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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Timbisha" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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<li id="toc-Post-contact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-contact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Post-contact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-contact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_of_Death_Valley_National_Monument" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_Death_Valley_National_Monument"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Creation of Death Valley National Monument</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_Death_Valley_National_Monument-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribal_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribal_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Tribal recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribal_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Present day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribal_name_and_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribal_name_and_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tribal name and groups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tribal_name_and_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tribal name and groups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tribal_name_and_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historic_Timbisha_band_districts_or_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_Timbisha_band_districts_or_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Historic Timbisha band districts or groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_Timbisha_band_districts_or_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petroglyphs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petroglyphs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Petroglyphs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Petroglyphs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Petroglyphs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Petroglyphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Petroglyphs_Tour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petroglyphs_Tour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Petroglyphs Tour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petroglyphs_Tour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Timbisha</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Тымбіша – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тымбіша" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbishes" title="Timbishes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Timbishes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbisha" title="Timbisha – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Timbisha" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbisha" title="Timbisha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Timbisha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbisha_Shoshone" title="Timbisha Shoshone – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Timbisha Shoshone" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Тимбиша (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тимбиша (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Тимбиша – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тимбиша" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbi%C5%A1a" title="Timbiša – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Timbiša" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q501445#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Timbisha" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q501445" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Native American tribe of the California-Nevada border</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Timbisha</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">124 (2010 census)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_Valley" title="Death Valley">Death Valley</a> region)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbisha_language" title="Timbisha language">Timbisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Timbisha</b> ("rock paint",<sup id="cite_ref-tim_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tim-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Timbisha_language" title="Timbisha language">Timbisha language</a>: <b>Nümü Tümpisattsi</b>) are a <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> tribe <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribes">federally recognized</a> as the <b>Death Valley Timbisha Shoshone Band of California</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are known as the <b>Timbisha Shoshone Tribe</b><sup id="cite_ref-tim_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tim-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are located in south central <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, near the Nevada border.<sup id="cite_ref-sdsu_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdsu-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 United States Census">2010 Census</a> the population of the Village was 124. The older members still speak the ancestral language, also called <a href="/wiki/Timbisha_language" title="Timbisha language">Timbisha</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbisha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CAMap-doton-Furnace_Creek.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/CAMap-doton-Furnace_Creek.png" decoding="async" width="209" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Furnace Creek, Death Valley, California</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._NPS_-_Better_Nation_-_History_of_the_Timbisha_Shoshone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/U.S._NPS_-_Better_Nation_-_History_of_the_Timbisha_Shoshone.jpg/220px-U.S._NPS_-_Better_Nation_-_History_of_the_Timbisha_Shoshone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/U.S._NPS_-_Better_Nation_-_History_of_the_Timbisha_Shoshone.jpg/330px-U.S._NPS_-_Better_Nation_-_History_of_the_Timbisha_Shoshone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/U.S._NPS_-_Better_Nation_-_History_of_the_Timbisha_Shoshone.jpg/440px-U.S._NPS_-_Better_Nation_-_History_of_the_Timbisha_Shoshone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1905" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Timbisha Shoshone History</figcaption></figure> <p>The Timbisha have lived in the <a href="/wiki/Death_Valley,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Death Valley, California">Death Valley</a> region of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> for over a thousand years. They were originally known as Panamints, as was their <a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan language</a>. The band traditionally was very small in size, and linguists estimate that fewer than 200 individuals ever spoke Panamint Shoshone. Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. <i>(See <a href="/wiki/Population_of_Native_California" title="Population of Native California">Population of Native California</a>.)</i> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_L._Kroeber" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred L. Kroeber">Alfred L. Kroeber</a> put the combined 1770 population of the Timbisha (Koso) and <a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a> at 1,500.<sup id="cite_ref-kr_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kr-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He estimated the population of the Timbisha and Chemehuevi in 1910 as 500.<sup id="cite_ref-kr_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kr-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Julian Steward's figures for Eastern California are about 65 persons in <a href="/wiki/Saline_Valley" title="Saline Valley">Saline Valley</a>, 150-160 persons in <a href="/wiki/Little_Lake,_Inyo_County,_California" title="Little Lake, Inyo County, California">Little Lake</a> (springs) and the <a href="/wiki/Coso_Range" title="Coso Range">Coso Range</a>, about 100 in northern <a href="/wiki/Panamint_Valley" title="Panamint Valley">Panamint Valley</a>, 42 in northern <a href="/wiki/Death_Valley" title="Death Valley">Death Valley</a>, 29 at <a href="/wiki/Beatty,_Nevada" title="Beatty, Nevada">Beatty</a>, and 42 in the <a href="/wiki/Belted_Range" title="Belted Range">Belted Range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological evidence substantiates trade between the Coso People and other <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> tribes. For example, they traded with the <a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash people</a>, then located in present-day <a href="/wiki/Ventura_County,_California" title="Ventura County, California">Ventura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County,_California" title="Santa Barbara County, California">Santa Barbara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo_County,_California" title="San Luis Obispo County, California">San Luis Obispo</a> counties. This was confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">archaeological</a> recovery of a kind of <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a>, which has been chemically fingerprinted as belonging to the Coso culture and territory, but was discovered in coastal California prehistoric sites in <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo_County,_California" title="San Luis Obispo County, California">San Luis Obispo County, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-contact">Post-contact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbisha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Post-contact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Euro-Americans first made contact with the Timbisha Shoshone during the California Gold Rush of 1849, but whites quickly moved on to the gold fields, renaming the Shoshone homeland Death Valley. Sustained contact occurred during the 1860s through the 1880s, when a stream of ranchers, miners, and homesteaders migrated to Death Valley, patenting the few springs and fertile plots of land in Death Valley. White settlers, using their knowledge of law, gained title to the Valley's scarce water and other resources, pushing the native Shoshones to inferior lands. Shoshones were prohibited from using springs, while the settler's livestock destroyed plants necessary for tribal subsistence. Aboriginal lands taken from the band now include the Furnace Creek Inn and surrounding golf course. The federal government failed to recognize the Timbisha Shoshone as a tribe, and like many small rancheria bands in California, it also failed to protect the Shoshone's rights as indigenous peoples. Belatedly, the Bureau of Indian Affairs did help Hungry Bill patent 160 acres of land in a canyon bordering Death Valley in 1908. The agency later secured an allotment of land for Robert Thompson at Warm Springs in Death Valley. In 1928, federal Indian agents also created a small rancheria, "Indian Ranch" to the east of Death Valley for Timbisha Shoshone Panamint Bill and his extended family. Though band members lacked federal acknowledgment of their tribal or indigenous status, several Timbisha Shoshone attended the federal Sherman and Carson Indian Boarding Schools during the early twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_of_Death_Valley_National_Monument">Creation of Death Valley National Monument</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbisha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Creation of Death Valley National Monument"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In 1933 President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> created <a href="/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Death Valley National Monument">Death Valley National Monument</a>, an action that subsumed the tribe's homeland within park boundaries. Despite their long-time presence in the region, the proclamation failed to provide a homeland for the Timbisha people. After unsuccessful efforts to remove the band to nearby reservations, <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> officials entered into an agreement with tribal leaders to allow the <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a> to construct an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Village,_California" title="Indian Village, California">Indian village</a> for tribal members near park headquarters at Furnace Creek in 1938. Thereafter tribal members survived within monument boundaries, although their status was repeatedly challenged by monument officials. They also lived in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a> <a href="/wiki/Saline_Valley" title="Saline Valley">Saline Valley</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a> <a href="/wiki/Panamint_Valley" title="Panamint Valley">Panamint Valley</a> areas of present-day southeastern California. The Death Valley south of <a href="/wiki/Furnace_Creek,_California" title="Furnace Creek, California">Furnace Creek, California</a>, and the Panamint Valley south of <a href="/wiki/Ballarat,_California" title="Ballarat, California">Ballarat, California</a> were predominantly "<a href="/wiki/Kawaiisu" title="Kawaiisu">Desert Kawaiisu</a>", the adjoining areas to the north were composed of almost equal numbers of Timbisha (Panamint) Shoshone and "Desert Kawaiisu" (<a href="/wiki/Julian_Steward" title="Julian Steward">Julian Steward</a>, 1938). Significantly, when borderlands were occupied, it was in fact common that settlements would include people speaking related but different languages.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timbisha_Shoshone_Tribe_community_in_Death_Valley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Timbisha_Shoshone_Tribe_community_in_Death_Valley.jpg/340px-Timbisha_Shoshone_Tribe_community_in_Death_Valley.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Timbisha_Shoshone_Tribe_community_in_Death_Valley.jpg/510px-Timbisha_Shoshone_Tribe_community_in_Death_Valley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Timbisha_Shoshone_Tribe_community_in_Death_Valley.jpg/680px-Timbisha_Shoshone_Tribe_community_in_Death_Valley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4471" data-file-height="2981" /></a><figcaption>Death Valley Indian Community, looking west toward the village from a hill one mile away across highway 190</figcaption></figure> <p>The decade of the 1950s was the height of the federal "<a href="/wiki/Indian_termination_policy" title="Indian termination policy">Termination Era</a>" when Congress sought to end its relationship with indigenous tribes by terminating their governments and trust protected tribal lands. During this period, National Park Service officials began efforts to evict the Shoshones from Indian Village. The service had previously forbidden Shoshones from continuing their traditional subsistence practices, including gathering firewood, plants, and hunting within Monument boundaries. It prohibited them from using sacred places in the park to conduct traditional sacred ceremonies as well. While the adobe houses at Indian Village were adequate when built by the CCC in the 1930s, by mid-century they were in dilapidated condition. An electric line ran a mere 300 feet from the village, but the Park Service did not fund an extension of the line to indigenous homes. The houses lacked electricity, air conditioning, indoor plumbing and running water. Using these conditions as a rationale, in 1957 the Park Service began a de facto removal policy for the Timbisha Shoshones still living in Indian Village. It began collecting rents, and evicting people when they failed to pay. It also limited occupancy to current residents and their relatives. Through these policies park officials hoped that the village would eventually die out. Many Shoshone men already had to move away for jobs in nearby Beatty, Nevada, or to cities in California. Existing correspondence reveals that white officials could not comprehend why Shoshones would choose to remain in such conditions. They did not understand their deep spiritual and ancestral attachment to the land.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, Congress terminated "Indian Ranch", the enclave established for Panamint Bill earlier in the century and a place where some Timbisha Shoshone continued to reside. </p><p>At the time, Pauline Esteves, a tribal member, began fighting the National Park Service's eviction plan at Indian Village in Death Valley National Monument. Residents of the village consisted primary of elderly Shoshone women of the Boland, Kennedy, Watterson, Shoshone, and Esteves families. Only about twenty to twenty-five individuals resided there full time. Some worked for the Park Service or at area hotels, but most were unemployed. By the late 1960s the Park Service began destroying Indian Village houses once residents had failed to pay rents or had stayed away for long periods; it did so by using high powered hoses to wash down the adobe casitas. Seeing this, Esteves began organizing her people to fight the Monument's actions. She contacted California Indian Legal Services, one of the indigenous rights organizations emerging during the decade. In 1975 the Native American Rights Fund (NARF) took the Timbisha Shoshone legal case. NARF attorneys were able to organize Esteves' people as a group of Indians with at least one-half degree Indian blood under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. Presented by tribal member Alice Eben in 1977, the Bureau of Indian Affairs approved the petition. The formal recognition gave the band certain rights and powers in fighting against Park Service eviction. The next year, Pauline Esteves entered into an agreement with the Indian Health Service and the National Park Service for a domestic water supply for the village. The band was able to secure a Bureau of Indian Affairs loan for several trailers to replace the decaying casitas at the village. During this time, the Park Service resisted efforts by tribal members to build permanent houses at the site. The band still did not own the land they lived on, and Park Service leaders feared creating a precedent if they surrendered any land to indigenous claimants. In 1979, with help from NARF, the Timbisha Shoshone band wrote and presented a petition for full federal tribal acknowledgment to the Bureau of Indian Affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribal_recognition">Tribal recognition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbisha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tribal recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._NPS_-_Better_Nation_-_History_of_the_Timbisha_Shoshone_Homeland_Act_-_October_2009,_page_95.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/U.S._NPS_-_Better_Nation_-_History_of_the_Timbisha_Shoshone_Homeland_Act_-_October_2009%2C_page_95.jpg/220px-U.S._NPS_-_Better_Nation_-_History_of_the_Timbisha_Shoshone_Homeland_Act_-_October_2009%2C_page_95.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/U.S._NPS_-_Better_Nation_-_History_of_the_Timbisha_Shoshone_Homeland_Act_-_October_2009%2C_page_95.jpg/330px-U.S._NPS_-_Better_Nation_-_History_of_the_Timbisha_Shoshone_Homeland_Act_-_October_2009%2C_page_95.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/U.S._NPS_-_Better_Nation_-_History_of_the_Timbisha_Shoshone_Homeland_Act_-_October_2009%2C_page_95.jpg/440px-U.S._NPS_-_Better_Nation_-_History_of_the_Timbisha_Shoshone_Homeland_Act_-_October_2009%2C_page_95.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>U.S. NPS 2009 Map</figcaption></figure><p>With the help of the California Indian Legal Services, Timbisha Shoshone members led by Pauline Esteves and Barbara Durham began agitating for a formal reservation in the 1960s. The <b>Timbisha Shoshone Tribe</b> was recognized by the US government in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this effort, they were one of the first tribes to secure tribal status through the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a>' Federal Acknowledgment Process. The tribe's reservation, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Village,_California" title="Indian Village, California">Death Valley Indian Community</a>, was established at this time. At first, the reservation consisted of the original 40 acre tract set aside for Indian Village. Located within <a href="/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park" title="Death Valley National Park">Death Valley National Park</a> at <a href="/wiki/Furnace_Creek,_California" title="Furnace Creek, California">Furnace Creek</a> in <a href="/wiki/Death_Valley,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Death Valley, California">Death Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inyo_County,_California" title="Inyo County, California">Inyo County, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sdsu_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdsu-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, the reservation remained only 40 acres (0.16 km<sup>2</sup>) in size and had a population of 199 tribal member residents.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite their federal tribal recognition and diminutive 1982 reservation, the Timbisha still faced difficulty and conflict with the Death Valley National Park's <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> in regaining more of their ancestral lands within the Park. After much tribal effort, federal politics, and mutual compromise, the Timbisha Shoshone Homeland Act of 2000 finally returned 7,500 acres (30 km<sup>2</sup>) of ancestral homelands to the Timbisha Shoshone tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-sdsu_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdsu-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_day">Present day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbisha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Present day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently the Timbisha Shoshone Tribe consists of around 300 members, usually 50 of whom live at the Death Valley Indian Community at <a href="/wiki/Furnace_Creek,_California" title="Furnace Creek, California">Furnace Creek</a> within <a href="/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park" title="Death Valley National Park">Death Valley National Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many members spend the summers at <a href="/wiki/Lone_Pine,_California" title="Lone Pine, California">Lone Pine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Owens_Valley" title="Owens Valley">Owens Valley</a> to the west. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tribal_name_and_groups">Tribal name and groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbisha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tribal name and groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Timbisha Shoshone (Tümpisa Shoshoni) have been known as the California Shoshoni,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Death Valley Shoshone,<sup id="cite_ref-thomas_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomas-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Panamint Shoshone<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or simply Panamint. <b>Coso</b>, Koso, and Koso Shoshone (probably a derivative of <i>Koosotsi</i> - ″People from <a href="/wiki/Coso_Hot_Springs" title="Coso Hot Springs">Coso Hot Springs</a> area″ are names of one local group of the Little Lake Band). </p><p>The Timbisha of Death Valley called themselves <b>Nümü Tümpisattsi</b> (″Death Valley People″; literally: ″People from the Place of red ochre (face) paint)″) after the locative term for <a href="/wiki/Death_Valley" title="Death Valley">Death Valley</a> which was named after an important <a href="/wiki/Red_ochre" class="mw-redirect" title="Red ochre">red ochre</a> source for paint that can be made from a type of <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> found in the Golden Valley a little south of <a href="/wiki/Furnace_Creek,_California" title="Furnace Creek, California">Furnace Creek, California</a> known as "<i>Tümpisa", Tümpisakka, Tümpisakkatün</i>" (<i>Tümpisa</i> - "rock (ochre) paint" - from <i>tün/tümpin</i> - ″rock, stone″ plus <i>pisappüh/pisappin</i> - ″red ochre, red (face) paint)″ + locative postposition <i>-ka</i> - ″at, on" + nominal suffix - <i>tün</i>). Sometimes they used even <i>Tsakwatan Tükkatün</i> (″<a href="/wiki/Chuckwalla" title="Chuckwalla">Chuckwalla</a> Eaters″) as a self designation (actually pejorative term which is a loan translation from the <a href="/wiki/Mono_people" title="Mono people">Mono people</a> for the Timbisha Shoshone).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, they simply called themselves <b>Nümü</b> ("Person" or ″People″). </p><p>The Kawaiisu (and other Indian tribes south of Timbisha territory) were known as <i>Mukunnümü</i> (″<a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">Hummingbird</a> people″), their northern neighbors, the <a href="/wiki/Mono_people" title="Mono people">Eastern Mono (Owens Valley Paiute)</a> were called <i>Kwinawetün</i> ("north place people"), the <a href="/wiki/Mono_people" title="Mono people">Western Mono</a> beyond the Sierra Nevada crest to the northwest were called <i>Panawe</i> ("western people"), and their direct western neighbors, the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbatulabal" title="Tübatulabal">Tübatulabal</a> were known as <i>Waapi(ttsi)</i> ("enemy"). The <a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a> (and other Indian tribes on the western side of the Sierras) were known as <i>Toyapittam maanangkwa nümü</i> ("people on the other (western) side of Sierras"). Their <a href="/wiki/Western_Shoshone" title="Western Shoshone">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Shoshone" title="Northern Shoshone">Northern Shoshone</a> kin were called <i>Sosoniammü Kwinawen (Kuinawen) Nangkwatün Nümü</i> ("Shoshoni speaking northwards people"). <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs</i> periodically listed in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a>, their name is presented as "Timbi-Sha", but this is a typographical error and ungrammatical in Timbisha. The tribe<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> never hyphenates its name. Both the California Desert Protection Act<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Timbisha Shoshone Homeland Act<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spell their name correctly. </p><p>The tribe has a website with photographs, history and historical documents, starting with its 1863 treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-tribe-org_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribe-org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribal government has offices in <a href="/wiki/Bishop,_California" title="Bishop, California">Bishop, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tribe_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribe-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large collection of baskets made by tribal members is in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_California_Museum" title="Eastern California Museum">Eastern California Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Independence,_California" title="Independence, California">Independence, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_Timbisha_band_districts_or_groups">Historic Timbisha band districts or groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbisha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historic Timbisha band districts or groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Harold Driver recorded two Timbisha subgroups in Death Valley, the ″o'hya″ and the ″tu'mbica″ in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-thomas_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomas-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Julian_Steward" title="Julian Steward">Julian Steward</a> distinguished Timbisha Shoshone (in northern Death Valley) from the <a href="/wiki/Kawaiisu" title="Kawaiisu">Kawaiisu</a> (in southern Death Valley), both are Numic-speaking peoples but of different branches (Western: Timbisha; Southern: Kawaiisu) which inhibited <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a>. </p><p>Julian Steward identified four ″districts″ with bands (<i>süüpantün</i>) each led by a headmen or <i>pokwinapi</i>, made up of several family groups (<i>nanümü</i>, pl: <i>nanümüppü</i>) each, were traditionally linked by economic and kinship relationship (the highest population of the Timbisha was in the Little Lake Band area).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "districts" were commonly named after the most important village (<i>katükkatün</i>) that characterized the area (<i>kantün</i> - "possessing, characterized by [a special village]") and the bands were also named after the village name they occupied (<i>-tsi</i> - "people of such a place"); therefore the family groups living at the <i>"Ko'on"</i> village were known as <i>"Ko'ontsi"</i> ("People at the village Ko'on") and their "district" therefore was called <i>"Ko'ongkatün"</i> (Ko'on + kantün - "possessing, characterized by" the village Ko'on, i.e. Saline Valley People). </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Lake,_Inyo_County,_California" title="Little Lake, Inyo County, California">Little Lake</a> Band / Papunna/Pupunna Band ("pool, pond, i.e. litte lake", with some local groups living at Indian Gardens, Coso Hot Springs, <a href="/wiki/Coso_Range" title="Coso Range">Coso Range</a> (located immediately south of dry lake <a href="/wiki/Owens_Lake" title="Owens Lake">Owens Lake</a>, called <i>Pattsiatta</i> - "potash, soda ash") including the Upper Centennial Springs (<i>Tsianapatün</i>) and Lower Centennial Springs (<i>Tsiapaikwasi</i>), at springs south of <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_California" title="Darwin, California">Darwin, California</a> (<i>Tawinni</i>), and in <a href="/wiki/Argus_Range" title="Argus Range">Argus Range</a> (<i>Tüntapun</i>), most of their territory was taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Weapons_Station_China_Lake" title="Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake">Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake</a>; southwestern band)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><b>Kuhwitsi</b> (″People from Little Lake area″)</li> <li><b>Koosotsi</b> or <b>Muattantsi</b> (″People from <a href="/wiki/Coso_Hot_Springs" title="Coso Hot Springs">Coso Hot Springs</a> area″, this traditional cultural and healing ritual site was either known as <i>Kooso</i> or <i>Muattan(g Ka)</i>)</li> <li><b>Pakkwasitsi</b> (″People of Pakkwasi, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Olancha,_California" title="Olancha, California">Olancha, California</a> area″, just south of Owens Lake)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saline_Valley,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Saline Valley, California">Saline Valley</a> Band / Ko'ongkatün Band (with some local groups living from the <a href="/wiki/Inyo_Mountains" title="Inyo Mountains">Inyo Mountains</a> (<i>Nününoppüh</i>) in the west, to Saline Valley, <a href="/wiki/Saline_Range" title="Saline Range">Saline Range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eureka_Valley_(Inyo_County)" title="Eureka Valley (Inyo County)">Eureka Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Range_(California)" title="Nelson Range (California)">Nelson Range</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Last_Chance_Range" title="Last Chance Range">Last Chance Range</a> to the east; northwestern band) <ul><li><b>Ko'ontsi</b> (″People of Ko'ongkatün, i.e. Saline Valley, named after the village <i>Ko'on</i>, NW of Death Valley)</li> <li><b>Pawüntsitsi</b> (″People of Pawü(n)tsi, i.e. high country between Saline and <a href="/wiki/Eureka_Valley_(Inyo_County)" title="Eureka Valley (Inyo County)">Eureka Valleys</a>, with the important water source <i>Wongko Paa</i>, i.e. Waucoba Spring in <a href="/wiki/Waucoba_Mountain" title="Waucoba Mountain">Waucoba Mountain</a> (<i>Wongkotoya(pi)</i> - ″mountain with a lot of pine (tall timber)″) northwest of Saline Valley, which is also known as <i>Isam Paa</i>)</li> <li><b>Siikaitsi</b> or <b>Siikai Nümü</b> ("People of Siikai, i.e. from Hunter Mountain in the <a href="/wiki/Cottonwood_Mountains_(Inyo_County)" title="Cottonwood Mountains (Inyo County)">Cottonwood Mountains</a>")</li> <li><b>Tuhutsi</b> (″People from Tuhu, i.e. Goldbelt Spring area in Cottonwood Canyon uplands″)</li> <li><b>Napatüntsi</b> (″People from Napatün, i.e. Cottonwood Canyon area west of Death Valley")</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamint_Valley" title="Panamint Valley">Panamint Valley</a> Band / Haüttangkatün Nookompin Band<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(with some local groups from Panamint Valley north of <a href="/wiki/Ballarat,_California" title="Ballarat, California">Ballarat, California</a> eastward to Panamint Range; central band) <ul><li><b>Haüttantsi</b> ("People of Haüttangkatün, i.e. Warm Springs and Indian Ranch area of Panamint Valley", named after the village <i>Haüttan</i>)</li> <li><b>Kaikottantsi</b> (″People of Kaikottin, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Panamint_Range" title="Panamint Range">Panamint Range</a>″)</li> <li><b>Siümpüttsi</b> (″People of Siümpüttsi, i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Telescope_Peak" title="Telescope Peak">Telescope Peak</a> area in the Panamint Range″, the Telescope Peak was also known as <i>Mukutoya</i>)</li> <li><b>Süünapatüntsi</b> (″People from Süünapatün, i.e. Wild Rose Canyon in Panamint Valley″, with the important spring named <i>Kantapettsi</i>)</li> <li><b>Omatsi</b> (″People from Omakatün, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Trona,_San_Bernardino_County,_California" title="Trona, San Bernardino County, California">Trona, California</a> area in <a href="/wiki/Searles_Valley" title="Searles Valley">Searles Valley</a>", Trona is now called <i>Toona</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_Valley" title="Death Valley">Death Valley</a> Band / Tümpisakka(tün) Band (with some local groups from Death Valley north of <a href="/wiki/Furnace_Creek,_California" title="Furnace Creek, California">Furnace Creek, California</a> west to <a href="/wiki/Funeral_Mountains" title="Funeral Mountains">Funeral Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amargosa_Range" title="Amargosa Range">Amargosa Range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amargosa_Valley" title="Amargosa Valley">Amargosa Valley</a> around <a href="/wiki/Beatty,_Nevada" title="Beatty, Nevada">Beatty, Nevada</a> as well northwest to Grapevine Mountains; eastern band) <ul><li><b>Tümpisattsi</b> (″People of Tümpisakkatün″, i.e. of Furnace Creek and Death Valley; Harold Driver's <i>″tu'mbica″</i>)</li> <li><b>Naitipanittsi</b> (″People of Naitipani, i.e. Lida Springs, Nevada")</li> <li><b>Koa Panawe</b> ("People of Koa, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Silver_Peak_Range" title="Silver Peak Range">Silver Peak Range</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lida,_Nevada" title="Lida, Nevada">Lida, Nevada</a>", mixed Timbisha-Northern Paiute group)</li> <li><b>Ohyüttsi</b> ("People of Ohyü", i.e. Mesquite Flats north of <a href="/wiki/Stovepipe_Wells,_California" title="Stovepipe Wells, California">Stove Pipe Wells</a> (<i>Tukummuttun</i>, former name: Surveyors Well)" in northern Death Valley; Harold Driver's <i>″o'hya″</i>)</li> <li><b>Maahunuttsi</b> ("People of Maahunu", i.e. from Grapevine Canyon")</li> <li><b>Okwakaittsi</b> ("People of Okwakai", i.e. from <a href="/wiki/Grapevine_Mountains" title="Grapevine Mountains">Grapevine Mountains</a> area")<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Petroglyphs">Petroglyphs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbisha&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Petroglyphs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_050520-N-4928M-001_More_than_250,000_pre-historic_rock_art_drawings_can_be_found_at_the_Coso_Rock_Art_National_Historic_Landmark_located_on_36,000_acres_at_Naval_Air_Weapons_Station_China_Lake,_Calif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US_Navy_050520-N-4928M-001_More_than_250%2C000_pre-historic_rock_art_drawings_can_be_found_at_the_Coso_Rock_Art_National_Historic_Landmark_located_on_36%2C000_acres_at_Naval_Air_Weapons_Station_China_Lake%2C_Calif.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US_Navy_050520-N-4928M-001_More_than_250%2C000_pre-historic_rock_art_drawings_can_be_found_at_the_Coso_Rock_Art_National_Historic_Landmark_located_on_36%2C000_acres_at_Naval_Air_Weapons_Station_China_Lake%2C_Calif.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US_Navy_050520-N-4928M-001_More_than_250%2C000_pre-historic_rock_art_drawings_can_be_found_at_the_Coso_Rock_Art_National_Historic_Landmark_located_on_36%2C000_acres_at_Naval_Air_Weapons_Station_China_Lake%2C_Calif.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Coso petroglyphs</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coso_sheep.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Coso_sheep.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="340" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Coso sheep</figcaption></figure> <p>Notable rock art drawings, <b><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a></b>, are abundantly represented in <a href="/wiki/Big_and_Little_Petroglyph_Canyons" title="Big and Little Petroglyph Canyons">Big and Little Petroglyph Canyons</a>. Such works have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Coso_Rock_Art_District" title="Coso Rock Art District">Coso Rock Art District</a>, and throughout the Coso Region, dating from the prehistoric era.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nhlsum_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlsum-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1964, the Big and Little Petroglyph Canyons were declared a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>. In 2001, they were incorporated into a larger <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark_District" title="National Historic Landmark District">National Historic Landmark District</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Coso_Rock_Art_District" title="Coso Rock Art District">Coso Rock Art District</a>. </p><p>In 2014, an annual celebration was created in honor of the petroglyphs. The <a href="/wiki/Ridgecrest_Petroglyph_and_Heritage_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridgecrest Petroglyph and Heritage Festival">Ridgecrest Petroglyph Festival</a> takes place in Ridgecrest, California, and was named one of the "10 Most Unique Autumn Festivals in the Country" by Groupon.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The festival includes an intertribal powwow, street fair, and tours to the Big and Little Petroglyph Canyons. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Coso_Rock_Art_District" title="Coso Rock Art District">Coso Rock Art District</a> of California has been designated as a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark_District" title="National Historic Landmark District">National Historic Landmark District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nris_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petroglyphs_Tour">Petroglyphs Tour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbisha&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Petroglyphs Tour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only U.S. citizens are allowed on the tours, and advance reservation is required.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Related museums are: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maturango.org">Maturango Museum</a>, 100 E. Las Flores Ave., Ridgecrest, CA 93555; (760) 375-6900.</li> <li>Naval Air Weapons Station, (760) 939-1683.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbisha&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Village,_California" title="Indian Village, California">Indian Village, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbisha_language" title="Timbisha language">Timbisha language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbisha&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tim-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tim_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tim_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/deva/parkmgmt/upload/TribeOverview.pdf">"Timbisha Shoshone Tribe of Death Valley"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timbisha+Shoshone+Tribe+of+Death+Valley&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fdeva%2Fparkmgmt%2Fupload%2FTribeOverview.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbisha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name has been widely misspelled as <i>Timbi-Sha,</i> but the word <i>timbisha</i> is from <i>tɨm</i> "rock" and <i>pisa</i> "paint" and cannot be divided into <i>Timbi-sha</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sdsu-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sdsu_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sdsu_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sdsu_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205040720/http://infodome.sdsu.edu/research/guides/calindians/calinddict.shtml#c">"California Indians and Their Reservations"</a>. <i>SDSU Library and Information Access</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infodome.sdsu.edu/research/guides/calindians/calinddict.shtml#c">the original</a> on 5 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SDSU+Library+and+Information+Access&rft.atitle=California+Indians+and+Their+Reservations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfodome.sdsu.edu%2Fresearch%2Fguides%2Fcalindians%2Fcalinddict.shtml%23c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbisha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kr-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kr_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kr_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kroeber (1925), p. 883</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julian Steward, <i>Basin-Plateau Aboriginal Sociopolitical Groups</i> (1938, Smithsonian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Michael Hogan. 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Edwin Miller, "Sometimes Salvation: The Death Valley Timbisha Shoshones of California and the BIA's Federal Acknowledgment Process," in Mark Edwin Miller, <i>Forgotten Tribes: Unrecognized Indians and the Federal Acknowledgment Process</i> (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004), 132-133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Edwin Miller, <i>Forgotten Tribes: Unrecognized Indians and the Federal Acknowledgment Process</i> (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004), 124–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Edwin Miller, <i>Forgotten Tribes: Unrecognized Indians and the Federal Acknowledgment Process</i> (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004), 126–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pritzker, 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pritzker, 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_BryanBryan2021" class="citation book cs1">Scott Bryan, T.; Bryan, Betty Tucker (8 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GBVmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26"><i>The Explorer's Guide to Death Valley National Park, Fourth Edition</i></a>. University Press of Colorado. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64642-053-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64642-053-7"><bdi>978-1-64642-053-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Explorer%27s+Guide+to+Death+Valley+National+Park%2C+Fourth+Edition&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Colorado&rft.date=2021-02-08&rft.isbn=978-1-64642-053-7&rft.aulast=Scott+Bryan&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Bryan%2C+Betty+Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGBVmEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbisha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinton, 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thomas-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thomas_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomas_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, et al, 280,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jon Philip Dayley: Tümpisa (Panamint) Shoshone Dictionary, University of California Press, 1989 - 516 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520097548" title="Special:BookSources/0520097548">0520097548</a>, 9780520097544</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shoshoniproject.utah.edu/language-materials/shoshoni-dictionary/dictionary.php?sho_search=&english_search=Death+Valley&search=Search">The University of Utah- The Shoshone Language Project - Shoshoni Dictionary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Bishop Paiute Tribe is a Mono/Timbisha Tribe also Nümü</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timbisha.org">"?"</a>. Schat.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3F&rft.pub=Schat.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timbisha.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbisha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timbisha.org/documents-califdesprotact.htm#%281%29_The_Secretary,_in_consultation_with_the_Timbisha_Shoshone_Tribe_and_relevant_Federal_agencies,_shall_conduct_a_study,_subject_to_the_availability_of_appropriations,_to_identify_lands_suitable_for_a_reservation_for_the_Timbisha_Shoshone_Tribe_that_are_located_within_the_Tribes_aboriginal_homeland_area_within_and_outside_the_boundaries_of_the_Death_Valley_National_Monument_and_the_Death_Valley_National_Park,_as_described_in_title_III_of_this_Act.__%282%29_Not_later_than_1_year_after_the_date_of_enactment_of_this_title,_the_Secretary_shall_submit_a_report_to_the_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources_and_the_Committee_on_Indian_Affairs_of_the_United_States_Senate,_and_the_Committee_on_Natural_Resources_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_on_the_results_of_the_study_conducted_under_paragraph_%281%29._">"The California Desert Protection Act"</a>. Timbisha Shoshone Tribe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+California+Desert+Protection+Act&rft.pub=Timbisha+Shoshone+Tribe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timbisha.org%2Fdocuments-califdesprotact.htm%23%25281%2529_The_Secretary%2C_in_consultation_with_the_Timbisha_Shoshone_Tribe_and_relevant_Federal_agencies%2C_shall_conduct_a_study%2C_subject_to_the_availability_of_appropriations%2C_to_identify_lands_suitable_for_a_reservation_for_the_Timbisha_Shoshone_Tribe_that_are_located_within_the_Tribes_aboriginal_homeland_area_within_and_outside_the_boundaries_of_the_Death_Valley_National_Monument_and_the_Death_Valley_National_Park%2C_as_described_in_title_III_of_this_Act.__%25282%2529_Not_later_than_1_year_after_the_date_of_enactment_of_this_title%2C_the_Secretary_shall_submit_a_report_to_the_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources_and_the_Committee_on_Indian_Affairs_of_the_United_States_Senate%2C_and_the_Committee_on_Natural_Resources_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_on_the_results_of_the_study_conducted_under_paragraph_%25281%2529._&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbisha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=106_cong_bills&docid=f:s2102enr.txt.pdf">"Timbisha Shoshone Homeland Act"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timbisha+Shoshone+Homeland+Act&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrwebgate.access.gpo.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetdoc.cgi%3Fdbname%3D106_cong_bills%26docid%3Df%3As2102enr.txt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbisha" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2010">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tribe-org-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tribe-org_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timbisha.org/">"Timbisha Shoshone Tribe"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timbisha+Shoshone+Tribe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timbisha.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbisha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tribe-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tribe_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timbisha.com/newsite/">"The Timbisha Shoshone Tribe"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Timbisha+Shoshone+Tribe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timbisha.com%2Fnewsite%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbisha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-museum-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-museum_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inyocounty.us/ecmsite/Exhibits/na-life-baskets/exh-na-life-baskets.html">"Eastern California Museum - Exhibit: Native American Life, Native American Baskets"</a>. <i>inyocounty.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=inyocounty.us&rft.atitle=Eastern+California+Museum+-+Exhibit%3A+Native+American+Life%2C+Native+American+Baskets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finyocounty.us%2Fecmsite%2FExhibits%2Fna-life-baskets%2Fexh-na-life-baskets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbisha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.standupca.org/off-reservation-gaming/memorandum-in-support-of-request">[1]</a> Memorandum in Support of the Timbisha Shoshone Tribe Request for ...]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.standupca.org/off-reservation-gaming/codding-report">Ashley K. Parker & Brian F. Codding: Evaluating the Extent of the Traditional Timbisha Shoshone Homeland (Report Prepared for the Timbisha Shoshone Tribe)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">″Panamint″ from pakatüh/paa(ttsi)/pakatüh - "water" and nïwïnsti - ″person″</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150908054443/http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/arf035-009.pdf">"Gordon L. Grosscup: VII: Notes on Boundaries and Culture of the Panamint Shoshone and Owens Valley Paiute"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/arf035-009.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-09-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gordon+L.+Grosscup%3A+VII%3A+Notes+on+Boundaries+and+Culture+of+the+Panamint+Shoshone+and+Owens+Valley+Paiute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu%2Fanthpubs%2Fucb%2Ftext%2Farf035-009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbisha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell Grant, James W. Baird and J. Kenneth Pringle. 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhlsum-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nhlsum_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121008091654/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=115&ResourceType=Site">"Coso Rock Art District"</a>. <i>National Historic Landmark Quicklinks</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=115&ResourceType=Site">the original</a> on 8 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Historic+Landmark+Quicklinks&rft.atitle=Coso+Rock+Art+District&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftps.cr.nps.gov%2Fnhl%2Fdetail.cfm%3FResourceId%3D115%26ResourceType%3DSite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbisha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.groupon.com/articles/fall-festivals-the-10-most-unusual-fests-across-the-country-al">"Fall Festivals: The 10 Most Unusual Fests Across the Country"</a>. <i>Groupon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Groupon&rft.atitle=Fall+Festivals%3A+The+10+Most+Unusual+Fests+Across+the+Country&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.groupon.com%2Farticles%2Ffall-festivals-the-10-most-unusual-fests-across-the-country-al&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbisha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nris-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nris_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. July 9, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbisha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Spano2007" class="citation web cs1">Susan Spano (2007-11-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.latimes.com/articles/la-trw-cabest18nov18?content=%3Ci%3E.%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E--+Mary+E.+Forgione&single_page=y#show">"10. Mojave Art on the Rocks, in "THE GOLDEN 15: 15 places to visit to see the real California"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=10.+Mojave+Art+on+the+Rocks%2C+in+%22THE+GOLDEN+15%3A+15+places+to+visit+to+see+the+real+California%22&rft.date=2007-11-15&rft.au=Susan+Spano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.latimes.com%2Farticles%2Fla-trw-cabest18nov18%3Fcontent%3D%253Ci%253E.%253C%252Fi%253E%253C%252Fp%253E%250A%253Cp%253E--%2BMary%2BE.%2BForgione%26single_page%3Dy%23show&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbisha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbisha&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hinton, Leanne. <i>Flutes of Fire</i>. Berkeley, CA: Heyday Books, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-930588-62-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-930588-62-2">0-930588-62-2</a>.</li> <li>Miller, Mark Edwin. <i>Forgotten Tribes: Unrecognized Indians and the Federal Acknowledgment Process</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004.</li> <li>Miller, Wick R. "Numic Languages." d'Azevedo, Warren L., Volume Editor. <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_North_American_Indians" title="Handbook of North American Indians">Handbook of North American Indians</a>, Volume 11: Great Basin.</i> Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-004581-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-004581-3">978-0-16-004581-3</a>.</li> <li>Pritzker, Barry M. <i>A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples.</i> Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513877-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513877-1">978-0-19-513877-1</a>.</li> <li>Thomas, David Hurst, Lorann S. A. Pendleton, and Stephen C. Cappannari. "Western Shoshone." d'Azevedo, Warren L., Volume Editor. <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_North_American_Indians" title="Handbook of North American Indians">Handbook of North American Indians</a>, Volume 11: Great Basin.</i> Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-004581-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-004581-3">978-0-16-004581-3</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/coso/index.php">[2]</a> The Bradshaw Foundation, American Rock Art Archive, Alan P. Garfinkel. 2006. "Paradigm Shifts, Rock Art Studies, and the "Coso Sheep Cult" of Eastern California",<i>North American Archaeologist</i> 27(3):203-244</li> <li>Alan P. Garfinkel. 2005. <i>Archaeology and Rock Art of the Eastern Sierra and Great Basin Frontier</i>, Maturango Museum, Ridgecrest, California</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090524005440/http://www.petroglyphs.us/article_coso_sheep_cult.htm">Alan P. Garfinkel. 2006. "Paradigm Shifts, Rock Art Studies, and the "Coso Sheep Cult" of Eastern California"</a>, <i>North American Archaeologist</i> 27(3):203-244</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130506092308/http://www.petroglyphs.us/article_culture_crisis_and_rock_art_intensification.htm">Alan P.Garfinkel, Geron Marcom, and Robert A. Schiffman. 2006. "Culture Crisis and Rock Art Intensification: Numic Ghost Dance Paintings and Coso Representational Petroglyphs"</a>, <i>American Indian Rock Art,</i> Volume 33, Don Christensen and Peggy Whitehead, editors, p. 83-103. American Rock Art Research Association, Tucson, Arizona.</li> <li>Campbell Grant, James W. Baird and J. Kenneth Pringle. 1968. <i>Rock Drawings of the Coso Range, Inyo County, California: An Ancient Sheep-hunting Cult Pictured in Desert Rock Carvings</i>, second edition, Maturango Press, 145 pages</li> <li>C. Michael Hogan. 2008. <i>Morro Creek</i>, ed. by A. Burnham <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18502">[3]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbisha&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Crum, Steven J. (1998), "A Tripartite State of Affairs: The <b>Timbisha Shoshone Tribe</b>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a>, 1934–1994," <i>American Indian Culture and Research Journal,</i> 22(1): 117–136).</li> <li>Haberfeld, Steven (2000), "Government-to-Government Negotiations: How the Timbisha Shoshone Got Its Land Back,” <i>American Indian Culture and Research Journal,</i> 24(4): 127–65. (Author, as of 2009, is exec. dir., Indian Dispute Resolution Service, Sacramento, CA.)</li> <li>Miller, Mark E. (2004), <i>Forgotten Tribes: Unrecognized Indians and the Federal Acknowledgment Process</i> (Lincoln: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>, 2004). The Timbisha are one of four cases reviewed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbisha&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/1999/07/11/SC27SC7.DTL">"Back to Life", Carl Hall, <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>, 7/11/99</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/video/death-valley-life-blooms-04ugii/">PBS Death Valley: Life Blooms (features a segment about the Timbisha people and an interview with tribal elder Pauline Esteves)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/01/01/tribe-can-again-call-death-valley-home/ee72a3ac-19ca-4198-a62f-dbba94c0d038/">"Tribe Can Again Call Death Valley Home", "William Booth", "Washington Post", 1/1/2001 - Article shown in PBS "Life Blooms" program</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Reservation">Reservations</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Indian_colony" title="Indian colony">Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agua_Caliente_Band_of_Cahuilla_Indians" title="Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians">Agua Caliente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barona_Group_of_Capitan_Grande_Band_of_Mission_Indians" title="Barona Group of Capitan Grande Band of Mission Indians">Barona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utu_Utu_Gwaitu_Paiute_Tribe_of_the_Benton_Paiute_Reservation" title="Utu Utu Gwaitu Paiute Tribe of the Benton Paiute Reservation">Benton Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pine_Paiute_Tribe_of_the_Owens_Valley" title="Big Pine Paiute Tribe of the Owens Valley">Big Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Paiute_Tribe" title="Bishop Paiute Tribe">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeport_Paiute_Indian_Colony_of_California" title="Bridgeport Paiute Indian Colony of California">Bridgeport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_Indian_Reservation" title="Campo Indian Reservation">Campo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitan_Grande_Reservation" title="Capitan Grande Reservation">Capitan Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi_Indian_Tribe_of_the_Chemehuevi_Reservation" title="Chemehuevi Indian Tribe of the Chemehuevi Reservation">Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado River Indian Reservation">Colorado River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colusa_Indian_Community" title="Colusa Indian Community">Colusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote_Valley_Reservation" title="Coyote Valley Reservation">Coyote Valley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Death Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elem_Indian_Colony" title="Elem Indian Colony">Elem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewiiaapaayp_Band_of_Kumeyaay_Indians" title="Ewiiaapaayp Band of Kumeyaay Indians">Ewiiaapaayp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bidwell_Indian_Community_of_the_Fort_Bidwell_Reservation_of_California" title="Fort Bidwell Indian Community of the Fort Bidwell Reservation of California">Fort Bidwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Independence_Indian_Community_of_Paiute_Indians" title="Fort Independence Indian Community of Paiute Indians">Fort Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mojave_Indian_Reservation" title="Fort Mojave Indian Reservation">Fort Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Yuma_Indian_Reservation" title="Fort Yuma Indian Reservation">Fort Yuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoopa_Valley_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoopa Valley Tribe">Hoopa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inaja_Band_of_Diegueno_Mission_Indians" title="Inaja Band of Diegueno Mission Indians">Inaja and Cosmit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamul_Indian_Village" title="Jamul Indian Village">Jamul Indian Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_Band_of_Luiseno_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="La Jolla Band of Luiseno Indians">La Jolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Posta_Band_of_Diegueno_Mission_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="La Posta Band of Diegueno Mission Indians">La Posta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Pine_Paiute-Shoshone_Tribe" title="Lone Pine Paiute-Shoshone Tribe">Lone Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Coyotes_Band_of_Cahuilla_and_Cupeno_Indians" title="Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla and Cupeno Indians">Los Coyotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzanita_Band_of_Diegueno_Mission_Indians" title="Manzanita Band of Diegueno Mission Indians">Manzanita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendocino_Indian_Reservation" title="Mendocino Indian Reservation">Mendocino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Grande_Band_of_Diegueno_Mission_Indians" title="Mesa Grande Band of Diegueno Mission Indians">Mesa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morongo_Band_of_Mission_Indians" title="Morongo Band of Mission Indians">Morongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Indian_Reservation" title="Pala Indian Reservation">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauma_Band_of_Luiseno_Mission_Indians" title="Pauma Band of Luiseno Mission Indians">Pauma and Yuima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pechanga_Band_of_Luiseno_Mission_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pechanga Band of Luiseno Mission Indians">Pechanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_Valley_Indian_Community" title="Quartz Valley Indian Community">Quartz Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rincon_Band_of_Luise%C3%B1o_Indians" title="Rincon Band of Luiseño Indians">Rincon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Valley_Indian_Tribes_of_the_Round_Valley_Reservation" title="Round Valley Indian Tribes of the Round Valley Reservation">Round Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Manuel_Band_of_Mission_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="San Manuel Band of Mission Indians">San Manuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pasqual_Band_of_Diegueno_Mission_Indians" title="San Pasqual Band of Diegueno Mission Indians">San Pasqual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_Band_of_Cahuilla_Indians" title="Santa Rosa Band of Cahuilla Indians">Santa Rosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ynez_Band_of_Chumash_Mission_Indians" title="Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Mission Indians">Santa Ynez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iipay_Nation_of_Santa_Ysabel" title="Iipay Nation of Santa Ysabel">Santa Ysabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Indian_Reservation" title="Sebastian Indian Reservation">Sebastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_River_Reservation" title="Smith River Reservation">Smith River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sycuan_Band_of_the_Kumeyaay_Nation" title="Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation">Sycuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejon_Indian_Tribe" title="Tejon Indian Tribe">Tejon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule_River_Indian_Tribe_of_the_Tule_River_Reservation" title="Tule River Indian Tribe of the Tule River Reservation">Tule River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viejas_Group_of_Capitan_Grande_Band_of_Mission_Indians#Reservations" title="Viejas Group of Capitan Grande Band of Mission Indians">Viejas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washoe_Tribe_of_Nevada_and_California" title="Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California">Washoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_Tribe" title="Wiyot Tribe">Wiyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurok_Indian_Reservation" title="Yurok Indian Reservation">Yurok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#deb887;"><a href="/wiki/Rancher%C3%ADa" title="Ranchería">Rancherías</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alturas_Indian_Rancheria" title="Alturas Indian Rancheria">Alturas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Auburn_Indian_Community" title="United Auburn Indian Community">Auburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_Creek_Rancheria" class="mw-redirect" title="Berry Creek Rancheria">Berry Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_Rancheria" title="Big Bend Rancheria">Big Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Lagoon_Rancheria" title="Big Lagoon Rancheria">Big Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Sandy_Rancheria" title="Big Sandy Rancheria">Big Sandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Valley_Rancheria" title="Big Valley Rancheria">Big Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Lake_Rancheria" title="Blue Lake Rancheria">Blue Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_Rancheria_of_Me-Wuk_Indians_of_California" title="Buena Vista Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California">Buena Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedarville_Rancheria" title="Cedarville Rancheria">Cedarville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_Ranch_Rancheria_of_Me-Wuk_Indians_of_California" title="Chicken Ranch Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California">Chicken Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechoopda" title="Mechoopda">Chico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloverdale_Rancheria" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloverdale Rancheria">Cloverdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Springs_Rancheria_of_Mono_Indians_of_California" title="Cold Springs Rancheria of Mono Indians of California">Cold Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kletsel_Dehe_Wintun_Nation_of_the_Cortina_Rancheria" title="Kletsel Dehe Wintun Nation of the Cortina Rancheria">Cortina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_Creek_Rancheria" title="Dry Creek Rancheria">Dry Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk_Valley_Rancheria" title="Elk Valley Rancheria">Elk Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_Rancheria" title="Enterprise Rancheria">Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graton_Rancheria" title="Graton Rancheria">Graton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville_Rancheria_of_Maidu_Indians" title="Greenville Rancheria of Maidu Indians">Greenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindstone_Indian_Rancheria_of_Wintun-Wailaki_Indians" title="Grindstone Indian Rancheria of Wintun-Wailaki Indians">Grindstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Rancheria" title="Jackson Rancheria">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laytonville_Rancheria" class="mw-redirect" title="Laytonville Rancheria">Laytonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likely_Rancheria" title="Likely Rancheria">Likely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookout_Rancheria" title="Lookout Rancheria">Lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_Nation" title="Koi Nation">Lower Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lytton_Band_of_Pomo_Indians" title="Lytton Band of Pomo Indians">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Band_of_Pomo_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Band of Pomo Indians">Manchester-Point Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middletown_Rancheria_of_Pomo_Indians_of_California" title="Middletown Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California">Middletown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Creek_Rancheria" title="Montgomery Creek Rancheria">Montgomery Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooretown_Rancheria_of_Maidu_Indians" title="Mooretown Rancheria of Maidu Indians">Mooretown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northfork_Rancheria_of_Mono_Indians_of_California" title="Northfork Rancheria of Mono Indians of California">Northfork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paskenta_Band_of_Nomlaki_Indians" title="Paskenta Band of Nomlaki Indians">Paskenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picayune_Rancheria_of_Chukchansi_Indians" title="Picayune Rancheria of Chukchansi Indians">Picayune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redwood_Valley_Rancheria" title="Redwood Valley Rancheria">Redwood Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redding_Rancheria" title="Redding Rancheria">Redding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resighini_Rancheria" title="Resighini Rancheria">Resighini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Creek_Rancheria" title="Roaring Creek Rancheria">Roaring Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Rancheria_of_Pomo_Indians_of_California" title="Robinson Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_River_Band_of_the_Rohnerville_Rancheria" title="Bear River Band of the Rohnerville Rancheria">Rohnerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yocha_Dehe_Wintun_Nation" title="Yocha Dehe Wintun Nation">Rumsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_Rancheria" title="Santa Rosa Rancheria">Santa Rosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Valley_Miwok_Tribe" title="California Valley Miwok Tribe">Sheep Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_Springs_Band_of_Miwok_Indians" title="Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians">Shingle Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolowa_Dee-ni%27_Nation" title="Tolowa Dee-ni' Nation">Smith River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashia_Band_of_Pomo_Indians_of_the_Stewarts_Point_Rancheria" title="Kashia Band of Pomo Indians of the Stewarts Point Rancheria">Stewarts Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanville_Indian_Rancheria" title="Susanville Indian Rancheria">Susanville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cher-Ae_Heights_Indian_Community_of_the_Trinidad_Rancheria" title="Cher-Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad Rancheria">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Lake_Rancheria" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Lake Rancheria">Upper Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilton_Rancheria" title="Wilton Rancheria">Wilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XL_Ranch" title="XL Ranch">XL Ranch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=California&#124;link=California_Indigenous_peoples_of_California" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#deb887;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Template:Indigenous peoples of California"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Template talk:Indigenous peoples of California"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous peoples of California"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=California&#124;link=California_Indigenous_peoples_of_California" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California"><img alt="California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">Indigenous peoples of California</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achomawi" title="Achomawi">Achomawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acjachemen" title="Acjachemen">Acjachemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahwahnechee" title="Ahwahnechee">Ahwahnechee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atsugewi" title="Atsugewi">Atsugewi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Miwok" title="Bay Miwok">Bay Miwok</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saklan_tribe" title="Saklan tribe">Saklan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_people" title="Chimariko people">Chimariko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Miwok" title="Coast Miwok">Coast Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_River_Athapaskan_peoples" title="Eel River Athapaskan peoples">Eel River Athapaskans</a> (Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen" title="Esselen">Esselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halchidhoma" title="Halchidhoma">Halchidhoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupa" title="Hupa">Hupa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chilula" title="Chilula">Chilula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whilkut" title="Whilkut">Whilkut</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk" title="Karuk">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahto" title="Cahto">Cahto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaiisu" title="Kawaiisu">Kawaiisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk" title="Kitanemuk">Kitanemuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizh" title="Kizh">Kizh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a> (Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Miwok" title="Lake Miwok">Lake Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o" title="Luiseño">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidu" title="Maidu">Maidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattole" title="Mattole">Mattole</a> (Bear River)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechoopda" title="Mechoopda">Mechoopda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_people" title="Modoc people">Modoc</a> (Klamath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_people" title="Mono people">Mono</a> (Monache, Owens Valley Paiute)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisenan" title="Nisenan">Nisenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomlaki" title="Nomlaki">Nomlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Paiute">Northern Paiute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kucadikadi" title="Kucadikadi">Kucadikadi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone" title="Ohlone">Ohlone</a> <ul><li>Costanoan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaytush" title="Ramaytush">Ramaytush</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin" title="Patwin">Patwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo" title="Pomo">Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a> (Yuma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinan" title="Salinan">Salinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_people" title="Shasta people">Shasta</a> (Konomihu, Okwanuchu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataviam" title="Tataviam">Tataviam</a> (Fernandeño)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timbisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolowa" title="Tolowa">Tolowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva" title="Tongva">Tongva</a> (Gabrieliño)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbatulabal" title="Tübatulabal">Tübatulabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_and_Sierra_Miwok" title="Plains and Sierra Miwok">Plains and Sierra Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanyume" title="Vanyume">Vanyume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wappo" title="Wappo">Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washoe_people" title="Washoe people">Washoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintu" title="Wintu">Wintu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiyot" title="Wiyot">Wiyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wukchumni" title="Wukchumni">Wukchumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_people" title="Yana people">Yana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuki_people" title="Yuki people">Yuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurok" title="Yurok">Yurok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Inyo_County,_California,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FCC200;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inyo_County,_California" title="Template:Inyo County, California"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inyo_County,_California" title="Template talk:Inyo County, California"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inyo_County,_California" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inyo County, California"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Inyo_County,_California,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Inyo_County,_California" title="Inyo County, California"><span class="region">Inyo County, California</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FCC200;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Independence,_California" title="Independence, California"><span>Independence</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FCC200;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in California">City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop,_California" title="Bishop, California">Bishop</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Inyo County map"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Map_of_California_highlighting_Inyo_County.svg/87px-Map_of_California_highlighting_Inyo_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="87" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Map_of_California_highlighting_Inyo_County.svg/130px-Map_of_California_highlighting_Inyo_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Map_of_California_highlighting_Inyo_County.svg/174px-Map_of_California_highlighting_Inyo_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="1054" /></span><figcaption>Inyo County map</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FCC200;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pine,_California" title="Big Pine, California">Big Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartago,_California" title="Cartago, California">Cartago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_View,_California" title="Charleston View, California">Charleston View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin,_California" title="Darwin, California">Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixon_Lane-Meadow_Creek,_California" title="Dixon Lane-Meadow Creek, California">Dixon Lane-Meadow Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_Creek,_California" title="Furnace Creek, California">Furnace Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homewood_Canyon,_California" title="Homewood Canyon, California">Homewood Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence,_California" title="Independence, California">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeler,_California" title="Keeler, California">Keeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Pine,_California" title="Lone Pine, California">Lone Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa,_California" title="Mesa, California">Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olancha,_California" title="Olancha, California">Olancha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearsonville,_California" title="Pearsonville, California">Pearsonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Valley,_California" title="Round Valley, California">Round Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone,_California" title="Shoshone, California">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecopa,_California" title="Tecopa, California">Tecopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trona,_Inyo_County,_California" title="Trona, Inyo County, California">Trona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Wells,_California" title="Valley Wells, California">Valley Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bishop,_California" title="West Bishop, California">West Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkerson,_California" title="Wilkerson, California">Wilkerson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FCC200;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Unincorporated<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Hills,_California" title="Alabama Hills, California">Alabama Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspendell,_California" title="Aspendell, California">Aspendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badwater,_California" title="Badwater, California">Badwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballarat,_California" title="Ballarat, California">Ballarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coso_Junction,_California" title="Coso Junction, California">Coso Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crater,_California" title="Crater, California">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_Valley_Junction,_California" title="Death Valley Junction, California">Death Valley Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Springs,_California" title="Deep Springs, California">Deep Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite,_California" title="Dolomite, California">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunmovin,_California" title="Dunmovin, California">Dunmovin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_Springs,_California" title="Fish Springs, California">Fish Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant,_Inyo_County,_California" title="Grant, Inyo County, California">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiwee,_California" title="Haiwee, California">Haiwee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Inyo_County,_California" title="Harrisburg, Inyo County, California">Harrisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Village,_California" title="Indian Village, California">Indian Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kearsarge,_California" title="Kearsarge, California">Kearsarge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws,_California" title="Laws, California">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millspaugh,_California" title="Millspaugh, California">Millspaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenyo,_California" title="Owenyo, California">Owenyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamint_Springs,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamint Springs, California">Panamint Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Village,_Inyo_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Village, Inyo County, California">Park Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poleta,_California" title="Poleta, California">Poleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rovana,_California" title="Rovana, California">Rovana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan,_California" title="Ryan, California">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stovepipe_Wells,_California" title="Stovepipe Wells, California">Stovepipe Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Valley,_California" title="Sandy Valley, California">Sandy Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurich,_California" title="Zurich, California">Zurich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FCC200;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian<br />reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pine_Paiute_Tribe_of_the_Owens_Valley" title="Big Pine Paiute Tribe of the Owens Valley">Big Pine Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Paiute_Tribe" title="Bishop Paiute Tribe">Bishop Paiute Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Independence_Indian_Community_of_Paiute_Indians" title="Fort Independence Indian Community of Paiute Indians">Fort Independence Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Pine_Paiute-Shoshone_Tribe" title="Lone Pine Paiute-Shoshone Tribe">Lone Pine Reservation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timbisha Shoshone Reservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FCC200;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bend_City,_California" title="Bend City, California">Bend City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beveridge,_California" title="Beveridge, California">Beveridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_Wagons,_California" title="Burnt Wagons, California">Burnt Wagons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_Gordo_Mines" title="Cerro Gordo Mines">Cerro Gordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloride_City,_California" title="Chloride City, California">Chloride City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysopolis,_California" title="Chrysopolis, California">Chrysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coso_(former_settlement),_California" title="Coso (former settlement), California">Coso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo,_Inyo_County,_California" title="Echo, Inyo County, California">Echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwater,_California" title="Greenwater, California">Greenwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerstley,_California" title="Gerstley, California">Gerstley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kearsarge_(ghost_town),_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Kearsarge (ghost town), California">Kearsarge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadfield,_California" title="Leadfield, California">Leadfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee,_California" title="Lee, California">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lila_C,_California" title="Lila C, California">Lila C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookout_City,_California" title="Lookout City, California">Lookout City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzanar,_California" title="Manzanar, California">Manzanar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narka,_California" title="Narka, California">Narka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noonday_Camp,_California" title="Noonday Camp, California">Noonday Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owensville,_California" title="Owensville, California">Owensville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamint_City,_California" title="Panamint City, California">Panamint City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reilly,_California" title="Reilly, California">Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reward,_Inyo_County,_California" title="Reward, Inyo County, California">Reward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roachville,_California" title="Roachville, California">Roachville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos,_Inyo_County,_California" title="San Carlos, Inyo County, California">San Carlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwaub,_California" title="Schwaub, California">Schwaub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodan,_California" title="Sodan, California">Sodan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunland,_Inyo_County,_California" title="Sunland, Inyo County, California">Sunland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea,_California" title="Swansea, California">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_City,_California" title="White Mountain City, California">White Mountain City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FCC200;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coso_County,_California" title="Coso County, California">Coso County, California</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background:#FCC200;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:California_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:California (state)"><span>California portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q501445#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q501445#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q501445#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134018031">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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