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</div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Tartalomjegyzék" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tartalomjegyzék</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">áthelyezés az oldalsávba</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">elrejtés</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Bevezető</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Az_arab_ábécé_története" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Az_arab_ábécé_története"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Az arab ábécé története</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Az_arab_ábécé_története-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Az_arab_ábécé_betűi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Az_arab_ábécé_betűi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Az arab ábécé betűi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Az_arab_ábécé_betűi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Az_ábécé_betűinek_alakja,_latinra_írása_és_klasszikus_kiejtése" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Az_ábécé_betűinek_alakja,_latinra_írása_és_klasszikus_kiejtése"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Az ábécé betűinek alakja, latinra írása és klasszikus kiejtése</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Az_ábécé_betűinek_alakja,_latinra_írása_és_klasszikus_kiejtése-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_mankó" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_mankó"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>A mankó</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_mankó-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Függelék" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Függelék"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Függelék</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Függelék-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Az_ábécé_betűinek_különböző_átírásai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Az_ábécé_betűinek_különböző_átírásai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Az ábécé betűinek különböző átírásai</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Az_ábécé_betűinek_különböző_átírásai-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>A(z) Az ábécé betűinek különböző átírásai alszakasz kinyitása/becsukása</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Az_ábécé_betűinek_különböző_átírásai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nemzetközi_átírási_rendszerek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nemzetközi_átírási_rendszerek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Nemzetközi átírási rendszerek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nemzetközi_átírási_rendszerek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nemzeti_átírási_rendszerek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nemzeti_átírási_rendszerek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Nemzeti átírási rendszerek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nemzeti_átírási_rendszerek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-I.G.N._és_RJGC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I.G.N._és_RJGC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>I.G.N. és RJGC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I.G.N._és_RJGC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SES" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SES"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>SES</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SES-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Megjegyzések" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Megjegyzések"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Megjegyzések</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Megjegyzések-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kapcsolódó_szócikkek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kapcsolódó_szócikkek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kapcsolódó szócikkek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kapcsolódó_szócikkek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Források" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Források"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Források</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Források-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irodalom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irodalom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Irodalom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irodalom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jegyzetek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jegyzetek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Jegyzetek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jegyzetek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-További_információk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#További_információk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>További információk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-További_információk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Tartalomjegyzék" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Tartalomjegyzék" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tartalomjegyzék kinyitása/becsukása" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tartalomjegyzék kinyitása/becsukása</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arab ábécé</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ugrás egy más nyelvű szócikkre. Elérhető 141 nyelven" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-141" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">141 nyelv</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet – angol" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Arabic alphabet" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiese_alfabet" title="Arabiese alfabet – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Arabiese alfabet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisches_Alphabet" title="Arabisches Alphabet – svájci német" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Arabisches Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="svájci német" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%93%E1%88%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%8A%9B_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%8D%8B%E1%89%A4%E1%89%B5" title="የዓረብኛ አልፋቤት – amhara" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የዓረብኛ አልፋቤት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_arabe" title="Alfabeto arabe – aragonéz" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alfabeto arabe" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonéz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="kiemelt szócikk"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أبجدية عربية – arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبجدية عربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A0%DC%A6%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%AC_%DC%A5%DC%AA%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܪܒܝܐ – arámi" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܪܒܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arámi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%89" title="حروف عربى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حروف عربى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="আৰবী বৰ্ণমালা – asszámi" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আৰবী বৰ্ণমালা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asszámi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetu_%C3%A1rabe" title="Alfabetu árabe – asztúr" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alfabetu árabe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asztúr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="ГӀараб алипба – avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀараб алипба" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fr%C9%99b_%C9%99lifbas%C4%B1" title="Ərəb əlifbası – azerbajdzsáni" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ərəb əlifbası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzsáni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="عرب الیفباسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عرب الیفباسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%8F%D2%99%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Ғәрәп яҙмаһы – baskír" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғәрәп яҙмаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baskír" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="kiemelt szócikk"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisches_Oiphabet" title="Arabisches Oiphabet – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Arabisches Oiphabet" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C4%97%C5%A1ks_ra%C5%A1ts" title="Arabėšks rašts – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Arabėšks rašts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Арабскі алфавіт – belarusz" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арабскі алфавіт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Арабскі альфабэт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Арабскі альфабэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арабска азбука – bolgár" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арабска азбука" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgár" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Arap" title="Abjad Arap – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Abjad Arap" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="আরবি বর্ণমালা – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আরবি বর্ণমালা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="kiemelt szócikk"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizherenneg_arabek" title="Lizherenneg arabek – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lizherenneg arabek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapski_alfabet" title="Arapski alfabet – bosnyák" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Arapski alfabet" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnyák" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_Arab" title="Surat Arab – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Surat Arab" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Араб үзэг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Араб үзэг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_%C3%A0rab" title="Alfabet àrab – katalán" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabet àrab" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80-l%C3%A1-b%C3%A1ik_c%C3%AA-m%C5%8D%CC%A4" title="Ā-lá-báik cê-mō̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ā-lá-báik cê-mō̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Ӏаьрбийн йоза – csecsen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏаьрбийн йоза" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="csecsen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulat_Inarabigo" title="Sulat Inarabigo – szebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sulat Inarabigo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="szebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8E%DB%8C_%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ئەلفوبێی عەرەبی – közép-ázsiai kurd" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلفوبێی عەرەبی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="közép-ázsiai kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap_elifbesi" title="Arap elifbesi – krími tatár" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Arap elifbesi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krími tatár" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF_%C3%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%C4%83%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Арап çырăвĕ – csuvas" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Арап çырăвĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="csuvas" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_wyddor_Arabeg" title="Yr wyddor Arabeg – walesi" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr wyddor Arabeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_arabiske_alfabet" title="Det arabiske alfabet – dán" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det arabiske alfabet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisches_Alphabet" title="Arabisches Alphabet – német" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arabisches Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="német" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabey_Erebki" title="Alfabey Erebki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Alfabey Erebki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Αραβικό αλφάβητο – görög" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αραβικό αλφάβητο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="görög" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araba_alfabeto" title="Araba alfabeto – eszperantó" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Araba alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="eszperantó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_%C3%A1rabe" title="Alfabeto árabe – spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto árabe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabia_kiri" title="Araabia kiri – észt" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Araabia kiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="észt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiar_alfabeto" title="Arabiar alfabeto – baszk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arabiar alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baszk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="الفبای عربی – perzsa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الفبای عربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_aakkoset" title="Arabian aakkoset – finn" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arabian aakkoset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiska_stavra%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Arabiska stavraðið – feröeri" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Arabiska stavraðið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feröeri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_arabe" title="Alphabet arabe – francia" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphabet arabe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabisk_alfabeet" title="Araabisk alfabeet – északi fríz" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Araabisk alfabeet" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="északi fríz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aib%C3%ADtir_Arabach" title="Aibítir Arabach – ír" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aibítir Arabach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ír" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="阿拉伯字母 – gan kínai" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="阿拉伯字母" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan kínai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalfab%C3%A9_arab" title="Lalfabé arab – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lalfabé arab" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aibidil_Arabach" title="Aibidil Arabach – skóciai kelta" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aibidil Arabach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skóciai kelta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_%C3%A1rabe" title="Alfabeto árabe – gallego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfabeto árabe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arave%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD_achegety" title="Araveñe'ẽ achegety – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Araveñe'ẽ achegety" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbyrlhit_Arabagh" title="Abbyrlhit Arabagh – man-szigeti" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Abbyrlhit Arabagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="man-szigeti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99" title="אלפבית ערבי – héber" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפבית ערבי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="héber" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="अरबी वर्णमाला – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अरबी वर्णमाला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbii_akchhar" title="Arbii akchhar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Arbii akchhar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapska_abeceda" title="Arapska abeceda – horvát" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arapska abeceda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvát" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Արաբերենի այբուբեն – örmény" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արաբերենի այբուբեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="örmény" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D4%B1%D5%B5%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Արաբերէնի Այբուբեն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արաբերէնի Այբուբեն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabeto_arabe" title="Alphabeto arabe – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alphabeto arabe" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Arab" title="Abjad Arab – indonéz" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abjad Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonéz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpabeto_nga_Arabiko" title="Alpabeto nga Arabiko – ilokó" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Alpabeto nga Arabiko" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilokó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araba_alfabeto" title="Araba alfabeto – idó" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Araba alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C3%ADskt_letur" title="Arabískt letur – izlandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Arabískt letur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="izlandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_arabo" title="Alfabeto arabo – olasz" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto arabo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="olasz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="アラビア文字 – japán" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラビア文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Arab" title="Aksara Arab – jávai" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Aksara Arab" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jávai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="არაბული დამწერლობა – grúz" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არაბული დამწერლობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="grúz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agemmay_a%C9%9Brab" title="Agemmay aɛrab – kabije" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agemmay aɛrab" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabije" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BF_%D1%82%D1%85%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%8D" title="Хьэрып тхыпкъылъэ – kabardi" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хьэрып тхыпкъылъэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huruf_Hijaiyah" title="Huruf Hijaiyah – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Huruf Hijaiyah" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Араб жазуы – kazah" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Араб жазуы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9E%8D_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="아랍 문자 – koreai" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아랍 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Араб алфавит – karacsáj-balkár" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Араб алфавит" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karacsáj-balkár" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeya_ereb%C3%AE" title="Alfabeya erebî – kurd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alfabeya erebî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lytherennek_arabek" title="Lytherennek arabek – korni" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lytherennek arabek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Арап жазмасы – kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Арап жазмасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Arabicum" title="Abecedarium Arabicum – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Abecedarium Arabicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Араб алфавит – lezg" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Араб алфавит" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeta_arabi" title="Alfabeta arabi – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alfabeta arabi" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisch_sjrif" title="Arabisch sjrif – limburgi" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Arabisch sjrif" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_arab" title="Alfabet arab – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Alfabet arab" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%C5%B3_ra%C5%A1tas" title="Arabų raštas – litván" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arabų raštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litván" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C4%81bu_alfab%C4%93ts" title="Arābu alfabēts – lett" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arābu alfabēts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lett" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidy_arabo" title="Abidy arabo – malgas" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Abidy arabo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgas" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Arab" title="Abjad Arab – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Abjad Arab" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арапска азбука – macedón" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Арапска азбука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" title="അറബി ലിപി – malajálam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അറബി ലിപി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajálam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Араб цагаан толгой – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Араб цагаан толгой" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯑꯥꯔꯕꯤ ꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯥꯔꯕꯤ ꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="अरबी वर्णमाला – maráthi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अरबी वर्णमाला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maráthi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Arab" title="Abjad Arab – maláj" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abjad Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="maláj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabsch_Alphabeet" title="Araabsch Alphabeet – alsónémet" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Araabsch Alphabeet" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="alsónémet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisch_alfabet" title="Arabisch alfabet – holland" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arabisch alfabet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_arabiske_alfabetet" title="Det arabiske alfabetet – norvég (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det arabiske alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvég (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_arabiske_alfabetet" title="Det arabiske alfabetet – norvég (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det arabiske alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvég (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_arabi" title="Alfabet arabi – okszitán" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alfabet arabi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okszitán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅਰਬੀ ਵਰਣਮਾਲਾ – pandzsábi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਰਬੀ ਵਰਣਮਾਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandzsábi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_arabe" title="Abjad arabe – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Abjad arabe" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_arabski" title="Alfabet arabski – lengyel" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfabet arabski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="lengyel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_ar%C3%A0bich" title="Alfabet aràbich – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alfabet aràbich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="عربی حروف تہجی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عربی حروف تہجی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_%C3%A1rabe" title="Alfabeto árabe – portugál" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfabeto árabe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugál" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapya_siq%27i_llumpa" title="Arapya siq'i llumpa – kecsua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Arapya siq'i llumpa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kecsua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetul_arab" title="Alfabetul arab – román" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfabetul arab" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="román" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabb%C3%A8te_%C3%A0rabe" title="Alfabbète àrabe – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Alfabbète àrabe" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Арабский алфавит – orosz" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арабский алфавит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="orosz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Арабскый алфавіт – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Арабскый алфавіт" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Араабтыы сурук-бичик – szaha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Араабтыы сурук-бичик" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="szaha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AF" title="ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ – szantáli" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="szantáli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapski_alfabet" title="Arapski alfabet – szerbhorvát" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arapski alfabet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="szerbhorvát" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arabic alphabet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabska_abeceda" title="Arabska abeceda – szlovén" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arabska abeceda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="szlovén" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeti_arab" title="Alfabeti arab – albán" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alfabeti arab" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Арапски алфабет – szerb" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Арапски алфабет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="szerb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Arab" title="Aksara Arab – szundanéz" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Aksara Arab" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="szundanéz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiska_alfabetet" title="Arabiska alfabetet – svéd" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arabiska alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svéd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeti_ya_Kiarabu" title="Alfabeti ya Kiarabu – szuahéli" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alfabeti ya Kiarabu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="szuahéli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="அரபு எழுத்துமுறை – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரபு எழுத்துமுறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D3%A3" title="Алифбои арабӣ – tadzsik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алифбои арабӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadzsik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="ชุดตัวอักษรอาหรับ – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชุดตัวอักษรอาหรับ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%93%E1%88%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%8A%9B_%E1%8D%8A%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%8D" title="ዓረብኛ ፊደል – tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ዓረብኛ ፊደል" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap_elipbi%C3%BDi" title="Arap elipbiýi – türkmén" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Arap elipbiýi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="türkmén" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpabetong_Arabe" title="Alpabetong Arabe – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alpabetong Arabe" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap_alfabesi" title="Arap alfabesi – török" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arap alfabesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="török" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Гарәп язуы – tatár" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гарәп язуы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatár" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Араб алфавит – tuvai" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Араб алфавит" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D9%89%D9%81%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B3%D9%89" title="ئەرەب ئەلىفبەسى – ujgur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەرەب ئەلىفبەسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ujgur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арабська абетка – ukrán" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арабська абетка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="عربی حروف تہجی – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عربی حروف تہجی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_alifbosi" title="Arab alifbosi – üzbég" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arab alifbosi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="üzbég" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3ng_ch%E1%BB%AF_c%C3%A1i_%E1%BA%A2_R%E1%BA%ADp" title="Bảng chữ cái Ả Rập – vietnámi" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bảng chữ cái Ả Rập" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnámi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_arabe" title="Alfabet arabe – vallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Alfabet arabe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inarabo_nga_Agi" title="Inarabo nga Agi – varaó" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Inarabo nga Agi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varaó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="阿拉伯字母 – wu kínai" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿拉伯字母" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu kínai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="არაბული ჭარალუა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="არაბული ჭარალუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%98" title="אראבישער אלפאבעט – jiddis" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אראבישער אלפאבעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="阿拉伯字母 – kínai" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿拉伯字母" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kínai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%AD%97" title="阿拉伯字 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="阿拉伯字" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-la-pek_j%C4%AB-b%C3%B3" title="A-la-pek jī-bó – min nan kínai" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="A-la-pek jī-bó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kínai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="阿拉伯字母 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿拉伯字母" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8196#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Nyelvközi hivatkozások szerkesztése" class="wbc-editpage">Hivatkozások szerkesztése</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Névterek"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arab_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9" title="A lap megtekintése [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Szócikk</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vita:Arab_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9" rel="discussion" title="Az oldal tartalmának megvitatása [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Vitalap</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Nyelvvariáns váltása" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">magyar</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Nézetek"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9&stable=1"><span>Olvasás</span></a></li><li id="ca-current" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9&stable=0&redirect=no" title="Lap megjelenítése az ellenőrzésre váró változtatásokkal együtt [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Nem ellenőrzött változat</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="//hu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9&action=edit" title="Az oldal forráskódjának szerkesztése [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Szerkesztés</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9&action=history" title="A lap korábbi változatai [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Laptörténet</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Oldal eszközök"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eszközök" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">Ez a <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Jel%C3%B6lt_lapv%C3%A1ltozatok" title="Wikipédia:Jelölt lapváltozatok">közzétett változat</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1lis:Rendszernapl%C3%B3k&type=review&page=Arab_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9">ellenőrizve</a>: <i>2023. február 6.</i> <a class="external text" href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9&oldid=25798350&diff=cur">6 változtatás</a> vár ellenőrzésre.<p><table id="mw-fr-revisionratings-box" class="flaggedrevs-color-1" style="margin: auto;" cellpadding="0"><tr><td class="fr-text" style="vertical-align: middle;">Pontosság</td><td class="fr-value40" style="vertical-align: middle;">ellenőrzött</td></tr></table></p></div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hu" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox ujinfobox"> <tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="fejlec" style="color:black;background-color:antiquewhite;">Arab ábécé</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1jl:Arabic_Language.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Arabic_Language.svg/117px-Arabic_Language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Arabic_Language.svg/176px-Arabic_Language.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Arabic_Language.svg/234px-Arabic_Language.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="385" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;vertical-align:top"><b>Típus</b></td><td style="padding:0px;">mássalhangzóírás</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Nyelvek</b></td><td><a href="/wiki/Arab_nyelv" title="Arab nyelv">arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ajperzsa_nyelv" title="Újperzsa nyelv">perzsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pastu_nyelv" title="Pastu nyelv">pastu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu_nyelv" title="Urdu nyelv">urdu</a></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Időszak</b></td><td><a href="/wiki/7._sz%C3%A1zad" title="7. század">7. század</a> óta</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;"><b>Irány</b></td><td>jobbról balra</td></tr><tr><td class="cimke" style="padding:0px 3px 0px 0px;vertical-align:top"><b><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></b></td><td style="padding:0px;"><tt>Arab</tt></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:Commons;color:black;text-align:center;"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div>A <a href="/wiki/Wikim%C3%A9dia_Commons" title="Wikimédia Commons">Wikimédia Commons</a> tartalmaz <i><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arabic_alphabet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Arabic alphabet">Arab ábécé</a></i> témájú médiaállományokat.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Az <b>arab ábécé</b> <a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%A1mi_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9" title="Arámi ábécé">arámi</a> eredetű, 28 betűből álló mássalhangzóírás jelrendszere, amelyben a rövid magánhangzókat és a mássalhangzó-kettőzést mellékjelekkel lehet jelölni, ám ezekkel csak nyelvkönyvekben, szótárakban és régi, nehezen érthető szövegekben találkozhatunk. A három hosszú magánhangzó (á, í, ú) közül kettő (í, ú) mássalhangzójellel íródik (j és v), míg az á hangértékű <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alif (a lap nem létezik)">alif</a> sok esetben más magánhangzóként ejtendő (leginkább e-ként), illetve lehet a torokzárhang (hamza) jelének az ún. „széke”. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Az_arab_ábécé_története"><span id="Az_arab_.C3.A1b.C3.A9c.C3.A9_t.C3.B6rt.C3.A9nete"></span>Az arab ábécé története</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9&action=edit&section=1" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Az arab ábécé története"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Az első és második században kerültek kapcsolatba az <a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%A1mi_nyelv" title="Arámi nyelv">arámi</a> kultúrával az arábiai nomád törzsek. Ekkoriban vették át írásukat is kisebb módosításokkal, kiegészítésekkel. </p><p>Az első ténylegesen is önálló <a href="/wiki/Arab_nyelv" title="Arab nyelv">arab</a> ábécé a 7. századi <i>kúfi</i> volt (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%BAfa" title="Kúfa">Kúfa</a> városáról, ahol a <a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A1n" title="Korán">Korán</a> ipari mennyiségű gyártásakor alakult ki), ennek azonban megvolt az a hátránya, hogy nehezen lehetett olvasni, mivel nagyon díszes volt (a <a href="/wiki/20._sz%C3%A1zad" title="20. század">20. századig</a> használatos örököse a <i>maghrebi</i> írás, mely <a href="/wiki/Tun%C3%A9zia" title="Tunézia">Tunéziában</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alg%C3%A9ria" title="Algéria">Algériában</a> és <a href="/wiki/Marokk%C3%B3" title="Marokkó">Marokkóban</a> volt használatos). A mai napig az írást díszítésként is használják, ennek oka az <a href="/wiki/Iszl%C3%A1m" title="Iszlám">iszlámban</a> keresendő: mivel bizonyos irányzatai tiltják az emberábrázolásokat, a szépített írással pótolják. </p><p>Egy másik fejlődési ág a <i>neszhi</i> volt, melynek kerekded betűi máig hatással vannak az arab írásra. Nyomtatásban még ma is ez használatos, kézírásban azonban ennek egy egyszerűsített, gyorsabban leírható, kevésbé dekoratív formáját, a <i>rukaa</i>-t alkalmazzák. </p><p>Az <a href="/wiki/Iszl%C3%A1m" title="Iszlám">iszlám</a> vallás terjedésével az arab nyelvű Korán messzire vitte az írást, amely regionális sajátosságokat kezdett felvenni a más nyelveket beszélő területeken az ottaniak hangjaihoz igazodva (<a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ajperzsa_nyelv" title="Újperzsa nyelv">perzsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pastu_nyelv" title="Pastu nyelv">pastu</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afg%C3%A1n_nyelv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afgán nyelv (a lap nem létezik)">afgán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu_nyelv" title="Urdu nyelv">urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oszm%C3%A1n-t%C3%B6r%C3%B6k_nyelv" title="Oszmán-török nyelv">oszmán-török</a>). </p><p>Európa írása a számjegyeit köszönheti az araboknak, mivel ők közvetítették – sok más találmánnyal együtt – <a href="/wiki/%C3%81zsia" title="Ázsia">Ázsiából</a> a <a href="/wiki/Hinduizmus" title="Hinduizmus">hindu</a> számjegyeket, melyeket az arabban is – eltérően a betűírástól – balról jobbra írnak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Az_arab_ábécé_betűi"><span id="Az_arab_.C3.A1b.C3.A9c.C3.A9_bet.C5.B1i"></span>Az arab ábécé betűi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9&action=edit&section=2" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Az arab ábécé betűi"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="keretjobb"> <p><font size="+1"> ا ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م ن ه و ى </font></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </div> <p>Az európai írásiránytól eltérően jobbról balra írjuk az arab nyelvű szöveget, de ugyanúgy fentről lefelé haladva. Az arab ábécé gyakorlatilag nagybetűk nélküli kurzív írás, azonban a legtöbb betűnek négy alakja van, attól függően, hogy a szó elején, közepén, végén vagy önállóan áll, illetve hogy köthető-e balra (jobbról, az írás kezdőpontja felől minden betű köthető). Az arabban 28 mássalhangzó létezik, melyek között több ún. emfatikus is van (ق ص ض ط ظ betűk), melyek kiejtése – régiótól függő mértékben – hasonló nem emfatikus párjukéhoz. </p><p>A kiejtés nagymértékben függ attól, hogy melyik területen járunk (például جدي – kisgida – kiejtése: Arab-félsziget: dzsadí, Északnyugat-Afrika: zsedi, Egyiptom: gedi); a különböző területeken ugyanannak a fogalomnak a kifejezésére gyakran előnyben részesítenek más szinonimákat a szokások szerint. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Az_ábécé_betűinek_alakja,_latinra_írása_és_klasszikus_kiejtése"><span id="Az_.C3.A1b.C3.A9c.C3.A9_bet.C5.B1inek_alakja.2C_latinra_.C3.ADr.C3.A1sa_.C3.A9s_klasszikus_kiejt.C3.A9se"></span>Az ábécé betűinek alakja, latinra írása és klasszikus kiejtése</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9&action=edit&section=3" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Az ábécé betűinek alakja, latinra írása és klasszikus kiejtése"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div align="center"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Magában </th> <th>Szókezdő </th> <th>Közbenső </th> <th>Szó végi </th> <th>Név </th> <th>Átírás </th> <th>Hangérték </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ء </td> <td colspan="3">أ ؤ إ ئ , stb. </td> <td>hamza (torokzárhang) </td> <td>' / 2 </td> <td>szünet </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ا </td> <td colspan="2">– </td> <td>ـا </td> <td>'alif </td> <td>ā </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[aː]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ب </td> <td>بـ </td> <td>ـبـ </td> <td>ـب </td> <td>bā' </td> <td>b </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[b]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ت </td> <td>تـ </td> <td>ـتـ </td> <td>ـت </td> <td>tā' </td> <td>t </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[t]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ث </td> <td>ثـ </td> <td>ـثـ </td> <td>ـث </td> <td>ṯā' </td> <td>ṯ / th </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[θ]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ج </td> <td>جـ </td> <td>ـجـ </td> <td>ـج </td> <td>ǧīm </td> <td>ǧ / j / dj </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[d͡ʒ]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ح </td> <td>حـ </td> <td>ـحـ </td> <td>ـح </td> <td>ḥā' </td> <td>ḥ / 7 </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[ħ]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>خ </td> <td>خـ </td> <td>ـخـ </td> <td>ـخ </td> <td>ḫā' </td> <td>ḫ / ẖ / kh / 5 </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[x]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>د </td> <td colspan="2">– </td> <td>ـد </td> <td>dāl </td> <td>d </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[d]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ذ </td> <td colspan="2">– </td> <td>ـذ </td> <td>ḏāl </td> <td>ḏ / dh </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[ð]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ر </td> <td colspan="2">– </td> <td>ـر </td> <td>rā' </td> <td>r </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[r]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ز </td> <td colspan="2">– </td> <td>ـز </td> <td>zāy </td> <td>z </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[z]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>س </td> <td>سـ </td> <td>ـسـ </td> <td>ـس </td> <td>sīn </td> <td>s </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[s]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ش </td> <td>شـ </td> <td>ـشـ </td> <td>ـش </td> <td>šīn </td> <td>š / sh </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[ʃ]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ص </td> <td>صـ </td> <td>ـصـ </td> <td>ـص </td> <td>ṣād </td> <td>ṣ / 9 </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[sˁ]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ض </td> <td>ضـ </td> <td>ـضـ </td> <td>ـض </td> <td>ḍād </td> <td>ḍ </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[dˁ]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ط </td> <td>طـ </td> <td>ـطـ </td> <td>ـط </td> <td>ṭā' </td> <td>ṭ / 6 </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[tˁ]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ظ </td> <td>ظـ </td> <td>ـظـ </td> <td>ـظ </td> <td>zā' </td> <td>ẓ </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[ðˁ]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ع </td> <td>عـ </td> <td>ـعـ </td> <td>ـع </td> <td>ʿayn </td> <td>ʿ / ‘ / 3 </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[ʔˤ]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>غ </td> <td>غـ </td> <td>ـغـ </td> <td>ـغ </td> <td>ġayn </td> <td>ġ / gh </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[ɣ]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ف </td> <td>فـ </td> <td>ـفـ </td> <td>ـف </td> <td>fā' </td> <td>f </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[f]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ق </td> <td>قـ </td> <td>ـقـ </td> <td>ـق </td> <td>qāf </td> <td>q / ḳ / 8 </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[q]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ك </td> <td>كـ </td> <td>ـكـ </td> <td>ـك </td> <td>kāf </td> <td>k </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[k]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ل </td> <td>لـ </td> <td>ـلـ </td> <td>ـل </td> <td>lām </td> <td>l </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[l]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>م </td> <td>مـ </td> <td>ـمـ </td> <td>ـم </td> <td>mīm </td> <td>m </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[m]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ن </td> <td>نـ </td> <td>ـنـ </td> <td>ـن </td> <td>nūn </td> <td>n </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[n]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ه </td> <td>هـ </td> <td>ـهـ </td> <td>ـه </td> <td>hā' </td> <td>h </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[h]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>و </td> <td colspan="2">– </td> <td>ـو </td> <td>wāw </td> <td>w </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[w]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ي </td> <td>يـ </td> <td>ـيـ </td> <td>ـي </td> <td>yā' </td> <td>y vagy ī </td> <td><span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[j]</span>/<span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important">[iː]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>A magánhangzókat szinte sohasem jelölik. A 8. századtól kezdődően a hosszú magánhangzókra bizonyos jelölési forma mégis elterjedt (ى → í; و → ú; ا → á), de a kiejtéshez így is komoly nyelvismeretre van szükség. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_mankó"><span id="A_mank.C3.B3"></span>A mankó</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9&action=edit&section=4" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: A mankó"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fontos megemlíteni a mellékjeleket is. Ezeket a jeleket az írás tanulói használják, hogy a kiejtést könnyebben fel tudják idézni, illetve a szótárakban és főként a <a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A1n" title="Korán">Koránban</a> találkozhatunk velük, hogy a félreértéseket elkerüljék. </p><p>A klasszikus, iskolában, vallási és hivatalos életben használt arab nyelvben a magánhangzók kiejtése az alábbi: </p> <ul><li>بَ – ba</li> <li>بً – ban</li> <li>بُ – bu</li> <li>بٌ – bun</li> <li>بِ – bi</li> <li>بٍ – bin</li> <li>بْ – b, utána nincs magánhangzó</li> <li>بّ – duplázott b</li></ul> <p>A nyelvjárások kezdettől fogva eltérő hangzókészlettel rendelkeznek, amelyek az arab hódítások révén megnövekedett területen belül még markánsabban elkülönültek a valószínűleg sosem létezett sztenderdtől. Nyelvjárásokban gyakori például az <i>e, é, o, ó</i> hangzó. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Függelék"><span id="F.C3.BCggel.C3.A9k"></span>Függelék</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9&action=edit&section=5" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Függelék"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Az_ábécé_betűinek_különböző_átírásai"><span id="Az_.C3.A1b.C3.A9c.C3.A9_bet.C5.B1inek_k.C3.BCl.C3.B6nb.C3.B6z.C5.91_.C3.A1t.C3.ADr.C3.A1sai"></span>Az ábécé betűinek különböző átírásai</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9&action=edit&section=6" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Az ábécé betűinek különböző átírásai"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nemzetközi_átírási_rendszerek"><span id="Nemzetk.C3.B6zi_.C3.A1t.C3.ADr.C3.A1si_rendszerek"></span>Nemzetközi átírási rendszerek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9&action=edit&section=7" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Nemzetközi átírási rendszerek"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div align="center"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Betű </th> <th>ISO<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>DIN<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>UN<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>ALA-LC<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>EI<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Qalam<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Buckwalter<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>SATTS<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Chat<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ﺀ </td> <td>' / ˌ<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ʾ </td> <td colspan="2">– / ’<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ʾ </td> <td colspan="2">' </td> <td>E </td> <td>2, ' </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ا </td> <td>’ </td> <td>ā </td> <td colspan="3">- </td> <td>aa </td> <td colspan="2">A </td> <td>a, aa </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ب </td> <td colspan="7">b </td> <td>B </td> <td>b </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ت </td> <td colspan="7">t </td> <td>T </td> <td>t </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ث </td> <td colspan="2">ṯ </td> <td colspan="2">th </td> <td><u>th</u> </td> <td>th </td> <td>v </td> <td>C </td> <td>s, t, th </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ج </td> <td colspan="2">ǧ </td> <td colspan="2">j </td> <td><u>dj</u> </td> <td colspan="2">j </td> <td>J </td> <td>g, j, y </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ح </td> <td colspan="2">ḥ </td> <td>ẖ </td> <td colspan="2">ḥ </td> <td colspan="3">H </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>خ </td> <td>ẖ </td> <td>ḫ </td> <td colspan="2">kh </td> <td><u>kh</u> </td> <td>kh </td> <td>x </td> <td>O </td> <td>kh, 5, 7' </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>د </td> <td colspan="7">d </td> <td>D </td> <td>d </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ذ </td> <td colspan="2">ḏ </td> <td colspan="2">dh </td> <td><u>dh</u> </td> <td>dh </td> <td>* </td> <td>Z </td> <td>d, z, dh </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ر </td> <td colspan="7">r </td> <td>R </td> <td>r </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ز </td> <td colspan="7">z </td> <td>; </td> <td>z </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>س </td> <td colspan="7">s </td> <td>S </td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ش </td> <td colspan="2">š </td> <td colspan="4">sh </td> <td>$ </td> <td>: </td> <td>sh, ch </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ص </td> <td colspan="2">ṣ </td> <td><u>s</u> </td> <td colspan="2">ṣ </td> <td colspan="2">S </td> <td>X </td> <td>s, 9 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ض </td> <td colspan="2">ḍ </td> <td>ḏ </td> <td colspan="2">ḍ </td> <td colspan="2">D </td> <td>V </td> <td>d </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ط </td> <td colspan="2">ṭ </td> <td>ṯ </td> <td colspan="2">ṭ </td> <td colspan="2">T </td> <td>U </td> <td>t, 6 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ظ </td> <td colspan="2">ẓ </td> <td><u>dh</u> </td> <td colspan="2">ẓ </td> <td colspan="2">Z </td> <td>Y </td> <td>z, 6' </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ع </td> <td colspan="2">ʿ </td> <td colspan="2">ʻ </td> <td>ʿ </td> <td>` </td> <td>E </td> <td>` </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>غ </td> <td colspan="2">ġ </td> <td colspan="2">gh </td> <td><u>gh</u> </td> <td>gh </td> <td>g </td> <td>G </td> <td>gh, 3' </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ف </td> <td colspan="7">f </td> <td>F </td> <td>f </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ق </td> <td colspan="4">q </td> <td>ḳ </td> <td colspan="2">q </td> <td>Q </td> <td>2, 8, ', q, k, j </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ك </td> <td colspan="7">k </td> <td>K </td> <td>k </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ل </td> <td colspan="7">l </td> <td>L </td> <td>l </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>م </td> <td colspan="7">m </td> <td>M </td> <td>m </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ن </td> <td colspan="7">n </td> <td>N </td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ه </td> <td colspan="7">h </td> <td>~ </td> <td>h, -a(h), -e(h), -o, -u </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>و </td> <td colspan="7">w </td> <td>W </td> <td>w, o, u, ou, oo </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ي </td> <td colspan="5">y vagy ī </td> <td colspan="2">y </td> <td>I </td> <td>y, i, ee, e, ei, ay, ai </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ة </td> <td>ẗ </td> <td>t / h<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>h / t<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>t / h<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>at / a<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>t / h<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>p </td> <td>@ </td> <td>-at, -et, -a(h), -e(h) </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p><b>Megjegyzés</b><br /> A határozott névelő átírásánál az <b>l</b> a következő betűk (ún. „napbetűk”) előtt hasonul (ISO-szerint): <span title="IPA-kiejtés" class="IPA" lang="hu" style="white-space:nowrap; text-decoration:none!important"><b>t, ṯ, d, ḏ, r, z, s, š, ṣ, ḍ, ṭ, ẓ, l, n</b></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nemzeti_átírási_rendszerek"><span id="Nemzeti_.C3.A1t.C3.ADr.C3.A1si_rendszerek"></span>Nemzeti átírási rendszerek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9&action=edit&section=8" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Nemzeti átírási rendszerek"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="I.G.N._és_RJGC"><span id="I.G.N._.C3.A9s_RJGC"></span>I.G.N. és RJGC</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9&action=edit&section=9" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: I.G.N. és RJGC"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>I.G.N.</b> <i>(Présentation de la variante B du système de translittération de l'arabe "Beyrouth amendé",</i> 1994) rendszert a <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6zel-Kelet" title="Közel-Kelet">Közel-Kelet</a>, valamint Északnyugat-<a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a> országaiban használják, de ezen alapul néhány más ország átírási rendszere. </p><p>A rendszer sajátossága, hogy az UNGEGN átíráson alapszik (lásd az <b>UN</b> oszlopot a táblázatban), de formailag nagy <a href="/wiki/Francia_nyelv" title="Francia nyelv">francia</a> hatás érte, számos betűkapcsolatot tradicionális francia alakkal vagy helyesírás szerint ír, ezért nem visszakódolható. </p><p>Némi módosítással ugyanezt az átírást használja az <b>RJGC</b> <i>(Royal Jordanian Geographic Centre,</i> 1996.) rendszer is. </p><p>A fontosabb különbségek az UN rendszerhez képest: </p> <div align="center"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>UN alak </th> <th>I.G.N. alak </th> <th>RJGC alak </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>' </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>j </td> <td>j / dj <i>(helyi kiejtéstől függően)</i> </td> <td>j / dj <i>(helyi kiejtéstől függően)</i> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ẖ </td> <td>ḥ </td> <td>ẖ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>s </td> <td>ss <i>(magánhangzók között)</i> / s <i>(máskor)</i> </td> <td>ss <i>(magánhangzók között)</i> / s <i>(máskor)</i> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>sh </td> <td>ch </td> <td>ch </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><u>s</u> </td> <td>ṣ (nevekben <i>ç</i> is előfordul) </td> <td><u>s</u> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ḏ </td> <td>ḍ </td> <td>ḏ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ṯ </td> <td>ṭ </td> <td>ṯ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><u>dh</u> </td> <td>ẓ </td> <td>ḏh </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ʻ </td> <td>' </td> <td>' </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>q </td> <td>q / g / gu <i>(helyi kiejtéstől függően</i> gu<i> csak </i>e, i<i> előtt)</i> </td> <td>q / g / gu <i>(helyi kiejtéstől függően</i> gu<i> csak </i>e, i<i> előtt)</i> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>n </td> <td>n / ne <i>(</i>ne<i> szó végén magánhangzók után)</i> </td> <td>n / ne <i>(</i>ne<i> szó végén magánhangzók után)</i> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>w </td> <td>ou </td> <td>ou </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>y </td> <td>y <i>(szó elején vagy mássalhangzók között)</i> / ï <i>(diftongusok második elemeként)</i> / i <i>(máskor)</i> </td> <td>y <i>(szó elején vagy mássalhangzók között)</i> / ï <i>(diftongusok második elemeként)</i> / i <i>(máskor)</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SES">SES</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9&action=edit&section=10" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: SES"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>SES</b> (Survey of Egypt System, 1972.) rendszer is az UN rendszerén alapszik, de ebben a rendszerben – érthető történelmi okokból – nem érezhető a francia hatás. </p><p>A fontosabb különbségek az UN rendszerhez képest: </p> <div align="center"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>UN alak </th> <th>SES alak </th> <th>SES variáns </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>' </td> <td>- </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>th </td> <td>th </td> <td>t </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>j </td> <td>g </td> <td>j </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ẖ </td> <td>ḥ </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>dh </td> <td>dh </td> <td>z </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td>c </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><u>s</u> </td> <td>ṣ </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ḏ </td> <td>ḍ </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ṯ </td> <td>ṭ </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><u>dh</u> </td> <td>ẓ </td> <td>d </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ʻ </td> <td>' </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>q </td> <td>q </td> <td>k </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="3">határozott névelő </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>al- </td> <td>el- </td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>A variánsok általában nyelvjárásoktól és a tradícióktól függenek. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Megjegyzések"><span id="Megjegyz.C3.A9sek"></span>Megjegyzések</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9&action=edit&section=11" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Megjegyzések"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1jl:KB_Arabic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/KB_Arabic.svg/300px-KB_Arabic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/KB_Arabic.svg/450px-KB_Arabic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/KB_Arabic.svg/600px-KB_Arabic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>Arab billentyűkiosztás</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Egy példa a kiejtésre:</li></ul> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1jl:Arab_p%C3%A9lda%C3%ADr%C3%A1s.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="1801.gif"><img alt="1801.gif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Arab_p%C3%A9lda%C3%ADr%C3%A1s.gif" decoding="async" width="468" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="115" /></a></span> <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/1801.ogg" class="internal" title="1801.ogg">Mondd ki!</a> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kapcsolódó_szócikkek"><span id="Kapcsol.C3.B3d.C3.B3_sz.C3.B3cikkek"></span>Kapcsolódó szócikkek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9&action=edit&section=12" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Kapcsolódó szócikkek"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Arab_nevek_%C3%A1t%C3%ADr%C3%A1sa" title="Wikipédia:Arab nevek átírása">Wikipédia:Arab nevek átírása</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:%C3%9Ajperzsa_nevek_%C3%A1t%C3%ADr%C3%A1sa" title="Wikipédia:Újperzsa nevek átírása">Wikipédia:Újperzsa nevek átírása</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perzsa_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9" title="Perzsa ábécé">Perzsa ábécé</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Források"><span id="Forr.C3.A1sok"></span>Források</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9&action=edit&section=13" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Források"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070818163343/http://vic.mkm.sulinet.hu/">https://web.archive.org/web/20070818163343/http://vic.mkm.sulinet.hu/</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irodalom">Irodalom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9&action=edit&section=14" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Irodalom"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dobos Károly Dániel: <i>Sém fiai – A sémi nyelvek és a sémi írásrendszerek története</i> (Pázmány Egyetem eKiadó és Szent István Társulat: Budapest, 2013) 380-384.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jegyzetek">Jegyzetek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9&action=edit&section=15" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: Jegyzetek"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="ref-1col"><div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-gap: 3em; -moz-column-gap: 3em; column-gap: 3em;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">International Organisation for Standardisation (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.ch/">www.iso.ch</a>) ISO 233:1984</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Deutsches Institut für Normung, 31635: Umschrift des arabischen Alphabets (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://129.69.218.213/arabtex/doc/arabdoc.pdf">Institut für Informatik, Universität Stuttgart</a>), 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/">www.eki.ee/wgrs</a>), 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">American Library Association/Library of Congress, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Encyclopedia of Islam, 1960.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A Convention for Morphological Arabic-Latin-Arabic Transliteration – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eserver.org/langs/qalam.txt">eserver.org/langs/qalam.txt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090208143407/http://eserver.org/langs/qalam.txt">Archiválva</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap">2009. február 8-i</span> dátummal a <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>-ben, 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Buckwalter Transliteration, Xerox Arabic Morphogical Analysis and Generation – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qamus.org/transliteration.htm">Buckwalter Arabic Transliteration, Qamus.org</a>, 199x</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Standard Arabic Technical Transliteration System – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languages-of-the-world.us/YourNameIn/SATTS.html">www.languages-of-the-world.us/YourNameIn/SATTS.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130519114036/http://www.languages-of-the-world.us/YourNameIn/SATTS.html">Archiválva</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap">2013. május 19-i</span> dátummal a <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>-ben, 197x</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">online kommunikációban használt átírás, lásd: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_Chat_Alphabet" class="extiw" title="en:Arabic Chat Alphabet">en:Arabic Chat Alphabet</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">' – más betűn; ˌ – önállóan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">szó elején nem írja át; ’ máskor</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">szóösszetételekben <i>t</i>; máskor <i>h</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">hímnemű szónál <i>h</i>; nőnemű szónál <i>t</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">szóösszetételekben <i>at</i>; máskor <i>a</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div><div class="ref-1col"><div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-gap: 3em; -moz-column-gap: 3em; column-gap: 3em;"></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="További_információk"><span id="Tov.C3.A1bbi_inform.C3.A1ci.C3.B3k"></span>További információk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9&action=edit&section=16" title="Szakasz szerkesztése: További információk"><span>szerkesztés</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lattilad.org/vicky/blog/igy_irnak_az_arabok_1">Így írnak az arabok</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lattilad.org/vicky/blog/igy_irnak_az_arabok_2">2. rész</a> (Láng Attila D.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zsigri.tripod.com/fontboard/arabic.html">Arabic for Windows</a> (egy magyar nyelvész által készített szoftver)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theiling.de/schrift/#arabic">Theiling.de</a>: az arab betűk gyakorlása</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/arabic.htm">Omniglot.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" 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