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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wig-wag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wig-wag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Wig-wag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wig-wag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrical_telegraph_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrical_telegraph_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Electrical telegraph codes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrical_telegraph_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cooke_and_Wheatstone_and_other_early_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooke_and_Wheatstone_and_other_early_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Cooke and Wheatstone and other early codes</span> 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class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Language character encodings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_character_encodings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automatic_telegraph_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automatic_telegraph_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Automatic telegraph codes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Automatic_telegraph_codes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Automatic telegraph codes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Automatic_telegraph_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baudot_code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baudot_code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Baudot code</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baudot_code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murray_code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murray_code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Murray code</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murray_code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TeleTypeSetter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TeleTypeSetter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>TeleTypeSetter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TeleTypeSetter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Computer age</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Computer_age-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Computer age subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Computer_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ASCII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ASCII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>ASCII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ASCII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ASCII_extension_and_Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ASCII_extension_and_Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>ASCII extension and Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ASCII_extension_and_Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Code_of_Signals_(radiotelegraph)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Code_of_Signals_(radiotelegraph)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>International Code of Signals (radiotelegraph)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Code_of_Signals_(radiotelegraph)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Comparison of codes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_of_codes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison of codes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_flag_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_flag_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Comparison of flag codes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_flag_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Table_1_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_1_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Table 1 notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_1_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_needle_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_needle_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Comparison of needle codes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_needle_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Table_2_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_2_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Table 2 notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_2_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_dot-dash_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_dot-dash_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Comparison of dot-dash codes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_dot-dash_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Table_3_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_3_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Table 3 notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_3_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_binary_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_binary_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Comparison of binary codes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_binary_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Table_4_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_4_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Table 4 notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_4_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about telegraph alphabet ciphers. For message shortening codes, see <a href="/wiki/Commercial_code_(communications)" title="Commercial code (communications)">Commercial code (communications)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>telegraph code</b> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encodings</a> used to transmit <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> by <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraphy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> is the best-known such code. <i>Telegraphy</i> usually refers to the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">electrical telegraph</a>, but telegraph systems using the <a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">optical telegraph</a> were in use before that. A code consists of a number of <a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">code points</a>, each corresponding to a letter of the alphabet, a numeral, or some other character. In codes intended for machines rather than humans, code points for <a href="/wiki/Control_character" title="Control character">control characters</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Carriage_return" title="Carriage return">carriage return</a>, are required to control the operation of the mechanism. Each code point is made up of a number of elements arranged in a unique way for that character. There are usually two types of element (a binary code), but more element types were employed in some codes not intended for machines. For instance, <a href="/wiki/American_Morse_code" title="American Morse code">American Morse code</a> had about five elements, rather than the two (dot and dash) of <a href="/wiki/International_Morse_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="International Morse Code">International Morse Code</a>. </p><p>Codes meant for human interpretation were designed so that the characters that occurred most often had the fewest elements in the corresponding code point. For instance, Morse code for <i>E</i>, the most common letter in English, is a single dot (<span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ </span>), whereas <i>Q</i> is <span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </span>. These arrangements meant the message could be sent more quickly and it would take longer for the operator to become fatigued. Telegraphs were always operated by humans until late in the 19th century. When automated telegraph messages came in, <a href="/wiki/Variable-width_encoding" title="Variable-width encoding">codes with variable-length code points</a> were inconvenient for machine design of the period. Instead, codes with a fixed length were used. The first of these was the <a href="/wiki/Baudot_code" title="Baudot code">Baudot code</a>, a five-<a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bit</a> code. Baudot has only enough code points to print in <a href="/wiki/Upper_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper case">upper case</a>. Later codes had more bits (<a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> has seven) so that both upper and lower case could be printed. Beyond the telegraph age, modern computers require a very large number of code points (<a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> has 21 bits) so that multiple languages and alphabets (<a href="/wiki/Character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Character set">character sets</a>) can be handled without having to change the character encoding. Modern computers can easily handle variable-length codes such as <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> and <a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a> which have now become ubiquitous. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manual_telegraph_codes">Manual telegraph codes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Manual telegraph codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optical_telegraph_codes">Optical telegraph codes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Optical telegraph codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chappe_code_-_c._1794.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Chappe_code_-_c._1794.svg/220px-Chappe_code_-_c._1794.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Chappe_code_-_c._1794.svg/330px-Chappe_code_-_c._1794.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Chappe_code_-_c._1794.svg/440px-Chappe_code_-_c._1794.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Chappe code c. 1794</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the electrical telegraph, a widely used method of building national telegraph networks was the <a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">optical telegraph</a> consisting of a chain of towers from which signals could be sent by semaphore or shutters from tower to tower. This was particularly highly developed in France and had its beginnings during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. The code used in France was the Chappe code, named after <a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a> the inventor. The <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">British Admiralty</a> also used the semaphore telegraph, but with their own code. The British code was necessarily different from that used in France because the British optical telegraph worked in a different way. The Chappe system had moveable arms, as if it were waving flags as in <a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">flag semaphore</a>. The British system used an array of shutters that could be opened or closed.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chappe_code">Chappe code</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chappe code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chappe system consisted of a large pivoted beam (the regulator) with an arm at each end (the indicators) which pivoted around the regulator on one extremity. The angles these components were allowed to take was limited to multiples of 45° to aid readability. This gave a code space of 8×4×8 <a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">code points</a>, but the indicator position inline with the regulator was never used because it was hard to distinguish from the indicator being folded back on top of the regulator, leaving a code space of <span class="nowrap">7×4×7 = 196</span>. Symbols were always formed with the regulator on either the left- or right-leaning diagonal (oblique) and only accepted as valid when the regulator moved to either the vertical or horizontal position. The left oblique was always used for messages, with the right oblique being used for control of the system. This further reduced the code space to 98, of which either four or six code points (depending on version) were <a href="/wiki/Control_character" title="Control character">control characters</a>, leaving a code space for text of 94 or 92 respectively. </p><p>The Chappe system mostly transmitted messages using a <a href="/wiki/Code_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Code book">code book</a> with a large number of set words and phrases. It was first used on an experimental chain of towers in 1793 and put into service from Paris to <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> in 1794. The code book used this early is not known for certain, but an unidentified code book in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Postal_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Postal Museum">Paris Postal Museum</a> may have been for the Chappe system. The arrangement of this code in columns of 88 entries led Holzmann & Pehrson to suggest that 88 code points might have been used. However, the proposal in 1793 was for ten code points representing the numerals 0–9, and Bouchet says this system was still in use as late as 1800 (Holzmann & Pehrson put the change at 1795). The code book was revised and simplified in 1795 to speed up transmission. The code was in two divisions, the first division was 94 alphabetic and numeric characters plus some commonly used letter combinations. The second division was a code book of 94 pages with 94 entries on each page. A code point was assigned for each number up to 94. Thus, only two symbols needed to be sent to transmit an entire sentence – the page and line numbers of the code book, compared to four symbols using the ten-symbol code. </p><p>In 1799, three additional divisions were added. These had additional words and phrases, geographical places, and names of people. These three divisions required extra symbols to be added in front of the code symbol to identify the correct book. The code was revised again in 1809 and remained stable thereafter. In 1837 a horizontal only coding system was introduced by Gabriel Flocon which did not require the heavy regulator to be moved. Instead, an additional indicator was provided in the centre of the regulator to transmit that element of the code.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chappe_code_-_c._1809.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chappe_code_-_c._1809.svg/590px-Chappe_code_-_c._1809.svg.png" decoding="async" width="590" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chappe_code_-_c._1809.svg/885px-Chappe_code_-_c._1809.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chappe_code_-_c._1809.svg/1180px-Chappe_code_-_c._1809.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="872" /></a><figcaption>Chappe code c. 1809</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Edelcrantz_code">Edelcrantz code</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Edelcrantz code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edelcrantz_code_636.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Edelcrantz_code_636.svg/220px-Edelcrantz_code_636.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Edelcrantz_code_636.svg/330px-Edelcrantz_code_636.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Edelcrantz_code_636.svg/440px-Edelcrantz_code_636.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>Edelcrantz codepoint 636, which decodes to the motto of the Telegraph Corps; <i>Passa väl upp</i> ("Be on guard")</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Niclas_Edelcrantz" title="Abraham Niclas Edelcrantz">Edelcrantz</a> system was used in Sweden and was the second largest network built after that of France. The telegraph consisted of a set of ten shutters. Nine of these were arranged in a 3×3 matrix. Each column of shutters represented a binary-coded octal digit with a closed shutter representing "1" and the most significant digit at the bottom. Each symbol of telegraph transmission was thus a three-digit octal number. The tenth shutter was an extra-large one at the top. Its meaning was that the codepoint should be preceded by "A". </p><p>One use of the "A" shutter was that a numeral codepoint preceded by "A" meant add a zero (multiply by ten) to the digit. Larger numbers could be indicated by following the numeral with the code for hundreds (236), thousands (631) or a combination of these. This required fewer symbols to be transmitted than sending all the zero digits individually. However, the main purpose of the "A" codepoints was for a codebook of predetermined messages, much like the Chappe codebook. </p><p>The symbols without "A" were a large set of numerals, letters, common syllables and words to aid <a href="/wiki/Data_compaction" title="Data compaction">code compaction</a>. Around 1809, Edelcrantz introduced a new codebook with 5,120 codepoints, each requiring a two-symbol transmission to identify. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Edelcrantz alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>A</th> <th>B</th> <th>C</th> <th>D</th> <th>E</th> <th>F</th> <th>G</th> <th>H</th> <th>I</th> <th>J</th> <th>K</th> <th>L</th> <th>M</th> <th>N</th> <th>O</th> <th>P</th> <th>Q</th> <th>R</th> <th>S</th> <th>T </th></tr> <tr> <td>003</td> <td>026</td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td>055</td> <td>112</td> <td>125</td> <td>162</td> <td>210</td> <td>254</td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td>274</td> <td>325</td> <td>362</td> <td>422</td> <td>450</td> <td>462</td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td>500</td> <td>530</td> <td>610 </td></tr> <tr> <th>U</th> <th>V</th> <th>W</th> <th>X</th> <th>Y</th> <th>Z</th> <th>Å</th> <th>Ä</th> <th>Ö</th> <th>1</th> <th>2</th> <th>3</th> <th>4</th> <th>5</th> <th>6</th> <th>7</th> <th>8</th> <th>9</th> <th>00</th> <th>000 </th></tr> <tr> <td>640</td> <td>650</td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td>710</td> <td>711</td> <td>712</td> <td>713</td> <td>723</td> <td>737</td> <td>001</td> <td>002</td> <td>004</td> <td>010</td> <td>020</td> <td>040</td> <td>100</td> <td>200</td> <td>400</td> <td>236</td> <td>631 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There were many codepoints for error correction (272, error), flow control, and supervisory messages. Usually, messages were expected to be passed all the way down the line, but there were circumstances when individual stations needed to communicate directly, usually for managerial purposes. The most common, and simplest situation was communication between adjacent stations. Codepoints 722 and 227 were used for this purpose, to get the attention of the next station towards, or away from, the sun, respectively. For more remote stations codepoints 557 and 755 respectively were used, followed by the identification of the requesting and target stations.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wig-wag">Wig-wag</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wig-wag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flag signalling was widely used for point-to-point signalling prior to the optical telegraph, but it was difficult to construct a nationwide network with hand-held flags. The much larger mechanical apparatus of the semaphore telegraph towers was needed so that a greater distance between links could be achieved. However, an extensive network with hand-held flags was constructed during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. This was the <a href="/wiki/Wigwag_(flag_signals)" title="Wigwag (flag signals)">wig-wag</a> system which used the code invented by <a href="/wiki/Albert_J._Myer" title="Albert J. Myer">Albert J. Myer</a>. Some of the towers used were enormous, up to 130 feet, to get a good range. Myer's code required only one flag using a <a href="/wiki/Ternary_signal" title="Ternary signal">ternary code</a>. That is, each code element consisted of one of three distinct flag positions. However, the alphabetical codepoints required only two positions, the third position only being used in <a href="/wiki/Control_character" title="Control character">control characters</a>. Using a ternary code in the alphabet would have resulted in shorter messages because fewer elements are required in each codepoint, but a binary system is easier to read at long distance since fewer flag positions need to be distinguished. Myer's manual also describes a ternary-coded alphabet with a fixed length of three elements for each codepoint.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrical_telegraph_codes">Electrical telegraph codes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Electrical telegraph codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cooke_and_Wheatstone_and_other_early_codes">Cooke and Wheatstone and other early codes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cooke and Wheatstone and other early codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C%26W1_code.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/C%26W1_code.svg/220px-C%26W1_code.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/C%26W1_code.svg/330px-C%26W1_code.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/C%26W1_code.svg/440px-C%26W1_code.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>Cooke and Wheatstone 1-needle code (C&W1)</figcaption></figure> <p>Many different codes were invented during the early development of the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">electrical telegraph</a>. Virtually every inventor produced a different code to suit their particular apparatus. The earliest code used commercially on an electrical telegraph was the <a href="/wiki/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_telegraph#Codes" title="Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph">Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph five needle code</a> (C&W5). This was first used on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a> in 1838. C&W5 had the major advantage that the code did not need to be learned by the operator; the letters could be read directly off the display board. However, it had the disadvantage that it required too many wires. A one needle code, C&W1, was developed that required only one wire. C&W1 was widely used in the UK and the British Empire. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Morse_Code_-_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/American_Morse_Code_-_letters.svg/220px-American_Morse_Code_-_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/American_Morse_Code_-_letters.svg/330px-American_Morse_Code_-_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/American_Morse_Code_-_letters.svg/440px-American_Morse_Code_-_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>American Morse code</figcaption></figure> <p>Some other countries used C&W1, but it never became an international standard and generally each country developed their own code. In the US, <a href="/wiki/American_Morse_code" title="American Morse code">American Morse code</a> was used, whose elements consisted of dots and dashes distinguished from each other by the length of the pulse of current on the telegraph line. This code was used on the telegraph invented by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a> and was first used commercially in 1844. Morse initially had code points only for numerals. He planned that numbers sent over the telegraph would be used as an index to a dictionary with a limited set of words. Vail invented an extended code that included code points for all the letters so that any desired word could be sent. It was Vail's code that became American Morse. In France, the telegraph used the <a href="/wiki/Foy-Breguet_telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Foy-Breguet telegraph">Foy-Breguet telegraph</a>, a two-needle telegraph that displayed the needles in Chappe code, the same code as the French optical telegraph, which was still more widely used than the electrical telegraph in France. To the French, this had the great advantage that they did not need to retrain their operators in a new code.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Standardisation—Morse_code"><span id="Standardisation.E2.80.94Morse_code"></span>Standardisation—Morse code</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Standardisation—Morse code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Morse_Code_-_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/International_Morse_Code_-_letters.svg/220px-International_Morse_Code_-_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/International_Morse_Code_-_letters.svg/330px-International_Morse_Code_-_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/International_Morse_Code_-_letters.svg/440px-International_Morse_Code_-_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>International Morse Code</figcaption></figure> <p>In Germany in 1848, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Clemens_Gerke" title="Friedrich Clemens Gerke">Friedrich Clemens Gerke</a> developed a heavily modified version of American Morse for use on German railways. American Morse had three different lengths of dashes and two different lengths of space between the dots and dashes in a code point. The Gerke code had only one length of dash and all inter-element spaces within a code point were equal. Gerke also created code points for the German <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(linguistics)" title="Umlaut (linguistics)">umlaut</a> letters, which do not exist in English. Many central European countries belonged to the German-Austrian Telegraph Union. In 1851, the Union decided to adopt a common code across all its countries so that messages could be sent between them without the need for operators to recode them at borders. The Gerke code was adopted for this purpose. </p><p>In 1865, a conference in Paris adopted the Gerke code as the international standard, calling it <a href="/wiki/International_Morse_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="International Morse Code">International Morse Code</a>. With some very minor changes, this is the <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> used today. The Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph needle instruments were capable of using Morse code since dots and dashes could be sent as left and right movements of the needle. By this time, the needle instruments were being made with end stops that made two distinctly different notes as the needle hit them. This enabled the operator to write the message without looking up at the needle which was much more efficient. This was a similar advantage to the Morse telegraph in which the operators could hear the message from the clicking of the relay armature. Nevertheless, after the British telegraph companies were nationalised in 1870 the <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office" title="General Post Office">General Post Office</a> decided to standardise on the Morse telegraph and get rid of the many different systems they had inherited from private companies. </p><p>In the US, telegraph companies refused to use International Morse because of the cost of retraining operators. They opposed attempts by the government to make it law. In most other countries, the telegraph was state controlled so the change could simply be mandated. In the US, there was no single entity running the telegraph. Rather, it was a multiplicity of private companies. This resulted in international operators needing to be fluent in both versions of Morse and to recode both incoming and outgoing messages. The US continued to use American Morse on landlines (<a href="/wiki/Radiotelegraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotelegraphy">radiotelegraphy</a> generally used International Morse) and this remained the case until the advent of teleprinters which required entirely different codes and rendered the issue moot.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transmission_speed">Transmission speed</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transmission speed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obsolete_chinese_telegraph_code.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Obsolete_chinese_telegraph_code.jpg/220px-Obsolete_chinese_telegraph_code.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Obsolete_chinese_telegraph_code.jpg/330px-Obsolete_chinese_telegraph_code.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Obsolete_chinese_telegraph_code.jpg/440px-Obsolete_chinese_telegraph_code.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>One page from the Chinese telegraph code book</figcaption></figure> <p>The speed of sending in a manual telegraph is limited by the speed the operator can send each code element. Speeds are typically stated in <a href="/wiki/Words_per_minute" title="Words per minute">words per minute</a>. Words are not all the same length, so literally counting the words will get a different result depending on message content. Instead, a word is defined as five characters for the purpose of measuring speed, regardless of how many words are actually in the message. Morse code, and many other codes, also do not have the same length of code for each character of the word, again introducing a content-related variable. To overcome this, the speed of the operator repeatedly transmitting a standard word is used. PARIS is classically chosen as this standard because that is the length of an average word in Morse.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In American Morse, the characters are generally shorter than International Morse. This is partly because American Morse uses more dot elements, and partly because the most common dash, the short dash, is shorter than the International Morse dash—two dot elements against three dot elements long. In principle, American Morse will be transmitted faster than International Morse if all other variables are equal. In practice, there are two things that detract from this. Firstly, American Morse, with around five coding elements was harder to get the timings right when sent quickly. Inexperienced operators were apt to send garbled messages, an effect known as <a href="/wiki/Hog_Morse" class="mw-redirect" title="Hog Morse">hog Morse</a>. The second reason is that American Morse is more prone to <a href="/wiki/Intersymbol_interference" title="Intersymbol interference">intersymbol interference</a> (ISI) because of the larger density of closely spaced dots. This problem was particularly severe on <a href="/wiki/Submarine_telegraph_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarine telegraph cable">submarine telegraph cables</a>, making American Morse less suitable for international communications. The only solution an operator had immediately to hand to deal with ISI was to slow down the transmission speed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Language_character_encodings">Language character encodings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Language character encodings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Morse code for non-Latin alphabets</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>, is achieved by constructing a <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encoding</a> for the alphabet in question using the same, or nearly the same code points as used in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a>, such as Japanese <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a>, are also handled this way (<a href="/wiki/Wabun_code" title="Wabun code">Wabun code</a>). The alternative of adding more code points to Morse code for each new character would result in code transmissions being very long in some languages.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Languages that use <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logograms</a> are more difficult to handle due to the much larger number of characters required. The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_telegraph_code" title="Chinese telegraph code">Chinese telegraph code</a> uses a codebook of around 9,800 characters (7,000 when originally launched in 1871) which are each assigned a four-digit number. It is these numbers that are transmitted, so Chinese Morse code consists entirely of numerals. The numbers must be looked up at the receiving end making this a slow process, but in the era when telegraph was widely used, skilled Chinese <a href="/wiki/Telegrapher" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegrapher">telegraphers</a> could recall many thousands of the common codes from memory. The Chinese telegraph code is still used by law enforcement because it is an unambiguous method of recording Chinese names in non-Chinese scripts.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Automatic_telegraph_codes">Automatic telegraph codes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Automatic telegraph codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baudot_code">Baudot code</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Baudot code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baudot_Code_-_1888_patent_-_chart_only.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Baudot_Code_-_1888_patent_-_chart_only.png" decoding="async" width="157" height="371" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>The original Baudot code</figcaption></figure> <p>Early <a href="/wiki/Printing_telegraph" title="Printing telegraph">printing telegraphs</a> continued to use Morse code, but the operator no longer sent the dots and dashes directly with a single key. Instead they operated a piano keyboard with the characters to be sent marked on each key. The machine generated the appropriate Morse code point from the key press. An entirely new type of code was developed by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Baudot" title="Émile Baudot">Émile Baudot</a>, patented in 1874. The <a href="/wiki/Baudot_code" title="Baudot code">Baudot code</a> was a 5-bit binary code, with the bits sent <a href="/wiki/Serial_communication" title="Serial communication">serially</a>. Having a fixed length code greatly simplified the machine design. The operator entered the code from a small 5-key piano keyboard, each key corresponding to one bit of the code. Like Morse, Baudot code was organised to minimise operator fatigue with the code points requiring the fewest key presses assigned to the most common letters. </p><p>Early printing telegraphs required mechanical synchronisation between the sending and receiving machine. The <a href="/wiki/Hughes_printing_telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hughes printing telegraph">Hughes printing telegraph</a> of 1855 achieved this by sending a Morse dash every revolution of the machine. A different solution was adopted in conjunction with the Baudot code. Start and stop bits were added to each character on transmission, which allowed <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_serial_communication" title="Asynchronous serial communication">asynchronous serial communication</a>. This scheme of start and stop bits was followed on all the later major telegraph codes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murray_code">Murray code</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Murray code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On busy telegraph lines, a variant of the Baudot code was used with <a href="/wiki/Punched_paper_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Punched paper tape">punched paper tape</a>. This was the Murray code, invented by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Murray_(inventor)" title="Donald Murray (inventor)">Donald Murray</a> in 1901. Instead of directly transmitting to the line, the keypresses of the operator punched holes in the tape. Each row of holes across the tape had five possible positions to punch, corresponding to the five bits of the Murray code. The tape was then run through a tape reader which generated the code and sent it down the telegraph line. The advantage of this system was that multiple messages could be sent to line very fast from one tape, making better use of the line than direct manual operation could. </p><p>Murray completely rearranged the character encoding to minimise wear on the machine since operator fatigue was no longer an issue. Thus, the character sets of the original Baudot and the Murray codes are not compatible. The five bits of the Baudot code are insufficient to represent all the letters, numerals, and punctuation required in a text message. Further, additional characters are required by printing telegraphs to better control the machine. Examples of these <a href="/wiki/Control_character" title="Control character">control characters</a> are <a href="/wiki/Line_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Line feed">line feed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carriage_return" title="Carriage return">carriage return</a>. Murray solved this problem by introducing <a href="/wiki/Shift_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Shift code">shift codes</a>. These codes instruct the receiving machine to change the character encoding to a different character set. Two shift codes were used in the Murray code; figure shift and letter shift. Another control character introduced by Murray was the <a href="/wiki/Delete_character" title="Delete character">delete character</a> (DEL, code 11111) which punched out all five holes on the tape. Its intended purpose was to remove erroneous characters from the tape, but Murray also used multiple DELs to mark the boundary between messages. Having all the holes punched out made a perforation which was easy to tear into separate messages at the receiving end. A variant of the Baudot–Murray code became an international standard as International Telegraph Alphabet no. 2 (ITA 2) in 1924. The "2" in ITA 2 is because the original Baudot code became the basis for ITA 1. ITA 2 remained the standard telegraph code in use until the 1960s and was still in use in places well beyond then.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Telegraph_Alphabet_2_brightened.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/International_Telegraph_Alphabet_2_brightened.jpg/590px-International_Telegraph_Alphabet_2_brightened.jpg" decoding="async" width="590" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/International_Telegraph_Alphabet_2_brightened.jpg/885px-International_Telegraph_Alphabet_2_brightened.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/International_Telegraph_Alphabet_2_brightened.jpg/1180px-International_Telegraph_Alphabet_2_brightened.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption>The ITA 2 code, in its punched tape form</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="TeleTypeSetter">TeleTypeSetter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: TeleTypeSetter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinter</a> was invented in 1915. This is a printing telegraph with a typewriter-like keyboard on which the operator types the message. Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegram">telegrams</a> continued to be sent in <a href="/wiki/Upper_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper case">upper case</a> only because there was not room for a lower case character set in Baudot–Murray or ITA 2 codes. </p><p>Teleprinters were quickly adopted by news organizations, and "<a href="/wiki/Wire_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire service">wire services</a>" supplying stories to multiple newspapers developed, but an additional application soon arose: sending finished <a href="/wiki/Copy_(publishing)" title="Copy (publishing)">copy</a> from an urban <a href="/wiki/Newsroom" title="Newsroom">newsroom</a> to a remote printing plant. The limited character repertoire of the 5-level codes meant that someone had to manually retype the telegram in mixed case, a laborious and error-prone operation. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Monotype_system" title="Monotype system">Monotype system</a> already had separate keyboards and casters communicating by a paper tape, but it used a very wide 28-position paper tape to select one of 15 rows and 15 columns in the <a href="/wiki/Monotype_system#Matrix-case" title="Monotype system">matrix case</a>. To compete, the <a href="/wiki/Mergenthaler_Linotype_Company" title="Mergenthaler Linotype Company">Mergenthaler Linotype Company</a> developed a <a href="/wiki/TeleTypeSetter" class="mw-redirect" title="TeleTypeSetter">TeleTypeSetter</a> (TTS) system which functioned similarly, but using a narrower 6-level code (the name "bit" would not be coined <a href="/wiki/Bit#History" title="Bit">until 1948</a>) which was more economical to transmit. TTS retained shift and unshift <a href="/wiki/Control_character" title="Control character">control characters</a>, but they operated much like a modern keyboard: the unshift state provided lower-case letters, digits, and common punctuation, while the shift state provided upper-case letters and special symbols. TTS also included Linotype-specific features such as <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)#Stylistic_ligatures" title="Ligature (writing)">ligatures</a> and a second "upper rail" shift function usually used for <a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italic type</a>. </p><p>A typewriter-like "perforator" would create a paper tape, and had a large dial showing the length of the line so far at the minimum and maximum <a href="/wiki/Linotype_machine#Spaceband_box" title="Linotype machine">spaceband</a> width so the typist could decide where to break lines. This tape was then transmitted to "reperforator", and the recreated paper tape was fed into a <a href="/wiki/Linotype_machine" title="Linotype machine">Linotype machine</a> with a tape reader at the printing plant. (The tape reader could be retrofitted to an existing Linotype machine, but also special high-speed Linotype machines were made which could operate faster than a manual operator could type.) </p><p>An operator was still required to handle the tapes, take the finished type to layout, add <a href="/wiki/Type_metal" title="Type metal">type metal</a> as needed, clear jams, and so on, but one operator could manage multiple Linotype machines. </p><p>To keep the feed perforations in the middle of the tape, the TTS code added a "0" row beside the "1" row in ITA-2. To show the similarity to the ITS-2 code, the following tables are sorted as if this is the most-significant bit. </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines nowrap" border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center;background:#FFFFFF;font-size:large"> <caption style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:80%;line-height:1.5">TeleTypeSetter code (unshift state)<sup id="cite_ref-TTS-manual_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TTS-manual-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TTS-handbook_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TTS-handbook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-add-thin-space_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-add-thin-space-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-linotype-keyboards_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linotype-keyboards-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hydraquadder_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hydraquadder-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small"> <td> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0 </td> <td style="width:20pt">1 </td> <td style="width:20pt">2 </td> <td style="width:20pt">3 </td> <td style="width:20pt">4 </td> <td style="width:20pt">5 </td> <td style="width:20pt">6 </td> <td style="width:20pt">7 </td> <td style="width:20pt">8 </td> <td style="width:20pt">9 </td> <td style="width:20pt">A </td> <td style="width:20pt">B </td> <td style="width:20pt">C </td> <td style="width:20pt">D </td> <td style="width:20pt">E </td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;height:2em;font-size:small;height:22pt;line-height:1">0xxxx0 </td> <td title="Tape space
U+0000 NULL" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r936282034">.mw-parser-output .control-code-link-internal{border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff}.mw-parser-output .control-code-link-internal a{color:inherit}</style><a href="/wiki/Null_character" title="Null character">TAPE</a></span> </td> <td title="U+0065 LATIN SMALL LETTER E" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a> </td> <td title="Elevate
U+000A LINE FEED (LF)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034"><a href="/wiki/Line_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Line feed">ELEV</a></span> </td> <td title="U+0061 LATIN SMALL LETTER A" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a> </td> <td title="Variable-width space
U+0020 SPACE" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD;"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034"><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">SP</a></span> </td> <td title="U+0073 LATIN SMALL LETTER S" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a> </td> <td title="U+0069 LATIN SMALL LETTER I" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a> </td> <td title="U+0075 LATIN SMALL LETTER U" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a> </td> <td title="U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034"><a href="/wiki/Carriage_return" title="Carriage return">RET</a></span> </td> <td title="U+0064 LATIN SMALL LETTER D" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a> </td> <td title="U+0072 LATIN SMALL LETTER R" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a> </td> <td title="U+006A LATIN SMALL LETTER J" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">j</a> </td> <td title="U+006E LATIN SMALL LETTER N" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a> </td> <td title="U+0066 LATIN SMALL LETTER F" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a> </td> <td title="U+0063 LATIN SMALL LETTER C" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a> </td> <td title="U+006B LATIN SMALL LETTER K" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;height:2em;font-size:small;height:22pt;line-height:1">1xxxx0 </td> <td title="U+0074 LATIN SMALL LETTER T" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a> </td> <td title="U+007A LATIN SMALL LETTER Z" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a> </td> <td title="U+006C LATIN SMALL LETTER L" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a> </td> <td title="U+0077 LATIN SMALL LETTER W" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a> </td> <td title="U+0068 LATIN SMALL LETTER H" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a> </td> <td title="U+0079 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a> </td> <td title="U+0070 LATIN SMALL LETTER P" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a> </td> <td title="U+0071 LATIN SMALL LETTER Q" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a> </td> <td title="U+006F LATIN SMALL LETTER O" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a> </td> <td title="U+0062 LATIN SMALL LETTER B" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a> </td> <td title="U+0067 LATIN SMALL LETTER G" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a> </td> <td title="Shift to upper-case mode" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;">SHIFT</span> </td> <td title="U+006D LATIN SMALL LETTER M" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a> </td> <td title="U+0078 LATIN SMALL LETTER X" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a> </td> <td title="U+0076 LATIN SMALL LETTER V" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a> </td> <td title="Shift to lower-case mode" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;">UNSHIFT</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;height:2em;font-size:small;height:22pt;line-height:1">0xxxx1 </td> <td title="U+2009 THIN SPACE" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034"><a href="/wiki/Thin_space" title="Thin space">THSP</a></span> </td> <td title="U+0033 DIGIT THREE" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/3" title="3">3</a> </td> <td title="Paper feed (teletypewriter only) "or L.M." (?)
U+000C FORM FEED" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034"><a href="/wiki/Form_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Form feed">PF</a></span> </td> <td title="U+0024 DOLLAR SIGN" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Dollar_sign" title="Dollar sign">$</a> </td> <td title="Add-thin-space; alternate code which can be overprinted over a regular space
U+2009 THIN SPACE" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034"><a href="/wiki/Thin_space" title="Thin space">THSP</a></span> </td> <td title="U+2003 EM SPACE" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034"><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character#EMSP" title="Whitespace character">EMSP</a></span> </td> <td title="U+0038 DIGIT EIGHT" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/8" title="8">8</a> </td> <td title="U+0037 DIGIT SEVEN" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/7" title="7">7</a> </td> <td title="U+2019 RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Right_single_quotation_mark" title="Right single quotation mark">’</a> </td> <td title="U+2010 HYPHEN" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">‐</a> </td> <td title="U+0034 DIGIT FOUR" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/4" title="4">4</a> </td> <td title="Bell (teletypewriter only)
U+0007 BELL" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034"><a href="/wiki/Bell_character" title="Bell character">BEL</a></span> </td> <td title="U+002C COMMA" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">,</a> </td> <td title="Quad (justify) left" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><a href="/wiki/Typographic_alignment#Flush_left" title="Typographic alignment">QL</a></span> </td> <td title="U+2002 EN SPACE" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034"><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character#ENSP" title="Whitespace character">ENSP</a></span> </td> <td title="Quad (justify) right "or U.M." (?)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><a href="/wiki/Typographic_alignment#Flush_right" title="Typographic alignment">QR</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;height:2em;font-size:small;height:22pt;line-height:1">1xxxx1 </td> <td title="U+0035 DIGIT FIVE" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/5" title="5">5</a> </td> <td title="U+0029 RIGHT PARENTHESIS" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Right_parenthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Right parenthesis">)</a> </td> <td title="U+007C VERTICAL LINE" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">|</a> </td> <td title="U+0032 DIGIT TWO" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/2" title="2">2</a> </td> <td title="Em leader
U+2025 TWO DOT LEADER" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/%E2%80%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="‥">‥</a> </td> <td title="U+0036 DIGIT SIX" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/6" title="6">6</a> </td> <td title="U+0030 DIGIT ZERO" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/0" title="0">0</a> </td> <td title="En leader
U+2024 ONE DOT LEADER" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/%E2%80%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="․">․</a> </td> <td title="U+0039 DIGIT NINE" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/9" title="9">9</a> </td> <td title="Upper rail
U+000E SHIFT OUT
Early versions used unshifted UR for LR" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><a href="/wiki/Shift_Out" class="mw-redirect" title="Shift Out">UR</a></span> </td> <td title="U+003B SEMICOLON" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">;</a> </td> <td title="Lower rail
U+000F SHIFT IN
Early versions used unshifted UR for LR" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><a href="/wiki/Shift_In" class="mw-redirect" title="Shift In">LR</a></span> </td> <td title="U+002E FULL STOP" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">.</a> </td> <td title="U+0031 DIGIT ONE" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/1" title="1">1</a> </td> <td title="Quad (justify) center" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><a href="/wiki/Typographic_alignment#Centered" title="Typographic alignment">CEN</a></span> </td> <td title="Rub out
U+007F DELETE" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034"><a href="/wiki/Delete_character" title="Delete character">DEL</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="max-width:320pt;background:#F8F8F8;font-size:75%;text-align:left"><div class="wrap"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD; color:black;"> </span> Does not depend on SHIFT state</div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nounderlines nowrap" border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center;background:#FFFFFF;font-size:large"> <caption style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:80%;line-height:1.5">TeleTypeSetter code (shift state)<sup id="cite_ref-TTS-manual_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TTS-manual-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TTS-handbook_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TTS-handbook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-add-thin-space_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-add-thin-space-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-linotype-keyboards_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linotype-keyboards-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hydraquadder_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hydraquadder-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small"> <td> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0 </td> <td style="width:20pt">1 </td> <td style="width:20pt">2 </td> <td style="width:20pt">3 </td> <td style="width:20pt">4 </td> <td style="width:20pt">5 </td> <td style="width:20pt">6 </td> <td style="width:20pt">7 </td> <td style="width:20pt">8 </td> <td style="width:20pt">9 </td> <td style="width:20pt">A </td> <td style="width:20pt">B </td> <td style="width:20pt">C </td> <td style="width:20pt">D </td> <td style="width:20pt">E </td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;height:2em;font-size:small;height:22pt;line-height:1">0xxxx0 </td> <td title="Tape space
U+0000 NULL" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034"><a href="/wiki/Null_character" title="Null character">TAPE</a></span> </td> <td title="U+0045 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a> </td> <td title="Elevate
U+000A LINE FEED (LF)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034"><a href="/wiki/Line_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Line feed">ELEV</a></span> </td> <td title="U+0041 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a> </td> <td title="Variable-width space
U+0020 SPACE" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD;"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034"><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">SP</a></span> </td> <td title="U+0053 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a> </td> <td title="U+0049 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a> </td> <td title="U+0055 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a> </td> <td title="U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034"><a href="/wiki/Carriage_return" title="Carriage return">RET</a></span> </td> <td title="U+0044 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a> </td> <td title="U+0052 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a> </td> <td title="U+004A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a> </td> <td title="U+004E LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a> </td> <td title="U+0046 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a> </td> <td title="U+0043 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a> </td> <td title="U+004B LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;height:2em;font-size:small;height:22pt;line-height:1">1xxxx0 </td> <td title="U+0054 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a> </td> <td title="U+005A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> </td> <td title="U+004C LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a> </td> <td title="U+0057 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a> </td> <td title="U+0048 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a> </td> <td title="U+0059 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a> </td> <td title="U+0050 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a> </td> <td title="U+0051 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a> </td> <td title="U+004F LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a> </td> <td title="U+0042 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a> </td> <td title="U+0047 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a> </td> <td title="Shift to upper-case mode" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;">SHIFT</span> </td> <td title="U+004D LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a> </td> <td title="U+0058 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a> </td> <td title="U+0056 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a> </td> <td title="Shift to lower-case mode" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;">UNSHIFT</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;height:2em;font-size:small;height:22pt;line-height:1">0xxxx1 </td> <td title="U+2009 THIN SPACE" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034"><a href="/wiki/Thin_space" title="Thin space">THSP</a></span> </td> <td title="U+003F QUESTION MARK" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="?">?</a> </td> <td title="Paper feed (teletypewriter only) "or L.M." (?)
U+000C FORM FEED" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034"><a href="/wiki/Form_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Form feed">PF</a></span> </td> <td title="U+0021 EXCLAMATION MARK" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/!" class="mw-redirect" title="!">!</a> </td> <td title="Add-thin-space; alternate code which can be overprinted over a regular space
U+2009 THIN SPACE" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034"><a href="/wiki/Thin_space" title="Thin space">THSP</a></span> </td> <td title="U+2003 EM SPACE" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034"><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character#EMSP" title="Whitespace character">EMSP</a></span> </td> <td title="U+2014 EM DASH" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Em_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="Em dash">—</a> </td> <td title="U+0026 AMPERSAND" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/%26" class="mw-redirect" title="&">&</a> </td> <td title="U+2018 LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Left_single_quotation_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Left single quotation mark">‘</a> </td> <td title="U+0040 COMMERCIAL AT" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/@" class="mw-redirect" title="@">@</a> </td> <td title="U+002A ASTERISK" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/*" class="mw-redirect" title="*">*</a> </td> <td title="Bell (teletypewriter only)
U+0007 BELL" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034"><a href="/wiki/Bell_character" title="Bell character">BEL</a></span> </td> <td title="U+002C COMMA" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">,</a> </td> <td title="Quad (justify) left" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><a href="/wiki/Typographic_alignment#Flush_left" title="Typographic alignment">QL</a></span> </td> <td title="U+2002 EN SPACE" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034"><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character#ENSP" title="Whitespace character">ENSP</a></span> </td> <td title="Quad (justify) right "or U.M." (?)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><a href="/wiki/Typographic_alignment#Flush_right" title="Typographic alignment">QR</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;height:2em;font-size:small;height:22pt;line-height:1">1xxxx1 </td> <td title="U+FB00 LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FF" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Ff_(ligature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ff (ligature)">ﬀ</a> </td> <td title="U+0028 LEFT PARENTHESIS" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Left_parenthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Left parenthesis">(</a> </td> <td title="Different sources say "vertical rule" or "em space"" style="padding:1px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_question.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </td> <td title="U+FB04 LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FFL" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Ffl_(ligature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ffl (ligature)">ﬄ</a> </td> <td title="Em leader
U+2025 TWO DOT LEADER" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/%E2%80%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="‥">‥</a> </td> <td title="Pound (weight) sign
U+2114 L B Bar Symbol" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">℔</a> </td> <td title="U+FB02 LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FL" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Fl_(ligature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fl (ligature)">ﬂ</a> </td> <td title="En leader
U+2024 ONE DOT LEADER" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/%E2%80%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="․">․</a> </td> <td title="U+FB01 LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FI" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Fi_(ligature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fi (ligature)">ﬁ</a> </td> <td title="Upper rail
U+000E SHIFT OUT" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><a href="/wiki/Shift_Out" class="mw-redirect" title="Shift Out">UR</a></span> </td> <td title="U+003A COLON" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">:</a> </td> <td title="Lower rail
U+000F SHIFT IN" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><a href="/wiki/Shift_In" class="mw-redirect" title="Shift In">LR</a></span> </td> <td title="U+002E FULL STOP" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">.</a> </td> <td title="U+FB03 LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FFI" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Ffi_(ligature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ffi (ligature)">ﬃ</a> </td> <td title="Quad (justify) center" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><a href="/wiki/Typographic_alignment#Centered" title="Typographic alignment">CEN</a></span> </td> <td title="Rub out
U+007F DELETE" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed blue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936282034"><a href="/wiki/Delete_character" title="Delete character">DEL</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="max-width:320pt;background:#F8F8F8;font-size:75%;text-align:left"><div class="wrap"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD; color:black;"> </span> Does not depend on SHIFT state</div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Each shift state has 41 unique characters, making 82 in total. Adding the 8 fixed-width characters which are duplicated in the two shift states, this matches the 90-matrix capacity of a standard Linotype machine. (The variable-width space bands are a 91st character.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_age">Computer age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Computer age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first computers used existing 5-bit ITA-2 keyboards and printers due to their easy availability, but the limited character repertoire quickly became a pain point. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ASCII">ASCII</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: ASCII"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 1960s, improving teleprinter technology meant that longer codes were nowhere near as significant a factor in teleprinter costs as they once were. The computer users wanted lowercase characters and additional punctuation, while both teleprinter and computer manufacturers wished to get rid of shift codes. This led the <a href="/wiki/American_Standards_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="American Standards Association">American Standards Association</a> to develop a 7-bit code, the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (<a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>). The final form of ASCII was published in 1964 and it rapidly became the standard teleprinter code. ASCII was the last major code developed explicitly with telegraphy equipment in mind. Telegraphy rapidly declined after this and was largely replaced by <a href="/wiki/Computer_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networks">computer networks</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> in the 1990s. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ASCII_Code_Chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/ASCII_Code_Chart.svg/590px-ASCII_Code_Chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="590" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/ASCII_Code_Chart.svg/885px-ASCII_Code_Chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/ASCII_Code_Chart.svg/1180px-ASCII_Code_Chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>ASCII had several features geared to aid computer programming. The letter characters were in numerical order of code point, so an alphabetical sort could be achieved simply by sorting the data numerically. The code point for corresponding upper and lower case letters differed only by the value of bit 6, allowing a mix of cases to be sorted alphabetically if this bit was ignored. Other codes were introduced, notably <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s <a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a> derived from the <a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">punched card</a> method of input, but it was ASCII and its derivatives that won out as the <i>lingua franca</i> of computer information exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ASCII_extension_and_Unicode">ASCII extension and Unicode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: ASCII extension and Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> in the 1970s and the <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> in the 1980s with their <a href="/wiki/8-bit_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="8-bit architecture">8-bit architecture</a> led to the 8-bit <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">byte</a> becoming the standard unit of computer storage. Packing 7-bit data into 8-bit storage is inconvenient for data retrieval. Instead, most computers stored one ASCII character per byte. This left one bit over that was not doing anything useful. Computer manufacturers used this bit in <a href="/wiki/Extended_ASCII" title="Extended ASCII">extended ASCII</a> to overcome some of the limitations of standard ASCII. The main issue was that ASCII was geared to English, particularly American English, and lacked the <a href="/wiki/Accented" class="mw-redirect" title="Accented">accented</a> vowels used in other European languages such as French. Currency symbols for other countries were also added to the character set. Unfortunately, different manufacturers implemented different extended ASCIIs making them incompatible across <a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">platforms</a>. In 1987, the <a href="/wiki/International_Standards_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standards Organisation">International Standards Organisation</a> issued the standard <a href="/wiki/ISO_8859-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8859-1">ISO 8859-1</a>, for an 8-bit character encoding based on 7-bit ASCII which was widely taken up. </p><p><a href="/wiki/ISO_8859" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8859">ISO 8859</a> character encodings were developed for non-<a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin scripts</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew script">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek script">Greek</a>. This was still problematic if a document or data used more than one script. Multiple switches between character encodings was required. This was solved by the publication in 1991 of the standard for 16-bit <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, in development since 1987. Unicode maintained ASCII characters at the same code points for compatibility. As well as support for non-Latin scripts, Unicode provided code points for logograms such as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> and many specialist characters such as astrological and mathematical symbols. In 1996, Unicode 2.0 allowed code points greater than 16-bit; up to 20-bit, and 21-bit with an additional private use area. 20-bit Unicode provided support for extinct languages such as <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic script">Old Italic script</a> and many rarely used Chinese characters.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Unicode/Character_reference" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Unicode/Character reference">Wikibooks:Unicode/Character reference</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_Code_of_Signals_(radiotelegraph)"><span id="International_Code_of_Signals_.28radiotelegraph.29"></span>International Code of Signals (radiotelegraph)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: International Code of Signals (radiotelegraph)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1931, the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Signals" title="International Code of Signals">International Code of Signals</a>, originally created for ship communication by signalling using flags, was expanded by adding a collection of five-letter codes to be used by radiotelegraph operators. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_codes">Comparison of codes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Comparison of codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_of_flag_codes">Comparison of flag codes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Comparison of flag codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table 1 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Code</th> <th>A<br />N</th> <th>B<br />O</th> <th>C<br />P</th> <th>D<br />Q</th> <th>E<br />R</th> <th>F<br />S</th> <th>G<br />T</th> <th>H<br />U</th> <th>I<br />V</th> <th>J<br />W</th> <th>K<br />X</th> <th>L<br />Y</th> <th>M<br />Z</th> <th>Data type</th> <th>Notes</th> <th>Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td>Myer 2-element wig-wag</td> <td>11<br />22</td> <td>1221<br />12</td> <td>212<br />2121</td> <td>111<br />2122</td> <td>21<br />122</td> <td>1112<br />121</td> <td>1122<br />1</td> <td>211<br />221</td> <td>2<br />2111</td> <td>2211<br />2212</td> <td>1212<br />1211</td> <td>112<br />222</td> <td>2112<br />1111</td> <td>Serial, variable length</td> <td>1=flag left, 2=flag right<br /><sup id="cite_ref-view_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-view-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>International Morse in flag notation</td> <td>12<br />21</td> <td>2111<br />222</td> <td>2121<br />1221</td> <td>211<br />2212</td> <td>1<br />121</td> <td>1121<br />111</td> <td>221<br />2</td> <td>1111<br />112</td> <td>11<br />1112</td> <td>1222<br />122</td> <td>212<br />2112</td> <td>1211<br />2122</td> <td>22<br />2211</td> <td>Serial, variable length</td> <td>1=flag left, 2=flag right</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>American Morse in flag notation</td> <td>12<br />21</td> <td>2111<br />131</td> <td>1131<br />11111</td> <td>211<br />1121</td> <td>1<br />1311</td> <td>121<br />111</td> <td>221<br />2</td> <td>1111<br />112</td> <td>11<br />1112</td> <td>2121<br />122</td> <td>212<br />1211</td> <td>2+<br />11311</td> <td>22<br />11131</td> <td>Serial, variable length</td> <td>1=flag left, 2=flag right, 3=flag dipped<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Myer 3-element wig-wag</td> <td>112<br />322</td> <td>121<br />223</td> <td>211<br />313</td> <td>212<br />131</td> <td>221<br />331</td> <td>122<br />332</td> <td>123<br />133</td> <td>312<br />233</td> <td>213<br />222</td> <td>232<br />322</td> <td>323<br />321</td> <td>231<br />111</td> <td>132<br />113</td> <td>Serial, 3-element</td> <td>1=flag left, 2=flag right, 3=flag dipped</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Table_1_notes">Table 1 notes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Table 1 notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-view-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-view_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Left and right are the message sender's left and right. The neutral position is with the flag raised above the signaller's head. Myer's manual specifies the code with the exact opposite movements (Myer (1872), p. 68), A is 22 for instance, but the code actually used was commonly as shown here (Myer (1872), pp. 94–95).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The two element code actually had a third position defined. This was pointing the flag directly down at the ground. This element was only used in control characters. For instance, a single 3 meant "end of word", and 33 meant "end of sentence".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "+" indicates a slight pause in that position.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_of_needle_codes">Comparison of needle codes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Comparison of needle codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table 2 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Code</th> <th>A<br />N</th> <th>B<br />O</th> <th>C<br />P</th> <th>D<br />Q</th> <th>E<br />R</th> <th>F<br />S</th> <th>G<br />T</th> <th>H<br />U</th> <th>I<br />V</th> <th>J<br />W</th> <th>K<br />X</th> <th>L<br />Y</th> <th>M<br />Z</th> <th>Data type</th> <th>Notes</th> <th>Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td>Schilling 1-needle (1820)</td> <td colspan="13"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Schilling_1-needle_horizontal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Schilling_1-needle_horizontal.svg/590px-Schilling_1-needle_horizontal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="590" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Schilling_1-needle_horizontal.svg/885px-Schilling_1-needle_horizontal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Schilling_1-needle_horizontal.svg/1180px-Schilling_1-needle_horizontal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="159" /></a></span></td> <td>Serial, variable length</td> <td>This is the first code to use a single circuit.<br /><sup id="cite_ref-tick_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tick-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gauss and Weber 1-needle (1833)</td> <td colspan="13"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauss_%26_Weber_horizontal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gauss_%26_Weber_horizontal.svg/590px-Gauss_%26_Weber_horizontal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="590" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gauss_%26_Weber_horizontal.svg/885px-Gauss_%26_Weber_horizontal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gauss_%26_Weber_horizontal.svg/1180px-Gauss_%26_Weber_horizontal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="159" /></a></span></td> <td>Serial, variable length</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><sup id="cite_ref-tick_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tick-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cooke and Wheatstone 5-needle (1838)</td> <td colspan="13"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:C%26W5_horizontal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/C%26W5_horizontal.svg/590px-C%26W5_horizontal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="590" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/C%26W5_horizontal.svg/885px-C%26W5_horizontal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/C%26W5_horizontal.svg/1180px-C%26W5_horizontal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="159" /></a></span></td> <td>Parallel, 5-element</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cooke and Wheatstone 2-needle</td> <td colspan="13"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:C%26W2_horizontal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/C%26W2_horizontal.svg/590px-C%26W2_horizontal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="590" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/C%26W2_horizontal.svg/885px-C%26W2_horizontal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/C%26W2_horizontal.svg/1180px-C%26W2_horizontal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="159" /></a></span></td> <td>Serial-parallel, variable length</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-tick_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tick-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cooke and Wheatstone 1-needle (1846)</td> <td colspan="13"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:C%26W1_horizontal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/C%26W1_horizontal.svg/590px-C%26W1_horizontal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="590" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/C%26W1_horizontal.svg/885px-C%26W1_horizontal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/C%26W1_horizontal.svg/1180px-C%26W1_horizontal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="159" /></a></span></td> <td>Serial, variable length</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><sup id="cite_ref-tick_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tick-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Highton 1-needle</td> <td colspan="13"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Highton1_horizontal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Highton1_horizontal.svg/590px-Highton1_horizontal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="590" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Highton1_horizontal.svg/885px-Highton1_horizontal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Highton1_horizontal.svg/1180px-Highton1_horizontal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="159" /></a></span></td> <td>Serial, variable length</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><sup id="cite_ref-tick_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tick-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Morse as a needle code</td> <td colspan="13"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Morse_needle_horizontal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Morse_needle_horizontal.svg/590px-Morse_needle_horizontal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="590" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Morse_needle_horizontal.svg/885px-Morse_needle_horizontal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Morse_needle_horizontal.svg/1180px-Morse_needle_horizontal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="159" /></a></span></td> <td>Serial, variable length</td> <td>Needle left = dot<br />Needle right = dash<br /><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Foy-Breguet code<br />(2-needle)</td> <td colspan="13"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Foy-Breguet_horizontal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Foy-Breguet_horizontal.svg/590px-Foy-Breguet_horizontal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="590" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Foy-Breguet_horizontal.svg/885px-Foy-Breguet_horizontal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Foy-Breguet_horizontal.svg/1180px-Foy-Breguet_horizontal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="159" /></a></span></td> <td>Parallel, 2-element</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Table_2_notes">Table 2 notes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Table 2 notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tick-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tick_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tick_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tick_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tick_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tick_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">On most needle telegraph codes, the short stroke is executed first on joined glyphs, regardless of whether it is to the left or right of the long stroke (Shaffner, p. 221). The Morse needle code is an exception; here all the strokes are executed in order (Hallas). If a short stroke does not dictate otherwise, the strokes are read left-to-right with one exception. The C&W 1-needle codes marked on the right of the faceplate (those codes where the long strokes are leaning right) are executed right-to-left, but still following short stroke first. Those on the left of the plate (left-leaning long strokes) are executed left-to-right as normal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Gauss and Weber code has shared codepoints for C/K, and there is no distinction of I/J. Burns shows V as having no code. Burns shows the code for D as \// which would make it the same as G, so probably an error, likewise Burns has \\// for Z. The codepoints for D and Z are as shown here in both Shiers and Calvert.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The C&W 5-needle codes for C, J, Q, V, X and Z were substituted with other letters.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The C&W 1-needle codes for J, Q and Z on early instruments were substituted with G, K and S respectively. The earlier table in this article shows these substitutes, this table shows the later unique codes. J remained missing from most instruments even after Q and Z were added. Most sources do not give a code for J; the tick symbol shown for it here is taken from the faceplate of the instrument pictured in the external links.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some sources identify the Highton code as the Cooke and Wheatstone code (<a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Guillemin" title="Amédée Guillemin">Guillemin</a> for instance). This code is shown on the faceplate of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Highton" title="Henry Highton">Henry Highton</a>'s gold-leaf telegraph (Highton, p. 90) and his one-needle telegraph (Highton, p. 94). The latter instrument was used by Highton's <a href="/wiki/British_Electric_Telegraph_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British Electric Telegraph Company">British Electric Telegraph Company</a> (Highton, p. 100). It was also used for a while by the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_Telegraph_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic Telegraph Company">Magnetic Telegraph Company</a> who took them over (Morse, p. 116), and may have been used by a company closely associated with them, the <a href="/wiki/Submarine_Telegraph_Company" title="Submarine Telegraph Company">Submarine Telegraph Company</a>. Guillemin, writing in the context of Belgium who were connected to the UK via the Submarine Telegraph Company's Dover to Ostend cable, identifies this code as the "English code" (Gullemin, p. 551).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The tick marks used for Morse on needle telegraphs are read slightly differently to other codes. The short strokes are used to represent Morse dots, not to indicate which stroke is performed first. The strokes are read strict left-to-right. The time the needle is held to the right for a "dash" is usually the same as a left movement for a "dot" in contrast with a conventional Morse system using a sounder (Hallas).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The central bar in Foy-Breguet is fixed in position, the moveable needles are the two arms at the end of the bar.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p>An alternative representation of needle codes is to use the numeral "1" for needle left, and "3" for needle right. The numeral "2", which does not appear in most codes represents the needle in the neutral upright position. The codepoints using this scheme are marked on the face of some needle instruments, especially those used for training.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_of_dot-dash_codes">Comparison of dot-dash codes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Comparison of dot-dash codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Table 3 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Code</th> <th>A<br />N</th> <th>B<br />O</th> <th>C<br />P</th> <th>D<br />Q</th> <th>E<br />R</th> <th>F<br />S</th> <th>G<br />T</th> <th>H<br />U</th> <th>I<br />V</th> <th>J<br />W</th> <th>K<br />X</th> <th>L<br />Y</th> <th>M<br />Z</th> <th>Data type</th> <th>Notes</th> <th>Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_August_von_Steinheil" title="Carl August von Steinheil">Steinheil</a> (1837)</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex;"><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span></span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex;"><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex;"><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span></span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex;"><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex;"><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span></span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex;"><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex;"><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span></span><br /><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex;"><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span></span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex;"><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex;"><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span></span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex;"><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex;"><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span></span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex;"><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex;"><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span></span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex;"><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex;"><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span></span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex;"><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex;"><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span></span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex;"><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex;"><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span></span><br /><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex;"><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span></span><br /><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex;"><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span></span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex;"><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span><span style="vertical-align:-15%;">▄</span><span style="opacity: 0;">▄</span></span></td> <td>Serial, variable length</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_August_von_Steinheil" title="Carl August von Steinheil">Steinheil</a> (1849)</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </span><br /><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td>Serial, variable length</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bain_(inventor)" title="Alexander Bain (inventor)">Bain</a> (1843)</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td>Serial, variable length</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Morse</a> (c. 1838)</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄  ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄  ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄  ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄  ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄  ▄ ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄  ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄  ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span></td> <td>Serial, variable length</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Morse</a> (c. 1840)<br />(American Morse)</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄  ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄  ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄  ▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄  ▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄  ▄ </span></td> <td>Serial, variable length</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Clemens_Gerke" title="Friedrich Clemens Gerke">Gerke</a> (1848)<br />(continental Morse)</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </span></td> <td>Serial, variable length</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>International Morse<br />(1851)</td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </span></td> <td><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </span><br /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </span></td> <td>Serial, variable length</td> <td></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Table_3_notes">Table 3 notes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Table 3 notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 1837 Steinheil code has shared codepoints for C/K, and U/V. There is no distinction made between I and J. This code is almost identical to the 1849 code, except that it is designed for printing from pulses of negative and positive polarity rather than pulses of short and long duration.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 1849 Steinheil code has shared codepoints for C/K/Q, D/T, and F/V (Gerke, p. 128). There is no distinction between I and J.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bain's code is as given in Myer. Burns has several variant codepoints. Many of these are probably errors as they lead to duplicate codepoints, and Myer had worked as a telegraph operator on the Bain telegraph. Nevertheless, the differences are given here for completeness. Burns has <span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ </span> for A, <span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </span> for Q, and <span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </span> for T. The codes for I and O are swapped.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 1838 Morse code has shared codepoints for I/Y, G/J, and S/Z (Shiers, p. 102).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Morse used a shorter dash than later codes (two dot units compared to three in International Morse). This is not reflected in the table for ease of comparison</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Gerke code did not distinguish between I and J. Both Burns and Gerke himself list only J. Huurdeman gives the International Morse codepoint for J. Burns has <span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </span> as the codepoint for X. This appears to be an error, both Huurdeman and Gerke have <span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 40%; vertical-align: 1.5ex; white-space: pre-wrap;">  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ </span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p>When used with a <a href="/wiki/Printing_telegraph" title="Printing telegraph">printing telegraph</a> or <a href="/wiki/Siphon_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Siphon recorder">siphon recorder</a>, the "dashes" of dot-dash codes are often made the same length as the "dot". Typically, the mark on the tape for a dot is made above the mark for a dash. An example of this can be seen in the 1837 Steinheil code, which is nearly identical to the 1849 Steinheil code, except that they are represented differently in the table. International Morse code was commonly used in this form on <a href="/wiki/Submarine_telegraph_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarine telegraph cable">submarine telegraph cables</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_of_binary_codes">Comparison of binary codes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Comparison of binary codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table 4<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Code</th> <th>A<br />N</th> <th>B<br />O</th> <th>C<br />P</th> <th>D<br />Q</th> <th>E<br />R</th> <th>F<br />S</th> <th>G<br />T</th> <th>H<br />U</th> <th>I<br />V</th> <th>J<br />W</th> <th>K<br />X</th> <th>L<br />Y</th> <th>M<br />Z</th> <th>Data type</th> <th>Notes</th> <th>Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td>Baudot and <span class="nowrap">ITA 1</span></td> <td>01<br />1E</td> <td>0C<br />07</td> <td>0D<br />1F</td> <td>0F<br />1D</td> <td>02<br />1C</td> <td>0E<br />14</td> <td>0A<br />15</td> <td>0B<br />05</td> <td>06<br />17</td> <td>09<br />16</td> <td>19<br />12</td> <td>1B<br />04</td> <td>1A<br />13</td> <td>Serial, 5-bit</td> <td></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Baudot–Murray and <span class="nowrap">ITA 2</span></td> <td>03<br />0C</td> <td>19<br />18</td> <td>0E<br />16</td> <td>09<br />17</td> <td>01<br />0A</td> <td>0D<br />05</td> <td>1A<br />10</td> <td>14<br />07</td> <td>06<br />1E</td> <td>0B<br />13</td> <td>0F<br />1D</td> <td>12<br />15</td> <td>1C<br />11</td> <td>Serial, 5-bit</td> <td></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ASCII</td> <td>41/61<br />4E/6E</td> <td>42/62<br />4F/6F</td> <td>43/63<br />50/70</td> <td>44/64<br />51/71</td> <td>45/65<br />52/72</td> <td>46/66<br />53/73</td> <td>47/67<br />54/74</td> <td>48/78<br /> 55/75</td> <td>49/69<br />56/76</td> <td>4A/6A<br />57/77</td> <td>4B/6B<br />58/78</td> <td>4C/6C<br />59/79</td> <td>4D/6D<br />5A/7A</td> <td>Serial, 7-bit</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Table_4_notes">Table 4 notes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Table 4 notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All codepoints in this table are given in <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a> for conciseness. Typically, they were actually transmitted as binary codes in <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_serial_communication" title="Asynchronous serial communication">asynchronous serial communication</a> with binary "0" represented by a "space" (typically, a positive voltage) and "1" represented by a "mark" (typically, a negative voltage). Each transmitted character was preceded by a "start" symbol and finished with a "stop" symbol to maintain synchronisation (Toncich, p. 108).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Two codepoints are given in ASCII for each character. These represent, respectively, the uppercase and lowercase characters.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_code_(communications)" title="Commercial code (communications)">Commercial code (communications)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway_telegraphic_codes" title="Great Western Railway telegraphic codes">Great Western Railway telegraphic codes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Beauchamp, ch. 1</li><li>Bouchet, ch. 2</li><li>Burns, ch. 2</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Bouchet, ch. 2</li><li>Coe, ch. 1</li><li>Holzmann & Pehrson, ch. 2</li><li>Shaffner, ch. 3</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Holzmann & Pehrson, ch. 3</li><li>Edelcrantz, ch. 4</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Coe, ch. 1</li><li>Myer (1866)</li><li>Wrixon, ch. 11</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Beauchamp, ch. 2</li><li>Burns, ch. 3</li><li>Chesnoy ch. 2</li><li>Coe, ch. 2</li><li>Guillemin, bk. 5, ch. 3</li><li>Wrixon, ch. 10, 11</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Beauchamp, ch. 3</li><li>Chesnoy, ch. 2, pt. A</li><li>Coe, ch. 3</li><li>Guillemin, bk. 5, ch. 4</li><li>Huurdeman, ch. 8.10</li><li>Kieve, ch. 9</li><li>Lyall, ch. 2</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Coe, Appendixes</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Coe, ch. 6</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Gollings, ch. 6</li><li>King, appx. A</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Gollings, ch. 6</li><li>Mullaney, ch. 7</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Beauchamp, ch. 11</li><li>Raykoff, ch. 8</li><li>Noll, ch. 2</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Huurdeman, ch. 19</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TTS-manual-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TTS-manual_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TTS-manual_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.navy-radio.com/manuals/tty/7b-3307.pdf"><i>Teletypesetter Operator Instruction Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Teletypesetter corporation. July 1933<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teletypesetter+Operator+Instruction+Manual&rft.pub=Teletypesetter+corporation&rft.date=1933-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.navy-radio.com%2Fmanuals%2Ftty%2F7b-3307.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraph+code" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TTS-handbook-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TTS-handbook_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TTS-handbook_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/LinotypeHandbookForTeletypesetterOperation1951"><i>The Linotype Handbook for Teletypesetter Operation</i></a>. Mergenthaler Linotype Company. 1951<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Linotype+Handbook+for+Teletypesetter+Operation&rft.pub=Mergenthaler+Linotype+Company&rft.date=1951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FLinotypeHandbookForTeletypesetterOperation1951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraph+code" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-add-thin-space-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-add-thin-space_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-add-thin-space_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.navy-radio.com/manuals/tty/ts/teletypesetter-ts512-5105.pdf"><i>Specification TS-512: Standards Which Must be Adopted by Newspapers Joining a Press Association Network</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Teletypesetter Corporation. May 1951<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Specification+TS-512%3A+Standards+Which+Must+be+Adopted+by+Newspapers+Joining+a+Press+Association+Network&rft.pub=Teletypesetter+Corporation&rft.date=1951-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.navy-radio.com%2Fmanuals%2Ftty%2Fts%2Fteletypesetter-ts512-5105.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraph+code" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-linotype-keyboards-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-linotype-keyboards_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-linotype-keyboards_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linotype.wiki/pages/linotype_keyboards_diagrams.php#teletypesetter">"Linotype keyboards"</a>. <i>Linotype wiki</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linotype+wiki&rft.atitle=Linotype+keyboards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinotype.wiki%2Fpages%2Flinotype_keyboards_diagrams.php%23teletypesetter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraph+code" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hydraquadder-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hydraquadder_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hydraquadder_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation techreport cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linotype.org/OnLineDocs/Quadders/Hydraquadder-electric-1955.pdf#page=20"><i>Linotype Electrically-Controlled Hydraquadder</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Instruction Book). Mergenthaler Linotype Company. 1955. pp. 19–20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Linotype+Electrically-Controlled+Hydraquadder&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Mergenthaler+Linotype+Company&rft.date=1955&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linotype.org%2FOnLineDocs%2FQuadders%2FHydraquadder-electric-1955.pdf%23page%3D20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraph+code" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Gillam, ch. 2</li><li>Huurdeman, ch. 30</li><li>Noll, ch. 2</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Gillam, ch. 2</li><li>Gollings, ch. 6</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Coe, p. 3</li><li>Myer (1866), pp. 53, 80</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maver, pp. 363–364</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Johnson, p. 525</li><li>Maver, pp. 363–365</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Myer (1866), p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Shiers, pp. 101–102</li><li>Calvert</li><li>Shaffner, p. 137</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Shiers, p. 101</li><li>Burns, p. 76</li><li>Calvert</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Shaffner, pp. 200–201</li><li>Burns, p. 76</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Shaffner, pp. 226–229</li><li>Guillemin, p. 554</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Shaffner, p. 221</li><li>Guillemin, p. 551</li><li>Huurdeman, p. 68</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Highton, p. 94</li><li>Guillemin, p. 551</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hallas</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guillemin, p. 558</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Highton, pp. 90–95</li><li>Guillemin, pp. 550–551</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Burns, p. 77</li><li>Calvert</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Burns, p. 77</li><li>Gerke, p. 126</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Myer (1851), p. 11</li><li>Burns, p. 77</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shiers, pp. 101–103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Burns, p. 77</li><li>Huurdeman, p. 144</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Burns, p. 77</li><li>Huurdeman, p. 144</li><li>Gerke, p. 126</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>Gollings, p. 80</li><li>Huurdeman, p. 144</li><li>Burns, p. 77</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bright, pp. 601–606</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salomon, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gollings, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wyatt, pp. 681–684</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Beauchamp, Ken, <i> History of Telegraphy</i>, IET, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0852967926" title="Special:BookSources/0852967926">0852967926</a>.</li> <li>Bouchet, Olivier, <i>Wireless Optical Communications</i>, Wiley, 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1848213166" title="Special:BookSources/1848213166">1848213166</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tilston_Bright" title="Charles Tilston Bright">Bright, Charles Tilston</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cihm_00867/page/n3"><i>Submarine Telegraphs</i></a>, London: Crosby Lockwood, 1898 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/776529627">776529627</a>.</li> <li>Burns, Russel W., <i>Communications: An International History of the Formative Years</i>, IEE, 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0863413277" title="Special:BookSources/0863413277">0863413277</a>.</li> <li>Calvert, James B., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/tel/morse/morse.htm">"The Electromagnetic Telegraph"</a>, accessed and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190921121745/https://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/tel/morse/morse.htm">archived</a> 13 October 2019.</li> <li>Chesnoy, Jose, <i>Undersea Fiber Communication Systems</i>, Academic Press, 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-049237-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-049237-1">0-08-049237-1</a>.</li> <li>Coe, Lewis, <i>The Telegraph: A History of Morse's Invention and Its Predecessors in the United States</i>, McFarland, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1808-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1808-7">0-7864-1808-7</a>.</li> <li>Edelcrantz, Abraham Niclas, <i>Afhandling om Telegrapher</i> ("A Treatise on Telegraphs"), 1796, as translated in ch. 4 of Holzmann & Pehrson.</li> <li>Gerke, Friedrich Clemens, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pqlAAAAAcAAJ_2/"><i>Der praktische Telegraphist, oder, Die electro-magnetische Telegraphie</i></a>, Hoffmann und Campe, 1851 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/162961437">162961437</a>.</li> <li>Gillam, Richard, <i>Unicode Demystified</i>, Addison-Wesley Professional, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0201700522" title="Special:BookSources/0201700522">0201700522</a>.</li> <li>Gollings, Gus, "Multilingual Script Encoding", ch. 6 in, Cope, Bill; Gollings, Gus, <i>Multilingual Book Production</i>, Common Ground, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/186335073X" title="Special:BookSources/186335073X">186335073X</a>.</li> <li>Guillemin, Amédée, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/applicationsphy00guilgoog/page/n9"><i>The Applications of Physical Forces</i></a>, Macmillan and Company, 1877 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5894380237">5894380237</a>.</li> <li>Hallas, Stuart, M., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samhallas.co.uk/railway/single_needle.htm">"The Single Needle Telegraph"</a>, accessed and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191005100822/http://www.samhallas.co.uk/railway/single_needle.htm">archived</a> 5 October 2019.</li> <li>Highton, Edward, <i>The Electric Telegraph: Its History and Progress</i>, J. Weale, 1852 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/999489281">999489281</a>.</li> <li>Holzmann, Gerard J.; Pehrson, Björn, <i>The Early History of Data Networks</i>, Wiley, 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0818667826" title="Special:BookSources/0818667826">0818667826</a>.</li> <li>Huurdeman, Anton A., <i>The Worldwide History of Telecommunications</i>, John Wiley & Sons, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471205052" title="Special:BookSources/0471205052">0471205052</a>.</li> <li>Johnson, Rossiter (ed), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EqCgSx4PlhcC"><i>Universal Cyclopædia and Atlas</i></a>, vol. 10, D. Appleton and Company, 1901 <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/05009702">05-9702</a>.</li> <li>Kieve, Jeffrey L., <i>The Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History</i>, David and Charles, 1973 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/655205099">655205099</a>.</li> <li>King, Thomas W., <i>Modern Morse Code in Rehabilitation and Education</i>, Allyn and Bacon, 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0205287514" title="Special:BookSources/0205287514">0205287514</a>.</li> <li>Lyall, Francis, <i>International Communications: The International Telecommunication Union and the Universal Postal Union</i>, Routledge, 2016 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-317-114345" title="Special:BookSources/1-317-114345">1-317-114345</a>.</li> <li>Maver, William Jr., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americantelegrap00mave/page/n5"><i>American Telegraphy and Encyclopedia of the Telegraph</i></a>, Maver Publishing Company, 1909 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/499312411">499312411</a>.</li> <li>Mullaney, Thomas S., "Semiotic Sovereignty: The 1871 Chinese Telegraph Code in Historical Perspective", pp. 153–184 in, Jing Tsu; Elman, Benjamin A. (eds), <i>Science and Technology in Modern China, 1880s–1940s</i>, BRILL, 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004268782" title="Special:BookSources/9004268782">9004268782</a>.</li> <li>Myer, Albert J., <i>A New Sign Language for Deaf Mutes</i>, Jewett, Thomas & Co., 1851 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1000370390">1000370390</a>.</li> <li>Myer, Albert J., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433009343363"><i>A Manual of Signals</i></a>, D. van Nostrand, 1866 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/563202260">563202260</a>.</li> <li>Myer, Albert J., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aVVCAAAAYAAJ"><i>A Manual of Signals</i></a>, D. van Nostrand, 1872 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/682033474">682033474</a>.</li> <li>Noll, A. Michael, <i>The Evolution of Media</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0742554821" title="Special:BookSources/0742554821">0742554821</a>.</li> <li>Raykoff, Ivan, "Piano, telegraph, typewriter: Listening to the language of touch", ch. 8 in, Colligan, Colette (ed); Linley, Margaret (ed), <i>Media, Technology, and Literature in the Nineteenth Century</i>, Routledge, 2016 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/131709865X" title="Special:BookSources/131709865X">131709865X</a>.</li> <li>Salomon, David, <i>Data Compression: The Complete Reference</i>, Springer Science & Business Media, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1846286034" title="Special:BookSources/1846286034">1846286034</a>.</li> <li>Shaffner, Taliaferro Preston, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/telegraphmanualc00shafrich#page/n3/mode/2up"><i>The Telegraph Manual</i></a>, Pudney & Russell, 1859 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/258508686">258508686</a>.</li> <li>Shiers, George, <i>The Electric Telegraph: An Historical Anthology</i>, Arno Press, 1977 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/838764933">838764933</a>, including reprints of parts of, <ul><li>Smithsonian Institution, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annualreportboa81unkngoog/page/n361"><i>Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, 1878</i></a>, Smithsonian Institution, 1879 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1053068855">1053068855</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Toncich, Dario J., <i>Data Communications and Networking for Manufacturing Industries</i>, Chrystobel Engineering, 1993 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0646105221" title="Special:BookSources/0646105221">0646105221</a>.</li> <li>Wrixon, Fred B., <i>Codes, Ciphers, Secrets and Cryptic Communication</i>, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1579124852" title="Special:BookSources/1579124852">1579124852</a>.</li> <li>Wyatt, Allen L., <i>Using Assembly Language</i>, Que Corporation, 1887 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0880222972" title="Special:BookSources/0880222972">0880222972</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraph_code&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/10983301@N06/2619001486/">Single-needle telegraph instrument</a> with Cooke and Wheatstone code marked on the dial and two-note endstops</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsutcliffe/8541388415/">Cooke and Wheatstone style single-needle instrument</a> with Morse code marked on the dial</li> <li>James B. Calvert, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/tel/morse/morse.htm">The Electromagnetic Telegraph</a>, shows several encodings including Schilling (1820), Gauss and Weber (1833), Steinheil (1837), C&W1 (1846), C&W2 (1843), Bregeut (1844), Russian Morse, and a comparison chart of Morse type codes including the Bain code.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Character_encodings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Character_encodings" title="Template:Character encodings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Character_encodings" title="Template talk:Character encodings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Character_encodings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Character encodings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Character_encodings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">Character encodings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telegraph code</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_telegraph#Codes" title="Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph">Needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Non-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabun_code" title="Wabun code">Wabun/Kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_telegraph_code" title="Chinese telegraph code">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Morse_code" title="Russian Morse code">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baudot_code" title="Baudot code">Baudot and Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldata" title="Fieldata">Fieldata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCD_(character_encoding)" title="BCD (character encoding)">BCDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletex" title="Teletex">Teletex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Videotex" title="Videotex">Videotex</a>/<a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T.51/ISO/IEC_6937" title="T.51/ISO/IEC 6937">T.51/ISO/IEC 6937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU_T.61" title="ITU T.61">ITU T.61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videotex_character_set" title="Videotex character set">ITU T.101</a></li> <li>World System Teletext <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_System_Teletext" title="World System Teletext">background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext_character_set" title="Teletext character set">sets</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcode_(character_encoding)" title="Transcode (character encoding)">Transcode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Approved parts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1 (Western Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2 (Central Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3 (Maltese/Esperanto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4 (North Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5 (Cyrillic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6 (Arabic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7 (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8 (Hebrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9 (Turkish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10 (Nordic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11 (Thai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13 (Baltic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14 (Celtic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15 (New Western Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16 (Romanian)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Abandoned parts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12 (Devanagari)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Proposed but not approved <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-111" title="ISO-IR-111">KOI-8 Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-197" title="ISO-IR-197">Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Adaptations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-182" title="ISO-IR-182">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-200" title="ISO-IR-200">Barents Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_922" title="Code page 922">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1124" title="Code page 1124">Ukrainian Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bibliographic use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MARC-8" title="MARC-8">MARC-8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANSEL" title="ANSEL">ANSEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Character_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Chinese Character Code for Information Interchange">CCCII/EACC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">ISO 5426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">5426-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5427" title="ISO 5427">5427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6862" title="ISO 6862">6862</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">ArmSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big5" title="Big5">Big5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BraSCII" title="BraSCII">BraSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNS_11643" title="CNS 11643">CNS 11643</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_66003" title="DIN 66003">DIN 66003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELOT_927" title="ELOT 927">ELOT 927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST_10859" title="GOST 10859">GOST 10859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_2312" title="GB 2312">GB 2312</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_12345" title="GB 12345">GB 12345</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_12052" title="GB 12052">GB 12052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_18030" title="GB 18030">GB 18030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Supplementary_Character_Set" title="Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set">HKSCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Script_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Indian Script Code for Information Interchange">ISCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0201" title="JIS X 0201">JIS X 0201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0208" title="JIS X 0208">JIS X 0208</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0212" title="JIS X 0212">JIS X 0212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0213" title="JIS X 0213">JIS X 0213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI-7" title="KOI-7">KOI-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPS_9566" title="KPS 9566">KPS 9566</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KS_X_1001" title="KS X 1001">KS X 1001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KS_X_1002" title="KS X 1002">KS X 1002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LST_1564" title="LST 1564">LST 1564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LST_1590-4" title="LST 1590-4">LST 1590-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_Script_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Perso-Arabic Script Code for Information Interchange">PASCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_JIS" title="Shift JIS">Shift JIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SI_960" title="SI 960">SI 960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Industrial_Standard_620-2533" title="Thai Industrial Standard 620-2533">TIS-620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Script_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Tamil Script Code for Information Interchange">TSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VISCII" title="VISCII">VISCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSCII" title="VSCII">VSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YUSCII" title="YUSCII">YUSCII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">ISO/IEC 2022</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10367" title="ISO/IEC 10367">ISO/IEC 10367</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code" title="Extended Unix Code">Extended Unix Code / EUC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mac OS <a href="/wiki/Code_page" title="Code page">Code pages</a><br />("scripts")</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Armenian" title="Mac OS Armenian">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArabic_encoding" title="MacArabic encoding">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Barents_Cyrillic" title="Mac OS Barents Cyrillic">Barents Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Celtic" title="Mac OS Celtic">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Central_European_encoding" title="Mac OS Central European encoding">Central European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Croatian_encoding" title="Mac OS Croatian encoding">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Cyrillic_encoding" title="Mac OS Cyrillic encoding">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Devanagari_encoding" title="Mac OS Devanagari encoding">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacFarsi_encoding" title="MacFarsi encoding">Farsi (Persian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Font_X_encoding" title="Macintosh Font X encoding">Font X (Kermit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Gaelic" title="Mac OS Gaelic">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Georgian" title="Mac OS Georgian">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGreek_encoding" title="MacGreek encoding">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Gujarati" title="Mac OS Gujarati">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Gurmukhi" title="Mac OS Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Hebrew" title="Mac OS Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Icelandic_encoding" title="Mac OS Icelandic encoding">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Inuit" title="Mac OS Inuit">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Keyboard_encoding" title="Mac OS Keyboard encoding">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Latin_encoding" title="Macintosh Latin encoding">Latin (Kermit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Maltese/Esperanto_encoding" title="Mac OS Maltese/Esperanto encoding">Maltese/Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Ogham" title="Mac OS Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Roman" title="Mac OS Roman">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Romanian_encoding" title="Mac OS Romanian encoding">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_S%C3%A1mi" title="Mac OS Sámi">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Turkish_encoding" title="Mac OS Turkish encoding">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Turkic_Cyrillic" title="Mac OS Turkic Cyrillic">Turkic Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Ukrainian_encoding" title="Mac OS Ukrainian encoding">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT100_encoding" title="VT100 encoding">VT100</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">DOS code pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_437" title="Code page 437">437</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_668" title="Code page 668">668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_708" title="Code page 708">708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_720" title="Code page 720">720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_737" title="Code page 737">737</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_770" title="Code page 770">770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_773" title="Code page 773">773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_775" title="Code page 775">775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_776" title="Code page 776">776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_777" title="Code page 777">777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_778" title="Code page 778">778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_850" title="Code page 850">850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_851" title="Code page 851">851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_852" title="Code page 852">852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_853" title="Code page 853">853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_855" title="Code page 855">855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_856" title="Code page 856">856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_857" title="Code page 857">857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_858" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 858">858</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_859" title="Code page 859">859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_860" title="Code page 860">860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_861" title="Code page 861">861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_862" title="Code page 862">862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_863" title="Code page 863">863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_864" title="Code page 864">864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_865" title="Code page 865">865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_866" title="Code page 866">866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_867" title="Code page 867">867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_868" title="Code page 868">868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_869" title="Code page 869">869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_897" title="Code page 897">897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_899" title="Code page 899">899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_903" title="Code page 903">903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_904" title="Code page 904">904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_932_(IBM)" title="Code page 932 (IBM)">932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_936_(IBM)" title="Code page 936 (IBM)">936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_942" title="Code page 942">942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_949_(IBM)" title="Code page 949 (IBM)">949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_950" title="Code page 950">950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_951" title="Code page 951">951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1034" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1034">1034</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1040" title="Code page 1040">1040</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1042" title="Code page 1042">1042</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1043" title="Code page 1043">1043</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1044" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1044">1044</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1098" title="Code page 1098">1098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1115" title="Code page 1115">1115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1116" title="Code page 1116">1116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1117" title="Code page 1117">1117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1118" title="Code page 1118">1118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1127" title="Code page 1127">1127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_3846" title="Code page 3846">3846</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABICOMP_character_set" title="ABICOMP character set">ABICOMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS_Indic_character_set" title="CS Indic character set">CS Indic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSX_Indic_character_set" title="CSX Indic character set">CSX Indic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSX%2B_Indic_character_set" title="CSX+ Indic character set">CSX+ Indic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CWI-2" title="CWI-2">CWI-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_System_encoding" title="Iran System encoding">Iran System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamenick%C3%BD_encoding" title="Kamenický encoding">Kamenický</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazovia_encoding" title="Mazovia encoding">Mazovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIK_(character_set)" title="MIK (character set)">MIK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">IBM AIX code pages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_895" title="Code page 895">895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_896" title="Code page 896">896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_912" title="Code page 912">912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_915" title="Code page 915">915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_921" title="Code page 921">921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_922" title="Code page 922">922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1006" title="Code page 1006">1006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1008" title="Code page 1008">1008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1009" title="Code page 1009">1009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1010" title="Code page 1010">1010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1012" title="Code page 1012">1012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1013" title="Code page 1013">1013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1014" title="Code page 1014">1014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1015" title="Code page 1015">1015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1016" title="Code page 1016">1016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1017" title="Code page 1017">1017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1018" title="Code page 1018">1018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1019" title="Code page 1019">1019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1046" title="Code page 1046">1046</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1124" title="Code page 1124">1124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1133" title="Code page 1133">1133</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_code_page" title="Windows code page">Windows code pages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CER-GS" title="CER-GS">CER-GS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_932_(Microsoft_Windows)" title="Code page 932 (Microsoft Windows)">932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_936_(Microsoft_Windows)" title="Code page 936 (Microsoft Windows)">936</a> (<a href="/wiki/GBK_(character_encoding)" title="GBK (character encoding)">GBK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_950" title="Code page 950">950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1169" title="Code page 1169">1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Latin-8" title="Extended Latin-8">Extended Latin-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1250" title="Windows-1250">1250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1251" title="Windows-1251">1251</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1252" title="Windows-1252">1252</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1253" title="Windows-1253">1253</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1254" title="Windows-1254">1254</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1255" title="Windows-1255">1255</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1256" title="Windows-1256">1256</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1257" title="Windows-1257">1257</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1258" title="Windows-1258">1258</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1270" title="Windows-1270">1270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Cyrillic_%2B_Finnish" title="Windows Cyrillic + Finnish">Cyrillic + Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Cyrillic_%2B_French" title="Windows Cyrillic + French">Cyrillic + French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Cyrillic_%2B_German" title="Windows Cyrillic + German">Cyrillic + German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Polytonic_Greek" title="Windows Polytonic Greek">Polytonic Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a> code pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language_in_EBCDIC" title="Japanese language in EBCDIC">Japanese language in EBCDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DKOI" title="DKOI">DKOI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> terminals (<a href="/wiki/VT220" title="VT220">VTx</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Character_Set" title="Multinational Character Set">Multinational (MCS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Replacement_Character_Set" title="National Replacement Character Set">National Replacement (NRCS)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1020" title="Code page 1020">French Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1021" title="Code page 1021">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1023" title="Code page 1023">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1101" title="Code page 1101">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1102" title="Code page 1102">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1103" title="Code page 1103">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1104" title="Code page 1104">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1105" title="Code page 1105">Norwegian and Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1106" title="Code page 1106">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1107" title="Code page 1107">Norwegian and Danish (alternative)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1287" title="Code page 1287">8-bit Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1288" title="Code page 1288">8-bit Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SI_960" title="SI 960">SI 960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Hebrew" title="DEC Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Special_Graphics" title="DEC Special Graphics">Special Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Technical_Character_Set" title="DEC Technical Character Set">Technical (TCS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platform specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1052" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1052">1052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1053" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1053">1053</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1054" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1054">1054</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1055" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1055">1055</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_page_1056&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Code page 1056 (page does not exist)">1056</a></li> <li>1057</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1058" title="Code page 1058">1058</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISC_OS_character_set" title="RISC OS character set">Acorn RISC OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amstrad_CPC_character_set" title="Amstrad CPC character set">Amstrad CPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_II_character_set" title="Apple II character set">Apple II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATASCII" title="ATASCII">ATASCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_ST_character_set" title="Atari ST character set">Atari ST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitstream_International_Character_Set" title="Bitstream International Character Set">BICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casio_calculator_character_sets" title="Casio calculator character sets">Casio calculators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_display_code" title="CDC display code">CDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intecolor/Compucolor_8001_character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Intecolor/Compucolor 8001 character set">Compucolor 8001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compucolor_II_character_set" title="Compucolor II character set">Compucolor II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amstrad_CP/M_Plus_character_set" title="Amstrad CP/M Plus character set">CP/M+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_RADIX_50" title="DEC RADIX 50">DEC RADIX 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Character_Set" title="Multinational Character Set">DEC MCS</a>/<a href="/wiki/National_Replacement_Character_Set" title="National Replacement Character Set">NRCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DG_International" title="DG International">DG International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaksija_(computer)#Character_ROM" title="Galaksija (computer)">Galaksija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEM_character_set" title="GEM character set">GEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSM_03.38" title="GSM 03.38">GSM 03.38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Roman" title="HP Roman">HP Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOCAL_character_set" title="FOCAL character set">HP FOCAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPL_character_set" title="RPL character set">HP RPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQUOZE#Identifier_name_character_encoding" title="SQUOZE">SQUOZE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_International_Character_Set" title="Lotus International Character Set">LICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Multi-Byte_Character_Set" title="Lotus Multi-Byte Character Set">LMBCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSX_character_set" title="MSX character set">MSX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_APC_character_set" title="NEC APC character set">NEC APC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXT_character_set" title="NeXT character set">NeXT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PETSCII" title="PETSCII">PETSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostScript_Standard_Encoding" title="PostScript Standard Encoding">PostScript Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostScript_Latin_1_Encoding" title="PostScript Latin 1 Encoding">PostScript Latin 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAM_Coup%C3%A9_character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="SAM Coupé character set">SAM Coupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_SC-3000_character_set" title="Sega SC-3000 character set">Sega SC-3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_pocket_computer_character_sets" title="Sharp pocket computer character sets">Sharp calculators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_MZ_character_set" title="Sharp MZ character set">Sharp MZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_QL_character_set" title="Sinclair QL character set">Sinclair QL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext_character_set" title="Teletext character set">Teletext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TI_calculator_character_sets" title="TI calculator character sets">TI calculators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRS-80_character_set" title="TRS-80 character set">TRS-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventura_International" title="Ventura International">Ventura International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_International_Standard_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Wang International Standard Code for Information Interchange">WISCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_Character_Code_Standard" title="Xerox Character Code Standard">XCCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZX80_character_set" title="ZX80 character set">ZX80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZX81_character_set" title="ZX81 character set">ZX81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum_character_set" title="ZX Spectrum character set">ZX Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> / <a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">ISO/IEC 10646</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTF-1" title="UTF-1">UTF-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-7" title="UTF-7">UTF-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-32" title="UTF-32">UTF-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-EBCDIC" title="UTF-EBCDIC">UTF-EBCDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_18030" title="GB 18030">GB 18030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_Ordered_Compression_for_Unicode" title="Binary Ordered Compression for Unicode">BOCU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CESU-8" title="CESU-8">CESU-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Compression_Scheme_for_Unicode" title="Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode">SCSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_All_Character_Encoding" title="Tamil All Character Encoding">TACE16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Unicode_encodings" title="Comparison of Unicode encodings">Comparison of Unicode encodings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> typesetting system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_encoding" title="Cork encoding">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY1_encoding" title="LY1 encoding">LY1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OML_encoding" title="OML encoding">OML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMS_encoding" title="OMS encoding">OMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OT1_encoding" title="OT1 encoding">OT1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous code pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABICOMP_character_set" title="ABICOMP character set">ABICOMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASMO_449" title="ASMO 449">ASMO 449</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_encoding_of_APL_symbols" title="Digital encoding of APL symbols">Digital encoding of APL symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-68" title="ISO-IR-68">ISO-IR-68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARIB_STD_B24_character_set" title="ARIB STD B24 character set">ARIB STD-B24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldata" title="Fieldata">Fieldata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HZ_(character_encoding)" title="HZ (character encoding)">HZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC-P27-1" title="IEC-P27-1">IEC-P27-1</a></li> <li>INIS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INIS_character_set" title="INIS character set">7-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INIS-8" title="INIS-8">8-bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-169" title="ISO-IR-169">ISO-IR-169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2033" title="ISO 2033">ISO 2033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI_character_encodings" title="KOI character encodings">KOI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KOI8-R" title="KOI8-R">KOI8-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI8-RU" title="KOI8-RU">KOI8-RU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI8-U" title="KOI8-U">KOI8-U</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mojiky%C5%8D" title="Mojikyō">Mojikyō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Extended_ASCII" title="Stanford Extended ASCII">SEASCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford/ITS_character_set" title="Stanford/ITS character set">Stanford/ITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol_(typeface)" title="Symbol (typeface)">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRON_(encoding)" title="TRON (encoding)">TRON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Hangul_Code" title="Unified Hangul Code">Unified Hangul Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_character" title="Control character">Control character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">Morse prosigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C0_and_C1_control_codes" title="C0 and C1 control codes">C0 and C1 control codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">ISO/IEC 6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0211" title="JIS X 0211">JIS X 0211</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_control_characters" title="Unicode control characters">Unicode control, format and separator characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCSID" title="CCSID">CCSID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_encodings_in_HTML" title="Character encodings in HTML">Character encodings in HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charset_detection" title="Charset detection">Charset detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_unification" title="Han unification">Han unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_code_page" title="Hardware code page">Hardware code page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">MICR code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">Mojibake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-width_encoding" title="Variable-width encoding">Variable-length encoding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" 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