treatment and Management 4.0</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/ijms/special_issues/0MT2U4U54V"> <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i>: Genetic and Metabolic Molecular Research of Lysosomal Storage Disease 4.0</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/microorganisms/special_issues/4J65O98NKE"> <i>Microorganisms</i>: Latest Review Papers in Molecular Microbiology and Immunology 2025</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/cimb/special_issues/426ZS428I7"> <i>Current Issues in Molecular Biology</i>: Complex Molecular Mechanism of Monogenic Diseases: 3rd Edition</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/ijms/special_issues/5QOE61LQAY"> <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i>: Applications of Bacteriophages</a><br> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2><a name="info"></a>Special Issue Information</h2> <div> <p>Dear Colleagues,</p> <p>The discovery of antibiotics has changed modern medicine. They have become one of the most effective weapons in the fight against bacterial infections. We have learned to obtain them from microorganisms and fungi and synthesize them de novo. Since 1928, when Fleming managed to isolate the active substance from mold called penicillin, to the present day, over a hundred of them have been discovered. As early as 1945, Fleming warned the world that the overuse of antibiotics would lead to the emergence of resistant forms of bacteria. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics did not appear with their use by humans. It has existed for millions of years and is an evolutionary adaptation of microorganisms to living in different environments. By currently using antibiotics in unlimited quantities, we provoke bacteria to defend themselves against them and produce resistant forms. The massive appearance of pathogenic strains of bacteria resistant to most or even all known antibiotics has been called “the antibiotic crisis”. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new antibacterial agents and novel approaches to fight against pathogenic bacteria.</p> <p>In the era of such serious problems, we have forgotten about the existence of a cheap and effective way to combat bacterial infections, which is phage therapy. More than 100 years have passed since bacteriophages were discovered. They were commonly used to combat bacterial infections such as dysentery or gangrene. Bacteriophages multiply only on bacteria and are characterized by high specificity, which means that they develop, in general, in one species of bacteria and often only in one strain of bacteria. They multiply as long as they have access to their host, so when they lyse bacteria that are sensitive to them, they stop multiplying. They are a self-replicating drug; it is enough to administer a small amount of phages during a massive bacterial infection for them to multiply to a high titer. Due to the fact that phages are very specific to a given strain of bacteria, they should be selected individually for each infection. Then we will be sure that they will work and, most importantly, that they do not destroy the patient's bacterial flora. This is undoubtedly their great advantage. During antibiotic therapy, the intestinal microbiota is seriously reduced, and in such conditions, bacteria and pathogenic fungi begin to multiply. Phage therapy must meet certain conditions to be effective. Phage preparations should be perfectly purified so as not to cause allergic reactions (remnants of bacterial cells on which the phages were multiplied may remain). The genomes of phages used for therapy must be sequenced so that we are certain that they do not carry toxin genes or any other genes encoding compounds that are dangerous to the patient. Of course, bacteria defend themselves against phage infection by creating resistant forms, which is why we must remember this so as not to make the same mistakes as with antibiotic therapy. We can avoid the formation of phage-resistant bacteria if we use not one phage but a mixture of several phages, which we call a phage cocktail, to combat a given bacterial strain.</p> <p>Bacteriophages used for phage therapy should be lytic, which means that after entering the bacterial cell, phage genetic material should multiply in it and not be incorporated into its genome. Pathogenic bacteria often create higher-order structures at the site of infection, which are resistant to disinfectants, ultraviolet radiation, and antibiotics. They have been called biofilms. Phage therapy seems to be one of the most effective methods of removing them at the moment. Bacteria most often create biofilms on smooth surfaces made of glass or stainless steel, so they appear in various devices in hospitals and also in machines in food industry production lines. Since biofilm-forming bacteria are resistant to all disinfectants and antibiotics, the only way to remove them is mechanically. Unfortunately, this method does not give good results because biofilms grow back quickly. Using phages, phage-derived enzymes, or those in combination with other agents, such as nanomaterials, could solve the problem.</p> <p>Since therapy based on the use of bacteriophages and phage-derived enzymes is under development, there is a need for further studies in this area. This Special Issue is devoted to these topics. Both original papers and review articles are welcome, provided they are within the scope of this Special Issue. We invite all researchers working in the field of the use of phages and enzymes encoded by these viruses in combating pathogenic bacteria to submit their works.</p> <p>Prof. Dr. Grzegorz Wegrzyn<br /><em>Guest Editor</em></p> <p><p><strong>Manuscript Submission Information</strong><p> <p>Manuscripts should be submitted online at <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/">www.mdpi.com</a> by <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/user/register/">registering</a> and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/user/login/">logging in to this website</a>. Once you are registered, <a href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload/?journal=antibiotics">click here to go to the submission form</a>. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.</p> <p>Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/antibiotics/instructions">Instructions for Authors</a> page. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/antibiotics/"><em>Antibiotics</em></a> is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.</p> <p> Please visit the <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/antibiotics/instructions">Instructions for Authors</a> page before submitting a manuscript. The <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/apc/">Article Processing Charge (APC)</a> for publication in this <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/openaccess/">open access</a> journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/authors/english">English editing service</a> prior to publication or during author revisions. </p></p> </div> <h2><a name="keywords"></a>Keywords</h2> <div><ul> <li>phage therapy</li> <li>lytic bacteriophages</li> <li>phage-derived enzymes</li> <li>antibiotic resistance</li> </ul></div> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><h2><a name="benefits"></a>Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue</h2> <ul> <li>Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.</li> <li>Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. 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color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 2321 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-6382/14/2/162/pdf?version=1738834842" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Bactericidal Effect of a Novel Phage Endolysin Targeting Multi-Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii" data-journal="antibiotics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-6382/14/2/162">Bactericidal Effect of a Novel Phage Endolysin Targeting Multi-Drug-Resistant <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i></a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sara Garcia Torres</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dirk Henrich</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rene D. Verboket</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ingo Marzi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gernot Hahne</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Volkhard A. J. Kempf</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Stephan Göttig</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Antibiotics</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>14</em>(2), 162; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14020162">https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14020162</a> - 6 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background/Objectives: Infections with antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative pathogens represent a major global threat to public health. <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> is a highly important nosocomial pathogen causing severe and life-threatening infections, like pneumonia, wound infections, or sepsis. It is often resistant even against last-resort antibiotics, such as <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/14/2/162/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background/Objectives: Infections with antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative pathogens represent a major global threat to public health. <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> is a highly important nosocomial pathogen causing severe and life-threatening infections, like pneumonia, wound infections, or sepsis. It is often resistant even against last-resort antibiotics, such as carbapenems, and can persist in healthcare settings. Artilysin<sup>®</sup>s are a novel class of endolysins targeted against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Methods: Antibacterial activity of Art-Top3 was determined by broth microdilution, in vitro assays and in the <i>Galleria mellonella</i> infection model. The toxicity of Art-Top3 on red blood cells, endothelial and epithelial cells was analyzed using the MTT assay. Results: Here, we report on a new Artilysin<sup>®</sup> Art-Top3 that is active against <i>A. baumannii</i> and led to a 10<sup>5</sup>-fold reduction in viable <i>A. baumannii</i> after five minutes of exposure. Art-Top3 showed activity against <i>A. baumannii</i> biofilms in static and dynamic experimental infection models. Furthermore, upon infection with carbapenem-resistant <i>A. baumannii</i> patient isolates, Art-Top3 was able to rescue human primary cells in vitro and larvae of <i>Galleria mellonella</i> in an in vivo infection model. Art-Top3 did not lyse human red blood cells and showed activity in human serum, indicating a low toxicity and high stability of Art-Top3 in vitro. Conclusion: Our findings collectively establish that Art-Top3 might be a candidate for novel therapeutic strategies of infections caused by multidrug-resistant <i>A. baumannii</i> pathogens. <a href="/2079-6382/14/2/162">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/antibiotics/special_issues/LIZR1XQ2M2 ">Bacteriophages and Phage-Derived Enzymes as Antibacterial Agents</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/14/2/162/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1584809"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1584809"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1584809" data-cycle-prev="#prev1584809" data-cycle-progressive="#images1584809" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1584809-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/antibiotics/antibiotics-14-00162/article_deploy/html/images/antibiotics-14-00162-g001-550.jpg?1738834924" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1584809" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1584809-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/antibiotics/antibiotics-14-00162/article_deploy/html/images/antibiotics-14-00162-g002-550.jpg?1738834927'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1584809-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/antibiotics/antibiotics-14-00162/article_deploy/html/images/antibiotics-14-00162-g003-550.jpg?1738834929'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1584809-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/antibiotics/antibiotics-14-00162/article_deploy/html/images/antibiotics-14-00162-g004-550.jpg?1738834930'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1584809-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/antibiotics/antibiotics-14-00162/article_deploy/html/images/antibiotics-14-00162-g005-550.jpg?1738834932'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1584809-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/antibiotics/antibiotics-14-00162/article_deploy/html/images/antibiotics-14-00162-g006-550.jpg?1738834933'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1584809-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/antibiotics/antibiotics-14-00162/article_deploy/html/images/antibiotics-14-00162-g001-550.jpg?1738834924" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Time-dependent inhibition curve of Art-Top3 against <span class="html-italic">A. baumannii</span> ATCC 19606<sup>T</sup>. 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)/NaCl solution was used as a buffer. The log<sub>10</sub> colony forming unit/mL for all groups was determined at time 0 and at subsequent time points up to 10 min. Data expressed as means ± SD (n = 3). Statistical significance was determined using a two-tailed unpaired Student’s <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-6382/14/2/162'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/antibiotics/antibiotics-14-00162/article_deploy/html/images/antibiotics-14-00162-g002-550.jpg?1738834927" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Effect of Art-Top3 on <span class="html-italic">A. baumannii</span> biofilms. (<b>A</b>) Biofilm formation by clinical isolates of <span class="html-italic">A. baumannii</span> was determined by a microtiter plate assay. Cultures were incubated overnight in microtiter plates and stained with crystal violet to quantify biofilm formation. Data are expressed as means ± SD (n = 3). (<b>B</b>) Absorption values (570–405 nm) of untreated and Art-Top3 treated biofilms. Biofilm of <span class="html-italic">A. baumannii</span> was grown and then treated with Mueller Hinton broth (MHB) as medium, 10xMIC Art-Top3 or 10xMIC of the antibiotics colistin, imipenem, and minocycline. The residual biofilm was assessed by crystal violet staining. Data expressed as means ± SD (n = 3). Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05). (<b>C</b>) Representative immunofluorescence microscopic images of LIVE/DEAD stained <span class="html-italic">A. baumannii</span> biofilm formed and treated under dynamic conditions (scale bar: 20 μm). SYTO9 (green) staining of viable bacterial cells and propidium iodide (red) staining of dead bacterial cells.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-6382/14/2/162'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/antibiotics/antibiotics-14-00162/article_deploy/html/images/antibiotics-14-00162-g003-550.jpg?1738834929" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Serum activity, hemolysis, and cytotoxicity. (<b>A</b>) The antibacterial activity of 10 µg Art-Top3 against <span class="html-italic">A. baumannii</span> in the presence of human serum was determined by a CFU reduction assay. Data are expressed as means ± SD (n = 3). (<b>B</b>) Hemolytic activity of various Art-Top3 concentrations. Freshly prepared human red blood cells were treated with Art-Top3 at 37 °C for 24 h. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was used as a buffer. Data are expressed as means ± SD (n = 3). (<b>C</b>) Viability of human cell lines after exposure to Art-Top3. The bar graph represents the percentage of viable cells compared to the medium control after exposure to different Art-Top3 concentrations. An appropriate cell culture medium (ECGM, KGM, and RPMI 1640) was used. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA (ns: not significant; * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-6382/14/2/162'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/antibiotics/antibiotics-14-00162/article_deploy/html/images/antibiotics-14-00162-g004-550.jpg?1738834930" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Antibacterial effectiveness of Art-Top3 on <span class="html-italic">A. baumannii</span> infected human cells. (<b>A</b>) Immunofluorescence microscopy of <span class="html-italic">A. baumannii</span> infected human cells treated with Art-Top3 or cell culture medium (ECGM and RPMI 1640). The actin cytoskeleton was stained with tetramethylrhodamine-phalloidin (red), cell nuclei with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, blue), and bacteria with Alexa 488 (green). Scale bar: 10 µm (<b>B</b>) Bacterial survival rate after incubation with various Art-Top3 concentrations or cell culture medium (ECGM and RPMI 1640). The number of remaining log<sub>10</sub> CFU/mL was determined by plating 10-fold serial dilutions. Data are expressed as means ± SD (n = 3). Statistical significance was determined using a two-tailed unpaired Student’s <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-6382/14/2/162'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/antibiotics/antibiotics-14-00162/article_deploy/html/images/antibiotics-14-00162-g005-550.jpg?1738834932" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Mechanism of Art-Top3. (<b>A</b>) Outer membrane permeabilization by Art-Top3 quantitated using NPN uptake assay. The increase in fluorescence intensity was measured after 1 h at an excitation wavelength of 350 nm and an emission wavelength of 420 nm. A total of 4 µg/mL of colistin was used as positive control and 5 mM HEPES as buffer control. Data are expressed as means ± SD (n = 3). (<b>B</b>) Muralytic activities of Art-Top3 characterized by turbidity on chloroform/Tris-HCl permeabilized <span class="html-italic">A. baumannii</span>. HEPES/NaCl solution was used as a buffer. Data are expressed as means ± SD (n = 3). Significant differences for the final time points were determined using one-way ANOVA (ns: not significant; * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05; *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.005).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-6382/14/2/162'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/antibiotics/antibiotics-14-00162/article_deploy/html/images/antibiotics-14-00162-g006-550.jpg?1738834933" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>In vivo activity of Art-Top3 in the <span class="html-italic">G. mellonella</span> infection model. (<b>A</b>) Survival curves for <span class="html-italic">G. mellonella</span> infected with 10<sup>6</sup> to 10<sup>8</sup> CFU of <span class="html-italic">A. baumannii</span> isolate 1372 and (<b>B</b>) <span class="html-italic">A. baumannii</span> isolate 2778 followed by injection with HEPES/NaCl buffer solution (buffer group) or 10–500 μg/mL Art-Top3 (treatment group) (n = 5). Statistical significance was determined using a two-tailed unpaired Student’s <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test (ns: not significant; * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05; ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01; *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.005).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-6382/14/2/162'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1566359" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 2388 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-6382/14/1/87/pdf?version=1736840630" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Appearance of Antiphage Antibodies in Sera of Patients Treated with Phages" data-journal="antibiotics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Communication</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-6382/14/1/87">The Appearance of Antiphage Antibodies in Sera of Patients Treated with Phages</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marzanna Łusiak-Szelachowska</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Beata Weber-Dąbrowska</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maciej Żaczek</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ryszard Międzybrodzki</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andrzej Górski</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Antibiotics</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>14</em>(1), 87; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14010087">https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14010087</a> - 14 Jan 2025 </div> Viewed by 404 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Background</b>: Bacteriophages are neutralized by the sera of patients undergoing phage therapy (PT), particularly during local or concomitant local and oral phage administration in bone infections, soft tissue infections, or upper respiratory tract infections. <b>Methods:</b> The antiphage activity of the sera (AAS) <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/14/1/87/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Background</b>: Bacteriophages are neutralized by the sera of patients undergoing phage therapy (PT), particularly during local or concomitant local and oral phage administration in bone infections, soft tissue infections, or upper respiratory tract infections. <b>Methods:</b> The antiphage activity of the sera (AAS) level of 27 patients with bacterial infections such as bone infections, soft tissue infections, or upper respiratory tract infections undergoing PT was performed using the plate phage neutralization test. <b>Results:</b> Our preliminary results suggest that high levels of antiphage antibodies appear late in the treatment period, at the earliest in the 3rd–8th week of PT. Patients with bone infections treated locally with the <i>S. aureus</i> phage Staph_1N and patients with upper respiratory tract infections administered locally and orally with the <i>S. aureus</i> phage Staph_A5L had elevated levels of antiphage antibodies in sera during PT. In parallel to these results, it has been shown that a strong antiphage humoral response does not prevent a positive outcome of phage treatment. <b>Conclusions:</b> The earliest time point at which high levels of antiphage antibodies in sera appear during local and oral PT is day 21 of therapy. We noticed that the high level of antiphage antibodies in sera occurring during local or both local and oral PT was correlated with the type of infection and phage type. <a href="/2079-6382/14/1/87">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/antibiotics/special_issues/LIZR1XQ2M2 ">Bacteriophages and Phage-Derived Enzymes as Antibacterial Agents</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/14/1/87/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1566359"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1566359"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1566359" data-cycle-prev="#prev1566359" data-cycle-progressive="#images1566359" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1566359-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/antibiotics/antibiotics-14-00087/article_deploy/html/images/antibiotics-14-00087-g001-550.jpg?1736840737" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1566359" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1566359-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/antibiotics/antibiotics-14-00087/article_deploy/html/images/antibiotics-14-00087-g002-550.jpg?1736840738'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1566359-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/antibiotics/antibiotics-14-00087/article_deploy/html/images/antibiotics-14-00087-g003-550.jpg?1736840740'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1566359-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/antibiotics/antibiotics-14-00087/article_deploy/html/images/antibiotics-14-00087-g001-550.jpg?1736840737" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Factors influencing high levels of antiphage antibodies in sera.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-6382/14/1/87'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/antibiotics/antibiotics-14-00087/article_deploy/html/images/antibiotics-14-00087-g002-550.jpg?1736840738" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>High levels of AAS during local PT. AAS—antiphage activity of sera; PT—phage therapy; K—rate of phage inactivation; 1—soft tissue infection; 2—bone infection. The absence of antiphage antibodies before PT in p6/2/Staph_1N. Patient numbers in the graph correspond to numbers in <a href="#antibiotics-14-00087-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>. Mean K ± SD before PT is 0.16 ± 0.17; mean K ± SD during PT is 62.15 ± 66.70.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-6382/14/1/87'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/antibiotics/antibiotics-14-00087/article_deploy/html/images/antibiotics-14-00087-g003-550.jpg?1736840740" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>High levels of AAS during local and oral PT. AAS—antiphage activity of sera; PT—phage therapy; K—rate of phage inactivation; 2—bone infection; 3—upper respiratory tract infection. Patient numbers in the graph correspond to numbers in <a href="#antibiotics-14-00087-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>. Mean K ± SD before PT is 0.22 ± 0.26; mean K ± SD during PT is 58.21 ± 24.14.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-6382/14/1/87'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="row footer"> <div class="listing-select-options"> <div class="columns small-12"> <div class="select generic-item"> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element export-expanded"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_more</i> </a> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_less</i> </a> </div> <div class="listing-export-options export-element"> <div class="export-element" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <input type="checkbox" class="selector selectUnselectAll bb-checkbox" id="selectUnselectAll" data-select-all="article-listing"> <div class="indented bb-indented"> Select all </div> </div> <div class="indented1"> <span 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