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is-link">Go</button> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <ol class="breathe-horizontal" start="1"> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.10497">arXiv:2311.10497</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2311.10497">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2311.10497">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Characterization of FBK NUV-HD-Cryo SiPMs near LHe temperature </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Gu%2C+F">Fengbo Gu</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Liao%2C+J">Junhui Liao</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Zhou%2C+J">Jiangfeng Zhou</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Ma%2C+M">Meiyuenan Ma</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Gao%2C+Y">Yuanning Gao</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Peng%2C+Z">Zhaohua Peng</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Zheng%2C+J">Jian Zheng</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+G">Guangpeng An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Zhang%2C+L">Lifeng Zhang</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Zhang%2C+L">Lei Zhang</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Liang%2C+Z">Zhuo Liang</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Zhao%2C+X">Xiuliang Zhao</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2311.10497v3-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> Five FBK ``NUV-HD-Cryo'' SiPMs have been characterized at 7 K and 10 K, with 405 nm and 530 nm LED light, respectively. The dark current rate (DCR) was measured to be $\sim$ 1 Hz for the $\sim$ 100 mm$^2$-size SiPMs, or 0.01 Hz/mm$^2$, which is $\sim$ 7 orders lower than the DCR at room temperature (RT). Given the tiny DCR at these cryogenic temperatures, we measured the SiPMs' I-V curves with suc… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2311.10497v3-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2311.10497v3-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2311.10497v3-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> Five FBK ``NUV-HD-Cryo'' SiPMs have been characterized at 7 K and 10 K, with 405 nm and 530 nm LED light, respectively. The dark current rate (DCR) was measured to be $\sim$ 1 Hz for the $\sim$ 100 mm$^2$-size SiPMs, or 0.01 Hz/mm$^2$, which is $\sim$ 7 orders lower than the DCR at room temperature (RT). Given the tiny DCR at these cryogenic temperatures, we measured the SiPMs' I-V curves with such a method: illuminated the SiPMs with weak light, which differs from the conventional measurements at RT. Then, we measured the photo-detection efficiency (PDE), after-pulse (AP), and cross-talk (CT) with a bias voltage ranging from 6 to 11 V overvoltage (OV). At the OV interval (6 to 11 V), the PDE was between 20\% - 45\%, and the AP and CT were both between $\sim$ 5\% and $\sim$ 20\%. Suppose the bias is $\ge$ 10 V OV, the PDE would be $\ge$ 40\%, and the AP and CT are $\sim$ 20\%. Combining all of the measurements, we are confident that the SiPMs can be equipped as the photosensors on liquid helium detectors, including but not limited to the time projection chambers, which we have proposed in hunting for low-mass dark matter directly and beyond. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2311.10497v3-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2311.10497v3-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 22 October, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 17 November, 2023; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> November 2023. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.12406">arXiv:2302.12406</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.12406">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/ps/2302.12406">ps</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2302.12406">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics">astro-ph.IM</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Phenomenology">hep-ph</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Search for ER and/or NR-like dark matter signals with the especially low background liquid helium TPCs </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Liao%2C+J">Junhui Liao</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Gao%2C+Y">Yuanning Gao</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+G">Guangpeng An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Gu%2C+F">Fengbo Gu</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Hu%2C+S">Shangmao Hu</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Liang%2C+Z">Zhuo Liang</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Liu%2C+G">Gang Liu</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Ma%2C+M">Meiyuenan Ma</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Peng%2C+Z">Zhaohua Peng</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Xia%2C+J">Junfeng Xia</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Zhang%2C+L">Lei Zhang</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Zhang%2C+L">Lifeng Zhang</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Zhao%2C+X">Xiuliang Zhao</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Zheng%2C+J">Jian Zheng</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Zhou%2C+J">Jiangfeng Zhou</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2302.12406v4-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> In the Dark Matter (DM) direct detection community, the absence of convincing signals has become a "new normal" for decades. Among other possibilities, the "new normal" might indicate that DM-matter interactions could generate not only the hypothetical NR (Nuclear Recoil) events but also the ER (Electron Recoil) ones, which have often been tagged as backgrounds historically. Further, we argue that… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2302.12406v4-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2302.12406v4-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2302.12406v4-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> In the Dark Matter (DM) direct detection community, the absence of convincing signals has become a "new normal" for decades. Among other possibilities, the "new normal" might indicate that DM-matter interactions could generate not only the hypothetical NR (Nuclear Recoil) events but also the ER (Electron Recoil) ones, which have often been tagged as backgrounds historically. Further, we argue that ER and NR-like DM signals could co-exist in a DM detector's same dataset. So in total, there would be three scenarios we can search for DM signals: (i) ER excess only, (ii) NR excess only, and (iii) ER and NR excesses combined. To effectively identify any possible DM signal under the three scenarios, a DM detector should (a) have the minimum ER and NR backgrounds and (b) be capable of discriminating ER events from NR ones. Accordingly, we introduce the newly established project, ALETHEIA, which implements liquid helium-filled TPCs (Time Projection Chambers) in hunting for DM. Thanks to the nearly single-digit number of ER and NR backgrounds on 1 ton*yr exposure, presumably, the ALETHEIA detectors could identify any form of DM-induced excess in its ROI (Research Of Interest). As far as we know, ALETHEIA is the first DM direct detection experiment claiming such an inclusive search; conventional detectors search DM mainly on the "ER excess only" and/or the "NR excess only" channel, not the "ER and NR excesses combined" channel. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2302.12406v4-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2302.12406v4-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 19 October, 2023; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 23 February, 2023; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> February 2023. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.02565">arXiv:2104.02565</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.02565">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2104.02565">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103927">10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103927 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> JUNO Physics and Detector </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=JUNO+Collaboration"> JUNO Collaboration</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Abusleme%2C+A">Angel Abusleme</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Adam%2C+T">Thomas Adam</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Ahmad%2C+S">Shakeel Ahmad</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Ahmed%2C+R">Rizwan Ahmed</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Aiello%2C+S">Sebastiano Aiello</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Akram%2C+M">Muhammad Akram</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+F">Fengpeng An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+G">Guangpeng An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+Q">Qi An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Andronico%2C+G">Giuseppe Andronico</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Anfimov%2C+N">Nikolay Anfimov</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Antonelli%2C+V">Vito Antonelli</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Antoshkina%2C+T">Tatiana Antoshkina</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Asavapibhop%2C+B">Burin Asavapibhop</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=de+Andr%C3%A9%2C+J+P+A+M">Jo茫o Pedro Athayde Marcondes de Andr茅</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Auguste%2C+D">Didier Auguste</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Babic%2C+A">Andrej Babic</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Baldini%2C+W">Wander Baldini</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Barresi%2C+A">Andrea Barresi</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Baussan%2C+E">Eric Baussan</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Bellato%2C+M">Marco Bellato</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Bergnoli%2C+A">Antonio Bergnoli</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Bernieri%2C+E">Enrico Bernieri</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Birkenfeld%2C+T">Thilo Birkenfeld</a> , et al. (591 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2104.02565v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a 20 kton LS detector at 700-m underground. An excellent energy resolution and a large fiducial volume offer exciting opportunities for addressing many important topics in neutrino and astro-particle physics. With 6 years of data, the neutrino mass ordering can be determined at 3-4 sigma and three oscillation parameters can be measured to a p… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2104.02565v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2104.02565v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2104.02565v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a 20 kton LS detector at 700-m underground. An excellent energy resolution and a large fiducial volume offer exciting opportunities for addressing many important topics in neutrino and astro-particle physics. With 6 years of data, the neutrino mass ordering can be determined at 3-4 sigma and three oscillation parameters can be measured to a precision of 0.6% or better by detecting reactor antineutrinos. With 10 years of data, DSNB could be observed at 3-sigma; a lower limit of the proton lifetime of 8.34e33 years (90% C.L.) can be set by searching for p->nu_bar K^+; detection of solar neutrinos would shed new light on the solar metallicity problem and examine the vacuum-matter transition region. A core-collapse supernova at 10 kpc would lead to ~5000 IBD and ~2000 (300) all-flavor neutrino-proton (electron) scattering events. Geo-neutrinos can be detected with a rate of ~400 events/year. We also summarize the final design of the JUNO detector and the key R&D achievements. All 20-inch PMTs have been tested. The average photon detection efficiency is 28.9% for the 15,000 MCP PMTs and 28.1% for the 5,000 dynode PMTs, higher than the JUNO requirement of 27%. Together with the >20 m attenuation length of LS, we expect a yield of 1345 p.e. per MeV and an effective energy resolution of 3.02%/\sqrt{E (MeV)}$ in simulations. The underwater electronics is designed to have a loss rate <0.5% in 6 years. With degassing membranes and a micro-bubble system, the radon concentration in the 35-kton water pool could be lowered to <10 mBq/m^3. Acrylic panels of radiopurity <0.5 ppt U/Th are produced. The 20-kton LS will be purified onsite. Singles in the fiducial volume can be controlled to ~10 Hz. The JUNO experiment also features a double calorimeter system with 25,600 3-inch PMTs, a LS testing facility OSIRIS, and a near detector TAO. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2104.02565v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2104.02565v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 12 May, 2021; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 6 April, 2021; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> April 2021. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">A review paper with 78 pages and 32 figures. v2: minor revision. Final version to appear in Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.09908">arXiv:2103.09908</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.09908">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2103.09908">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09565-z">10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09565-z <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> JUNO sensitivity to low energy atmospheric neutrino spectra </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=JUNO+Collaboration"> JUNO Collaboration</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Abusleme%2C+A">Angel Abusleme</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Adam%2C+T">Thomas Adam</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Ahmad%2C+S">Shakeel Ahmad</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Ahmed%2C+R">Rizwan Ahmed</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Aiello%2C+S">Sebastiano Aiello</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Akram%2C+M">Muhammad Akram</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+F">Fengpeng An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+G">Guangpeng An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+Q">Qi An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Andronico%2C+G">Giuseppe Andronico</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Anfimov%2C+N">Nikolay Anfimov</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Antonelli%2C+V">Vito Antonelli</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Antoshkina%2C+T">Tatiana Antoshkina</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Asavapibhop%2C+B">Burin Asavapibhop</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=de+Andr%C3%A9%2C+J+P+A+M">Jo茫o Pedro Athayde Marcondes de Andr茅</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Auguste%2C+D">Didier Auguste</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Babic%2C+A">Andrej Babic</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Baldini%2C+W">Wander Baldini</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Barresi%2C+A">Andrea Barresi</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Baussan%2C+E">Eric Baussan</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Bellato%2C+M">Marco Bellato</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Bergnoli%2C+A">Antonio Bergnoli</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Bernieri%2C+E">Enrico Bernieri</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Birkenfeld%2C+T">Thilo Birkenfeld</a> , et al. (588 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2103.09908v3-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> Atmospheric neutrinos are one of the most relevant natural neutrino sources that can be exploited to infer properties about cosmic rays and neutrino oscillations. The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) experiment, a 20 kton liquid scintillator detector with excellent energy resolution is currently under construction in China. JUNO will be able to detect several atmospheric neutrinos… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2103.09908v3-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2103.09908v3-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2103.09908v3-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> Atmospheric neutrinos are one of the most relevant natural neutrino sources that can be exploited to infer properties about cosmic rays and neutrino oscillations. The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) experiment, a 20 kton liquid scintillator detector with excellent energy resolution is currently under construction in China. JUNO will be able to detect several atmospheric neutrinos per day given the large volume. A study on the JUNO detection and reconstruction capabilities of atmospheric $谓_e$ and $谓_渭$ fluxes is presented in this paper. In this study, a sample of atmospheric neutrino Monte Carlo events has been generated, starting from theoretical models, and then processed by the detector simulation. The excellent timing resolution of the 3'' PMT light detection system of JUNO detector and the much higher light yield for scintillation over Cherenkov allow to measure the time structure of the scintillation light with very high precision. Since $谓_e$ and $谓_渭$ interactions produce a slightly different light pattern, the different time evolution of light allows to discriminate the flavor of primary neutrinos. A probabilistic unfolding method has been used, in order to infer the primary neutrino energy spectrum from the detector experimental observables. The simulated spectrum has been reconstructed between 100 MeV and 10 GeV, showing a great potential of the detector in the atmospheric low energy region. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2103.09908v3-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2103.09908v3-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 12 October, 2021; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 17 March, 2021; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> March 2021. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">25 pages, 9 figures</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Journal ref:</span> Eur. Phys. J. C, 81 10 (2021) 887 </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.06405">arXiv:2011.06405</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.06405">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2011.06405">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP03(2021)004">10.1007/JHEP03(2021)004 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Calibration Strategy of the JUNO Experiment </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=JUNO+collaboration"> JUNO collaboration</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Abusleme%2C+A">Angel Abusleme</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Adam%2C+T">Thomas Adam</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Ahmad%2C+S">Shakeel Ahmad</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Ahmed%2C+R">Rizwan Ahmed</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Aiello%2C+S">Sebastiano Aiello</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Akram%2C+M">Muhammad Akram</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+F">Fengpeng An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+G">Guangpeng An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+Q">Qi An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Andronico%2C+G">Giuseppe Andronico</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Anfimov%2C+N">Nikolay Anfimov</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Antonelli%2C+V">Vito Antonelli</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Antoshkina%2C+T">Tatiana Antoshkina</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Asavapibhop%2C+B">Burin Asavapibhop</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=de+Andr%C3%A9%2C+J+P+A+M">Jo茫o Pedro Athayde Marcondes de Andr茅</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Auguste%2C+D">Didier Auguste</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Babic%2C+A">Andrej Babic</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Baldini%2C+W">Wander Baldini</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Barresi%2C+A">Andrea Barresi</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Baussan%2C+E">Eric Baussan</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Bellato%2C+M">Marco Bellato</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Bergnoli%2C+A">Antonio Bergnoli</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Bernieri%2C+E">Enrico Bernieri</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Birkenfeld%2C+T">Thilo Birkenfeld</a> , et al. (571 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2011.06405v3-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> We present the calibration strategy for the 20 kton liquid scintillator central detector of the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO). By utilizing a comprehensive multiple-source and multiple-positional calibration program, in combination with a novel dual calorimetry technique exploiting two independent photosensors and readout systems, we demonstrate that the JUNO central detector ca… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2011.06405v3-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2011.06405v3-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2011.06405v3-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> We present the calibration strategy for the 20 kton liquid scintillator central detector of the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO). By utilizing a comprehensive multiple-source and multiple-positional calibration program, in combination with a novel dual calorimetry technique exploiting two independent photosensors and readout systems, we demonstrate that the JUNO central detector can achieve a better than 1% energy linearity and a 3% effective energy resolution, required by the neutrino mass ordering determination. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2011.06405v3-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2011.06405v3-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 20 January, 2021; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 12 November, 2020; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> November 2020. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.00314">arXiv:2007.00314</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.00314">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2007.00314">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Optimization of the JUNO liquid scintillator composition using a Daya Bay antineutrino detector </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Bay%2C+D">Daya Bay</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=collaborations%2C+J">JUNO collaborations</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=%3A"> :</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Abusleme%2C+A">A. Abusleme</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Adam%2C+T">T. Adam</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Ahmad%2C+S">S. Ahmad</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Aiello%2C+S">S. Aiello</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Akram%2C+M">M. Akram</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Ali%2C+N">N. Ali</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+F+P">F. P. An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+G+P">G. P. An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+Q">Q. An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Andronico%2C+G">G. Andronico</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Anfimov%2C+N">N. Anfimov</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Antonelli%2C+V">V. Antonelli</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Antoshkina%2C+T">T. Antoshkina</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Asavapibhop%2C+B">B. Asavapibhop</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=de+Andr%C3%A9%2C+J+P+A+M">J. P. A. M. de Andr茅</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Babic%2C+A">A. Babic</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Balantekin%2C+A+B">A. B. Balantekin</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Baldini%2C+W">W. Baldini</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Baldoncini%2C+M">M. Baldoncini</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Band%2C+H+R">H. R. Band</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Barresi%2C+A">A. Barresi</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Baussan%2C+E">E. Baussan</a> , et al. (642 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2007.00314v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> To maximize the light yield of the liquid scintillator (LS) for the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), a 20 t LS sample was produced in a pilot plant at Daya Bay. The optical properties of the new LS in various compositions were studied by replacing the gadolinium-loaded LS in one antineutrino detector. The concentrations of the fluor, PPO, and the wavelength shifter, bis-MSB, were… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2007.00314v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2007.00314v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2007.00314v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> To maximize the light yield of the liquid scintillator (LS) for the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), a 20 t LS sample was produced in a pilot plant at Daya Bay. The optical properties of the new LS in various compositions were studied by replacing the gadolinium-loaded LS in one antineutrino detector. The concentrations of the fluor, PPO, and the wavelength shifter, bis-MSB, were increased in 12 steps from 0.5 g/L and <0.01 mg/L to 4 g/L and 13 mg/L, respectively. The numbers of total detected photoelectrons suggest that, with the optically purified solvent, the bis-MSB concentration does not need to be more than 4 mg/L. To bridge the one order of magnitude in the detector size difference between Daya Bay and JUNO, the Daya Bay data were used to tune the parameters of a newly developed optical model. Then, the model and tuned parameters were used in the JUNO simulation. This enabled to determine the optimal composition for the JUNO LS: purified solvent LAB with 2.5 g/L PPO, and 1 to 4 mg/L bis-MSB. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2007.00314v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2007.00314v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 1 July, 2020; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> July 2020. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">13 pages, 8 figures</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.11760">arXiv:2006.11760</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.11760">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2006.11760">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Phenomenology">hep-ph</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Feasibility and physics potential of detecting $^8$B solar neutrinos at JUNO </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=JUNO+collaboration"> JUNO collaboration</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Abusleme%2C+A">Angel Abusleme</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Adam%2C+T">Thomas Adam</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Ahmad%2C+S">Shakeel Ahmad</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Aiello%2C+S">Sebastiano Aiello</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Akram%2C+M">Muhammad Akram</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Ali%2C+N">Nawab Ali</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+F">Fengpeng An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+G">Guangpeng An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+Q">Qi An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Andronico%2C+G">Giuseppe Andronico</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Anfimov%2C+N">Nikolay Anfimov</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Antonelli%2C+V">Vito Antonelli</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Antoshkina%2C+T">Tatiana Antoshkina</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Asavapibhop%2C+B">Burin Asavapibhop</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=de+Andr%C3%A9%2C+J+P+A+M">Jo茫o Pedro Athayde Marcondes de Andr茅</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Auguste%2C+D">Didier Auguste</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Babic%2C+A">Andrej Babic</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Baldini%2C+W">Wander Baldini</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Barresi%2C+A">Andrea Barresi</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Baussan%2C+E">Eric Baussan</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Bellato%2C+M">Marco Bellato</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Bergnoli%2C+A">Antonio Bergnoli</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Bernieri%2C+E">Enrico Bernieri</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Biare%2C+D">David Biare</a> , et al. (572 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2006.11760v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory~(JUNO) features a 20~kt multi-purpose underground liquid scintillator sphere as its main detector. Some of JUNO's features make it an excellent experiment for $^8$B solar neutrino measurements, such as its low-energy threshold, its high energy resolution compared to water Cherenkov detectors, and its much large target mass compared to previous liquid s… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2006.11760v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2006.11760v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2006.11760v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory~(JUNO) features a 20~kt multi-purpose underground liquid scintillator sphere as its main detector. Some of JUNO's features make it an excellent experiment for $^8$B solar neutrino measurements, such as its low-energy threshold, its high energy resolution compared to water Cherenkov detectors, and its much large target mass compared to previous liquid scintillator detectors. In this paper we present a comprehensive assessment of JUNO's potential for detecting $^8$B solar neutrinos via the neutrino-electron elastic scattering process. A reduced 2~MeV threshold on the recoil electron energy is found to be achievable assuming the intrinsic radioactive background $^{238}$U and $^{232}$Th in the liquid scintillator can be controlled to 10$^{-17}$~g/g. With ten years of data taking, about 60,000 signal and 30,000 background events are expected. This large sample will enable an examination of the distortion of the recoil electron spectrum that is dominated by the neutrino flavor transformation in the dense solar matter, which will shed new light on the tension between the measured electron spectra and the predictions of the standard three-flavor neutrino oscillation framework. If $螖m^{2}_{21}=4.8\times10^{-5}~(7.5\times10^{-5})$~eV$^{2}$, JUNO can provide evidence of neutrino oscillation in the Earth at the about 3$蟽$~(2$蟽$) level by measuring the non-zero signal rate variation with respect to the solar zenith angle. Moveover, JUNO can simultaneously measure $螖m^2_{21}$ using $^8$B solar neutrinos to a precision of 20\% or better depending on the central value and to sub-percent precision using reactor antineutrinos. A comparison of these two measurements from the same detector will help elucidate the current tension between the value of $螖m^2_{21}$ reported by solar neutrino experiments and the KamLAND experiment. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2006.11760v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2006.11760v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 21 June, 2020; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> June 2020. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">29 pages, 14 plots, 7 tables</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.08745">arXiv:2005.08745</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.08745">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2005.08745">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Nuclear Experiment">nucl-ex</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> TAO Conceptual Design Report: A Precision Measurement of the Reactor Antineutrino Spectrum with Sub-percent Energy Resolution </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=JUNO+Collaboration"> JUNO Collaboration</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Abusleme%2C+A">Angel Abusleme</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Adam%2C+T">Thomas Adam</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Ahmad%2C+S">Shakeel Ahmad</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Aiello%2C+S">Sebastiano Aiello</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Akram%2C+M">Muhammad Akram</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Ali%2C+N">Nawab Ali</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+F">Fengpeng An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+G">Guangpeng An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+Q">Qi An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Andronico%2C+G">Giuseppe Andronico</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Anfimov%2C+N">Nikolay Anfimov</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Antonelli%2C+V">Vito Antonelli</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Antoshkina%2C+T">Tatiana Antoshkina</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Asavapibhop%2C+B">Burin Asavapibhop</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=de+Andr%C3%A9%2C+J+P+A+M">Jo茫o Pedro Athayde Marcondes de Andr茅</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Auguste%2C+D">Didier Auguste</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Babic%2C+A">Andrej Babic</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Baldini%2C+W">Wander Baldini</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Barresi%2C+A">Andrea Barresi</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Baussan%2C+E">Eric Baussan</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Bellato%2C+M">Marco Bellato</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Bergnoli%2C+A">Antonio Bergnoli</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Bernieri%2C+E">Enrico Bernieri</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Biare%2C+D">David Biare</a> , et al. (568 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2005.08745v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> The Taishan Antineutrino Observatory (TAO, also known as JUNO-TAO) is a satellite experiment of the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO). A ton-level liquid scintillator detector will be placed at about 30 m from a core of the Taishan Nuclear Power Plant. The reactor antineutrino spectrum will be measured with sub-percent energy resolution, to provide a reference spectrum for future re… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2005.08745v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2005.08745v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2005.08745v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> The Taishan Antineutrino Observatory (TAO, also known as JUNO-TAO) is a satellite experiment of the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO). A ton-level liquid scintillator detector will be placed at about 30 m from a core of the Taishan Nuclear Power Plant. The reactor antineutrino spectrum will be measured with sub-percent energy resolution, to provide a reference spectrum for future reactor neutrino experiments, and to provide a benchmark measurement to test nuclear databases. A spherical acrylic vessel containing 2.8 ton gadolinium-doped liquid scintillator will be viewed by 10 m^2 Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) of >50% photon detection efficiency with almost full coverage. The photoelectron yield is about 4500 per MeV, an order higher than any existing large-scale liquid scintillator detectors. The detector operates at -50 degree C to lower the dark noise of SiPMs to an acceptable level. The detector will measure about 2000 reactor antineutrinos per day, and is designed to be well shielded from cosmogenic backgrounds and ambient radioactivities to have about 10% background-to-signal ratio. The experiment is expected to start operation in 2022. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2005.08745v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2005.08745v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 18 May, 2020; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> May 2020. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">134 pages, 114 figures</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.00101">arXiv:1807.00101</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.00101">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/ps/1807.00101">ps</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/1807.00101">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Phenomenology">hep-ph</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-018-6364-1">10.1140/epjc/s10052-018-6364-1 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Light-by-Light Scattering in a Photon-Photon Collider </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Takahashi%2C+T">T. Takahashi</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+G">G. An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Chen%2C+Y">Y. Chen</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Chou%2C+W">W. Chou</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Huang%2C+Y">Y. Huang</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Liu%2C+W">W. Liu</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Lu%2C+W">W. Lu</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Lv%2C+J">J. Lv</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Pei%2C+G">G. Pei</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Pei%2C+S">S. Pei</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Shen%2C+C+P">C. P. Shen</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Sun%2C+B">B. Sun</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Zhang%2C+C">C. Zhang</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Zhang%2C+C">C. Zhang</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1807.00101v5-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> We studied the feasibility of observing light-by-light scattering in a photon-photon collider based on an existing accelerator complex and a commercially available laser system. We investigated the statistical significance of the signal over the QED backgrounds through a Monte Carlo simulation with a detector model. The study showed that light-by-light scattering can be observed with a statistical… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1807.00101v5-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1807.00101v5-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1807.00101v5-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> We studied the feasibility of observing light-by-light scattering in a photon-photon collider based on an existing accelerator complex and a commercially available laser system. We investigated the statistical significance of the signal over the QED backgrounds through a Monte Carlo simulation with a detector model. The study showed that light-by-light scattering can be observed with a statistical significance of 8 to 10 sigma in a year of operation, depending on the operating conditions. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1807.00101v5-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1807.00101v5-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 18 October, 2018; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 29 June, 2018; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> July 2018. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">7 pages, 9 figures</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1508.07166">arXiv:1508.07166</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1508.07166">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/1508.07166">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> JUNO Conceptual Design Report </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Adam%2C+T">T. Adam</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+F">F. An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+G">G. An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+Q">Q. An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Anfimov%2C+N">N. Anfimov</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Antonelli%2C+V">V. Antonelli</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Baccolo%2C+G">G. Baccolo</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Baldoncini%2C+M">M. Baldoncini</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Baussan%2C+E">E. Baussan</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Bellato%2C+M">M. Bellato</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Bezrukov%2C+L">L. Bezrukov</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Bick%2C+D">D. Bick</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Blyth%2C+S">S. Blyth</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Boarin%2C+S">S. Boarin</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Brigatti%2C+A">A. Brigatti</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Brugi%C3%A8re%2C+T">T. Brugi猫re</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Brugnera%2C+R">R. Brugnera</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Avanzini%2C+M+B">M. Buizza Avanzini</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Busto%2C+J">J. Busto</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Cabrera%2C+A">A. Cabrera</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Cai%2C+H">H. Cai</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Cai%2C+X">X. Cai</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Cammi%2C+A">A. Cammi</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Cao%2C+D">D. Cao</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Cao%2C+G">G. Cao</a> , et al. (372 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1508.07166v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is proposed to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy using an underground liquid scintillator detector. It is located 53 km away from both Yangjiang and Taishan Nuclear Power Plants in Guangdong, China. The experimental hall, spanning more than 50 meters, is under a granite mountain of over 700 m overburden. Within six years of running, the dete… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1508.07166v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1508.07166v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1508.07166v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is proposed to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy using an underground liquid scintillator detector. It is located 53 km away from both Yangjiang and Taishan Nuclear Power Plants in Guangdong, China. The experimental hall, spanning more than 50 meters, is under a granite mountain of over 700 m overburden. Within six years of running, the detection of reactor antineutrinos can resolve the neutrino mass hierarchy at a confidence level of 3-4$蟽$, and determine neutrino oscillation parameters $\sin^2胃_{12}$, $螖m^2_{21}$, and $|螖m^2_{ee}|$ to an accuracy of better than 1%. The JUNO detector can be also used to study terrestrial and extra-terrestrial neutrinos and new physics beyond the Standard Model. The central detector contains 20,000 tons liquid scintillator with an acrylic sphere of 35 m in diameter. $\sim$17,000 508-mm diameter PMTs with high quantum efficiency provide $\sim$75% optical coverage. The current choice of the liquid scintillator is: linear alkyl benzene (LAB) as the solvent, plus PPO as the scintillation fluor and a wavelength-shifter (Bis-MSB). The number of detected photoelectrons per MeV is larger than 1,100 and the energy resolution is expected to be 3% at 1 MeV. The calibration system is designed to deploy multiple sources to cover the entire energy range of reactor antineutrinos, and to achieve a full-volume position coverage inside the detector. The veto system is used for muon detection, muon induced background study and reduction. It consists of a Water Cherenkov detector and a Top Tracker system. The readout system, the detector control system and the offline system insure efficient and stable data acquisition and processing. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1508.07166v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1508.07166v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 28 September, 2015; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 28 August, 2015; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> August 2015. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">328 pages, 211 figures</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1507.05613">arXiv:1507.05613</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1507.05613">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/ps/1507.05613">ps</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/1507.05613">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/43/3/030401">10.1088/0954-3899/43/3/030401 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Neutrino Physics with JUNO </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+F">Fengpeng An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+G">Guangpeng An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+Q">Qi An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Antonelli%2C+V">Vito Antonelli</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Baussan%2C+E">Eric Baussan</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Beacom%2C+J">John Beacom</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Bezrukov%2C+L">Leonid Bezrukov</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Blyth%2C+S">Simon Blyth</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Brugnera%2C+R">Riccardo Brugnera</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Avanzini%2C+M+B">Margherita Buizza Avanzini</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Busto%2C+J">Jose Busto</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Cabrera%2C+A">Anatael Cabrera</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Cai%2C+H">Hao Cai</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Cai%2C+X">Xiao Cai</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Cammi%2C+A">Antonio Cammi</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Cao%2C+G">Guofu Cao</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Cao%2C+J">Jun Cao</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Chang%2C+Y">Yun Chang</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Chen%2C+S">Shaomin Chen</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Chen%2C+S">Shenjian Chen</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Chen%2C+Y">Yixue Chen</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Chiesa%2C+D">Davide Chiesa</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Clemenza%2C+M">Massimiliano Clemenza</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Clerbaux%2C+B">Barbara Clerbaux</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Conrad%2C+J">Janet Conrad</a> , et al. (203 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1507.05613v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), a 20 kton multi-purpose underground liquid scintillator detector, was proposed with the determination of the neutrino mass hierarchy as a primary physics goal. It is also capable of observing neutrinos from terrestrial and extra-terrestrial sources, including supernova burst neutrinos, diffuse supernova neutrino background, geoneutrinos, atmosp… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1507.05613v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1507.05613v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1507.05613v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), a 20 kton multi-purpose underground liquid scintillator detector, was proposed with the determination of the neutrino mass hierarchy as a primary physics goal. It is also capable of observing neutrinos from terrestrial and extra-terrestrial sources, including supernova burst neutrinos, diffuse supernova neutrino background, geoneutrinos, atmospheric neutrinos, solar neutrinos, as well as exotic searches such as nucleon decays, dark matter, sterile neutrinos, etc. We present the physics motivations and the anticipated performance of the JUNO detector for various proposed measurements. By detecting reactor antineutrinos from two power plants at 53-km distance, JUNO will determine the neutrino mass hierarchy at a 3-4 sigma significance with six years of running. The measurement of antineutrino spectrum will also lead to the precise determination of three out of the six oscillation parameters to an accuracy of better than 1\%. Neutrino burst from a typical core-collapse supernova at 10 kpc would lead to ~5000 inverse-beta-decay events and ~2000 all-flavor neutrino-proton elastic scattering events in JUNO. Detection of DSNB would provide valuable information on the cosmic star-formation rate and the average core-collapsed neutrino energy spectrum. Geo-neutrinos can be detected in JUNO with a rate of ~400 events per year, significantly improving the statistics of existing geoneutrino samples. The JUNO detector is sensitive to several exotic searches, e.g. proton decay via the $p\to K^++\bar谓$ decay channel. The JUNO detector will provide a unique facility to address many outstanding crucial questions in particle and astrophysics. It holds the great potential for further advancing our quest to understanding the fundamental properties of neutrinos, one of the building blocks of our Universe. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1507.05613v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1507.05613v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 18 October, 2015; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 20 July, 2015; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> July 2015. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">Version submitted to Journal of Physics G, with minor typo corrections. 222 Pages, 147 figures</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Journal ref:</span> J. Phys. G 43 (2016) 030401 </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1411.6434">arXiv:1411.6434</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1411.6434">pdf</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/39/9/096002">10.1088/1674-1137/39/9/096002 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> p/${蟺^+}$ response of single layer THGEM detector in Ar/3%iC$_4$H$_{10}$ </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Hong%2C+D">Daojin Hong</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Yu%2C+B+x">Bo xiang Yu</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Liu%2C+H">Hongbang Liu</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=He%2C+X">Xiaorong He</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=An%2C+G">Guangpeng An</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Chen%2C+H">Haitao Chen</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Chen%2C+S">Shi Chen</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Hu%2C+T">Tao Hu</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Li%2C+J">Jiacai Li</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Liu%2C+Q">Qian Liu</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Niu%2C+S">Shunli Niu</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Ruan%2C+X">Xiangdong Ruan</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Xie%2C+Y">Yigang Xie</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Zhang%2C+X">Xuan Zhang</a>, <a href="/search/hep-ex?searchtype=author&query=Zheng%2C+Y">Yangheng Zheng</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1411.6434v4-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> In this work, we study the response of single layer Thick GEM (THGEM) detector to p/${蟺^+}$ at E3 line of Beijing Test Beam Facility. In our experiment, the drift gap of THGEM Detector is 4mm, and the working gas is Ar/3% iso. Result shows at the momentum 500MeV/c to 1000MeV/c, detection efficiency for p is from 93% to 99% in a relatively lower gain($\sim$2000), while the detection efficiency for… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1411.6434v4-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1411.6434v4-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1411.6434v4-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> In this work, we study the response of single layer Thick GEM (THGEM) detector to p/${蟺^+}$ at E3 line of Beijing Test Beam Facility. In our experiment, the drift gap of THGEM Detector is 4mm, and the working gas is Ar/3% iso. Result shows at the momentum 500MeV/c to 1000MeV/c, detection efficiency for p is from 93% to 99% in a relatively lower gain($\sim$2000), while the detection efficiency for ${蟺^+}$ is slightly lower than that for p, which is from 82% to 88%. Meanwhile, simple Geant4 simulations have been done, and results of beam test are almost consistent with it. We preliminarily study the feasibility of THGEM detectors as sampling elements for Digital Hadronic Calorimeter(DHCAL), which may provide related reference for THGEM possibly applied in Circular Electron Positron Collider(CEPC) HCAL. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1411.6434v4-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1411.6434v4-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 13 March, 2015; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 24 November, 2014; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> November 2014. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">5 pages, 9 figures, Submitted to Chinese Physics C</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Journal ref:</span> Chinese Physics C Vol. 39, No. 9 (2015) 096002 </p> </li> </ol> <div class="is-hidden-tablet">  <span class="help" style="display: inline-block;"><a href="https://github.com/arXiv/arxiv-search/releases">Search v0.5.6 released 2020-02-24</a>  </span> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div class="columns is-desktop" role="navigation" aria-label="Secondary">  <div class="column"> <div class="columns"> <div class="column"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/about">About</a></li> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help">Help</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="column"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" class="icon filter-black" role="presentation"><title>contact arXiv</title><desc>Click here to contact arXiv</desc><path d="M502.3 190.8c3.9-3.1 9.7-.2 9.7 4.7V400c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 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