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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawful_excuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Lawful excuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lawful_excuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_state_actors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_state_actors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>By state actors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_state_actors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Global" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Global</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_European" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_European"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Historic European</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_European-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Homicide</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84" title="قتل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قتل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicidiu" title="Homicidiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Homicidiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%C3%B6ld%C3%BCrm%C9%99" title="Adamöldürmə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adamöldürmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A2i-l%C3%A2ng" title="Thâi-lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thâi-lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Убийство (право) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Убийство (право)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubistvo" title="Ubistvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ubistvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicidi" title="Homicidi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Homicidi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6tungsdelikt" title="Tötungsdelikt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tötungsdelikt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabijanstwo" title="Zabijanstwo – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Zabijanstwo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ανθρωποκτονία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανθρωποκτονία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masam%C3%A8nt" title="Masamènt – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Masamènt" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicidio" title="Homicidio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Homicidio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_hilketa" title="Giza hilketa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Giza hilketa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="آدم‌کشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آدم‌کشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Homicide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicidio" title="Homicidio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Homicidio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%BA%E4%BA%BA" title="殺人 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="殺人" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat-ng%C3%ACn" title="Sat-ngìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sat-ngìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B4%EC%9D%B8" title="살인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="살인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մարդասպանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարդասպանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मानव हत्या – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानव हत्या" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubojstvo" title="Ubojstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ubojstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom-ocido" title="Hom-ocido – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hom-ocido" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajapati" title="Rajapati – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rajapati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omicidio" title="Omicidio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Omicidio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%92%D7%94" title="הריגה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הריגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uuaji" title="Uuaji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uuaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicidium" title="Homicidium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Homicidium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Убиство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Убиство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="നരഹത്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നരഹത്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84" title="قتل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قتل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0i-n%C3%A8%CC%A4ng" title="Tài-nè̤ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tài-nè̤ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%BA%E4%BA%BA" title="殺人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="殺人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omicidi" title="Omicidi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Omicidi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="مردم کشی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مردم کشی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86%D9%87" title="انسان وژنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انسان وژنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zab%C3%B3jstwo" title="Zabójstwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zabójstwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homic%C3%ADdio" title="Homicídio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Homicídio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omor" title="Omor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Omor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Гомицид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гомицид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortorzu" title="Mortorzu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mortorzu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrasja" title="Vrasja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vrasja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omicidiu" title="Omicidiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Omicidiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%9D%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1" title="මනුෂ්‍යඝාතන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මනුෂ්‍යඝාතන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Homicide" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%86" title="کوشتن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کوشتن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Хомицид – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хомицид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henkirikos" title="Henkirikos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Henkirikos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timen%C9%A3iwt" title="Timenɣiwt – Kabyle" lang="kab" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Killing of a human by another human</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Homicide_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Homicide (disambiguation)">Homicide (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cain_kills_Abel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cain_kills_Abel.png/220px-Cain_kills_Abel.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cain_kills_Abel.png/330px-Cain_kills_Abel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cain_kills_Abel.png/440px-Cain_kills_Abel.png 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="2536" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a> Slays <a href="/wiki/Abel" title="Abel">Abel</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a></figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homicide</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><i>Note: Varies by <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_(area)" title="Jurisdiction (area)">jurisdiction</a></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_murder" title="Attempted murder">Attempted murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_murder" title="Child murder">Child murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensual_homicide" title="Consensual homicide">Consensual homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_killing" title="Contract killing">Contract killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_passion" title="Crime of passion">Crime of passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depraved-heart_murder" title="Depraved-heart murder">Depraved-heart murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony_murder_rule" title="Felony murder rule">Felony murder rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foeticide" title="Foeticide">Foeticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Human cannibalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_cannibalism" title="Child cannibalism">Child cannibalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">Human sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sacrifice" title="Child sacrifice">Child sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_homicide" title="Internet homicide">Internet homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonely_hearts_killer" title="Lonely hearts killer">Lonely hearts killer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust_murder" title="Lust murder">Lust murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">Mass murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">Mass shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_stabbing" title="Mass stabbing">Mass stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor_murder" title="Misdemeanor murder">Misdemeanor murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_for_body_parts" title="Murder for body parts">Murder for body parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" title="Murder–suicide">Murder–suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisoning" title="Poisoning">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_murder" title="Proxy murder">Proxy murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudocommando" title="Pseudocommando">Pseudocommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_killer" title="Serial killer">Serial killer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_mercy_(criminology)" title="Angel of mercy (criminology)">Angel of mercy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spree_killer" title="Spree killer">Spree killer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrill_killing" title="Thrill killing">Thrill killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_murder" title="Torture murder">Torture murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-ramming_attack" title="Vehicle-ramming attack">Vehicle-ramming attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_execution" title="Wrongful execution">Wrongful execution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_murder" title="Judicial murder">Judicial murder</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">Manslaughter</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manslaughter_in_English_law" title="Manslaughter in English law">In English law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_manslaughter" title="Voluntary manslaughter">Voluntary manslaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligent_homicide" title="Negligent homicide">Negligent homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reckless_homicide" title="Reckless homicide">Reckless homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_homicide" title="Vehicular homicide">Vehicular homicide</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Non-criminal homicide</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><i>Note: Varies by <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_(area)" title="Jurisdiction (area)">jurisdiction</a></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foeticide" title="Foeticide">Foeticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justifiable_homicide" title="Justifiable homicide">Justifiable homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_to_kill_(concept)" title="Licence to kill (concept)">"License to kill"</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Family</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avunculicide" title="Avunculicide">Avunculicide/Nepoticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familicide" title="Familicide">Familicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariticide" title="Mariticide">Mariticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxoricide" title="Uxoricide">Uxoricide</a></li> <li>Prolicide <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filicide" title="Filicide">Filicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">Infanticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonaticide" title="Neonaticide">Neonaticide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siblicide" title="Siblicide">Siblicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fratricide" title="Fratricide">Fratricide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sororicide" title="Sororicide">Sororicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parricide" title="Parricide">Parricide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matricide" title="Matricide">Matricide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricide" title="Patricide">Patricide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senicide" title="Senicide">Senicide</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deicide" title="Deicide">Deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">Friendly fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androcide" title="Androcide">Androcide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Omnicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicious_death" title="Suspicious death">Suspicious death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrannicide" title="Tyrannicide">Tyrannicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Homicide" title="Template:Homicide"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Homicide" title="Template talk:Homicide"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Homicide" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Homicide"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Homicide</b> is an act in which a person causes the <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> of another <a href="/wiki/Human_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Human being">person</a>. A homicide requires only a <a href="/wiki/Volition_(psychology)" title="Volition (psychology)">volitional</a> act, or an omission, that causes the death of another, and thus a homicide may result from <a href="/wiki/Accident" title="Accident">accidental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reckless_homicide" title="Reckless homicide">reckless</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Negligent_homicide" title="Negligent homicide">negligent acts</a> even if there is no <a href="/wiki/Intent_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intent (law)">intent</a> to cause harm.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is separate from <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>. </p><p>Homicides can be divided into many overlapping legal categories, such as <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">manslaughter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justifiable_homicide" title="Justifiable homicide">justifiable homicide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassination</a>, killing in <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> (either following the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of war">laws of war</a> or as a <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crime</a>), <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a>, depending on the circumstances of the death. These different types of homicides are often treated very differently in human <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">societies</a>; some are considered <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crimes</a>, while others are permitted or even <a href="/wiki/Court_order" title="Court order">ordered</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">legal system</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criminality">Criminality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homicide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Criminality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal">Criminal</a> homicide takes many forms, including accidental killing and murder. Criminal homicide is divided into two broad categories—<a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">manslaughter</a>—based upon the <a href="/wiki/Mental_state" title="Mental state">state of mind</a> and intent of the person who commits the homicide.<sup id="cite_ref-mlawmurder_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlawmurder-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A report issued by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a> in July 2019 documented that nearly 464,000 people around the world were killed in homicides in 2017, a number significantly in excess of the 89,000 killed in armed conflicts during the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murder">Murder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homicide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Murder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></div> <p>Murder is the most serious crime that can be charged following a homicide. In many jurisdictions, murder may be punished by <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life in prison</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although categories of murder can vary by jurisdiction, murder charges fall under <a href="/wiki/Murder#Degrees_of_murder" title="Murder">two broad categories</a>, or <i>degrees</i>: </p> <ul><li>First degree: The <a href="/wiki/Premeditated" class="mw-redirect" title="Premeditated">premeditated</a>, unlawful, intentional killing of another person.</li> <li>Second degree: The intentional, unlawful killing of another person, but without any premeditation.</li></ul> <p>In some jurisdictions, a homicide that occurs during the commission of a dangerous <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a> may constitute murder, regardless of the actor's intent to commit homicide. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, this is known as the <a href="/wiki/Felony_murder_rule" title="Felony murder rule">felony murder rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-felonymurder_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-felonymurder-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In simple terms, under the felony murder rule a person who commits a felony may be guilty of murder if someone dies as a result of the commission of the crime, including the victim of the felony, a bystander or a co-felon, regardless their intent—or lack thereof—to kill, and even when the death results from the actions of a co-defendant or third party who is reacting to the crime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preterintentional_killing">Preterintentional killing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homicide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Preterintentional killing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Preterintention" title="Preterintention">Preterintention</a></div> <p>The preterintentional killing<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> occurs when a person,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with actions aimed at hitting or harming, unintentionally causes the death of a person:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the agent will be liable for objective responsibility (or fault, for the laws that require it)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the death event.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manslaughter">Manslaughter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homicide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Manslaughter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">Manslaughter</a></div> <p>Manslaughter is a form of homicide in which the person who commits the homicide either does not intend to kill the victim, or kills the victim as the result of circumstances that would cause a reasonable person to become emotionally or mentally disturbed to the point of potentially losing control of their actions.<sup id="cite_ref-mlawmanslaughter_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlawmanslaughter-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distinction between murder and manslaughter is sometimes said to have first been made by the ancient Athenian lawmaker <a href="/wiki/Draco_(lawgiver)" title="Draco (lawgiver)">Draco</a> in the 7th century BC. The penalty for manslaughter is normally less than the penalty for murder. The two broad categories of manslaughter are:<sup id="cite_ref-mlawmanslaughter_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlawmanslaughter-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_manslaughter" title="Voluntary manslaughter">Voluntary manslaughter</a>: the intentional, unpremeditated killing of another person as the result of a disturbed state of mind, or <i>heat of passion</i>.</li> <li>Involuntary manslaughter: the unintentional killing of another person through an act of recklessness that shows indifference to the lives and safety of others, or an act of negligence that could reasonably be foreseen to result in death. The act that results in death may be intentional, such as pushing somebody in anger, but their death (such as by their subsequently falling, striking their head, and suffering a lethal head injury) is not.</li></ul> <p>Another form of manslaughter in some jurisdictions is <i>constructive manslaughter</i>, which may be charged if a person causes a death without intention but as the result of violating an important safety law or regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lawful_excuse">Lawful excuse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homicide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lawful excuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Justifiable_homicide" title="Justifiable homicide">Justifiable homicide</a></div> <p>Not all homicides are crimes, or subject to criminal prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some are legally privileged, meaning that they are not criminal acts at all. Others may occur under circumstances that provide the defendant with a full or partial defense to criminal prosecution. Common defenses include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Self-defense</a>: while most homicides by civilians are criminally prosecutable, a <a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">right of self-defense</a> (often including the right to defend others)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is widely recognized, including, in dire circumstances, the use of deadly force.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insanity_defense" title="Insanity defense">Mental incapacity</a>: A defendant may attempt to prove that they are not criminally responsible for a homicide due to a mental disorder. In some jurisdictions, mentally incompetent killers may be <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_commitment" title="Involuntary commitment">involuntarily committed</a> in lieu of criminal trial. Mental health and development are often taken into account during sentencing. For example, in the United States, the death penalty cannot be applied to convicted murderers with intellectual disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_criminal_responsibility" title="Age of criminal responsibility">Defense of infancy</a> – Small children are not held criminally liable before the age of criminal responsibility. A <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_court" title="Juvenile court">juvenile court</a> may handle defendants above this age but below the legal <a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">age of majority</a>, though because homicide is a serious crime some older minors are charged in an adult justice system. Age is sometimes also taken into account during sentencing even if the perpetrator is old enough to have criminal responsibility.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justifiable_homicide" title="Justifiable homicide">Justifiable homicide</a> or privilege: Due to the circumstances, although a homicide occurs, the act of killing is not unlawful. For example, a killing on the battlefield during war is normally lawful, or a police officer may shoot a dangerous suspect in order to protect the officer's own life or the lives and safety of others.</li></ul> <p>The availability of defenses to a criminal charge following a homicide may affect the homicide rate. For example, it has been suggested that the availability of "<a href="/wiki/Stand-your-ground_law" title="Stand-your-ground law">stand your ground</a>" defense has resulted in an increase in the homicide rate in U.S. jurisdictions that recognize the defense,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_state_actors">By state actors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homicide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: By state actors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Homicides committed by <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state actors</a> may be considered lawful or unlawful according to: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_law" title="Municipal law">Municipal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a> to which the state has agreed to via treaty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peremptory_norm" title="Peremptory norm">Peremptory norms</a> which are <i>de facto </i> enforced as obligatory on all states, such as prohibitions against <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></li></ul> <p>Types of state killings include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a>, where a judicial system of a state authorizes the death penalty as punishments for certain crime, though many countries have <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_country" title="Capital punishment by country">abolished it completely</a></li> <li>Lawful killings during <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>, such as the killing of <a href="/wiki/Enemy_combatant" title="Enemy combatant">enemy combatants</a></li> <li>Lawful use of <a href="/wiki/Deadly_force" title="Deadly force">deadly force</a> by <a href="/wiki/Security_forces" title="Security forces">security forces</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_officer" title="Law enforcement officer">law enforcement officers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">military personnel</a>) to maintain public safety in emergency situations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killings</a>, where state actors kill people (typically individuals or small groups) without judicial court proceedings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a> that involve killing (war crimes not authorized by the state may also be committed by individuals who are then subject to domestic <a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">military justice</a>)</li> <li>Widespread, systematic killing of a particular group of people by the state, which depending on the target, could be called genocide, <a href="/wiki/Politicide" class="mw-redirect" title="Politicide">politicide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">classicide</a>. In some cases these events may also meet the definition of a <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime against humanity">crime against humanity</a>.</li></ul> <p>The term <a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">mass killing</a> has been proposed by <a href="/wiki/Genocide_studies" title="Genocide studies">genocide scholars</a> as a concept to define certain large-scale killings of <a href="/wiki/Non-combatant" title="Non-combatant">non-combatants</a> by state actors. Some medium- and large-scale mass killings by state actors have been termed <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacres</a>, though not all such killings have been so named. The term "<a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">democide</a>" was coined by American political scientist <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Rummel">Rudolph Rummel</a> to describe "murder by government" in general, which included both extrajudicial killings and widespread systematic acts of homicide. Killings committed by state actors might be called "murder" or "mass murder" in general usage, especially if seen by the commentator as unethical, but the domestic legal definitions of murder, manslaughter, etc., usually exclude killings carried out by lawful government action.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Valentino" title="Benjamin Valentino">Benjamin Valentino</a> outlines two major categories of mass killings: dispossessive mass killing and coercive mass killing. The first category includes four subcategories: communist, fascist, ethnic and territorial mass killings, while second category includes <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialist</a> mass killings. Valentino included several prominent examples of dispossessive mass killing to include his arguments, including the <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> for communist mass killings, the <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War</a> for fascist mass killings, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocides</a> for ethnic mass killings and the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama genocide</a> for territorial mass killings. He also included examples of coercive mass killings, including counterinsurgency killings during the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>, terrorist mass killings such as <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">strategic bombing during World War II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Biafra" title="Blockade of Biafra">blockade of Biafra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese imperialism</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> as examples of imperialist mass killings.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rates">Rates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homicide&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_intentional_homicide_rate" title="List of countries by intentional homicide rate">List of countries by intentional homicide rate</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:642px;max-width:642px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_map_of_homicide_rates_per_100,000_people.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/World_map_of_homicide_rates_per_100%2C000_people.png/172px-World_map_of_homicide_rates_per_100%2C000_people.png" decoding="async" width="172" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/World_map_of_homicide_rates_per_100%2C000_people.png/258px-World_map_of_homicide_rates_per_100%2C000_people.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/World_map_of_homicide_rates_per_100%2C000_people.png/344px-World_map_of_homicide_rates_per_100%2C000_people.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2553" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Map of <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_intentional_homicide_rate" title="List of countries by intentional homicide rate">intentional homicide rate per 100,000</a> with data source <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a><sup id="cite_ref-OWID_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OWID-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:231px;max-width:231px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20241113_Homicide_rates_vs_gross_national_income_per_person,_by_country.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/20241113_Homicide_rates_vs_gross_national_income_per_person%2C_by_country.svg/229px-20241113_Homicide_rates_vs_gross_national_income_per_person%2C_by_country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="229" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/20241113_Homicide_rates_vs_gross_national_income_per_person%2C_by_country.svg/344px-20241113_Homicide_rates_vs_gross_national_income_per_person%2C_by_country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/20241113_Homicide_rates_vs_gross_national_income_per_person%2C_by_country.svg/458px-20241113_Homicide_rates_vs_gross_national_income_per_person%2C_by_country.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">National homicide rates are generally lower in high-income countries.<sup id="cite_ref-HomicideVsIncome_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HomicideVsIncome-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:231px;max-width:231px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Homicide_rates_in_countries_with_highest_homicide_rates_-_variable-width_bar_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/2021_Homicide_rates_in_countries_with_highest_homicide_rates_-_variable-width_bar_chart.svg/229px-2021_Homicide_rates_in_countries_with_highest_homicide_rates_-_variable-width_bar_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="229" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/2021_Homicide_rates_in_countries_with_highest_homicide_rates_-_variable-width_bar_chart.svg/344px-2021_Homicide_rates_in_countries_with_highest_homicide_rates_-_variable-width_bar_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/2021_Homicide_rates_in_countries_with_highest_homicide_rates_-_variable-width_bar_chart.svg/458px-2021_Homicide_rates_in_countries_with_highest_homicide_rates_-_variable-width_bar_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The countries with the most homicides per unit population are generally countries with small populations (very narrow rectangles in chart).<sup id="cite_ref-UNODC_homicides_2021_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNODC_homicides_2021-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20201023_UNODC_Intentional_homicides_by_country_-_highest_rates_and_most_populous_countries.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/20201023_UNODC_Intentional_homicides_by_country_-_highest_rates_and_most_populous_countries.png/260px-20201023_UNODC_Intentional_homicides_by_country_-_highest_rates_and_most_populous_countries.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="403" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/20201023_UNODC_Intentional_homicides_by_country_-_highest_rates_and_most_populous_countries.png/390px-20201023_UNODC_Intentional_homicides_by_country_-_highest_rates_and_most_populous_countries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/20201023_UNODC_Intentional_homicides_by_country_-_highest_rates_and_most_populous_countries.png/520px-20201023_UNODC_Intentional_homicides_by_country_-_highest_rates_and_most_populous_countries.png 2x" data-file-width="1945" data-file-height="3012" /></a><figcaption>Countries with the highest intentional homicide rates in 2020 are generally less populous.<sup id="cite_ref-UNODC_intentionalHomicides_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNODC_intentionalHomicides-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global">Global</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homicide&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Global"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2011 study by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a> brought together a wide variety of data sources to create a worldwide picture of trends and developments.<sup id="cite_ref-un2011_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un2011-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sources included multiple agencies and field offices of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, and national and international sources from 207 countries. </p><p>The report estimated that in 2010, the total number of homicides globally was 468,000. More than a third (36%) occurred in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, 31 percent in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, 27 percent in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, five percent in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and one percent in <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>. Since 1995, the homicide rate has been falling in Europe, North America, and Asia, but has risen to a near "crisis point" in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. Of all homicides worldwide, 82 percent of the victims were men, and 18 percent were women.<sup id="cite_ref-jr-un-2011_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jr-un-2011-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a per-capita scaled level, "the homicide rate in Africa and the Americas (at 17 and 16 per 100,000 population, respectively) is more than double the global average (6.9 per 100,000), whereas in Asia, Europe and Oceania (between 3 and 4 per 100,000) it is roughly half".<sup id="cite_ref-jr-un-2011_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jr-un-2011-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its 2013 global report, UNODC estimated the total number of homicides worldwide had dropped to 437,000 in 2012. The Americas accounted for 36 percent of all homicides globally, Africa 21 percent, Asia 38 percent, Europe five percent and Oceania 0.3%.<sup id="cite_ref-UNODC13_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNODC13-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world's average homicide rate stood at 6.2 per 100,000 population in 2012, but the Southern Africa region and Central America had intentional homicide rates four times higher than the world average. They were the most violent regions globally, outside of regions experiencing wars and religious or sociopolitical terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-UNODC13_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNODC13-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asia exclusive of West Asia and Central Asia, Western Europe, Northern Europe, as well as Oceania had the lowest homicide rates in the world. About 41 percent of the homicides worldwide occurred in 2012 with the use of guns, 24 percent by <a href="/wiki/Stabbing" title="Stabbing">stabbing</a> with sharp objects such as knife, and 35 percent by other means such as poison. The global conviction rate for the crime of intentional homicide in 2012 was 43 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2011 Global Study on Homicide reported that "[W]here homicide rates are high and firearms and <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">drug trafficking</a> play a substantial role, 1 in 50 men aged 20 will be murdered before they reach the age of 31. At the other, the probability of such an occurrence is up to 400 times lower. [H]omicide is much more common in countries with low levels of human development, high levels of <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality">income inequality</a> and weak <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> than in more <a href="/w/index.php?title=Equitable_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equitable society (page does not exist)">equitable societies</a>, where socioeconomic stability seems to be something of an antidote to homicide. In cases of intimate partner and family-related homicide cases, women murdered by their past or present male partner make up the vast majority of homicide victims worldwide."<sup id="cite_ref-un2011_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un2011-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_European">Historic European</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homicide&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Historic European"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:10px; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Estimated homicide rates<br />in Europe<sup id="cite_ref-eisner_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eisner-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 100">: 100 </span></sup> </th> <th>Deaths per year<br />per 100,000 population </th></tr> <tr> <td>13th–14th centuries </td> <td>32 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15th century </td> <td>41 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16th century </td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17th century </td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18th century </td> <td>3.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19th century </td> <td>2.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20th century </td> <td>1.4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the mid-second millennium, local levels of violence in Europe were extremely high by the standards of modern developed countries. Typically, small groups of people would battle their neighbors using the farm tools at hand, such as knives, sickles, hammers, and axes. Mayhem and death were deliberate. The vast majority of Europeans lived in rural areas till 1800. Cities were few, and small in size, but their concentration of population was conducive to violence and their trends resembled those in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-eisner_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eisner-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across Europe, homicide trends show a steady long-term decline.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regional differences were small, except that Italy's decline was later and slower. From about 1200 AD through 1800 AD, homicide rates from violent local episodes, not including military actions, declined by a factor of ten, from approximately 32 deaths per 100,000 people to 3.2 per 100,000. In the 20th century, the homicide rate fell to 1.4 per 100,000. Police forces seldom existed outside the cities; prisons only became common after 1800. Before then, harsh penalties were imposed for homicide (severe whipping or execution) but they proved ineffective at controlling or reducing the insults to honor that precipitated most of the violence.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decline does not correlate with economics or measures of state control. Most historians attribute the trend in homicides to a steady increase in <a href="/wiki/Self-control" title="Self-control">self-control</a> of the sort promoted by <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, and necessitated by schools and factories.<sup id="cite_ref-eisner_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eisner-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 127–32">: 127–32 </span></sup> Eisner argues that macro-level indicators for societal efforts to promote <a href="/wiki/Civility" title="Civility">civility</a>, self-discipline, and long-sightedness are strongly associated with fluctuations in homicide rates over the past six centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homicide&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_intentional_homicide_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by intentional homicide rate">List of U.S. states and territories by intentional homicide rate</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:243px;max-width:243px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:160px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Homicide_rates_per_100,000_by_state._CDC._US_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Homicide_rates_per_100%2C000_by_state._CDC._US_map.svg/241px-Homicide_rates_per_100%2C000_by_state._CDC._US_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="241" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Homicide_rates_per_100%2C000_by_state._CDC._US_map.svg/362px-Homicide_rates_per_100%2C000_by_state._CDC._US_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Homicide_rates_per_100%2C000_by_state._CDC._US_map.svg/482px-Homicide_rates_per_100%2C000_by_state._CDC._US_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Homicide rates by U.S. state per 100,000 residents<sup id="cite_ref-cdc-table_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc-table-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NH_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NH-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VT_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VT-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:245px;max-width:245px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:160px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Homicide_rate_by_county.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Homicide_rate_by_county.webp/243px-Homicide_rate_by_county.webp.png" decoding="async" width="243" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Homicide_rate_by_county.webp/365px-Homicide_rate_by_county.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Homicide_rate_by_county.webp/486px-Homicide_rate_by_county.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="3736" data-file-height="2477" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Homicide rate by county</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Homicide_rates_in_high-income_countries_-_variable-width_bar_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/2021_Homicide_rates_in_high-income_countries_-_variable-width_bar_chart.svg/220px-2021_Homicide_rates_in_high-income_countries_-_variable-width_bar_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/2021_Homicide_rates_in_high-income_countries_-_variable-width_bar_chart.svg/330px-2021_Homicide_rates_in_high-income_countries_-_variable-width_bar_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/2021_Homicide_rates_in_high-income_countries_-_variable-width_bar_chart.svg/440px-2021_Homicide_rates_in_high-income_countries_-_variable-width_bar_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Among 15 high-income countries, the U.S. has both the highest homicide rate, and the largest number of homicides.<sup id="cite_ref-UNODC_homicides_2021_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNODC_homicides_2021-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_US,_feticide_laws.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Map_of_US%2C_feticide_laws.svg/220px-Map_of_US%2C_feticide_laws.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Map_of_US%2C_feticide_laws.svg/330px-Map_of_US%2C_feticide_laws.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Map_of_US%2C_feticide_laws.svg/440px-Map_of_US%2C_feticide_laws.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Fetal homicide laws in the United States <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#02ffff;; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> "Homicide" or "murder"</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff00;; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Other crime against fetus</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff3399;; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Depends on age of fetus</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00ff00;; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Assaulting mother</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c0c0c0;; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> No law on feticide</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>In the US, the <a href="/wiki/National_Violent_Death_Reporting_System" title="National Violent Death Reporting System">National Violent Death Reporting System</a> is a centralized database of relevant information from <a href="/wiki/Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">death certificates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">coroner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_examiner" title="Medical examiner">medical examiner</a> records, and law enforcement reports, which emerged from the <i>National Violent Injury Statistics System</i>. This public health surveillance tool began collecting data in 2003 and is analyzed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Injury_Prevention_and_Control" title="National Center for Injury Prevention and Control">National Center for Injury Prevention and Control</a> at the CDC to provide nationally representative data. </p><p>In 2020, there were 18,439 cases of single homicide (28.6% of all violent deaths) in the 48 states and DC, a rate of 6.7 per 100,000 inhabitants. There were 695 cases of multiple homicide (1%) and 571 cases (<1%) of homicide followed by suicide with an overall homicide rate of 7.5 per 100,000 population. The weapons most commonly used in homicides were firearms, used in 76.7% of homicides overall; followed by a sharp instrument (9%); a blunt instrument (3%); personal weapons (e.g., hands, feet, or fists; 2.5%); and hanging, strangulation, or suffocation (1.5%). Among all homicide victims, a house or apartment was the most common location of homicide (41%); followed by a street or highway (22%); a motor vehicle (10%); and a parking lot, public garage, or public transport (4.5%). Precipitating circumstances were identified in 69% of homicides. One-third of homicides with known circumstances were precipitated by an argument or conflict (34%), and 15% of homicides with known circumstances were related to <a href="/wiki/Intimate_partner_violence" title="Intimate partner violence">intimate partner violence</a>. Homicides also were commonly precipitated by another crime (23%); in 66% of those cases, the crime was in progress at the time of the incident like assault or homicide (38.9%), robbery (32.9%), drug trade (14.5%), burglary (11%), motor vehicle theft (5%), rape or sexual assault (2%). A larger proportion of homicides of females than males resulted from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caregiver_abuse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caregiver abuse (page does not exist)">caregiver abuse</a> or neglect (9.0% versus 2.7%) or were perpetrated by a suspect with a <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental health problem">mental health problem</a> (e.g., schizophrenia or other psychotic conditions, depression, or <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">posttraumatic stress disorder</a>) (6.3% versus 1.7%). Homicide rates are known to be higher in males and in communities with concentrated poverty, stressed economies, residential instability, neighborhood disorganization, low community cohesion, and informal controls. The overall firearm homicide rate in 2020 was higher than in the last 20 years, disproportionately borne by Native Americans and Black persons. It is thought that the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> increased social and economic stress.<sup id="cite_ref-mmwr_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwr-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homicide&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_rate#Homicide_clearance_rate" title="Clearance rate">Homicide clearance rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide_in_world_cities" title="Homicide in world cities">Homicide in world cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_homicide_rate" title="List of cities by homicide rate">List of cities by homicide rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_annual_rates_and_counts_for_killings_by_law_enforcement_officers" title="List of countries with annual rates and counts for killings by law enforcement officers">List of countries with annual rates and counts for killings by law enforcement officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_killing" title="List of types of killing">List of types of killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_intentional_homicide_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by intentional homicide rate">List of U.S. states and territories by intentional homicide rate </a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homicide&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMelenik2015" class="citation news cs1">Melenik, Juey (9 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forensicmag.com/article/2015/09/7-common-mistakes-regarding-autopsy-reports">"7 Common Mistakes Regarding Autopsy Reports"</a>. Advantage Business Media. Forensic News Daily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035304/https://www.forensicmag.com/article/2015/09/7-common-mistakes-regarding-autopsy-reports">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=7+Common+Mistakes+Regarding+Autopsy+Reports&rft.date=2015-09-09&rft.aulast=Melenik&rft.aufirst=Juey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forensicmag.com%2Farticle%2F2015%2F09%2F7-common-mistakes-regarding-autopsy-reports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mlawmurder-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mlawmurder_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://open.lib.umn.edu/criminallaw/part/chapter-9-criminal-homicide/">"Chapter 9: Criminal Homicide"</a>. <i>Criminal Law: Criminal Homicide</i>. University of Minnesota. 17 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911204657/http://open.lib.umn.edu/criminallaw/part/chapter-9-criminal-homicide/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%3A+Criminal+Homicide&rft.btitle=Criminal+Law%3A+Criminal+Homicide&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota&rft.date=2015-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopen.lib.umn.edu%2Fcriminallaw%2Fpart%2Fchapter-9-criminal-homicide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2019/July/homicide-kills-far-more-people-than-armed-conflict--says-new-unodc-study.html?ref=fs1">"Homicide kills far more people than armed conflict, says new UNODC study"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Unodc.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Unodc.org">unodc.org</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200503223850/https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2019/July/homicide-kills-far-more-people-than-armed-conflict--says-new-unodc-study.html?ref=fs1">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unodc.org&rft.atitle=Homicide+kills+far+more+people+than+armed+conflict%2C+says+new+UNODC+study&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Funodc%2Fen%2Ffrontpage%2F2019%2FJuly%2Fhomicide-kills-far-more-people-than-armed-conflict--says-new-unodc-study.html%3Fref%3Dfs1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/federal-laws-providing-death-penalty">"Federal Laws Providing for the Death Penalty"</a>. <i>Death Penalty Information Center</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911204720/https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/federal-laws-providing-death-penalty">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Death+Penalty+Information+Center&rft.atitle=Federal+Laws+Providing+for+the+Death+Penalty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeathpenaltyinfo.org%2Ffederal-laws-providing-death-penalty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-felonymurder-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-felonymurder_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher1980" class="citation journal cs1">Fletcher, George P. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/swulr12&div=30&id=&page=">"Reflections on Felony Murder"</a>. <i>Southwestern University Law Review</i>. <b>12</b>: 413. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171208013627/http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Fswulr12&div=30&id=&page=">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwestern+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+Felony+Murder&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=413&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=George+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fswulr12%26div%3D30%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalermoKocsis2005" class="citation book cs1">Palermo, George B.; Kocsis, Richard N. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eoqgC7_NG9cC&q=preterintentionhttps%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.it%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeoqgC7_NG9cC&pg=PA57"><i>Offender Profiling: An Introduction to the Sociopsychological Analysis of Violent Crime</i></a>. Charles C Thomas Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-398-07549-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-398-07549-1"><bdi>978-0-398-07549-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Offender+Profiling%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Sociopsychological+Analysis+of+Violent+Crime&rft.pub=Charles+C+Thomas+Publisher&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-398-07549-1&rft.aulast=Palermo&rft.aufirst=George+B.&rft.au=Kocsis%2C+Richard+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeoqgC7_NG9cC%26q%3Dpreterintentionhttps%253A%252F%252Fbooks.google.it%252Fbooks%253Fid%253DeoqgC7_NG9cC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsworth2013" class="citation web cs1">Asworth, Andrew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aghalibrary.com/storage/books/1609402608_AghaLibrary.pdf">"Principles of Criminal Law"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>aghalibrary.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aghalibrary.com&rft.atitle=Principles+of+Criminal+Law&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Asworth&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faghalibrary.com%2Fstorage%2Fbooks%2F1609402608_AghaLibrary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReedBohlander2022" class="citation book cs1">Reed, Alan; Bohlander, Michael (22 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RCJ4EAAAQBAJ&q=Alan+Reed+homicide"><i>Fault in Criminal Law: A Research Companion</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-63052-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-63052-7"><bdi>978-1-000-63052-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fault+in+Criminal+Law%3A+A+Research+Companion&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022-08-22&rft.isbn=978-1-000-63052-7&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Bohlander%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRCJ4EAAAQBAJ%26q%3DAlan%2BReed%2Bhomicide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorder2007" class="citation book cs1">Horder, Jeremy (10 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YurbBAAAQBAJ&q=jeremy+horder+homicide"><i>Homicide Law in Comparative Perspective</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84731-385-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84731-385-0"><bdi>978-1-84731-385-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homicide+Law+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2007-12-10&rft.isbn=978-1-84731-385-0&rft.aulast=Horder&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYurbBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Djeremy%2Bhorder%2Bhomicide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReedBohlander2018" class="citation book cs1">Reed, Alan; Bohlander, Michael (3 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HVFtDwAAQBAJ&q=Alan+Reed+homicide"><i>Homicide in Criminal Law: A Research Companion</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-01629-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-01629-2"><bdi>978-1-351-01629-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homicide+in+Criminal+Law%3A+A+Research+Companion&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-10-03&rft.isbn=978-1-351-01629-2&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Bohlander%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHVFtDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DAlan%2BReed%2Bhomicide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mlawmanslaughter-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mlawmanslaughter_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mlawmanslaughter_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://open.lib.umn.edu/criminallaw/chapter/9-6-manslaughter/">"9.6 Manslaughter"</a>. <i>Criminal Law: Manslaughter</i>. University of Minnesota. 17 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910040535/http://open.lib.umn.edu/criminallaw/chapter/9-6-manslaughter/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9.6+Manslaughter&rft.btitle=Criminal+Law%3A+Manslaughter&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota&rft.date=2015-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopen.lib.umn.edu%2Fcriminallaw%2Fchapter%2F9-6-manslaughter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlapper1993" class="citation journal cs1">Slapper, Gary (1 December 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oro.open.ac.uk/20975/2/1535A240.pdf">"Corporate Manslaughter: an Examination of the Determinants of Prosecutorial Polic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Social & Legal Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">423–</span>443. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F096466399300200404">10.1177/096466399300200404</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1337567">1337567</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200212051500/http://oro.open.ac.uk/20975/2/1535A240.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+%26+Legal+Studies&rft.atitle=Corporate+Manslaughter%3A+an+Examination+of+the+Determinants+of+Prosecutorial+Polic&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E423-%3C%2Fspan%3E443&rft.date=1993-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F096466399300200404&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1337567%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Slapper&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foro.open.ac.uk%2F20975%2F2%2F1535A240.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.d. fatal accidents with alpinists <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1999/09/09/condamnation-de-deux-alpinistes-pour-homicide-involontaire_3575132_1819218.html"><i>Condamnation de deux alpinistes pour « homicide involontaire »</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190205133104/https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1999/09/09/condamnation-de-deux-alpinistes-pour-homicide-involontaire_3575132_1819218.html">Archived</a> 5 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledauphine.com/haute-savoie/2015/12/11/l-avocat-du-syndicat-des-guides-derape-sur-l-arete-du-gouter"><i>L’avocat du syndicat des guides dérape sur l’arête du Goûter</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226233049/https://www.ledauphine.com/haute-savoie/2015/12/11/l-avocat-du-syndicat-des-guides-derape-sur-l-arete-du-gouter">Archived</a> 26 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens1957" class="citation journal cs1">Stevens, T.L. (February 1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/naval1957&div=13&id=&page=">"Manslaughter and Negligent Homicide"</a>. <i>Judge Advocate General Journal</i>. <b>1957</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171208013627/http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Fnaval1957&div=13&id=&page=">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Judge+Advocate+General+Journal&rft.atitle=Manslaughter+and+Negligent+Homicide&rft.volume=1957&rft.date=1957-02&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=T.L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fnaval1957%26div%3D13%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., California Constitution, Art. 1, Sec. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., California Penal Code, Sec. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the U.S. Supreme Court decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Atkins_v._Virginia" title="Atkins v. Virginia">Atkins v. Virginia</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVedantam2013" class="citation web cs1">Vedantam, Shankar (2 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2013/01/02/167984117/-stand-your-ground-linked-to-increase-in-homicide">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Stand Your Ground' Linked To Increase In Homicides"</a>. <i>All Things Considered</i>. National Public Radio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180126012809/https://www.npr.org/2013/01/02/167984117/-stand-your-ground-linked-to-increase-in-homicide">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+Things+Considered&rft.atitle=%27Stand+Your+Ground%27+Linked+To+Increase+In+Homicides&rft.date=2013-01-02&rft.aulast=Vedantam&rft.aufirst=Shankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2013%2F01%2F02%2F167984117%2F-stand-your-ground-linked-to-increase-in-homicide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanburn2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Sanburn, Josh (14 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4569145/florida-stand-your-ground-law-homicide-increase-study/">"Florida's 'Stand Your Ground' Law Linked to Homicide Increase"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323223358/http://time.com/4569145/florida-stand-your-ground-law-homicide-increase-study/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Florida%27s+%27Stand+Your+Ground%27+Law+Linked+to+Homicide+Increase&rft.date=2016-11-14&rft.aulast=Sanburn&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4569145%2Fflorida-stand-your-ground-law-homicide-increase-study%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengHoekstra2013" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng, Cheng; Hoekstra, Mark (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://0673f437-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/hoekstramarktamu/castle_doctrine.pdf">"Does Strengthening Self-Defense Law Deter Crime or Escalate Violence? Evidence from Expansions to Castle Doctrine"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Human Resources</i>. <b>48</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">821–</span>854. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjhr.2013.0023">10.1353/jhr.2013.0023</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14390513">14390513</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180605031246/https://0673f437-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/hoekstramarktamu/castle_doctrine.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Resources&rft.atitle=Does+Strengthening+Self-Defense+Law+Deter+Crime+or+Escalate+Violence%3F+Evidence+from+Expansions+to+Castle+Doctrine&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E821-%3C%2Fspan%3E854&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjhr.2013.0023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14390513%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Cheng&rft.au=Hoekstra%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F0673f437-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com%2Fsite%2Fhoekstramarktamu%2Fcastle_doctrine.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstebanMorelliRohner2015" class="citation journal cs1">Esteban, Joan Maria; Morelli, Massimo; Rohner, Dominic (October 2015). "Strategic Mass Killings". <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>123</b> (5). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press: <span class="nowrap">1087–</span>1132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F682584">10.1086/682584</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154859371">154859371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Strategic+Mass+Killings&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1087-%3C%2Fspan%3E1132&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F682584&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154859371%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Esteban&rft.aufirst=Joan+Maria&rft.au=Morelli%2C+Massimo&rft.au=Rohner%2C+Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaak2007" class="citation book cs1">Schaak, Beth (2007). "The Crime of Political Genocide: Repairing the Genocide Convention's Blind Spot". In Campbell, Tom; Lattimer, Mark (eds.). <i>Genocide and Human Rights</i> (1st eBook ed.). London, England: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">140–</span>173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781351157568">10.4324/9781351157568</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-15756-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-15756-8"><bdi>978-1-351-15756-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Crime+of+Political+Genocide%3A+Repairing+the+Genocide+Convention%27s+Blind+Spot&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+Human+Rights&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E140-%3C%2Fspan%3E173&rft.edition=1st+eBook&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781351157568&rft.isbn=978-1-351-15756-8&rft.aulast=Schaak&rft.aufirst=Beth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchabas2009" class="citation book cs1">Schabas, William A. (2009). <i>Genocide in International Law: The Crime of Crimes</i> (2nd hardcover ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-71900-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-71900-1"><bdi>978-0-521-71900-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+in+International+Law%3A+The+Crime+of+Crimes&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.edition=2nd+hardcover&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-71900-1&rft.aulast=Schabas&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSémelin2007" class="citation book cs1">Sémelin, Jacques; et al. (Hoffman, Stanley) (2007). "The Political Uses of Massacre and Genocide". <i>Purify and Destroy: The Political Uses of Massacre and Genocide</i>. The CERI Series in Comparative Politics and International Studies. Translated by Schoch, Cynthia. New York City, New York: Columbia University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">310–</span>361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14282-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14282-3"><bdi>978-0-231-14282-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Political+Uses+of+Massacre+and+Genocide&rft.btitle=Purify+and+Destroy%3A+The+Political+Uses+of+Massacre+and+Genocide&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.series=The+CERI+Series+in+Comparative+Politics+and+International+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E310-%3C%2Fspan%3E361&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14282-3&rft.aulast=S%C3%A9melin&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentino2004" class="citation book cs1">Valentino, Benjamin (2004). <i>Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century</i> (hardback ed.). Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-801-43965-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-801-43965-0"><bdi>978-0-801-43965-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53013098">53013098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Solutions%3A+Mass+Killing+and+Genocide+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.edition=hardback&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53013098&rft.isbn=978-0-801-43965-0&rft.aulast=Valentino&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBach-LindsdayHuthValentino2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bach-Lindsday, Dylan; Huth, Paul; Valentino, Benjamin (May 2004). "Draining the Sea: Mass Killing and Guerrilla Warfare". <i>International Organization</i>. <b>58</b> (2). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">375–</span>407. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818304582061">10.1017/S0020818304582061</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3877862">3877862</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154296897">154296897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=Draining+the+Sea%3A+Mass+Killing+and+Guerrilla+Warfare&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E375-%3C%2Fspan%3E407&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154296897%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3877862%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020818304582061&rft.aulast=Bach-Lindsday&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rft.au=Huth%2C+Paul&rft.au=Valentino%2C+Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Aarons (2007). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA69">Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181216004518/https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&lpg=PA80&pg=PA69">Archived</a> 16 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brill.com/legacy-nuremberg-civilising-influence-or-institutionalised-vengeance">The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105053952/http://www.brill.com/legacy-nuremberg-civilising-influence-or-institutionalised-vengeance">Archived</a> 5 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus Nijhoff Publishers">Martinus Nijhoff Publishers</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004156917" title="Special:BookSources/9004156917">9004156917</a> pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA81">80–81</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424002351/https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA81">Archived</a> 24 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevins2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bevins" title="Vincent Bevins">Bevins, Vincent</a> (2020). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jakarta_Method" title="The Jakarta Method">The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">238–</span>243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1541742406" title="Special:BookSources/978-1541742406"><bdi>978-1541742406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jakarta+Method%3A+Washington%27s+Anticommunist+Crusade+and+the+Mass+Murder+Program+that+Shaped+Our+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E238-%3C%2Fspan%3E243&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1541742406&rft.aulast=Bevins&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcSherry2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Patrice_McSherry" title="J. Patrice McSherry">McSherry, J. Patrice</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/State-Violence-and-Genocide-in-Latin-America-The-Cold-War-Years/Esparza-Huttenbach-Feierstein/p/book/9780415496377">"Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America"</a>. In Esparza, Marcia; Henry R. Huttenbach; Daniel Feierstein (eds.). <i>State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=acGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA107">107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415664578" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415664578"><bdi>978-0415664578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+%22Industrial+repression%22+and+Operation+Condor+in+Latin+America&rft.btitle=State+Violence+and+Genocide+in+Latin+America%3A+The+Cold+War+Years+%28Critical+Terrorism+Studies%29&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0415664578&rft.aulast=McSherry&rft.aufirst=J.+Patrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FState-Violence-and-Genocide-in-Latin-America-The-Cold-War-Years%2FEsparza-Huttenbach-Feierstein%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780415496377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/03/magazine/the-secrets-in-guatemalas-bones.html?_r=1">The Secrets in Guatemala's Bones</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203002909/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/03/magazine/the-secrets-in-guatemalas-bones.html?_r=1">Archived</a> 3 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</i> June 30, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaslin2016" class="citation news cs1">Maslin, Sarah Esther (13 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/remembering-el-mozote-the-worst-massacre-in-modern-latin-american-history/">"Remembering El Mozote, the Worst Massacre in Modern Latin American History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180921142205/https://www.thenation.com/article/remembering-el-mozote-the-worst-massacre-in-modern-latin-american-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Remembering+El+Mozote%2C+the+Worst+Massacre+in+Modern+Latin+American+History&rft.date=2016-12-13&rft.aulast=Maslin&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Esther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fremembering-el-mozote-the-worst-massacre-in-modern-latin-american-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis, Mike</a> (2017). <a href="/wiki/Late_Victorian_Holocausts:_El_Ni%C3%B1o_Famines_and_the_Making_of_the_Third_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World"><i>Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World</i></a>. Verso. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latevictorianhol00dav_wbr/page/9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1784786625" title="Special:BookSources/978-1784786625"><bdi>978-1784786625</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Victorian+Holocausts%3A+El+Ni%C3%B1o+Famines+and+the+Making+of+the+Third+World&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1784786625&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHochschild1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Hochschild" title="Adam Hochschild">Hochschild, Adam</a> (1999). <a href="/wiki/King_Leopold%27s_Ghost" title="King Leopold's Ghost"><i>King Leopold's Ghost</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0618001903" title="Special:BookSources/978-0618001903"><bdi>978-0618001903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Leopold%27s+Ghost&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0618001903&rft.aulast=Hochschild&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkbar2010" class="citation news cs1">Akbar, Arifa (17 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/maos-great-leap-forward-killed-45-million-in-four-years-2081630.html">"Mao's Great Leap Forward 'killed 45 million in four years'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101029150409/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/maos-great-leap-forward-killed-45-million-in-four-years-2081630.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Mao%27s+Great+Leap+Forward+%27killed+45+million+in+four+years%27&rft.date=2010-09-17&rft.aulast=Akbar&rft.aufirst=Arifa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fbooks%2Fnews%2Fmaos-great-leap-forward-killed-45-million-in-four-years-2081630.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoresh2017" class="citation news cs1">Horesh, Theo (30 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2017/04/30/is-the-trump-administration-enabling-genocide-in-yemen-and-will-americans-ever-pay-attention/">"Is the Trump administration enabling genocide in Yemen? And will Americans ever pay attention?"</a>. <i>Salon</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181027185823/https://www.salon.com/2017/04/30/is-the-trump-administration-enabling-genocide-in-yemen-and-will-americans-ever-pay-attention/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Is+the+Trump+administration+enabling+genocide+in+Yemen%3F+And+will+Americans+ever+pay+attention%3F&rft.date=2017-04-30&rft.aulast=Horesh&rft.aufirst=Theo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2017%2F04%2F30%2Fis-the-trump-administration-enabling-genocide-in-yemen-and-will-americans-ever-pay-attention%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://therealnews.com/stories/aorkaby1113yemen">"Saudi Arabia Threatens Famine, Genocide in Yemen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Real_News" class="mw-redirect" title="The Real News">The Real News</a></i>. 13 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180704124450/https://therealnews.com/stories/aorkaby1113yemen">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Real+News&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+Threatens+Famine%2C+Genocide+in+Yemen&rft.date=2017-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftherealnews.com%2Fstories%2Faorkaby1113yemen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristof2018" class="citation news cs1">Kristof, Nicholas (26 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/26/opinion/yemen-united-states-united-nations.html">"Be Outraged by America's Role in Yemen's Misery"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181028062629/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/26/opinion/yemen-united-states-united-nations.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Be+Outraged+by+America%27s+Role+in+Yemen%27s+Misery&rft.date=2018-09-26&rft.aulast=Kristof&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F09%2F26%2Fopinion%2Fyemen-united-states-united-nations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OWID-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OWID_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/homicide-rate-unodc">"Homicide rate"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homicide+rate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fhomicide-rate-unodc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HomicideVsIncome-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HomicideVsIncome_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homicide data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime_(UNODC)2024" class="citation web cs1">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/homicide-rate-unodc?tab=table">"Homicide rate, 2023 / Annual number of deaths from homicide per 100,000 people"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241113181658/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/homicide-rate-unodc?tab=table">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2024. <q>Data source: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2024)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homicide+rate%2C+2023+%2F+Annual+number+of+deaths+from+homicide+per+100%2C000+people&rft.date=2024&rft.au=United+Nations+Office+on+Drugs+and+Crime+%28UNODC%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fhomicide-rate-unodc%3Ftab%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span><br />● Income data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Development_Programme_(UNDP)2024" class="citation web cs1">United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gross-national-income-per-capita-undp?tab=table">"Gross national income (GNI) per capita"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241113182218/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gross-national-income-per-capita-undp?tab=table">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2024. <q>Data source: UNDP, Human Development Report (2024)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gross+national+income+%28GNI%29+per+capita&rft.date=2024&rft.au=United+Nations+Development+Programme+%28UNDP%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fgross-national-income-per-capita-undp%3Ftab%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNODC_homicides_2021-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNODC_homicides_2021_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNODC_homicides_2021_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">● Homicide data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/homicide-rate-unodc?tab=table">"Homicide rate UNODC / Homicide rate, 2021"</a>. <i>OurWorldInData.org</i>. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20241104050317/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/homicide-rate-unodc?tab=table">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OurWorldInData.org&rft.atitle=Homicide+rate+UNODC+%2F+Homicide+rate%2C+2021&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fhomicide-rate-unodc%3Ftab%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span> <br />● 2021 Population data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2021/field/population/country-comparison">"The World Factbook (2021 Archive) Country Comparisons – Population"</a>. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240704193118/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2021/field/population/country-comparison">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook+%282021+Archive%29+Country+Comparisons+%E2%80%93+Population&rft.pub=U.S.+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fabout%2Farchives%2F2021%2Ffield%2Fpopulation%2Fcountry-comparison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span> <br />● List of high-income countries from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/high-income-countries">"High-Income Countries 2024"</a>. World Population Review. 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240620013723/https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/high-income-countries">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2024. <q>World Bank's income categories are updated annually, at the start of each financial year, and are based upon the most recently released data, which tends to be 1.5 years previous.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High-Income+Countries+2024&rft.pub=World+Population+Review&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldpopulationreview.com%2Fcountry-rankings%2Fhigh-income-countries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNODC_intentionalHomicides-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNODC_intentionalHomicides_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dataunodc.un.org/crime/intentional-homicide-victims">"Home >> Intentional Homicide Victims"</a>. <i>dataUNODC</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dataUNODC&rft.atitle=Home+%3E%3E+Intentional+Homicide+Victims&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdataunodc.un.org%2Fcrime%2Fintentional-homicide-victims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-un2011-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-un2011_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-un2011_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime/global-study-on-homicide-2011.html">"2011 Global Study on Homicide"</a>. <i>UNODC</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121218181622/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime/global-study-on-homicide-2011.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNODC&rft.atitle=2011+Global+Study+on+Homicide&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Funodc%2Fen%2Fdata-and-analysis%2Fstatistics%2Fcrime%2Fglobal-study-on-homicide-2011.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jr-un-2011-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jr-un-2011_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jr-un-2011_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111230000157/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/criminal-justice/un-2011-global-study-homicide/">"United Nations 2011 Global Study on Homicide"</a>. Journalist's Resource. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/criminal-justice/un-2011-global-study-homicide/">the original</a> on 30 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=United+Nations+2011+Global+Study+on+Homicide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournalistsresource.org%2Fstudies%2Fgovernment%2Fcriminal-justice%2Fun-2011-global-study-homicide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNODC13-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNODC13_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNODC13_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">UNODC, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf">Global Study on Homicide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103183851/http://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf">Archived</a> 3 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2013 Report</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNODC, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf">Global Study on Homicide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103183851/http://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf">Archived</a> 3 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2013 Report, page 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eisner-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eisner_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eisner_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eisner_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisner2003" class="citation journal cs1">Eisner, Manuel (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279936907">"Long-Term Historical Trends in Violent Crime"</a>. <i>Crime and Justice</i>. <b>30</b>: <span class="nowrap">83–</span>142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F652229">10.1086/652229</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53317626">53317626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crime+and+Justice&rft.atitle=Long-Term+Historical+Trends+in+Violent+Crime&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F652229&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53317626%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Eisner&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F279936907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1983" class="citation journal cs1">Stone, Lawrence (1983). "Interpersonal Violence in English Society, 1300–1980". <i>Past and Present</i> (101): <span class="nowrap">22–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F101.1.22">10.1093/past/101.1.22</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+and+Present&rft.atitle=Interpersonal+Violence+in+English+Society%2C+1300%E2%80%931980&rft.issue=101&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F101.1.22&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThome2001" class="citation journal cs1">Thome, Helmut (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fchs.738">"Explaining Long Term Trends in Violent Crime"</a>. <i>Crime, Histoire & Sociétés</i>. <b>5</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">69–</span>86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fchs.738">10.4000/chs.738</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19582950">19582950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crime%2C+Histoire+%26+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s&rft.atitle=Explaining+Long+Term+Trends+in+Violent+Crime&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fchs.738&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19582950&rft.aulast=Thome&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fchs.738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the growing role of local government in reducing local feuds see Matthew H. Lockwood, <i>Death, Justice and the State: The Coroner and the Monopoly of Violence in England, 1500–1800</i> (2014) and his <i>The Conquest of Death: Violence and the Birth of the Modern English State</i> (2017).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisner2014" class="citation journal cs1">Eisner, Manuel (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264402032">"From Swords to Words: Does Macro-Level Change in Self-Control Predict Long-Term Variation in Levels of Homicide?"</a>. <i>Crime and Justice</i>. <b>43</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">65–</span>134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F677662">10.1086/677662</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144894344">144894344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crime+and+Justice&rft.atitle=From+Swords+to+Words%3A+Does+Macro-Level+Change+in+Self-Control+Predict+Long-Term+Variation+in+Levels+of+Homicide%3F&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F677662&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144894344%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Eisner&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F264402032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cdc-table-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cdc-table_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/sosmap/homicide_mortality/homicide.htm">Homicide Mortality by State</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Health_Statistics" title="National Center for Health Statistics">National Center for Health Statistics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NH-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NH_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/states/newhampshire/nh.htm">New Hampshire</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Health_Statistics" title="National Center for Health Statistics">National Center for Health Statistics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VT-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VT_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/states/vermont/vt.htm">Vermont</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Health_Statistics" title="National Center for Health Statistics">National Center for Health Statistics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmwr-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mmwr_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2023" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Grace S. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/ss/ss7205a1.htm">"Surveillance for Violent Deaths — National Violent Death Reporting System, 48 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, 2020"</a>. <i>MMWR. Surveillance Summaries</i>. <b>72</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15585%2Fmmwr.ss7205a1">10.15585/mmwr.ss7205a1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1546-0738">1546-0738</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10208308">10208308</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37220104">37220104</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258865008">258865008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MMWR.+Surveillance+Summaries&rft.atitle=Surveillance+for+Violent+Deaths+%E2%80%94+National+Violent+Death+Reporting+System%2C+48+States%2C+the+District+of+Columbia%2C+and+Puerto+Rico%2C+2020&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10208308%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258865008%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15585%2Fmmwr.ss7205a1&rft.issn=1546-0738&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37220104&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Grace+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmmwr%2Fvolumes%2F72%2Fss%2Fss7205a1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homicide&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lappi-Seppälä, Tapio, and Martti Lehti. "Cross-comparative perspectives on global homicide trends". <i>Crime and Justice</i> 43.1 (2014): 135–230.</li> <li>Pinker, Steven. <i>The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined</i> (2011).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homicide&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> <b>Homicide</b> at Wikipedia's <a 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