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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Theoretical benefits and applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theoretical_benefits_and_applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theoretical benefits and applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theoretical_benefits_and_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Immortality"_or_backup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Immortality"_or_backup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>"Immortality" or backup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Immortality"_or_backup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Space exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mind_editing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mind_editing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mind editing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mind_editing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Speed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relevant_technologies_and_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relevant_technologies_and_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relevant technologies and techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relevant_technologies_and_techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relevant technologies and techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relevant_technologies_and_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Computational_complexity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computational_complexity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Computational complexity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computational_complexity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scanning_and_mapping_scale_of_an_individual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scanning_and_mapping_scale_of_an_individual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Scanning and mapping scale of an individual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scanning_and_mapping_scale_of_an_individual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serial_sectioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serial_sectioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Serial sectioning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serial_sectioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brain_imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brain_imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Brain imaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brain_imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brain_simulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brain_simulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Brain simulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brain_simulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Philosophical_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Philosophical issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethical_and_legal_implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethical_and_legal_implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ethical and legal implications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethical_and_legal_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_and_economic_implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_economic_implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Political and economic implications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_and_economic_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emulation_timelines_and_AI_risk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emulation_timelines_and_AI_risk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Emulation timelines and AI risk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emulation_timelines_and_AI_risk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Advocates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84" title="تحميل العقل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تحميل العقل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Apln%C3%A1_emulace_mozku" title="Úplná emulace mozku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Úplná emulace mozku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mind uploading" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferencia_mental" title="Transferencia mental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Transferencia mental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%86" title="بارگذاری ذهن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بارگذاری ذهن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9chargement_de_l%27esprit" title="Téléchargement de l'esprit – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Téléchargement de l'esprit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B8%EB%93%9C_%EC%97%85%EB%A1%9C%EB%94%A9" title="마인드 업로딩 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마인드 업로딩" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengunggahan_pikiran" title="Pengunggahan pikiran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengunggahan pikiran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mind uploading" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%94" title="העלאת תודעה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="העלאת תודעה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="മൈൻഡ് അപ്‌ലോഡിങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൈൻഡ് അപ്‌ലോഡിങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E8%BB%A2%E9%80%81" title="精神転送 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="精神転送" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%84%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%89%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8E" title="ការបង្ហោះវិញ្ញាណ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ការបង្ហោះវិញ្ញាណ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_umys%C5%82u" title="Transfer umysłu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Transfer umysłu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer%C3%AAncia_mental" title="Transferência mental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transferência mental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Загрузка сознания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Загрузка сознания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mind uploading" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94" title="การจำลองสมองทั้งหมด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การจำลองสมองทั้งหมด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96" title="Завантаження свідомості – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Завантаження свідомості" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="心靈上載 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="心靈上載" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AF%86%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="意识上传 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="意识上传" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2267982#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> 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objective reduction">Orchestrated objective reduction</a> be linked?</span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind_uploading&diff=prev&oldid=1258600060" title="Mind uploading" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind_uploading&oldid=1258886537" title="Mind uploading">Revision as of 04:50, 22 November 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind_uploading&action=edit&oldid=1258886537" title="Mind uploading">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-11-22T04:50:31Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind_uploading&action=edit&undoafter=1258600060&undo=1258886537" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Tamfang" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Tamfang" data-mw-revid="1258886537"><bdi>Tamfang</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Tamfang" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Tamfang">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Tamfang" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Tamfang">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reviewing_pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes">Pending changes reviewers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Rollback" title="Wikipedia:Rollback">Rollbackers</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>56,811</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses"><span class="autocomment"><a href="#Philosophical_issues">→<bdi dir="ltr">Philosophical issues</bdi></a>: </span> balance that comma!</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind_uploading&diff=next&oldid=1258886537" title="Mind uploading" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 134:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 134:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Another potential consequence of mind uploading is that the decision to "upload" may then create a mindless symbol manipulator instead of a conscious mind (see [[philosophical zombie]]).<ref>{{cite journal |url= https://www.academia.edu/1246312|title=My Brain, my Mind, and I: Some Philosophical Problems of Mind-Uploading |volume= 4 |issue= 1 |pages= 187–200| first= Michael |last= Hauskeller|journal=Academia.edu|year=2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://io9.com/you-ll-probably-never-upload-your-mind-into-a-computer-474941498|title=You Might Never Upload Your Brain Into a Computer| first= George |last= Dvorsky|work=io9 |date=April 17, 2013}}</ref> If a computer could process sensory inputs to generate the same outputs that a human mind does (speech, muscle movements, etc.) without necessarily having any experience of consciousness, then it may be impossible to determine whether the uploaded mind is truly conscious, and not merely an automaton that externally behaves the way a human would. Thought experiments like the [[Chinese room]] raise fundamental questions about mind uploading: If an upload displays behaviors that are highly indicative of consciousness, or even verbally insists that it is conscious, does that prove it is conscious?<ref>{{cite web |url= http://degreesofclarity.com/writing/oto_mind_uploading.pdf|title=Seeking normative guidelines for novel future forms of consciousness| first= Brandon |last= Oto|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|year=2011|access-date=2014-01-03 |archive-date=2014-01-03|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140103132727/http://degreesofclarity.com/writing/oto_mind_uploading.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> There might also be an absolute upper limit in processing speed, above which consciousness cannot be sustained. The subjectivity of consciousness precludes a definitive answer to this question.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://goertzel.org/Goertzel_IJMC_Special_Issue.pdf|title=When Should Two Minds Be Considered Versions of One Another?| first= Ben |last= Goertzel |year=2012 }}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Another potential consequence of mind uploading is that the decision to "upload" may then create a mindless symbol manipulator instead of a conscious mind (see [[philosophical zombie]]).<ref>{{cite journal |url= https://www.academia.edu/1246312|title=My Brain, my Mind, and I: Some Philosophical Problems of Mind-Uploading |volume= 4 |issue= 1 |pages= 187–200| first= Michael |last= Hauskeller|journal=Academia.edu|year=2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://io9.com/you-ll-probably-never-upload-your-mind-into-a-computer-474941498|title=You Might Never Upload Your Brain Into a Computer| first= George |last= Dvorsky|work=io9 |date=April 17, 2013}}</ref> If a computer could process sensory inputs to generate the same outputs that a human mind does (speech, muscle movements, etc.) without necessarily having any experience of consciousness, then it may be impossible to determine whether the uploaded mind is truly conscious, and not merely an automaton that externally behaves the way a human would. Thought experiments like the [[Chinese room]] raise fundamental questions about mind uploading: If an upload displays behaviors that are highly indicative of consciousness, or even verbally insists that it is conscious, does that prove it is conscious?<ref>{{cite web |url= http://degreesofclarity.com/writing/oto_mind_uploading.pdf|title=Seeking normative guidelines for novel future forms of consciousness| first= Brandon |last= Oto|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|year=2011|access-date=2014-01-03 |archive-date=2014-01-03|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140103132727/http://degreesofclarity.com/writing/oto_mind_uploading.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> There might also be an absolute upper limit in processing speed, above which consciousness cannot be sustained. The subjectivity of consciousness precludes a definitive answer to this question.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://goertzel.org/Goertzel_IJMC_Special_Issue.pdf|title=When Should Two Minds Be Considered Versions of One Another?| first= Ben |last= Goertzel |year=2012 }}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Numerous scientists, including [[Ray Kurzweil]], believe that whether a separate entity is conscious is impossible to know with confidence, since consciousness is inherently subjective (see [[solipsism]]). Regardless, some scientists believe consciousness is the consequence of computational processes which are substrate-neutral. Still other scientists, prominant among them [[Roger Penrose]] believe consciousness may emerge from some form of quantum computation that is dependent on the organic substrate (see [[quantum mind]]).<ref>{{cite web| url= http://hplusmagazine.com/2013/04/21/goertzel-contra-dvorsky-on-mind-uploading/|title=Goertzel Contra Dvorsky on Mind Uploading|date=April 21, 2013| first= Sally |last= Morem|work=h+ Media}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.terasemcentral.org/docs/Terasem%20Mind%20Uploading%20Experiment%20IJMC.pdf |title= The Terasem Mind Uploading Experiment| first= Martine |last= Rothblatt|pages=141–158|year=2012 |journal= [[International Journal of Machine Consciousness]] |volume=4|issue=1|doi=10.1142/S1793843012400070 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130827213457/http://www.terasemcentral.org/docs/Terasem%20Mind%20Uploading%20Experiment%20IJMC.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://home.millsaps.edu/hopkipd/IJMC-Preprint-HopkinsUploading.pdf|title=Why Uploading Will Not Work, or, the Ghosts Haunting Transhumanism| first= Patrick D.| last= Hopkins| year= 2012 |journal=International Journal of Machine Consciousness|volume=4|issue=1|pages=229–243| doi= 10.1142/S1793843012400136| url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120906145410/http://home.millsaps.edu/hopkipd/IJMC-Preprint-HopkinsUploading.pdf |archive-date= 2012-09-06}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Numerous scientists, including [[Ray Kurzweil]], believe that whether a separate entity is conscious is impossible to know with confidence, since consciousness is inherently subjective (see [[solipsism]]). Regardless, some scientists believe consciousness is the consequence of computational processes which are substrate-neutral. Still other scientists, prominant among them [[Roger Penrose]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> believe consciousness may emerge from some form of quantum computation that is dependent on the organic substrate (see [[quantum mind]]).<ref>{{cite web| url= http://hplusmagazine.com/2013/04/21/goertzel-contra-dvorsky-on-mind-uploading/|title=Goertzel Contra Dvorsky on Mind Uploading|date=April 21, 2013| first= Sally |last= Morem|work=h+ Media}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.terasemcentral.org/docs/Terasem%20Mind%20Uploading%20Experiment%20IJMC.pdf |title= The Terasem Mind Uploading Experiment| first= Martine |last= Rothblatt|pages=141–158|year=2012 |journal= [[International Journal of Machine Consciousness]] |volume=4|issue=1|doi=10.1142/S1793843012400070 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130827213457/http://www.terasemcentral.org/docs/Terasem%20Mind%20Uploading%20Experiment%20IJMC.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://home.millsaps.edu/hopkipd/IJMC-Preprint-HopkinsUploading.pdf|title=Why Uploading Will Not Work, or, the Ghosts Haunting Transhumanism| first= Patrick D.| last= Hopkins| year= 2012 |journal=International Journal of Machine Consciousness|volume=4|issue=1|pages=229–243| doi= 10.1142/S1793843012400136| url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120906145410/http://home.millsaps.edu/hopkipd/IJMC-Preprint-HopkinsUploading.pdf |archive-date= 2012-09-06}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>In light of uncertainty about whether mind uploads are conscious, Sandberg proposes a cautious approach:<ref name= SandbergEthics2014 /> {{Blockquote|Principle of assuming the most (PAM): Assume that any emulated system could have the same mental properties as the original system and treat it correspondingly.}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>In light of uncertainty about whether mind uploads are conscious, Sandberg proposes a cautious approach:<ref name= SandbergEthics2014 /> {{Blockquote|Principle of assuming the most (PAM): Assume that any emulated system could have the same mental properties as the original system and treat it correspondingly.}}</div></td> </tr>  </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 04:50, 22 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hypothetical process of digitally emulating a brain</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mind transfer" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mind_transfer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mind transfer (disambiguation)">Mind transfer (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">Cyborgs</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg/150px-Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg/225px-Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg/300px-Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Cyborgology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bionics" title="Bionics">Bionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomimicry" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomimicry">Biomimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_cognition" title="Distributed cognition">Distributed cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ecosystem" title="Human ecosystem">Human ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_amplification" title="Intelligence amplification">Intelligence amplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_brain_emulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole brain emulation">Whole brain emulation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_anthropology" title="Cyborg anthropology">Cyborg anthropology</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Centers</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberspace" title="Cyberspace">Cyberspace</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Politics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extropianism" title="Extropianism">Extropianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphological_freedom" title="Morphological freedom">Morphological freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singularitarianism" title="Singularitarianism">Singularitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related articles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_art" title="Cyborg art">Cyborg art</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cyborg" title="Template:Cyborg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cyborg" title="Template talk:Cyborg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cyborg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cyborg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mind uploading</b> is a speculative process of <b>whole brain emulation</b> in which a <a href="/wiki/Brain_scanning" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain scanning">brain scan</a> is used to completely <a href="/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">emulate</a> the mental state of the individual in a <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>. The computer would then run a <a href="/wiki/Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">simulation</a> of the brain's information processing, such that it would respond in essentially the same way as the original brain and experience having a <a href="/wiki/Sentient" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentient">sentient</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscious" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscious">conscious</a> <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sim.me.uk_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sim.me.uk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kajsotala.fi_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kajsotala.fi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Substantial mainstream research in related areas is being conducted in <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, including animal brain mapping and simulation,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> development of faster supercomputers, <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">brain–computer interfaces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connectomics" title="Connectomics">connectomics</a>, and information extraction from dynamically functioning brains.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to supporters, many of the tools and ideas needed to achieve mind uploading already exist or are under active development; however, they will admit that others are, as yet, very speculative, but say they are still in the realm of engineering possibility. </p><p>Mind uploading may potentially be accomplished by either of two methods: copy-and-upload or copy-and-delete by gradual replacement of <a href="/wiki/Neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurons">neurons</a> (which can be considered as a gradual destructive uploading), until the original <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic</a> brain no longer exists and a <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> emulating the brain takes control of the body. In the case of the former method, mind uploading would be achieved by scanning and <a href="/wiki/Brain_mapping" title="Brain mapping">mapping</a> the salient features of a biological brain, and then by storing and copying that information state into a computer system or another computational device. The <a href="/wiki/Biological" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological">biological</a> brain may not survive the copying process or may be deliberately destroyed during it in some variants of uploading. The simulated mind could be within a virtual reality or <a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">simulated world</a>, supported by an anatomic 3D body simulation model. Alternatively, the simulated mind could reside in a computer inside—or either connected to or remotely controlled by—a (not necessarily <a href="/wiki/Humanoid" title="Humanoid">humanoid</a>) <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robot</a>, biological, or <a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">cybernetic</a> body.<sup id="cite_ref-Roadmap_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roadmap-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among some <a href="/wiki/Futurist" title="Futurist">futurists</a> and within part of <a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">transhumanist</a> movement, mind uploading is treated as an important proposed <a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">life extension</a> or <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a> technology (known as "<a href="/wiki/Digital_immortality" title="Digital immortality">digital immortality</a>"). Some believe mind uploading is humanity's current best option for preserving the identity of the species, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">cryonics</a>. Another aim of mind uploading is to provide a permanent backup to our "mind-file", to enable interstellar space travel, and a means for human culture to survive a global disaster by making a functional copy of a human society in a computing device. Whole-brain emulation is discussed by some futurists as a "logical endpoint"<sup id="cite_ref-Roadmap_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roadmap-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the topical <a href="/wiki/Computational_neuroscience" title="Computational neuroscience">computational neuroscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neuroinformatics" title="Neuroinformatics">neuroinformatics</a> fields, both about <a href="/wiki/Brain_simulation" title="Brain simulation">brain simulation</a> for medical research purposes. It is discussed in <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> research publications as an approach to <a href="/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind" title="Computational theory of mind">strong AI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">artificial general intelligence</a>) and to at least weak <a href="/wiki/Superintelligence" title="Superintelligence">superintelligence</a>. Another approach is <a href="/wiki/Seed_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed AI">seed AI</a>, which would not be based on existing brains. Computer-based intelligence such as an upload could think much faster than a biological human even if it were no more intelligent. A large-scale society of uploads might, according to futurists, give rise to a <a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">technological singularity</a>, meaning a sudden time constant decrease in the exponential development of technology.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mind uploading is a central conceptual feature of <a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading_in_fiction" title="Mind uploading in fiction">numerous science fiction novels, films, and games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> <p>Many neuroscientists believe that the human <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a> is largely an <a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">emergent</a> property of the information processing of its <a href="/wiki/Neuronal_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuronal network">neuronal network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neuroscientists have stated that important functions performed by the mind, such as learning, memory, and consciousness, are due to purely physical and electrochemical processes in the brain and are governed by applicable laws. For example, <a href="/wiki/Christof_Koch" title="Christof Koch">Christof Koch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Tononi" title="Giulio Tononi">Giulio Tononi</a> wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Spectrum" title="IEEE Spectrum">IEEE Spectrum</a></i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Consciousness is part of the natural world. It depends, we believe, only on mathematics and logic and on the imperfectly known laws of physics, chemistry, and biology; it does not arise from some magical or otherworldly quality.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee_conscious_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee_conscious-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Eminent <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer scientists">computer scientists</a> and neuroscientists have predicted that advanced computers will be capable of thought and even attain consciousness, including Koch and Tononi,<sup id="cite_ref-ieee_conscious_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee_conscious-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-spectrum.ieee.org_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spectrum.ieee.org-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Hawkins" title="Jeff Hawkins">Jeff Hawkins</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-spectrum.ieee.org_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spectrum.ieee.org-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Randal A. Koene, and <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Llin%C3%A1s" title="Rodolfo Llinás">Rodolfo Llinás</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Llinas_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Llinas-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many theorists have presented models of the brain and have established a range of estimates of the amount of computing power needed for partial and complete simulations.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roadmap_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roadmap-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using these models, some have estimated that uploading may become possible within decades if trends such as <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a> continue.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of December 2022, this kind of technology is almost entirely theoretical. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theoretical_benefits_and_applications">Theoretical benefits and applications</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Immortality"_or_backup"><span id=".22Immortality.22_or_backup"></span>"Immortality" or backup</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_immortality" title="Digital immortality">Digital immortality</a></div> <p>In theory, if the information and processes of the mind can be disassociated from the biological body, they are no longer tied to the individual limits and lifespan of that body. Furthermore, information within a brain could be partly or wholly copied or transferred to one or more other substrates (including digital storage or another brain), thereby—from a purely mechanistic perspective—reducing or eliminating "mortality risk" of such information. This general proposal was discussed in 1971 by <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_gerontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomedical gerontology">biogerontologist</a> <a href="/wiki/George_M._Martin" title="George M. Martin">George M. Martin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_1971_339_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_1971_339-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This questions the concept of identity. From the perspective of the biological brain, the simulated brain may just be a copy, even if it is conscious and has an indistinguishable character. As such, the original biological being, before the uploading, might consider the digital twin to be a new and independent being rather than the future self.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_exploration">Space exploration</h3></div> <p>An "uploaded astronaut" could be used instead of a "live" astronaut in <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a>, avoiding the perils of <a href="/wiki/Zero_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero gravity">zero gravity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> of space, and <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic radiation">cosmic radiation</a> to the human body. It would allow for the use of smaller spacecraft, such as the proposed <a href="/wiki/StarChip_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="StarChip (spacecraft)">StarChip</a>, and it would enable virtually unlimited <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">interstellar travel</a> distances.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mind_editing">Mind editing</h3></div> <p>While some researchers believe editing human brains to be physically possible in theory, for example by performing neurosurgery with <a href="/wiki/Nanobots" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanobots">nanobots</a>, it would require particularly advanced technology. Editing an uploaded mind would be much easier, as long as the exact edits to be made are known.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would facilitate <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_enhancement" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive enhancement">cognitive enhancement</a> and the precise control of the well-being, motivations or personality of the emulated beings.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speed">Speed</h3></div> <p>Although the number of neuronal connections in the human brain is very significant (around 100 trillions<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), the frequency of activation of biological neurons is limited to around 200 Hz, whereas electronic hardware can easily operate at multiple GHz. With sufficient hardware parallelism, a simulated brain could thus in theory be made to run faster than a biological brain. Uploaded beings may therefore not only be more efficient, but also supposedly have a faster rate of <a href="/wiki/Subjective_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjective experience">subjective experience</a> than biological brains (e.g. experiencing an hour of lifetime in a single second of real time).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relevant_technologies_and_techniques">Relevant technologies and techniques</h2></div> <p>The focus of mind uploading, in the case of copy-and-transfer, is on data acquisition, rather than data maintenance of the brain. A set of approaches known as loosely coupled off-loading (LCOL) may be used in the attempt to characterize and copy the mental contents of a brain.<sup id="cite_ref-SIM_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIM-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LCOL approach may take advantage of self-reports, life-logs and video recordings that can be analyzed by artificial intelligence. A bottom-up approach may focus on the specific resolution and morphology of neurons, the spike times of neurons, the times at which neurons produce action potential responses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computational_complexity">Computational complexity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whole_brain_emulation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Whole_brain_emulation.svg/400px-Whole_brain_emulation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Whole_brain_emulation.svg/600px-Whole_brain_emulation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Whole_brain_emulation.svg/800px-Whole_brain_emulation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Estimates of how much processing power is needed to emulate a human brain at various levels, along with the fastest and slowest <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputers</a> from <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a> and a $1000 PC. Note the logarithmic scale. The (exponential) trend line for the fastest supercomputer reflects a doubling every 14 months. Kurzweil believes that mind uploading will be possible at neural simulation, while the Sandberg & Bostrom report is less certain about where consciousness arises.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Advocates of mind uploading point to Moore's law to support the notion that the necessary computing power is expected to become available within a few decades. However, the actual computational requirements for running an uploaded human mind are very difficult to quantify, potentially rendering such an argument specious. </p><p>Regardless of the techniques used to capture or recreate the function of a human mind, the processing demands are likely to be immense, due to the large number of neurons in the human brain along with the considerable complexity of each neuron. </p><p>Required computational capacity strongly depends on the chosen level of simulation model scale:<sup id="cite_ref-Roadmap_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roadmap-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Level</th> <th>CPU demand<br />(FLOPS)</th> <th>Memory demand<br />(Tb)</th> <th>$1 million super‐computer<br />(Earliest year of making) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Analog network population model</td> <td>10<sup>15</sup></td> <td>10<sup>2</sup></td> <td>2008 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spiking_neural_network" title="Spiking neural network">Spiking neural network</a></td> <td>10<sup>18</sup></td> <td>10<sup>4</sup></td> <td>2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electrophysiology" title="Electrophysiology">Electrophysiology</a></td> <td>10<sup>22</sup></td> <td>10<sup>4</sup></td> <td>2033 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metabolome" title="Metabolome">Metabolome</a></td> <td>10<sup>25</sup></td> <td>10<sup>6</sup></td> <td>2044 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Proteome" title="Proteome">Proteome</a></td> <td>10<sup>26</sup></td> <td>10<sup>7</sup></td> <td>2048 </td></tr> <tr> <td>States of protein complexes</td> <td>10<sup>27</sup></td> <td>10<sup>8</sup></td> <td>2052 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Distribution of complexes</td> <td>10<sup>30</sup></td> <td>10<sup>9</sup></td> <td>2063 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stochastic behavior of single molecules</td> <td>10<sup>43</sup></td> <td>10<sup>14</sup></td> <td>2111 </td></tr> </tbody><caption align="bottom">Estimates from <i><a href="/wiki/Anders_Sandberg" title="Anders Sandberg">Sandberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Bostrom</a>, 2008</i> </caption></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scanning_and_mapping_scale_of_an_individual">Scanning and mapping scale of an individual</h3></div> <p>When modelling and simulating the brain of a specific individual, a brain map or connectivity database showing the connections between the neurons must be extracted from an anatomic model of the brain. For whole brain simulation, this network map should show the connectivity of the whole <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sensory_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory receptor">sensory receptors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muscle_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle cells">muscle cells</a>. Destructive scanning of a small sample of tissue from a <a href="/wiki/Mouse_brain" title="Mouse brain">mouse brain</a> including synaptic details is possible as of 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, if <a href="/wiki/Short-term_memory" title="Short-term memory">short-term memory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Working_memory" title="Working memory">working memory</a> include prolonged or repeated firing of neurons, as well as intra-neural dynamic processes, the electrical and chemical signal state of the synapses and neurons may be hard to extract. The uploaded mind may then perceive a <a href="/wiki/Memory_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory loss">memory loss</a> of the events and mental processes immediately before the time of brain scanning.<sup id="cite_ref-Roadmap_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roadmap-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A full brain map has been estimated to occupy less than 2 x 10<sup>16</sup> bytes (20,000 TB) and would store the addresses of the connected neurons, the synapse type and the synapse "weight" for each of the brains' 10<sup>15</sup> synapses.<sup id="cite_ref-Roadmap_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roadmap-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2012)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> However, the biological complexities of true brain function (e.g. the epigenetic states of neurons, protein components with multiple functional states, etc.) may preclude an accurate prediction of the volume of binary data required to faithfully represent a functioning human mind. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serial_sectioning">Serial sectioning</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:User-FastFission-brain.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/User-FastFission-brain.gif" decoding="async" width="213" height="231" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="231" /></a><figcaption>Serial sectioning of a brain</figcaption></figure> <p>A possible method for mind uploading is serial sectioning, in which the brain tissue and perhaps other parts of the nervous system are frozen and then scanned and analyzed layer by layer, which for frozen samples at nano-scale requires a cryo-<a href="/wiki/Ultramicrotome" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramicrotome">ultramicrotome</a>, thus capturing the structure of the neurons and their interconnections.<sup id="cite_ref-Merkle_1989_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merkle_1989-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exposed surface of frozen nerve tissue would be scanned and recorded, and then the surface layer of tissue removed. While this would be a very slow and labor-intensive process, research is underway to automate the collection and microscopy of serial sections.<sup id="cite_ref-ATLUM_Project_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATLUM_Project-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scans would then be analyzed, and a model of the neural net recreated in the system into which the mind was being uploaded. </p><p>There are uncertainties with this approach using current microscopy techniques. If it is possible to replicate neuron function from its visible structure alone, then the resolution afforded by a <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscope</a> would suffice for such a technique.<sup id="cite_ref-ATLUM_Project_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATLUM_Project-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as the function of brain tissue is partially determined by molecular events (particularly at <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synapses</a>, but also at <a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">other</a> places on the neuron's cell <a href="/wiki/Membrane_potential" title="Membrane potential">membrane</a>), this may not suffice for capturing and simulating neuron functions. It may be possible to extend the techniques of serial sectioning and to capture the internal molecular makeup of neurons, through the use of sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">immunohistochemistry</a> staining methods that could then be read via <a href="/wiki/Confocal_laser_scanning_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Confocal laser scanning microscopy">confocal laser scanning microscopy</a>. However, as the physiological genesis of 'mind' is not currently known, this method may not be able to access all of the necessary biochemical information to recreate a human brain with sufficient fidelity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brain_imaging">Brain imaging</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Connectome_extraction_procedure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Connectome_extraction_procedure.jpg/660px-Connectome_extraction_procedure.jpg" decoding="async" width="660" height="565" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Connectome_extraction_procedure.jpg/990px-Connectome_extraction_procedure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Connectome_extraction_procedure.jpg/1320px-Connectome_extraction_procedure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3652" data-file-height="3127" /></a><figcaption>Process from MRI acquisition to whole brain structural network<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnetoencephalography.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Magnetoencephalography.svg/220px-Magnetoencephalography.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Magnetoencephalography.svg/330px-Magnetoencephalography.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Magnetoencephalography.svg/440px-Magnetoencephalography.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Magnetoencephalography" title="Magnetoencephalography">Magnetoencephalography</a></figcaption></figure> <p>It may be possible to create functional 3D maps of the brain activity, using advanced <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">neuroimaging</a> technology, such as <a href="/wiki/Functional_MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional MRI">functional MRI</a> (fMRI, for mapping change in blood flow), <a href="/wiki/Magnetoencephalography" title="Magnetoencephalography">magnetoencephalography</a> (MEG, for mapping of electrical currents), or combinations of multiple methods, to build a detailed three-dimensional model of the brain using non-invasive and non-destructive methods. Today, fMRI is often combined with MEG for creating functional maps of human cortex during more complex cognitive tasks, as the methods complement each other. Even though current imaging technology lacks the spatial resolution needed to gather the information needed for such a scan, important recent and future developments are predicted to substantially improve both spatial and temporal resolutions of existing technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brain_simulation">Brain simulation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brain_simulation" title="Brain simulation">Brain simulation</a></div> <p>Ongoing work in the field of brain simulation includes partial and whole simulations of some animals.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <i>C. elegans</i> roundworm,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Drosophila</i> fruit fly,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mouse<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have all been simulated to various degrees. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Blue_Brain_Project" title="Blue Brain Project">Blue Brain Project</a>, initiated by the Brain and Mind Institute of the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_de_Lausanne" title="École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne">École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne</a></i> in Switzerland, is an attempt to create a synthetic brain by reverse-engineering mammalian brain circuitry, in order to accelerate experimental research on the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, after a successful simulation of part of a rat brain, the director <a href="/wiki/Henry_Markram" title="Henry Markram">Henry Markram</a> claimed that "A detailed, functional artificial human brain can be built within the next 10 years".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, Markram became the director of the new decade-long <a href="/wiki/Human_Brain_Project" title="Human Brain Project">Human Brain Project</a>. But less than two years into it, the project was recognized to be mismanaged and its claims overblown, and Markram was asked to step down.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical_issues">Philosophical issues</h3></div> <p>The main philosophical problem faced by "mind uploading" or mind copying is the <a href="/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness" title="Hard problem of consciousness">hard problem of consciousness</a>: the difficulty of explaining how a physical entity such as a human can have <a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">qualia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consciousness#Types_of_consciousness" title="Consciousness">phenomenal consciousness</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Subjective_character_of_experience" title="Subjective character of experience">subjective experience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-original-paper2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-original-paper2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many philosophical responses to the hard problem entail that mind uploading is fundamentally or practically impossible, while others are compatible with at least some formulations of mind uploading. Many proponents of mind uploading defend the possibility of mind uploading by recourse to <a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">physicalism</a>, which includes the philosophical belief that consciousness is an <a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">emergent</a> feature that arises from large neural network high-level patterns of organization, which could be realized in other processing devices. Mind uploading relies on the idea that the human mind (the "self" and the long-term memory) reduces to the current neural network paths and the weights of synapses in the brain. In contrast, many <a href="/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualism (philosophy of mind)">dualistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealistic</a> accounts seek to avoid the hard problem of consciousness by explaining it in terms of immaterial (and presumably inaccessible) substances like <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>, which would pose a fundamental or at least practical challenge to the feasibility of artificial consciousness in general.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assuming physicalism is true, the mind can be defined as the information state of the brain, so it is immaterial only in the same sense as the information content of a data file, or the state of software residing in a computer's memory. In this case, data specifying the information state of the neural network could be captured and copied as a "computer file" from the brain and re-implemented into a different physical form.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not to deny that minds are richly adapted to their substrates.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An analogy to mind uploading is to copy the information state of a computer program from the memory of the computer on which it is executing to another computer and then continue its execution on the second computer. The second computer may perhaps have different hardware architecture, but it <a href="/wiki/Computer_emulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer emulator">emulates</a> the hardware of the first computer. </p><p>These philosophical issues have a long history. In 1775, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a> wrote: “I would be glad to know... whether when my brain has lost its original structure, and when some hundred years after the same materials are fabricated so curiously as to become an intelligent being, whether, I say that being will be me; or, if, two or three such beings should be formed out of my brain; whether they will all be me, and consequently one and the same intelligent being.”<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the name of <i>the hard problem of consciousness</i> was coined in 1994, debate surrounding the problem itself is ancient. <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> argued against physicalist "Academians" in the 5th century, writing that consciousness cannot be an illusion because only a conscious being can be deceived or experience an illusion.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">mind-body dualism</a>, made a similar objection in the 17th century, coining the popular phrase <i>"Je pense, donc je suis"</i> ("I think, therefore I am").<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although physicalism is known to have been proposed in ancient times, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Huxley</a> was among the first to describe mental experience as merely an <a href="/wiki/Epiphenomenon" title="Epiphenomenon">epiphenomenon</a> of interactions within the brain, having no causal power of its own and being entirely downstream from the brain's activity.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A considerable portion of <a href="/wiki/Transhumanists" class="mw-redirect" title="Transhumanists">transhumanists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singularitarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Singularitarians">singularitarians</a> place great hope in the belief that they may become immortal, by creating one or many non-biological functional copies of their brains, thereby leaving their "biological shell". However, the philosopher and transhumanist <a href="/wiki/Susan_Schneider_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan Schneider (philosopher)">Susan Schneider</a> claims that at best, uploading would create a copy of the original person's mind.<sup id="cite_ref-Schneider_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schneider-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schneider agrees that consciousness has a computational basis, but this does not mean we can upload and survive. According to her views, "uploading" would probably result in the death of the original person's brain, while only outside observers can maintain the illusion of the original person still being alive. For it is implausible to think that one's consciousness would leave one's brain and travel to a remote location; ordinary physical objects do not behave this way. Ordinary objects (rocks, tables, etc.) are not simultaneously here, and elsewhere. At best, a copy of the original mind is created.<sup id="cite_ref-Schneider_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schneider-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neural_correlates_of_consciousness" title="Neural correlates of consciousness">Neural correlates of consciousness</a>, a sub-branch of neuroscience, states that consciousness may be thought of as a state-dependent property of some undefined <a href="/wiki/Complex_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex systems">complex</a>, adaptive, and highly interconnected biological system.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others have argued against such conclusions. For example, Buddhist transhumanist James Hughes has pointed out that this consideration only goes so far: if one believes the self is an illusion, worries about survival are not reasons to avoid uploading,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Transhumanist_Reader_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Transhumanist_Reader-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Keith Wiley has presented an argument wherein all resulting minds of an uploading procedure are granted equal primacy in their claim to the original identity, such that survival of the self is determined retroactively from a strictly subjective position.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WileyK_Taxonomy_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WileyK_Taxonomy-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have also asserted that consciousness is a part of an extra-biological system that is yet to be discovered; therefore it cannot be fully understood under the present constraints of neurobiology. Without the transference of consciousness, true mind-upload or perpetual immortality cannot be practically achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another potential consequence of mind uploading is that the decision to "upload" may then create a mindless symbol manipulator instead of a conscious mind (see <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_zombie" title="Philosophical zombie">philosophical zombie</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a computer could process sensory inputs to generate the same outputs that a human mind does (speech, muscle movements, etc.) without necessarily having any experience of consciousness, then it may be impossible to determine whether the uploaded mind is truly conscious, and not merely an automaton that externally behaves the way a human would. Thought experiments like the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_room" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a> raise fundamental questions about mind uploading: If an upload displays behaviors that are highly indicative of consciousness, or even verbally insists that it is conscious, does that prove it is conscious?<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There might also be an absolute upper limit in processing speed, above which consciousness cannot be sustained. The subjectivity of consciousness precludes a definitive answer to this question.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous scientists, including <a href="/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" title="Ray Kurzweil">Ray Kurzweil</a>, believe that whether a separate entity is conscious is impossible to know with confidence, since consciousness is inherently subjective (see <a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">solipsism</a>). Regardless, some scientists believe consciousness is the consequence of computational processes which are substrate-neutral. Still other scientists, prominant among them <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a>, believe consciousness may emerge from some form of quantum computation that is dependent on the organic substrate (see <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mind" title="Quantum mind">quantum mind</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In light of uncertainty about whether mind uploads are conscious, Sandberg proposes a cautious approach:<sup id="cite_ref-SandbergEthics2014_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SandbergEthics2014-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Principle of assuming the most (PAM): Assume that any emulated system could have the same mental properties as the original system and treat it correspondingly.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethical_and_legal_implications">Ethical and legal implications</h3></div> <p>The process of developing emulation technology raises ethical issues related to <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_consciousness" title="Artificial consciousness">artificial consciousness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SandbergEthics2014_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SandbergEthics2014-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The neuroscience required to develop brain emulation would require animal experimentation, first on invertebrates and then on small mammals before moving on to humans. Sometimes the animals would just need to be euthanized in order to extract, slice, and scan their brains, but sometimes behavioral and <i>in vivo</i> measures would be required, which might cause pain to living animals.<sup id="cite_ref-SandbergEthics2014_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SandbergEthics2014-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the resulting animal emulations themselves might suffer, depending on one's views about consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-SandbergEthics2014_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SandbergEthics2014-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bancroft argues for the plausibility of consciousness in brain simulations on the basis of the "<a href="/wiki/Qualia#David_Chalmers" title="Qualia">fading qualia</a>" thought experiment of <a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a>. He then concludes:<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft2013_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft2013-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> “If, as I argue above, a sufficiently detailed computational simulation of the brain is potentially operationally equivalent to an organic brain, it follows that we must consider extending protections against suffering to simulations.” Chalmers himself has argued that such virtual realities would be genuine realities.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, if mind uploading occurs and the uploads are not conscious, there may be a significant opportunity cost. In the book <i><a href="/wiki/Superintelligence:_Paths,_Dangers,_Strategies" title="Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies">Superintelligence</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a> expresses concern that we could build a "Disneyland without children."<sup id="cite_ref-bostrom2014_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bostrom2014-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It might help reduce emulation suffering to develop virtual equivalents of anaesthesia, as well as to omit processing related to pain and/or consciousness. However, some experiments might require a fully functioning and suffering animal emulation. Animals might also suffer by accident due to flaws and lack of insight into what parts of their brains are suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-SandbergEthics2014_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SandbergEthics2014-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Questions also arise regarding the moral status of partial brain emulations, as well as creating neuromorphic emulations that draw inspiration from biological brains but are built somewhat differently.<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft2013_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft2013-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brain emulations could be erased by computer viruses or malware, without the need to destroy the underlying hardware. This may make assassination easier than for physical humans. The attacker might take the computing power for its own use.<sup id="cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EckersleySandberg2013-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many questions arise regarding the legal personhood of emulations.<sup id="cite_ref-Muzyka2013_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muzyka2013-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Would they be given the rights of biological humans? If a person makes an emulated copy of themselves and then dies, does the emulation inherit their property and official positions? Could the emulation ask to "pull the plug" when its biological version was terminally ill or in a coma? Would it help to treat emulations as adolescents for a few years so that the biological creator would maintain temporary control? Would criminal emulations receive the death penalty, or would they be given forced data modification as a form of "rehabilitation"? Could an upload have marriage and child-care rights?<sup id="cite_ref-Muzyka2013_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muzyka2013-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If simulated minds would come true and if they were assigned rights of their own, it may be difficult to ensure the protection of "digital human rights". For example, social science researchers might be tempted to secretly expose simulated minds, or whole isolated societies of simulated minds, to controlled experiments in which many copies of the same minds are exposed (serially or simultaneously) to different test conditions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Research led by cognitive scientist Michael Laakasuo has shown that attitudes towards mind uploading are predicted by an individual's belief in an afterlife; the existence of mind uploading technology may threaten religious and spiritual notions of immortality and divinity.<sup id="cite_ref-laakasuo2022_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laakasuo2022-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_and_economic_implications">Political and economic implications</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: may not be relevant anymore, considering recent progress in large multimodal models.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Emulations might be preceded by a technological arms race driven by <a href="/wiki/First-mover_advantage" title="First-mover advantage">first-strike advantages</a>. Their emergence and existence may lead to increased risk of war, including inequality, power struggles, strong loyalty and willingness to die among emulations, and new forms of racism, xenophobia, and religious prejudice.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EckersleySandberg2013-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If emulations run much faster than humans, there might not be enough time for human leaders to make wise decisions or negotiate. It is possible that humans would react violently against the growing power of emulations, especially if that depresses human wages. Emulations may not trust each other, and even well-intentioned defensive measures <a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">might be interpreted as offense</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EckersleySandberg2013-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Em" title="The Age of Em">The Age of Em</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hanson" title="Robin Hanson">Robin Hanson</a> poses many hypotheses on the nature of a society of mind uploads, including that the most common minds would be copies of adults with personalities conducive to long hours of productive specialized work.<sup id="cite_ref-hanson_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hanson-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emulation_timelines_and_AI_risk">Emulation timelines and AI risk</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: most sources are more than 10 years old, and may not reflect the current state of the debate.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Kenneth D. Miller, a professor of neuroscience at Columbia University and a co-director of the Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, raised doubts about the practicality of mind uploading. His major argument is that reconstructing neurons and their connections is in itself a formidable task, but it is far from being sufficient. Operation of the brain depends on the dynamics of electrical and biochemical signal exchange between neurons; therefore, capturing them in a single "frozen" state may prove insufficient. In addition, the nature of these signals may require modeling at the molecular level and beyond. Therefore, while not rejecting the idea in principle, Miller believes that the complexity of the "absolute" duplication of an individual mind is insurmountable for the nearest hundreds of years.<sup id="cite_ref-abondonallhopetoupload_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abondonallhopetoupload-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are very few feasible technologies that humans have refrained from developing. The neuroscience and computer-hardware technologies that may make brain emulation possible are widely desired for other reasons, and logically their development will continue into the future. We may also have brain emulations for a brief but significant period on the way to non-emulation based human-level AI.<sup id="cite_ref-hanson_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hanson-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assuming that emulation technology will arrive, a question becomes whether we should accelerate or slow its advance.<sup id="cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EckersleySandberg2013-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arguments for speeding up brain-emulation research: </p> <ul><li>If neuroscience is the bottleneck on brain emulation rather than computing power, emulation advances may be more erratic and unpredictable based on when new scientific discoveries happen.<sup id="cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EckersleySandberg2013-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ShulmanSandberg2010_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShulmanSandberg2010-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hanson2009_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanson2009-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limited computing power would mean the first emulations would run slower and so would be easier to adapt to, and there would be more time for the technology to transition through society.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanson2009_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanson2009-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Improvements in manufacturing, 3D printing, and nanotechnology may accelerate hardware production,<sup id="cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_62-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EckersleySandberg2013-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which could increase the "computing overhang"<sup id="cite_ref-MuehlhauserSalamon2012_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuehlhauserSalamon2012-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from excess hardware relative to neuroscience.</li> <li>If one AI-development group had a lead in emulation technology, it would have more subjective time to win an arms race to build the first superhuman AI. Because it would be less rushed, it would have more freedom to consider AI risks.<sup id="cite_ref-SalamonMuehlhauser2012_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SalamonMuehlhauser2012-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bostrom2014_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bostrom2014-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Arguments for slowing brain-emulation research: </p> <ul><li>Greater investment in brain emulation and associated cognitive science might enhance the ability of artificial intelligence (AI) researchers to create "neuromorphic" (brain-inspired) algorithms, such as neural networks, reinforcement learning, and hierarchical perception. This could accelerate <a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">risks from uncontrolled AI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_62-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EckersleySandberg2013-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bostrom2014_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bostrom2014-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Participants at a 2011 AI workshop estimated an 85% probability that neuromorphic AI would arrive before brain emulation. This was based on the idea that brain emulation would require understanding of the workings and functions of the different brain components, along with the technological know-how to emulate neurons. To counter this idea, reverse engineering the Microsoft Windows code base is already hard, so reverse engineering the brain would likely be much harder. By a very narrow margin, the participants on balance leaned toward the view that accelerating brain emulation would increase expected AI risk.<sup id="cite_ref-SalamonMuehlhauser2012_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SalamonMuehlhauser2012-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Waiting might give society more time to think about the consequences of brain emulation and develop institutions to improve cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_62-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EckersleySandberg2013-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bostrom2014_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bostrom2014-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Emulation research would also accelerate neuroscience as a whole, which might accelerate medical advances, cognitive enhancement, lie detectors, and capability for <a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">psychological manipulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bostrom2014_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bostrom2014-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emulations might be easier to control than <i>de novo</i> AI because: </p> <ol><li>Human abilities, behavioral tendencies, and vulnerabilities are more thoroughly understood, thus control measures might be more intuitive and easier to plan.<sup id="cite_ref-SalamonMuehlhauser2012_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SalamonMuehlhauser2012-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bostrom2014_72-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bostrom2014-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Emulations could more easily inherit human motivations.<sup id="cite_ref-Bostrom2014_72-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bostrom2014-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Emulations are harder to manipulate than <i>de novo</i> AI, because brains are messy and complicated; this could reduce risks of their rapid takeoff.<sup id="cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_62-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EckersleySandberg2013-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bostrom2014_72-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bostrom2014-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, emulations may be bulkier and require more hardware than AI, which would also slow the speed of a transition.<sup id="cite_ref-Bostrom2014_72-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bostrom2014-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike AI, an emulation would not be able to rapidly expand beyond the size of a human brain.<sup id="cite_ref-Bostrom2014_72-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bostrom2014-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emulations running at digital speeds would have less intelligence differential vis-à-vis AI and so might more easily control AI.<sup id="cite_ref-Bostrom2014_72-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bostrom2014-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>As counterpoint to these considerations, Bostrom notes some downsides: </p> <ol><li>Even if we better understand human behavior, the <i>evolution</i> of emulation behavior under self-improvement might be much less predictable than the evolution of safe <i>de novo</i> AI under self-improvement.<sup id="cite_ref-Bostrom2014_72-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bostrom2014-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Emulations may not inherit all human motivations. Perhaps they would inherit our darker motivations or would behave abnormally in the unfamiliar environment of cyberspace.<sup id="cite_ref-Bostrom2014_72-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bostrom2014-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Even if there is a slow takeoff toward emulations, there would still be a second transition to <i>de novo</i> AI later on. Two intelligence explosions may mean more total risk.<sup id="cite_ref-Bostrom2014_72-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bostrom2014-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Because of the postulated difficulties that a whole brain emulation-generated <a href="/wiki/Superintelligence" title="Superintelligence">superintelligence</a> would pose for the control problem, computer scientist <a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Stuart J. Russell</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Compatible" title="Human Compatible">Human Compatible</a></i> rejects creating one, simply calling it "so obviously a bad idea".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advocates">Advocates</h2></div> <p>In 1979, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Moravec" title="Hans Moravec">Hans Moravec</a> (1979) described and endorsed mind uploading using a brain surgeon.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moravec used a similar description in 1988, calling it "transmigration".<sup id="cite_ref-moravec1988_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moravec1988-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" title="Ray Kurzweil">Ray Kurzweil</a>, director of engineering at <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, has long predicted that people will be able to "upload" their entire brains to computers and become "digitally immortal" by 2045. Kurzweil made this claim for many years, e.g. during his speech in 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/2045_Initiative" title="2045 Initiative">Global Futures 2045</a> International Congress in New York, which claims to subscribe to a similar set of beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mind uploading has also been advocated by a number of researchers in <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, such as Marvin Minsky.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1993, Joe Strout created a small web site called the Mind Uploading Home Page, and began advocating the idea in <a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">cryonics</a> circles and elsewhere on the net. That site has not been actively updated in recent years, but it has spawned other sites including MindUploading.org, run by <a href="/wiki/Randal_A._Koene" title="Randal A. Koene">Randal A. Koene</a>, who also moderates a mailing list on the topic. These advocates see mind uploading as a medical procedure which could eventually save countless lives. </p><p>Many transhumanists look forward to the development and deployment of mind uploading technology, with transhumanists such as <a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a> predicting that it will become possible within the 21st century due to technological trends such as Moore's law.<sup id="cite_ref-Roadmap_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roadmap-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michio_Kaku" title="Michio Kaku">Michio Kaku</a>, in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Science_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science (TV network)">Science</a>, hosted a documentary, <i>Sci Fi Science: Physics of the Impossible</i>, based on his book <i><a href="/wiki/Physics_of_the_Impossible" title="Physics of the Impossible">Physics of the Impossible</a></i>. Episode four, titled "How to Teleport", mentions that mind uploading via techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Quantum_entanglement" title="Quantum entanglement">quantum entanglement</a> and whole brain emulation using an advanced <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI machine</a> may enable people to be transported vast distances at near light-speed. </p><p>The book <i>Beyond Humanity: CyberEvolution and Future Minds</i> by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_S._Paul" title="Gregory S. Paul">Gregory S. Paul</a> & Earl D. Cox, is about the eventual (and, to the authors, almost inevitable) evolution of computers into <a href="/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">sentient</a> beings, but also deals with human mind transfer. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Doyle_(actor)" title="Richard Doyle (actor)">Richard Doyle</a>'s <i>Wetwares: Experiments in PostVital Living</i> deals extensively with uploading from the perspective of distributed embodiment, arguing for example that humans are currently part of the "artificial life phenotype". Doyle's vision reverses the polarity on uploading, with artificial life forms such as uploads actively seeking out biological embodiment as part of their reproductive strategy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading_in_fiction" title="Mind uploading in fiction">Mind uploading in fiction</a></div> <p>Mind uploading—transferring an individual's personality to a computer—appears in several works of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SFEUpload_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFEUpload-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is distinct from the concept of transferring a consciousness from one human body to another.<sup id="cite_ref-WebbMindUploading_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebbMindUploading-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is sometimes applied to a single person and other times to an entire society.<sup id="cite_ref-GreenwoodComputers_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodComputers-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recurring themes in these stories include whether the computerized mind is truly <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">conscious</a>, and if so, whether <a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">identity</a> is preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-BlackfordReshapingTheHuman_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlackfordReshapingTheHuman-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a common feature of the <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">cyberpunk</a> subgenre,<sup id="cite_ref-HistoricalDictionaryOfScienceFictionInLiteraturArtificialIntelligence_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoricalDictionaryOfScienceFictionInLiteraturArtificialIntelligence-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes taking the form of <a href="/wiki/Digital_immortality" title="Digital immortality">digital immortality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GreenwoodEncyclopediaImmortality_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodEncyclopediaImmortality-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRAIN_Initiative" title="BRAIN Initiative">BRAIN Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_transplant" title="Brain transplant">Brain transplant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-reading" title="Brain-reading">Brain-reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">Cyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylon_(reimagining)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylon (reimagining)">Cylon (reimagining)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transhumanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic transhumanism">Democratic transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Brain_Project" title="Human Brain Project">Human Brain Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_brain" title="Isolated brain">Isolated brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink">Neuralink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_individualism" title="Open individualism">Open individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Posthumanization">Posthumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotoid" title="Robotoid">Robotoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_Theseus" title="Ship of Theseus">Ship of Theseus</a>—thought experiment asking if objects having all parts replaced fundamentally remain the same object</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulation_hypothesis" title="Simulation hypothesis">Simulation hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_telepathy#Synthetic_telepathy.2Fsilent_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic telepathy">Technologically enabled telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletransportation_paradox" title="Teletransportation paradox">Teletransportation paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought_recording_and_reproduction_device" title="Thought recording and reproduction device">Thought recording and reproduction device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_Work_and_Death" title="The Future of Work and Death">The Future of Work and Death</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertiginous_question" title="Vertiginous question">Vertiginous question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_room" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2045_Initiative" title="2045 Initiative">2045 Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Itskov" title="Dmitry Itskov">Dmitry Itskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Nicolelis" title="Miguel Nicolelis">Miguel Nicolelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_network_(machine_learning)" title="Neural network (machine learning)">Neural network (machine learning)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sim.me.uk-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sim.me.uk_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/~hpm/project.archive/general.articles/1978/analog.1978.html">the original</a> on 2022-12-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Today%27s+Computers%2C+Intelligent+Machines+and+Our+Future&rft.pub=Field+Robotics+Center%2C+Robotics+Institute%2C+Carnegie+Mellon+University&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Moravec&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frc.ri.cmu.edu%2F~hpm%2Fproject.archive%2Fgeneral.articles%2F1978%2Fanalog.1978.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115765733" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q115765733">wikidata</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moravec1988-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moravec1988_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoravec1988" class="citation book cs1">Moravec, Hans (1988). <i>Mind Children</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mind+Children&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Moravec&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/mind-uploading-2045-futurists_n_3458961">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Mind Uploading' & Digital Immortality May Be Reality By 2045, Futurists Say"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>. June 18, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=%27Mind+Uploading%27+%26+Digital+Immortality+May+Be+Reality+By+2045%2C+Futurists+Say&rft.date=2013-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fmind-uploading-2045-futurists_n_3458961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SFEUpload-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SFEUpload_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangfordStableford2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brian_Stableford" title="Brian Stableford">Stableford, Brian</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/upload">"Upload"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Graham_Sleight" title="Graham Sleight">Sleight, Graham</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a></i> (4th ed.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Upload&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Stableford%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fupload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WebbMindUploading-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WebbMindUploading_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Webb_(scientist)" title="Stephen Webb (scientist)">Webb, Stephen</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TVPJDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA276">"Mind Uploading"</a>. <i>All the Wonder that Would Be: Exploring Past Notions of the Future</i>. Science and Fiction. Springer. pp. 276–278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-51759-9_10">10.1007/978-3-319-51759-9_10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51759-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51759-9"><bdi>978-3-319-51759-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mind+Uploading&rft.btitle=All+the+Wonder+that+Would+Be%3A+Exploring+Past+Notions+of+the+Future&rft.series=Science+and+Fiction&rft.pages=276-278&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-51759-9_10&rft.isbn=978-3-319-51759-9&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTVPJDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischerCurl1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_Fischer" title="John Martin Fischer">Fischer, John Martin</a>; Curl, Ruth (1996). "Philosophical Models of Immortality in Science Fiction". In <a href="/wiki/George_Edgar_Slusser" title="George Edgar Slusser">Slusser, George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Westfahl, Gary</a>; Rabkin, Eric S. (eds.). <i>Immortal Engines: Life Extension and Immortality in Science Fiction and Fantasy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Athens,_Georgia" title="Athens, Georgia">Athens, Georgia</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press" title="University of Georgia Press">University of Georgia Press</a>. pp. 3–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8203-1733-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8203-1733-0"><bdi>0-8203-1733-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34319944">34319944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philosophical+Models+of+Immortality+in+Science+Fiction&rft.btitle=Immortal+Engines%3A+Life+Extension+and+Immortality+in+Science+Fiction+and+Fantasy&rft.place=Athens%2C+Georgia&rft.pages=3-12&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34319944&rft.isbn=0-8203-1733-0&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=John+Martin&rft.au=Curl%2C+Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischerCurl2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_Fischer" title="John Martin Fischer">Fischer, John Martin</a>; Curl, Ruth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xeAiDCSqEBMC&pg=PA93">"Appendix to Chapter 6: Philosophical Models of Immortality in Science Fiction"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Martin_Fischer" title="John Martin Fischer">Fischer, John Martin</a> (ed.). <i>Our Stories: Essays on Life, Death, and Free Will</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 93–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537495-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537495-7"><bdi>978-0-19-537495-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+to+Chapter+6%3A+Philosophical+Models+of+Immortality+in+Science+Fiction&rft.btitle=Our+Stories%3A+Essays+on+Life%2C+Death%2C+and+Free+Will&rft.pages=93-101&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537495-7&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=John+Martin&rft.au=Curl%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxeAiDCSqEBMC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GreenwoodComputers-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodComputers_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangford2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greenwoodencyclo0000unse_k2b9/page/154/mode/2up">"Computers"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Westfahl, Gary</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Greenwood_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy:_Themes,_Works,_and_Wonders" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders">The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders</a></i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32951-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32951-7"><bdi>978-0-313-32951-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Computers&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction+and+Fantasy%3A+Themes%2C+Works%2C+and+Wonders&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32951-7&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreenwoodencyclo0000unse_k2b9%2Fpage%2F154%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlackfordReshapingTheHuman-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BlackfordReshapingTheHuman_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackford2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Blackford" title="Russell Blackford">Blackford, Russell</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jlU0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA173">"Reshaping the Human"</a>. <i>Science Fiction and the Moral Imagination: Visions, Minds, Ethics</i>. Science and Fiction. Springer. pp. 173–174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-61685-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-61685-8"><bdi>978-3-319-61685-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reshaping+the+Human&rft.btitle=Science+Fiction+and+the+Moral+Imagination%3A+Visions%2C+Minds%2C+Ethics&rft.series=Science+and+Fiction&rft.pages=173-174&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-61685-8&rft.aulast=Blackford&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjlU0DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HistoricalDictionaryOfScienceFictionInLiteraturArtificialIntelligence-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HistoricalDictionaryOfScienceFictionInLiteraturArtificialIntelligence_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooker2014" class="citation book cs1">Booker, M. Keith (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WRi7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">"Artificial Intelligence (AI)"</a>. <i>Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction in Literature</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7884-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7884-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-7884-6</bdi></a>. <q>Cyberpunk writers and their successors have also frequently imagined the uploading of human minds into computers, thus creating a special sort of artificial intelligence that can free individuals of the limitations of biological bodies, a notion that would be notably extended in the work of Greg Egan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Artificial+Intelligence+%28AI%29&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Science+Fiction+in+Literature&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7884-6&rft.aulast=Booker&rft.aufirst=M.+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWRi7BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GreenwoodEncyclopediaImmortality-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodEncyclopediaImmortality_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestfahl2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Westfahl, Gary</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greenwoodencyclo0000unse_k2b9/page/418/mode/2up">"Immortality and Longevity"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Westfahl, Gary</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Greenwood_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy:_Themes,_Works,_and_Wonders" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders">The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders</a></i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 418–420. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32951-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32951-7"><bdi>978-0-313-32951-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Immortality+and+Longevity&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction+and+Fantasy%3A+Themes%2C+Works%2C+and+Wonders&rft.pages=418-420&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32951-7&rft.aulast=Westfahl&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreenwoodencyclo0000unse_k2b9%2Fpage%2F418%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Outline_of_life_extension" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#F0FFFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life_extension" title="Template:Life extension"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life_extension" title="Template talk:Life extension"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life_extension" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life extension"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Outline_of_life_extension" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_life_extension" title="Outline of life extension">Outline of</a> <a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">life extension</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F0FFFF">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">Anti-oxidants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aging_movement" title="Anti-aging movement">Anti-aging movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinder_(biohacking_community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grinder (biohacking community)">Biohacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calorie_restriction" title="Calorie restriction">Calorie restriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">Cyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical exercise">Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-radical_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-radical theory">Free-radical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">Gene therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Gerontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycation" title="Glycation">Glycation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_lifespan" class="mw-redirect" title="Indefinite lifespan">Indefinite lifespan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_topics_related_to_life_extension" title="Index of topics related to life extension">Index of topics related to life extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aging_processes" title="List of aging processes">List of aging processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity_escape_velocity" title="Longevity escape velocity">Longevity escape velocity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mind uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_printing" title="Organ printing">Organ printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejuvenation" title="Rejuvenation">Rejuvenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">Senescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem-cell_therapy" title="Stem-cell therapy">Stem-cell therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategies_for_engineered_negligible_senescence" title="Strategies for engineered negligible senescence">Strategies for engineered negligible senescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_politics" title="Transhumanist politics">Transhumanist politics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perennial_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Perennial_symbol.svg/120px-Perennial_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Perennial_symbol.svg/180px-Perennial_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Perennial_symbol.svg/240px-Perennial_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F0FFFF">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_senescence_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of senescence research">Timeline of senescence research</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F0FFFF">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Andrews_(biologist)" title="William H. Andrews (biologist)">Bill Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_R._Braverman" title="Eric R. Braverman">Eric R. Braverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubrey_de_Grey" title="Aubrey de Grey">Aubrey de Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Deming" title="Laura Deming">Laura Deming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denham_Harman" title="Denham Harman">Denham Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hayflick" title="Leonard Hayflick">Leonard Hayflick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kent" title="Saul Kent">Saul Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Kenyon" title="Cynthia Kenyon">Cynthia Kenyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimu_Kotsovsky" title="Dimu Kotsovsky">Dimu Kotsovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" title="Ray Kurzweil">Ray Kurzweil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Mechnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilya Mechnikov">Ilya Mechnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Parrish" class="mw-redirect" title="Liz Parrish">Liz Parrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durk_Pearson" title="Durk Pearson">Durk Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Roth_(scientist)" title="Mark Roth (scientist)">Mark Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Shaw_(writer)" title="Sandy Shaw (writer)">Sandy Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Walford" title="Roy Walford">Roy Walford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._West" title="Michael D. West">Michael D. West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F0FFFF">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2045_Initiative" title="2045 Initiative">2045 Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Anti-Aging_Medicine" title="American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine">A4M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AgeX_Therapeutics" title="AgeX Therapeutics">AgeX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Aging_Research" title="Alliance for Aging Research">Alliance for Aging Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altos_Labs" title="Altos Labs">Altos Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Aging_Association" title="American Aging Association">AGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_Institute_for_Research_on_Aging" title="Buck Institute for Research on Aging">Buck Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BioViva" title="BioViva">BioViva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico_(company)" title="Calico (company)">Calico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERIBA" title="ERIBA">ERIBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology_Research_Group" title="Gerontology Research Group">Gerontology Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Longevity" title="Human Longevity">Human Longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortalist_Society" title="Immortalist Society">Immortalist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Longevity_Alliance" title="International Longevity Alliance">ILA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insilico_Medicine" title="Insilico Medicine">Insilico Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Extension_Advocacy_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Life Extension Advocacy Foundation">LEAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Extension_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Life Extension Foundation">LEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methuselah_Foundation" title="Methuselah Foundation">Methuselah Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Biology_of_Ageing" title="Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing">MPI for Biology of Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Aging" title="National Institute on Aging">NIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SENS_Research_Foundation" title="SENS Research Foundation">SENS Research Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Sciences" title="Sierra Sciences">Sierra Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F0FFFF">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_Extension:_A_Practical_Scientific_Approach" title="Life Extension: A Practical Scientific Approach">Life Extension</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Immortal" title="The First Immortal">The First Immortal</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Voyage:_Live_Long_Enough_to_Live_Forever" title="Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever">Fantastic Voyage</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ending_Aging" title="Ending Aging">Ending Aging</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lifespan:_Why_We_Age_%E2%80%93_and_Why_We_Don%27t_Have_To" title="Lifespan: Why We Age – and Why We Don't Have To">Lifespan: Why We Age – and Why We Don't Have To</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F0FFFF">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ageing_Research_Reviews" title="Ageing Research Reviews">Ageing Research Reviews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aging_(journal)" title="Aging (journal)">Aging</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aging_Cell" title="Aging Cell">Aging Cell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biogerontology_(journal)" title="Biogerontology (journal)">Biogerontology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Experimental_Gerontology" title="Experimental Gerontology">Experimental Gerontology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neurobiology_of_Aging" title="Neurobiology of Aging">Neurobiology of Aging</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rejuvenation_Research" title="Rejuvenation Research">Rejuvenation Research</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F0FFFF">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Life_extension" title="Category:Life extension">Life extension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Brain–computer_interface" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Template:Brain–computer interface"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Template talk:Brain–computer interface"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brain–computer interface"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Brain–computer_interface" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomechatronics" title="Biomechatronics">Biomechatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_implant" title="Brain implant">Brain implant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BrainGate" title="BrainGate">BrainGate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainport" title="Brainport">Brainport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberware" title="Cyberware">Cyberware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exocortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Exocortex">Exocortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_amplification" title="Intelligence amplification">Intelligence amplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_brain" title="Isolated brain">Isolated brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroprosthetics" title="Neuroprosthetics">Neuroprosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optogenetics" title="Optogenetics">Optogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_substitution" title="Sensory substitution">Sensory substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stentrode" class="mw-redirect" title="Stentrode">Stentrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_telepathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic telepathy">Synthetic telepathy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BrainGate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/BrainGate.jpg/100px-BrainGate.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/BrainGate.jpg/150px-BrainGate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/BrainGate.jpg/200px-BrainGate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrocorticography" title="Electrocorticography">Electrocorticography</a> (ECoG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_ensemble" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural ensemble">Neural ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">Neuroplasticity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_neuroscience" title="Computational neuroscience">Computational neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_technologies#Acronyms" title="Emerging technologies">NBIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_engineering" title="Neural engineering">Neural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speculative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_transplant" title="Brain transplant">Brain transplant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">Cyborg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mind uploading</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stross" title="Charles Stross">Charles Stross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Herr" title="Hugh Herr">Hugh Herr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Nagle" title="Matt Nagle">Matt Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Donald" title="Merlin Donald">Merlin Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Nicolelis" title="Miguel Nicolelis">Miguel Nicolelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kyberd" title="Peter Kyberd">Peter Kyberd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Mann_(inventor)" title="Steve Mann (inventor)">Steve Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vernor Vinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoky_Matsuoka" title="Yoky Matsuoka">Yoky Matsuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Boyden" title="Edward Boyden">Edward Boyden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurohacking" title="Neurohacking">Neurohacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulation_hypothesis" title="Simulation hypothesis">Simulation hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_Again_Project" title="Walk Again Project">Walk Again Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Category:Brain–computer interface">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brain-computer_interfaces" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Brain-computer interfaces"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emerging_technologies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emerging_technologies" title="Template:Emerging technologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emerging_technologies" title="Template talk:Emerging technologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emerging_technologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emerging technologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emerging_technologies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging technologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">Information and<br />communications</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_intelligence" title="Ambient intelligence">Ambient intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Applications of artificial intelligence">Applications of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Machine translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_vision" title="Machine vision">Machine vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_translation" title="Mobile translation">Mobile translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Progress in artificial intelligence">Progress in artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomtronics" title="Atomtronics">Atomtronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube_field-effect_transistor" title="Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor">Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybermethodology" title="Cybermethodology">Cybermethodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_reality" title="Extended reality">Extended reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc#Fourth-generation" title="Optical disc">Fourth-generation optical discs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_optical_data_storage" title="3D optical data storage">3D optical data storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_data_storage" title="Holographic data storage">Holographic data storage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li> <li>Memory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_metallization_cell" title="Programmable metallization cell">CBRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_RAM" title="Electrochemical RAM">ECRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferroelectric_RAM" title="Ferroelectric RAM">FRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millipede_memory" title="Millipede memory">Millipede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetoresistive_RAM" title="Magnetoresistive RAM">MRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nano-RAM" title="Nano-RAM">NRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-change_memory" title="Phase-change memory">PRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racetrack_memory" title="Racetrack memory">Racetrack memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistive_random-access_memory" title="Resistive random-access memory">RRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SONOS" title="SONOS">SONOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraRAM" title="UltraRAM">UltraRAM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_computing" title="Optical computing">Optical computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">RFID</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipless_RFID" title="Chipless RFID">Chipless RFID</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software-defined_radio" title="Software-defined radio">Software-defined radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">Three-dimensional integrated circuit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_brain" title="Artificial brain">Artificial brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroencephalography" title="Electroencephalography">Electroencephalography</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mind uploading</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain-reading" title="Brain-reading">Brain-reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroinformatics" title="Neuroinformatics">Neuroinformatics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroprosthetics" title="Neuroprosthetics">Neuroprosthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_implant" title="Brain implant">Brain implant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Exocortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinal_implant" title="Retinal implant">Retinal implant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_prosthesis" title="Visual prosthesis">Visual prosthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurotechnology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collingridge_dilemma" title="Collingridge dilemma">Collingridge dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_technological_development" title="Differential technological development">Differential technological development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation">Disruptive innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeralization" title="Ephemeralization">Ephemeralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberethics" title="Cyberethics">Cyberethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroethics" title="Neuroethics">Neuroethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_ethics" title="Robot ethics">Robot ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_engineering" title="Exploratory engineering">Exploratory engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proactionary_principle" title="Proactionary principle">Proactionary principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">Technological change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">Technological convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_evolution" title="Technological evolution">Technological evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_paradigm" title="Technological paradigm">Technological paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_forecasting" title="Technology forecasting">Technology forecasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerating_change" title="Accelerating change">Accelerating change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future-oriented_technology_analysis" title="Future-oriented technology analysis">Future-oriented technology analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_scanning" title="Horizon scanning">Horizon scanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_scouting" title="Technology scouting">Technology scouting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_in_science_fiction" title="Technology in science fiction">Technology in science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_readiness_level" title="Technology readiness level">Technology readiness level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_roadmap" title="Technology roadmap">Technology roadmap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies" title="List of emerging technologies">List</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_fiction" title="Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_fiction" title="Template talk:Science fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction" title="Outline of science fiction">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science-fiction_authors" title="List of science-fiction authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_science_fiction" title="Definitions of science fiction">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_science_fiction" title="Anthropological science fiction">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_romance" title="Scientific romance">Scientific romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_fiction" title="Timeline of science fiction">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_sitcoms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction sitcoms">Sitcoms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_space_(science_fiction)" title="Inner space (science fiction)">Inner space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundane_science_fiction" title="Mundane science fiction">Mundane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare_in_science_fiction" title="Space warfare in science fiction">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword and planet">Sword and planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spy-Fi_(subgenre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy-Fi (subgenre)">Spy-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno-thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_derivatives" title="Cyberpunk derivatives">Cyberpunk derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">Biopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieselpunk" title="Dieselpunk">Dieselpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopunk" title="Nanopunk">Nanopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">Solarpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-fiction_fanzine" title="Science-fiction fanzine">Fanzines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">ISFDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_libraries_and_museums" title="Science fiction libraries and museums">Libraries and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMP_Museum#Science_Fiction_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="EMP Museum">Science Fiction Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_studies" title="Science fiction studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Women in SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">Worldcon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction" title="Australian science fiction">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction" title="Canadian science fiction">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_science_fiction" title="Chilean science fiction">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_science_fiction" title="Chinese science fiction">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_science_fiction" title="Croatian science fiction">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech science fiction and fantasy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_science_fiction" title="Estonian science fiction">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_science_fiction" title="French science fiction">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_science_fiction" title="Hungarian science fiction">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_science_fiction" title="Norwegian science fiction">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_and_fantasy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction and fantasy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_science_fiction" title="Romanian science fiction">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian science fiction and fantasy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_science_fiction" title="Serbian science fiction">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_science_fiction" title="Spanish science fiction">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_science_fiction" title="Yugoslav science fiction">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_Awards" title="Jules Verne Awards">Jules Verne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary, art,<br />and audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astounding_Award_for_Best_New_Writer" title="Astounding Award for Best New Writer">Astounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurealis_Award" title="Aurealis Award">Aurealis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSFA_Award" title="BSFA Award">BSFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell_Memorial_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Novel" title="John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel">Campbell Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesley_Awards" title="Chesley Awards">Chesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Award" title="Arthur C. Clarke Award">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Crook_Award" title="Compton Crook Award">Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Science_Fiction_Preis" title="Deutscher Science Fiction Preis">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick_Award" title="Philip K. Dick Award">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditmar_Award" title="Ditmar Award">Ditmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Award" title="Endeavour Award">Endeavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FantLab%27s_Book_of_the_Year_Award" title="FantLab's Book of the Year Award">FantLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Award_(China)" title="Galaxy Award (China)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Gaughan_Award" title="Jack Gaughan Award">Gaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geffen_Award" title="Geffen Award">Geffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Duck_Award" title="Golden Duck Award">Golden Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Award" title="Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award">Grand Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_prix_de_l%27Imaginaire" title="Grand prix de l'Imaginaire">Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Harland_Prize" title="Paul Harland Prize">Harland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_Award" title="Robert A. Heinlein Award">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premio_Ignotus" title="Premio Ignotus">Ignotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitschies" title="Kitschies">Kitschies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lambda_Literary_Awards_winners_and_nominees_for_science_fiction,_fantasy_and_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lambda Literary Awards winners and nominees for science fiction, fantasy and horror">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_La%C3%9Fwitz_Award" title="Kurd Laßwitz Award">Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Award" title="Nautilus Award">Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nommo_Awards" title="Nommo Awards">Nommo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton_Award" title="Andre Norton Award">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsec_Awards" title="Parsec Awards">Parsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Award" title="Prometheus Award">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhysling_Award" title="Rhysling Award">Rhysling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFERA_Award" title="SFERA Award">SFERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Smith_Memorial_Award" title="Edward E. Smith Memorial Award">Skylark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon_Award" title="Theodore Sturgeon Award">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburst_Award" title="Sunburst Award">Sunburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htivaeltaja_Award" title="Tähtivaeltaja Award">Tähtivaeltaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBD_Science_Fiction_Story_Award" title="TBD Science Fiction Story Award">TBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr._Award" class="mw-redirect" title="James Tiptree Jr. Award">Tiptree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Apollo_Award" title="Prix Apollo Award">Tour-Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_%26_Fantasy_Translation_Awards" title="Science Fiction & Fantasy Translation Awards">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania_Award" title="Urania Award">Urania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Julius_Vogel_Award" title="Sir Julius Vogel Award">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_of_the_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers of the Future">Writers and Illustrators of the Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_A._Zajdel_Award" title="Janusz A. Zajdel Award">Zajdel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Awards" title="Aurora Awards">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_Award" title="Chandler Award">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiun_Award" title="Seiun Award">Seiun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction_films" title="History of science fiction films">Film history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_films_in_India" title="Science fiction films in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_novels" title="List of science fiction novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_short_stories" title="List of science fiction short stories">Short stories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_theatre" title="Science fiction theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_television_programs" title="List of science fiction television programs">List of TV shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction_television" title="Australian science fiction television">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_television_science_fiction" title="British television science fiction">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction_television" title="Canadian science fiction television">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television#Continental_European_science_fiction_series" title="Science fiction on television">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Live-action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._television_science_fiction" title="U.S. television science fiction">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Architectural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrioshka_brain" title="Matrioshka brain">Matrioshka brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_engine" title="Stellar engine">Stellar engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_in_popular_culture" title="Terraforming in popular culture">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology_in_fiction" title="Biology in fiction">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare_in_popular_culture" title="Biological warfare in popular culture">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_in_fiction" title="Evolution in fiction">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_extraterrestrials" title="Lists of fictional extraterrestrials">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in science fiction">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisibility_in_fiction" title="Invisibility in fiction">Invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_fiction" title="Nanotechnology in fiction">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasites_in_fiction" title="Parasites in fiction">Parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthetics_in_fiction" title="Prosthetics in fiction">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sex and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosis_in_fiction" title="Symbiosis in fiction">Symbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansible" title="Ansible">Ansible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_field_(technology)" title="Force field (technology)">Force field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspace" title="Hyperspace">Hyperspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertialess_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertialess drive">Inertialess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_hole" title="Portable hole">Portable hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_travel_in_science_fiction" title="Space travel in science fiction">Space travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargate_(device)" title="Stargate (device)">Stargate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stars_in_fiction" title="Stars in fiction">Stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation_in_fiction" title="Teleportation in fiction">Teleportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_viewer" title="Time viewer">Viewer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_drive" title="Warp drive">Warp drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormholes_in_fiction" title="Wormholes in fiction">Wormhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_mind_(science_fiction)" title="Group mind (science fiction)">Group mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading_in_fiction" title="Mind uploading in fiction">Mind uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psionics" title="Psionics">Psionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_consciousness_in_fiction" title="Simulated consciousness in fiction">Simulated consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Alien language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture" title="Ancient astronauts in popular culture">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_science_fiction" title="Black science fiction">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_contact_(science_fiction)" title="First contact (science fiction)">First contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_complex" title="Frankenstein complex">Frankenstein complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_empire" title="Galactic empire">Galactic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_from_space_(science_fiction)" title="Message from space (science fiction)">Message from space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism_in_fiction" title="Transhumanism in fiction">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uplift_(science_fiction)" title="Uplift (science fiction)">Uplift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover_in_popular_culture" title="AI takeover in popular culture">AI takeover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_engineering" title="Astronomical engineering">Astroengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography_in_fiction" title="Holography in fiction">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Robots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyborgs_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyborgs in fiction">Cyborgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_machines_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-replicating machines in fiction">Self-replicating machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">Simulated reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_spacecraft" title="List of fictional spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyons_in_fiction" title="Tachyons in fiction">Tachyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_in_science_fiction" title="Weapons in science fiction">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian science fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_astronauts" title="Lists of fictional astronauts">Fictional astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional technology">Fictional technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_history" title="Future history">Future history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_Fiction" title="Museum of Science Fiction">Museum of Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_science" title="Rubber science">Rubber science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">Sense of wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction" title="Category:Science fiction">Category</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" 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