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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Books of the Maccabees</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levrio%C3%B9_ar_Vakabeed" title="Levrioù ar Vakabeed – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Levrioù ar Vakabeed" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkab%C3%A6erb%C3%B8gerne" title="Makkabæerbøgerne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Makkabæerbøgerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkab%C3%A4erb%C3%BCcher" title="Makkabäerbücher – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Makkabäerbücher" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libroj_de_la_Makabeoj" title="Libroj de la Makabeoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Libroj de la Makabeoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livres_des_Maccab%C3%A9es" title="Livres des Maccabées – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Livres des Maccabées" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%B9%B4%EB%B2%A0%EC%98%A4%EA%B8%B0" title="마카베오기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마카베오기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Makabe" title="Kitab Makabe – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kitab Makabe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libri_dei_Maccabei" title="Libri dei Maccabei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Libri dei Maccabei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libbri_di_Maccabei" title="Libbri di Maccabei – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Libbri di Maccabei" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokin%27_ny_Makabeo" title="Bokin' ny Makabeo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bokin' ny Makabeo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="മക്കബായരുടെ പുസ്തകങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മക്കബായരുടെ പുസ്തകങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkabeerb%C3%B8kene" title="Makkabeerbøkene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Makkabeerbøkene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99gi_Machabejskie" title="Księgi Machabejskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Księgi Machabejskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livros_dos_Macabeus" title="Livros dos Macabeus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Livros dos Macabeus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Маккавейские книги – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маккавейские книги" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Књиге Макавејске – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Књиге Макавејске" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkabilaiskirjat" title="Makkabilaiskirjat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Makkabilaiskirjat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackabeerb%C3%B6ckerna" title="Mackabeerböckerna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mackabeerböckerna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklat_ng_mga_Macabeo" title="Aklat ng mga Macabeo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aklat ng mga Macabeo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5" title="หนังสือมัคคาบี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หนังสือมัคคาบี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Макавейські книги – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Макавейські книги" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of ancient Hebrew books</div> <p>The <b>Books of the Maccabees</b> or the <b>Sefer HaMakabim</b> (the <i>Book of the Maccabees</i>) recount the history of the <a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a>, the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> rebellion against the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_books">List of books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_the_Maccabees&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: List of books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Books of the Maccabees refers to a series of <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical books</a> which are contained in various canons of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a>, originally written in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and only surviving in a Greek translation, it contains an account of the history of the Maccabees from 175 BC until 134 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jason_of_Cyrene" title="Jason of Cyrene">Jason of Cyrene</a>'s Greek abridgment of an earlier history which was written in Hebrew, recounts the history of the Maccabees from 176 BC until 161 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It focuses on <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas Maccabeus</a>, and it also describes prayers for the dead and offerings.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a>, a Greek narrative that contains an account of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a> being delivered from their impending <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">martyrdom</a> at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the 3rd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-isbe_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a>, a Greek philosophic discourse that praises the supremacy of reason over passion, using the <a href="/wiki/Maccabees#Holy_Maccabean_martyrs" title="Maccabees">Maccabean martyrs</a> as examples.<sup id="cite_ref-isbe_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_Maccabees" title="5 Maccabees">5 Maccabees</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> text which offers an account of the history of the Maccabees from 186 BC to 6 BC. The same title is occasionally ascribed to a <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> version of the 6th book of <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-isbe_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sandrews_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandrews-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6_Maccabees" title="6 Maccabees">6 Maccabees</a>, a Syriac poem that possibly shared a lost source with 4 Maccabees.<sup id="cite_ref-sandrews_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandrews-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>7 Maccabees, a Syriac text which contains transcripts of speeches which were made by the <a href="/wiki/Maccabees#Holy_Maccabean_martyrs" title="Maccabees">Maccabean Martyrs and their mother</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sandrews_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandrews-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>8 Maccabees, in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, a brief account of the revolt which draws on Seleucid sources, preserved in the Chronicle of <a href="/wiki/John_Malalas" title="John Malalas">John Malalas</a> (pp. 206–207 in Dindorf).<sup id="cite_ref-sandrews_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandrews-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dindorf_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dindorf-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The first two books are considered <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">canonical</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first three books are considered canonical by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodox Church</a> is the only church which also considers <a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a> canonical. All of the other books are considered <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">biblical apocrypha</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon</a> includes none of the books which are listed above, instead, it includes three books of Ethiopic Maccabees (<a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1 Meqabyan, 2 Meqabyan, and 3 Meqabyan</a>), books which are distinct from those books which are listed above. There is also a non-canonical <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> work which is titled the <a href="/wiki/Megillat_Antiochus" title="Megillat Antiochus">Megillat Antiochus</a> ("The Scroll of Antiochus"). This book is read in some <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> during the Jewish holiday of <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a>. The book is unrelated to the "Books of Maccabees" except for the fact that it cites some quotations which are contained in 1 and 2 Maccabees, and it also describes the same events which are described in 1 and 2 Maccabees.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_versus_Second_Books_of_Maccabees">First versus Second Books of Maccabees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_the_Maccabees&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First versus Second Books of Maccabees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The books of First and Second Maccabees are written in noticeably different literary styles, but contain similar narratives. </p><p>In First Maccabees, the author presents an objective historical account of the persecution of the Jews by <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV</a>. It deals with the rise and legitimacy of the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a>, beginning with an account of the life of the Jewish priest <a href="/wiki/Mattathias" title="Mattathias">Mattathias</a>, a forefather of the Maccabean revolt. The sober style of First Maccabees takes influence from the authors of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>. </p><p>In contrast, the author of Second Maccabees presents a heavily dramatic, emotional and theologically dense account of a period of time which is shorter but overlapping (180–161 BC). In Second Maccabees, the author portrays Judas Maccabaeus and the martyrs who fight alongside him as champions; they earn divine favor as a result. The book begins with two letters (Epistles I and II), but these are insubstantial in relation to the narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_the_Maccabees&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">Meqabyan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Books_of_the_Maccabees&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article about "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Maccabees,_Books_of_the" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Maccabees, Books of the">Books of the Maccabees</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFairweather1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fairweather, William (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Maccabees, Books of"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Maccabees,_Books_of">"Maccabees, Books of" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maccabees%2C+Books+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=198&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Fairweather&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+the+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbe-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isbe_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbe_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbe_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblestudytools.com/encyclopedias/isbe/maccabees-books-of-3-5.html">"Maccabees, Books of, 3-5."</a>. <i>International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2013</span> – via BibleStudyTools.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maccabees%2C+Books+of%2C+3-5.&rft.btitle=International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblestudytools.com%2Fencyclopedias%2Fisbe%2Fmaccabees-books-of-3-5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+the+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sandrews-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sandrews_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sandrews_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sandrews_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sandrews_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavila" class="citation web cs1">Davila, James R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012051105/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/media/school-of-divinity/documents/motp/MOTP%20Edinburgh%2010_09.pdf">"The More Old Testament Pseudepigrapha Project"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="University of St. Andrews">University of St. Andrews</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/media/school-of-divinity/documents/motp/MOTP%20Edinburgh%2010_09.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+More+Old+Testament+Pseudepigrapha+Project.&rft.pub=University+of+St.+Andrews&rft.aulast=Davila&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2Fschool-of-divinity%2Fdocuments%2Fmotp%2FMOTP%2520Edinburgh%252010_09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+the+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dindorf-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dindorf_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Malalas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UeAGAAAAQAAJ&dq=editions:zGOR9EGtzZkC"><i>Chronographia</i></a>. Edited by Ludwig A. Dindorf. Vol. 15 of <i>Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae</i>. Bonn: Weber, 1831.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Bible" title="Jerusalem Bible">Jerusalem Bible</a>, 1966, "Introduction to the Books of Maccabees", p. 654</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/scroll-of-antiochus">"Scroll of Antiochus"</a>. <i>www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Scroll+of+Antiochus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fscroll-of-antiochus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+the+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1976" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Jonathan A. (1976). <i>"Introduction," in I Maccabees</i>. Garden city, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc. pp. 12, 18–19, 24–26, 33, 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Introduction%2C%22+in+I+Maccabees&rft.place=Garden+city%2C+New+York&rft.pages=12%2C+18-19%2C+24-26%2C+33%2C+79&rft.pub=Doubleday+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABooks+of+the+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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