CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91341f14eec98819',cH: 'KdvuXt_3JfP.F3aqKuFcWbesndJyL28fOaN24sxheEY-1739777943-1.2.1.1-j8UWeVuTq4RR9LpCYphNPaVP0fH32pollM5ER1GeYmpyB7qrseNBMHJSPkhdZIex',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=step-up%20converter&__cf_chl_tk=H8_K8TcM0IxqhF8LKQZheDQaoyUXtriYamJ1eppVBZA-1739777943-1.0.1.1-J8Arp.9Z26Lnb1jp5gM0tUb265u3pVxw6N4rn3YEhao",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739777943',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=step-up%20converter&__cf_chl_f_tk=H8_K8TcM0IxqhF8LKQZheDQaoyUXtriYamJ1eppVBZA-1739777943-1.0.1.1-J8Arp.9Z26Lnb1jp5gM0tUb265u3pVxw6N4rn3YEhao",md: "zCEIxHmUNEQDryZg27MvOwEkDqvovdmzTy7MwYUW084-1739777943-1.2.1.1-d0K4qo49Zw8kewAzRsaEroSin3XucEKN.qbp2kiD6i9oFODt9pJ4EFc13Rvdt2y7MxvEIiV3kK77zhmC9jYmYRUd3sIAgfacB85GUQSe9SoelROqj_qgELfmVWVmxrrrOEVr6.g9i98oA3U4UZZflQzva6lNFGGMbLM5S_Cv_rj.MrV7pGdSKD7FkNtzKAL0clL3ioCeQhUNpS0rj5XZee7hXfG3aA_f.U7n9uNz6u3cSas0G1433P8oH6ajQiUYN0tEnygQ1G0pMZ6nd0Mmvv6Z.gWpLjSXNeX5_HVJZLDNkDXnCv8iisU527Hquixqdkf1vpHjiyLdgNcVnPWZjB_tjQAb4xuH93Nplx8FgVYDoODnGvyq3vBDgdEAmGkFyn9cJOS.99PkhxD7aqWUZjeGeAgeBrrrHlbdzvh7VlOV4r.1.J_1IXiTua7E1LujYMk8vtp4ajqul7zbET15anN8aQ0DnSRi7Djn8PJo6MwNRHRVeFIPDYMcUrhTkYT1pQjBpwYQJCSCkoyzbXvNsFW1Bwfi_twf8ToFNE60EBj5CSD4nPg9T_T2yvXEIbydyQCHV1.sNPETaofzoeQZf9XukYOvzc8YrcdIS0zXPQjdVh2ztIRnKy0PCXY2i2aH6PZBNr_YgLhKIMOj9dKcWdDrojRc_Oka2Mce0QRR482aYjvG.Yp8nSPLlLOMPjDqrakqjbiQhVVjSPvmvFWezxVCy1I_uWVO2ASzvQnZpJTPCClwgOcEPP4wtX9ne6lem1Ur3xq.v9U8DQIrun2X6Iaqd0hEy98VEaqZHDOB1T_LIhyjPrdFgYJRKaePiCbDUG2VyVToPTa7ZPviyadct7iDIOpZIP5B0YXTvOx4SvFcJRIO1QZz71QmTb7Er75nXG17iQXtPyimFGgC3pcGBJEkRhlZmMt2BWrM_7uhw97zNGf_Z0CH7PX4FYAzpYEEL8XCWHGFEHFOD5P.7Nd8mIlR9udA9KvYoxq_adG59UPvaufuhf7CAgPz_gj82N0VPPNRXBnNkvQY5Fovsn20gZ.3jkrBXl24OElyXktJobnoA2iTpQUfoKVY5KIIXcO18SKASLjfyA2kuW5yWSw6ERYfcdF4pi81WOfvaqtCOpCAn_zJUR6EKzZLd_SKAORshz52eWJMNHsO0blGt0s82InCYkzBJ5GSCinVT3QpXzPsdMuql1aNud4nDxUlXPY8RainQnmJ8FanNY_Wq7w9LvsVfviUBUXpDRlAhlftg5zBSFazcvnFf03nZ3KCAcIyjVvrIF7D77Gex8LoWKQ4BfMl5Pz0mTVyHU9ZmUu1.nzJya8ttIHYMgxvIhAYx0BNbuoS9xvKZ3tk1bOjRM4Z_PWu.GqDuFJmplNv6cKXpLsSqjruZw3KOO3Zyoc3DRMSY_ARaLYmcS58ENQ1CDRlpiAcHJi_uU_q_irH7okGdVBjj1qqx92tN_4XIgyGxrRfiAONaAgV9rHpk1pY8thXDY.EJvxSHGp_tXxcwHnQztC7D1GxVAqwXRVtNUaVI64LOxw4NfEl6M1a_ZwQyINXP4Z9hDBnjaA3JRkhm7esNIMSFVe32buSWYKvXb.MWAaqRgBy.4_IvIMn6yxyaJJNnWXRZ6do2Z.rpaccRSn9rZ1Sf2OQt1W0UWViVUrbiPwFWtazZ.xX32vqrqH.nZlCW5i7BDXSy7Bo2mbd4GxkYxtzu9E_.E8S7q8C_ujs.Kh7GIQ9X0rgfIXhR.LNjX91z6151HRFcAgP2ljo8uJOKcsSvesDOIHryA2t7c0l59eBj6iLrZvXcFJlfM87U0QQ4iGX5nONUR9oj792yePf3e19f1BB3583vAKXth2ZUP16dbJ6NrsOAeIQ1IPRg266PsMdW16_LY_C0fGsyMdxGVXIIUxRY59qECaNwkPB_ZuLj4yG78BoaEt8h5.ndxMgDdj4g3Txhe2GF0dy.7WSFNI",mdrd: "3w90vJjT4GuKf2PBfpn1IplyH9AZPcdAYLzKPbdFgKk-1739777943-1.2.1.1-1AXJv1Zy6JUgW1zxIU65ibirCETguDIk_i76gvN1bxQGMHAJSt4DAQQtK6JIJ_bZvUF3uqs6AP9cm.GpNzMZgQb5keRrrHyhljturJI5lC8X3DTNifme4Iz.I4tOlpjo_1r9xiglEM3.5RnD2ymAvuoWCS0wxrU_ifyD87fWyMIibKhJOAO0gIkr5zHZp.La79tjviP45EJFaIRw7RjeA9NY.VzwOSEN55dlMngOXfWapSnP_krxFkbQMtCjmNk.1jqiP187hjnTVaekFIiOgs1fpKlS17vwnH3LKVZ11pq24Mp.wdqlKgW_dSyrAoOB9ZQCsHAUjyllQTnMVPeJHobAsHGvz7yRAJccwtiVXaES_c2ro3leFkf4_ruE6iVCEg5U03ox9mWDzWGIhKIQEY_yJ1HbSto6JUvvK6ywFkhd8UEKb8fLqBdXoQdrZsJNsrv_dFVxkH3SIvMnNVaIyOWK79_.i_IX1U1uXVLKPQyDR1QSoiM2tp_OWtLrLVSYO3kXCn_dITRg1bCR2itoJe4Pww6QJvEzkVJPumRv8NgEppB1gynpgEMT18CStCnnzWhaJ3FF7YmxZzQyJRd0flszgYE8MYYA8QmWJBC38grpPSujgusErWTXLEAZp25w7Em4gdlakb9LKvsLHpgAAWhNkOTQJJSJUZrSGIiTIdKUputn5C9mvn7skhx2yJKJOLBameO6MfXww0AfNj7hJ5gmPSJ6jpN_vFYQNhzheeISqxbaBCMS9IfL6gRuMlQVJez_RDfxmwHG6pCYmkX_OkoDalUM80tDBoKywXe0RnT1PjJ2XfyfVindGRfXQhp4AWOtXh5HkInGWA2QyJPVaD.8w3XbiaRiAXo3WOH88_4sUNinSLuBMKlRWyZrgU3D4QPoWU4VFwFzNwWMnsWWDRFPYSwwx95hHCglnlfEIP3CKXfGJP6sQIX5LZVOGisjl3GLoRez3O1co6mH.WslBSe9daBNqFT4imxl5Y8kEXJEJMNuTXuBbFynAXDIofA1QTKg.k_MhmPwHqVAnBFSrZjyjVD1RU3.S5hmxvoIGnMTRQV4M6BYz__HurtA5EMK60BHppcPsXwL4BiEB4hlzspQF2DYewTB4pk28uheyxQV.AwozwDDhPEAROOzKKJmJrNvGGToOuEL5mbUFE9_R6lhLwmZyxHWMwyQRAD2_SG4YWCIsY8lUY_DgDQlGd5ZY5rfjY25IPyWEyi4SLf3RkRLWmL0p7PW2jGtJYZmtJIt4yzI_.GAH93I7bnH6YaKYzhloWLm.z1wNCqAhiWzeCJdzjVxRrstTvmB7lzd_pVzdFUkk_qmoDaIy1aJdYhDhrydY.JCBURcffdq3ST9IOyJph3vL9XUjeRAheg1YLIvi_2nC1g8B3_3mx9QMbZK9dsSwqhuAUCzVDZZizT4vYiG8MHfoMicFypnCkka9h9JC.n65BRP2J2mYWkrUkxs5ZmGo8M6K1F9cyB3vOltzKV8MuGBMxIQL2j2bUxBAyoQ5tps0TqBnYDnnLnemAO1np0j_ibAZGUByQ464K_6GDBuUKtTZbFdKBk5ygDirk68Wp2g6XBQa2TYls5zdYNH8_RAzE4cAU0V706X5n6xTwJi1uiEWR8Gmvvr0YVmgRtP9K7b6JxGWlXTeR0sZZQUgPL61K_pdadd8X6jiGUw3MjUFaMDv6GZ6AxXTRMpiZDzxS3cb2Cx5Dx4Es86oqDClFKoAWbHtREQWXO_aGcEbqwNRtR6UApEH841bRi.O1hFYEkH8iYt72dKt5p7I7UFdoKdfm1zUTCi5L4JJQYoOjnVJL.xKb77j_TDXKdXtwR0J6i3elYbI.2NzT3sV3VjTvN1j88vM2d2ydIz_jv6Gve2EW3s7OyRAw5FTfG2gNZ6OhHkJFQKt5qW6SIE7kBKpUu2aJXEnqobSaasZ.qcaLH0R05hLcrlm5pFlAz3auK8KVI9C3s_swQewD_D7oDvAvvQ3e_exXa8D_vN3YDcWw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91341f14eec98819';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=step-up%20converter&__cf_chl_rt_tk=H8_K8TcM0IxqhF8LKQZheDQaoyUXtriYamJ1eppVBZA-1739777943-1.0.1.1-J8Arp.9Z26Lnb1jp5gM0tUb265u3pVxw6N4rn3YEhao" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>