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</a> <ul id="toc-Natal_command-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Cape_command" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Cape_command"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Western Cape command </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Cape_command-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Cape_command" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Cape_command"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Eastern Cape command </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Cape_command-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border_command" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_command"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Border command </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_command-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explosives_command" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explosives_command"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Explosives command </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explosives_command-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ex-officio_commanders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ex-officio_commanders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Ex-officio commanders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ex-officio_commanders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Domestic campaign </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Domestic_campaign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Domestic campaign subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Domestic_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1960s–1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s–1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 1960s–1970s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s–1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s:_Bombings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s:_Bombings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 1980s: Bombings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s:_Bombings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_attacks_in_the_decade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_attacks_in_the_decade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 First attacks in the decade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_attacks_in_the_decade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1983:_Church_Street_bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1983:_Church_Street_bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 1983: Church Street bombing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1983:_Church_Street_bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1985:_Amanzimtoti_bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1985:_Amanzimtoti_bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 1985: Amanzimtoti bombing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1985:_Amanzimtoti_bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1986:_Durban_beach-front_bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1986:_Durban_beach-front_bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 1986: Durban beach-front bombing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1986:_Durban_beach-front_bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1987:_Johannesburg_bombings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1987:_Johannesburg_bombings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.5 1987: Johannesburg bombings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1987:_Johannesburg_bombings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_bombings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_bombings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.6 Other bombings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_bombings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1985–1987:_Landmine_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1985–1987:_Landmine_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 1985–1987: Landmine campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1985–1987:_Landmine_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Findings_by_the_Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Findings_by_the_Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Findings by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Findings_by_the_Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_military_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_military_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Foreign military activities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_military_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Foreign military activities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_military_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Angola" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angola"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Angola </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angola-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhodesia_(Zimbabwe)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhodesia_(Zimbabwe)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhodesia_(Zimbabwe)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Equipment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notable members </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_of_deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Number of deaths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">uMkhonto weSizwe</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" > 33 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Umkhonto we Sizwe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A9" title="رمح الأمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رمح الأمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhonto_We_Sizwe" title="Umkhonto We Sizwe – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Umkhonto We Sizwe" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Umkhonto we Sizwe" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Umkhonto we Sizwe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Umkhonto we Sizwe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Umkhonto we Sizwe" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Umkhonto we Sizwe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88_%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%87" title="اومخونتو وسیزوه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اومخونتو وسیزوه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Umkhonto we Sizwe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Umkhonto we Sizwe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Umkhonto we Sizwe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMkhonto_we_Sizwe" title="UMkhonto we Sizwe – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="UMkhonto we Sizwe" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%80%EC%BD%98%ED%86%A0_%EC%9B%A8_%EC%8B%9C%EC%A6%88%EC%9B%A8" title="움콘토 웨 시즈웨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="움콘토 웨 시즈웨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Umkhonto we Sizwe" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="उमखोंतो वे सिजवे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उमखोंतो वे सिजवे" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Umkhonto we Sizwe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMkhonto_weSizwe" title="UMkhonto weSizwe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UMkhonto weSizwe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Umkhonto we Sizwe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMkhonto_we_Sizwe" title="UMkhonto we Sizwe – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="UMkhonto we Sizwe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Umkhonto we Sizwe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E3%81%AE%E6%A7%8D" title="民族の槍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="民族の槍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Umkhonto we Sizwe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Umkhonto we Sizwe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan%C3%A7a_da_Na%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Lança da Nação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lança da Nação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Умконто ве сизве – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Умконто ве сизве" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Umkhonto we Sizwe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhonto_weSizwe" title="Umkhonto weSizwe – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Umkhonto weSizwe" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Umkhonto we Sizwe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Umkhonto we Sizwe" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87" title="உம்கொன்ரோ வெய் சிசுவே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உம்கொன்ரோ வெய் சிசுவே" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Умконто ве сізве – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Умконто ве сізве" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B9%8B%E7%9F%9B" title="民族之矛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Armed wing of the African National Congress</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the former military wing of the ANC. For the political party, see <a href="/wiki/UMkhonto_weSizwe_(political_party)" title="UMkhonto weSizwe (political party)">uMkhonto weSizwe (political party)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/UMkhonto_we_Sizwe_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="UMkhonto we Sizwe (disambiguation)">UMkhonto we Sizwe (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">uMkhonto weSizwe</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Umkhonto_weSizwe_(MK)_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Umkhonto_weSizwe_%28MK%29_logo.svg/200px-Umkhonto_weSizwe_%28MK%29_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Umkhonto_weSizwe_%28MK%29_logo.svg/300px-Umkhonto_weSizwe_%28MK%29_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Umkhonto_weSizwe_%28MK%29_logo.svg/400px-Umkhonto_weSizwe_%28MK%29_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="79" data-file-height="100" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leaders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Govan_Mbeki" title="Govan Mbeki">Govan Mbeki</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Slovo" title="Joe Slovo">Joe Slovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lennox_Lagu" title="Lennox Lagu">Lennox Lagu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Modise" title="Joe Modise">Joe Modise</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hani" title="Chris Hani">Chris Hani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Mhlaba" title="Raymond Mhlaba">Raymond Mhlaba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mabhida" title="Moses Mabhida">Moses Mabhida</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Kasrils" title="Ronnie Kasrils">Ronnie Kasrils</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Lesiba_Maphotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Lesiba Maphotho">Isaac Lesiba Maphotho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Siphiwe_Nyanda" title="Siphiwe Nyanda">Siphiwe Nyanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Ngwenya" title="Godfrey Ngwenya">Godfrey Ngwenya</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates of operation</th><td class="infobox-data">1961–1993</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Merged into</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Defence_Force.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Defence_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Defence_Force.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Defence_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Defence_Force.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Defence_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="610" /></a> <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">SANDF</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">ANC</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_South_African_Communist_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_South_African_Communist_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_South_African_Communist_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_South_African_Communist_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_South_African_Communist_Party.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_South_African_Communist_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4580" data-file-height="2844" /> <a href="/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" title="South African Communist Party">SACP</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" 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data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libya</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine Liberation Organisation">Palestine Liberation Organisation</a> <a href="/wiki/SWAPO" title="SWAPO">SWAPO</a> (Until 1990) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> (From 1990) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (Until 1991) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a> (Until 1970) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_UNITA.svg/23px-Flag_of_UNITA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_UNITA.svg/35px-Flag_of_UNITA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_UNITA.svg/46px-Flag_of_UNITA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="791" /> <a href="/wiki/UNITA" title="UNITA">UNITA</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_RENAMO.svg/23px-Flag_of_RENAMO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_RENAMO.svg/35px-Flag_of_RENAMO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_RENAMO.svg/45px-Flag_of_RENAMO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /> <a href="/wiki/RENAMO" title="RENAMO">RENAMO</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> <a href="/wiki/Carnation_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnation revolution">(Until 1974)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles and wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a> <a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a> <a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">Internal resistance to apartheid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">Designated as a terrorist group</a> by</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Apartheid" title="Category:Apartheid">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:DurbanSign1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/DurbanSign1989.jpg/150px-DurbanSign1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/DurbanSign1989.jpg/225px-DurbanSign1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/DurbanSign1989.jpg/300px-DurbanSign1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="1000" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Events_associated_with_apartheid" title="Category:Events associated with apartheid">Events</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:3px;padding-bottom:1px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_general_election,_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="South African general election, 1948">1948 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloured_vote_constitutional_crisis" title="Coloured vote constitutional crisis">Coloured vote constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Treason_Trial" title="1956 Treason Trial">1956 Treason Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soweto_uprising" title="Soweto uprising">Soweto uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Street,_Pretoria_bombing" title="Church Street, Pretoria bombing">Church Street, Pretoria bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaal_uprising" title="Vaal uprising">Vaal uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sinton_Secondary_School#Trojan_Horse_Incident" title="Alexander Sinton Secondary School">Trojan Horse Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Council_of_Churches#1988_bombing_of_Khotso_House" title="South African Council of Churches">Khotso House bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_peace_march" title="Cape Town peace march">Cape Town peace march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">CODESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Chris_Hani" title="Assassination of Chris Hani">Assassination of Chris Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_James_Church_massacre" title="Saint James Church massacre">Saint James Church massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">1994 Bophuthatswana crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_House_massacre" title="Shell House massacre">Shell House massacre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Organisations_associated_with_apartheid" title="Category:Organisations associated with apartheid">Organisations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">ANC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Azanian People's Liberation Army">APLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkatha_Freedom_Party" title="Inkatha Freedom Party">IFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">AWB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanke_Bevrydingsbeweging" title="Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging">BBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sash" title="Black Sash">Black Sash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Cooperation_Bureau" title="Civil Cooperation Bureau">CCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of South Africa">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa)">DP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_Conscription_Campaign" title="End Conscription Campaign">ECC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Federation of South African Trade Unions">FOSATU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Party (South Africa)">PP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Reform Party (South Africa)">RP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Federal_Party" title="Progressive Federal Party">PFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herstigte_Nasionale_Party" title="Herstigte Nasionale Party">HNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe">MK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">PAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(South_Africa)" title="United Democratic Front (South Africa)">UDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Broederbond" title="Afrikaner Broederbond">Broederbond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Congress of South African Trade Unions">COSATU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Branch_(South_Africa)" title="Security Branch (South Africa)">Security Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Council_of_Churches" title="South African Council of Churches">SACC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Defence_Force" title="South African Defence Force">SADF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Indian_Congress" title="South African Indian Congress">SAIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Musicians%27_Alliance" title="South African Musicians' Alliance">SAMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Police" title="South African Police">SAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" title="South African Communist Party">SACP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Security_Council" title="State Security Council">State Security Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Berrang%C3%A9" title="Vernon Berrangé">Vernon Berrangé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._W._Botha" title="P. W. Botha">P. W. Botha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangosuthu_Buthelezi" title="Mangosuthu Buthelezi">Mangosuthu Buthelezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_First" title="Ruth First">Ruth First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bram_Fischer" title="Bram Fischer">Bram Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldreich" title="Arthur Goldreich">Arthur Goldreich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hani" title="Chris Hani">Chris Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_Holomisa" title="Bantu Holomisa">Bantu Holomisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Joffe,_Baron_Joffe" title="Joel Joffe, Baron Joffe">Joel Joffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Kathrada" title="Ahmed Kathrada">Ahmed Kathrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela" title="Winnie Madikizela-Mandela">Winnie Madikizela-Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Maharaj" title="Mac Maharaj">Mac Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Fran%C3%A7ois_Malan" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel François Malan">D. F. Malan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govan_Mbeki" title="Govan Mbeki">Govan Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Mhlaba" title="Raymond Mhlaba">Raymond Mhlaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Benjamin_Moloise" title="Execution of Benjamin Moloise">Benjamin Moloise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertina_Sisulu" title="Albertina Sisulu">Albertina Sisulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gerhardus_Strijdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom">J. G. Strijdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Slovo" title="Joe Slovo">Joe Slovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sobukwe" title="Robert Sobukwe">Robert Sobukwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Suzman" title="Helen Suzman">Helen Suzman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Tambo" title="Adelaide Tambo">Adelaide Tambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Terre%27Blanche" title="Eugène Terre'Blanche">Eugène Terre'Blanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Verwoerd" title="Hendrik Verwoerd">H. F. Verwoerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._J._Vorster" class="mw-redirect" title="B. J. Vorster">B. J. Vorster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Six" title="District Six">District Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_Security_Prison,_Robben_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum Security Prison, Robben Island">Robben Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophiatown" title="Sophiatown">Sophiatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_City,_North_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun City, North West">Sun City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlakplaas" title="Vlakplaas">Vlakplaas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_in_popular_culture" title="Apartheid in popular culture">Apartheid in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_legislation" title="Apartheid legislation">Apartheid legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Qualified_Franchise" title="Cape Qualified Franchise">Cape Qualified Franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa" title="Disinvestment from South Africa">Disinvestment campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">Internal resistance to apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairos_Document" title="Kairos Document">Kairos Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_movement_against_apartheid" title="Music in the movement against apartheid">Music in the movement against apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_apartheid" title="Nostalgia for apartheid">Nostalgia for apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Coast" title="Project Coast">Project Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_principles" title="Sullivan principles">Sullivan Principles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border:none;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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title="Template talk:Apartheid"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apartheid" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apartheid"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> uMkhonto weSizwe (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Xhosa pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">[um̩ˈkʰonto we ˈsizwe]</a>; abbreviated MK; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Spear of the Nation') was the paramilitary wing of the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC), founded by <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville massacre</a>. Its mission was to fight against the South African government to bring an end to its <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">racist policies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mk-1">[1]</a> After warning the South African government in June <a href="/wiki/1961_in_South_Africa" title="1961 in South Africa">1961</a> of its intent to increase resistance if the government did not take steps toward constitutional reform and increase political rights, uMkhonto weSizwe launched its first attacks against government installations on 16 December 1961. The group was subsequently classified as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">terrorist organisation</a> by the South African government, and banned.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> For a time it was headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Rivonia" title="Rivonia">Rivonia</a>, which was rural at that time but is now an affluent suburb of <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>. On 11 July 1963, nineteen ANC and uMkhonto weSizwe leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldreich" title="Arthur Goldreich">Arthur Goldreich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Govan_Mbeki" title="Govan Mbeki">Govan Mbeki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a>, were arrested at <a href="/wiki/Liliesleaf_Farm" title="Liliesleaf Farm">Liliesleaf Farm</a>, Rivonia. (The farm was privately owned by Arthur Goldreich and bought with <a href="/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" title="South African Communist Party">South African Communist Party</a> and ANC funds, as non-whites were unable to own a property in that area under the <a href="/wiki/Group_Areas_Act" title="Group Areas Act">Group Areas Act</a>.) The arrests were followed by the <a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a>, in which ten leaders of the ANC were tried for 221 militant acts that the prosecution said were designed to "foment violent revolution". <a href="/wiki/Wilton_Mkwayi" title="Wilton Mkwayi">Wilton Mkwayi</a>, chief of uMkhonto weSizwe at the time, escaped during the trial. The organisation was formally disbanded in a ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Stadium" title="Orlando Stadium">Orlando Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto, Gauteng</a>, on 16 December 1993, although its armed struggle had been suspended earlier, during the <a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">negotiations to end apartheid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motivations_for_formation">Motivations for formation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Motivations for formation">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>, all of the founding members of the uMkhonto weSizwe, including himself, were also members of the ANC. In his "<a href="/wiki/I_Am_Prepared_to_Die" title="I Am Prepared to Die">I Am Prepared to Die</a>" speech, delivered at the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a>, Mandela outlined the motivations that led to the formation of uMkhonto weSizwe:<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <blockquote>At the beginning of June 1961, after a long and anxious assessment of the South African situation, I, and some colleagues, came to the conclusion that as violence in this country was inevitable, it would be unrealistic and wrong for African leaders to continue preaching peace and non-violence at a time when the government met our peaceful demands with force. This conclusion was not easily arrived at. It was only when all else had failed, when all channels of peaceful protest had been barred to us, that the decision was made to embark on violent forms of political struggle, and to form uMkhonto weSizwe. We did so not because we desired such a course, but solely because the government had left us with no other choice. In the Manifesto of uMkhonto published on 16 December 1961, which is exhibit AD, we said: <blockquote>The time comes in the life of any nation when there remain only two choices – submit or fight. That time has now come to South Africa. We shall not submit and we have no choice but to hit back by all means in our power in defence of our people, our future, and our freedom.</blockquote> Firstly, we believed that as a result of Government policy, violence by the African people had become inevitable, and that unless responsible leadership was given to canalise and control the feelings of our people, there would be outbreaks of terrorism which would produce an intensity of bitterness and hostility between the various races of this country which is not produced even by war. Secondly, we felt that without violence there would be no way open to the African people to succeed in their struggle against the principle of white supremacy. All lawful modes of expressing opposition to this principle had been closed by legislation, and we were placed in a position in which we had either to accept a permanent state of inferiority, or take over the Government. We chose to defy the law. We first broke the law in a way which avoided any recourse to violence; when this form was legislated against, and then the Government resorted to a show of force to crush opposition to its policies, only then did we decide to answer with violence.</blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Manifesto" title="Manifesto">manifesto</a> referred to by Mandela, adduced by the prosecution at his trial as Exhibit AD,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> included the statements: <blockquote>Our men are armed and trained freedom fighters not "terrorists". We are fighting for democracy—majority rule—the right of the Africans to rule Africa. We are fighting for a South Africa in which there will be peace and harmony and equal rights for all people. We are not racialists, as the white oppressors are. The African National Congress has a message of freedom for all who live in our country.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></blockquote> The aim was to act only against <a href="/wiki/Soft_target" title="Soft target">hard targets</a> such as power pylons and avoid any injury or loss of life.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Command_structure_(1961–1964)">Command structure (1961–1964)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Command structure (1961–1964)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/UMkhonto_weSizwe" title="Special:EditPage/UMkhonto weSizwe">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In the six or so months between making the decision to form the organisation (June) and the first acts of sabotage (December), the MK high command set up regional commands in the main centres. The people chosen to be part of these commands were chosen either because they had the necessary technical or military skills or because they were members of Congress Alliance organisations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_(overall)_command">Central (overall) command</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Central (overall) command">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Slovo" title="Joe Slovo">Joe Slovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Mhlaba" title="Raymond Mhlaba">Raymond Mhlaba</a> (from 1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilton_Mkwayi" title="Wilton Mkwayi">Wilton Mkwayi</a> (from 1963)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Johannesburg_(later_Transvaal)_command">Johannesburg (later Transvaal) command</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Johannesburg (later Transvaal) command">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Hodgson_(uMkhonto_weSizwe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack Hodgson (uMkhonto weSizwe) (page does not exist)">Jack Hodgson</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Kathrada" title="Ahmed Kathrada">Ahmed Kathrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Goldberg" title="Denis Goldberg">Denis Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldreich" title="Arthur Goldreich">Arthur Goldreich</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natal_command">Natal command</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Natal command">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curnick_Ndlovu" title="Curnick Ndlovu">Curnick Ndlovu</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Kasrils" title="Ronnie Kasrils">Ronnie Kasrils</a> (from 1963)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Cape_command">Western Cape command</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Western Cape command">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Looksmart_Ngudle" title="Looksmart Ngudle">Looksmart Ngudle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Carneson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred Carneson (page does not exist)">Fred Carneson</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Cape_command">Eastern Cape command</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Eastern Cape command">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vuyisile_Mini" title="Vuyisile Mini">Vuyisile Mini</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_command">Border command</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Border command">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Bongco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Washington Bongco (page does not exist)">Washington Bongco</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explosives_command">Explosives command</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Explosives command">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Hodgson_(uMkhonto_weSizwe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack Hodgson (uMkhonto weSizwe) (page does not exist)">Jack Hodgson</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Strachan" title="Harold Strachan">Harold Strachan</a> (from 1962)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ex-officio_commanders">Ex-officio commanders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ex-officio commanders">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Moloi" title="Lambert Moloi">Lambert Moloi</a> (from 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Modise" title="Joe Modise">Joe Modise</a> (from 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Sebina" title="Tom Sebina">Tom Sebina</a> (from 1964)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_campaign">Domestic campaign</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Domestic campaign">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s–1970s">1960s–1970s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1960s–1970s">edit</a>]</div> In June 1961, Mandela sent a letter to South African newspapers warning the government that a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> would be launched unless the government agreed to call for a national constitutional convention.<a href="#cite_note-law2.umkc.edu-11">[11]</a> Six months later, on 16 December 1961, Mandela led uMkhonto weSizwe in launching its campaign.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The first target sabotaged was an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_substation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical substation">electrical substation</a>. This was followed by many more acts of sabotage over a year and a half, including attacks on government posts, machines and power facilities, and crop burning.<a href="#cite_note-law2.umkc.edu-11">[11]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a>, the government accused them of committing 193 acts of sabotage in total.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Opinions in the ANC were divided on the viability of launching a military campaign. For this reason, MK did not publicly associate itself with the ANC at first. Its initial attacks were "characterised by their simplicity": reflecting the Africans' lack of military training, and the fact that although many whites had military training, most had not seen service since the Second World War. The state responded with laws that allowed detention without trial and an unlimited power to ban organisations, and also by establishing military and civilian intelligence organisations.<a href="#cite_note-African_Military_History_Society_2000-14">[14]</a> MK began planning a campaign called "Operation O Mayibuye", or "Operation Mayibuye", from <a href="/wiki/Liliesleaf_Farm" title="Liliesleaf Farm">Liliesleaf Farm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-grade1-15">[15]</a> The South African Heritage Portal describes how they were able to meet there: <blockquote> "Goldreich and Harold Wolpe, a lawyer, used South African Communist Party funds to buy Liliesleaf Farm in Rivonia in 1961 for use as a secret meeting place. The secret life of the revolutionaries at Liliesleaf had a very brief flowering – the key years were 1961 to mid-1963. Arthur Goldreich lived as the tenant of Liliesleaf with his then wife Hazel and his two sons, Nicholas and Paul. They were white, the 'right colour' to belong in Rivonia, so their presence did not attract attention; this was the perfect cover.... The farm outbuildings became home to various key ANC black members who posed as 'servants' of the white Goldreich family. Here the leaders of a hoped for revolution developed a plan for guerrilla warfare (Operation Mayibuye) with its own printing press and a secret radio transmitter."<a href="#cite_note-munro2021-16">[16]</a></blockquote> In 1962, Mandela went to Algeria, Egypt, and Ghana to get international backing for the group. <a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In December 1962, <a href="/wiki/Looksmart_Ngudle" title="Looksmart Ngudle">Looksmart Ngudle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denis_Goldberg" title="Denis Goldberg">Denis Goldberg</a> helped to organise a training camp held at <a href="/wiki/Mamre,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamre, Western Cape">Mamre</a>, outside Cape Town, later recognised as the first MK training centre inside South Africa; however it had to be abandoned early due to Security Police interest.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> A lack of familiarity with the necessities of covert military work, and the reliance on high-profile leaders like Nelson Mandela, contributed to the South African state's ability to capture the organisation's leadership at their <a href="/wiki/Rivonia" title="Rivonia">Rivonia</a> headquarters outside Johannesburg at the end of 1962. This effectively neutralised MK within South Africa for the next decade. However, the organisation had established itself—and its key relationship as a disciplined part of the ANC—and did not disappear.<a href="#cite_note-African_Military_History_Society_2000-14">[14]</a> The early 1970s were a low point for the ANC in many ways, including in the military sphere. Attempts to rebuild uMkhonto weSizwe inside South Africa resulted in many losses, although, as noted by the Military History Journal, some members, including <a href="/wiki/Chris_Hani" title="Chris Hani">Chris Hani</a>, were able to remain undetected for a long period. Meanwhile, MK cadres had access to a growing range of military training opportunities in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and other communist-bloc countries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Soweto_uprising" title="Soweto uprising">Soweto uprising</a> of 1976 led to a large exodus of young black men and women. Anxious to strike back at the apartheid regime, they crossed the border to <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> to seek military training. This enabled uMkhonto weSizwe to rebuild an army — one capable of attacking prestigious targets such as the refineries at <a href="/wiki/Sasolburg" title="Sasolburg">Sasolburg</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 24 February 1977, a bomb exploded at the <a href="/wiki/Daveyton,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Daveyton, Gauteng">Daveyton</a> Police Station, causing only superficial damage.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> On 14 December, guerrillas attacked the <a href="/wiki/Germiston,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Germiston, Gauteng">Germiston</a> police station.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> On 10 March 1978, a bomb exploded outside the offices of the Bantu Affairs building in <a href="/wiki/Gqeberha" title="Gqeberha">Port Elizabeth</a>, killing one civilian and wound three others.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> On 21 August 1978, B. Mayeza, personnel member of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_State_Security" title="Bureau of State Security">Bureau of State Security</a> was shot dead in <a href="/wiki/Umlazi" title="Umlazi">Umlazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>. On 9 December 1978, an explosive blast severely damaged the Soweto Community Council building.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a> On 14 January, seven members clashed with <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police" title="South African Police">SAP (South African Police)</a> near <a href="/wiki/Zeerust" title="Zeerust">Zeerust</a>, one member was captured, others escaped over <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> border.<a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> On 23 January, an explosion damaged the railway near New Canada, <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a>.<a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The next day, a large quantity of explosives on the line were found and defused, between <a href="/wiki/Fort_Beaufort" title="Fort Beaufort">Fort Beaufort</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="King William's Town">King William's Town</a>, Eastern Cape.<a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In February, Sergeant Benjamin Letlako, a Police Special Branch member, is shot dead in <a href="/wiki/Katlehong" title="Katlehong">Katlehong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> On 15 April, an improvised device was discovered and defused on a railway line near <a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In 5 May, guerrillas opened fire in the Moroka Police Station, killing one and wounding three more policemen and three civilians.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Next, an explosive device was found in a railway in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Transvaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Transvaal">Eastern Transvaal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> On 15 November, members of MK attacked the Orlando SAP Station, leaving two officers dead and other two wounded.<a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In the same day, the house of the Lt Magezi Ngobeni of <a href="/wiki/Security_Branch_(South_Africa)" title="Security Branch (South Africa)">SAP Special Branch</a> was attacked with grenades, leaving five children wounded.<a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In the next month, a railway near <a href="/wiki/Alice,_South_Africa" title="Alice, South Africa">Alice</a>, Eastern Cape was damaged by a blast.<a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s:_Bombings">1980s: Bombings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1980s: Bombings">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MK_Attacks.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3b/MK_Attacks.JPG/300px-MK_Attacks.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3b/MK_Attacks.JPG/450px-MK_Attacks.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3b/MK_Attacks.JPG 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>List of attacks attributed to MK and compiled by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_South_African_War_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee on South African War Resistance">Committee on South African War Resistance</a> (COSAWR) between 1980 and 1983.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_attacks_in_the_decade">First attacks in the decade</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: First attacks in the decade">edit</a>]</div> On 4 January, the <a href="/wiki/Morebeng" title="Morebeng">Morebeng</a> SAP Station was attacked by an explosive device, leaving one officer injured.<a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Days later, members of the MK took 25 hostages in a bank in <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, the next confrontation between security forces and MK members left five dead (three attackers), and approximately 20 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In March, MK shot dead two officers in <a href="/wiki/Bophutatswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bophutatswana">Bophutatswana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In June 1980, MK members attacked the Booysens Police Station, leaving two officers wounded.<a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In 2000, the Amnesty Committee of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) granted amnesty for the attack.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In the night of 31 May – 1 June, MK members attacked two <a href="/wiki/Sasol" title="Sasol">Sasol</a> oil from coal plants, leaving important material damages.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> There was a lull until 21 April 1981, when the MK attacked a substation in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a> with <a href="/wiki/Limpet_mine" title="Limpet mine">limpet mines</a>. In this period, the attacks with explosives continued. On 29 October, a grenade attack was reported against the <a href="/wiki/West_Rand_District_Municipality" title="West Rand District Municipality">West Rand</a> police station, <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a> Province.<a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The following day, the MK attacked the Consul of the House of <a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a> with explosives, leaving only material damage. On 21 November MK members shot dead an officer in Chiawelo, Gauteng.<a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> On 29 October, a grenade attack was reported against the West Rand police station, Gauteng Province. The following day, the MK attacked the Consul of the House of Transkei with explosives, leaving only material damage. In this period, attacks with explosives continued.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> On 27 May, the MK took credit for another attack in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, destroying a <a href="/wiki/South_African_Defence_Force" title="South African Defence Force">South African Defence Force</a> recruitment building.<a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In June of the same year, the MK took credit for the arson attack against the headquarters of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Progressive_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federal Progressive Party (page does not exist)">Federal Progressive Party</a>, which caused material damage, the abandonment of a limpet mine in a fuel depot in Alberton<a href="#cite_note-:0-52">[52]</a> as well as other sabotage of railways.<a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a> On 21 July, an attack on an electrical plant in Pretoria was reported, with at least six explosions recorded in three facilities.<a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> On 11 August, MK members attacked the Voortrekker military base in Pretoria with grenade launchers.<a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> On 1 November, MK members attacked a border post with <a href="/wiki/Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a>, occupied by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Defense_Forces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South African Defense Forces (page does not exist)">South African Defense Forces</a> (SADF), which was destroyed by a rocket and grenade attack.<a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Days later, attacks against substations in Pretoria are attributed, between 12 and 14 October.<a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> On 7 January 1982, MK tried to attack the West Rand Board of Administration, <a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Explosive attacks on administrative offices followed in the following weeks.<a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> On 28 May, MK claimed responsibility for the attack on a fuel depot and power transformer, <a href="/wiki/Hectorspruit" title="Hectorspruit">Hectorspruit</a>, Mpumalanga Province.<a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In June MK attacked railways in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>,<a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> and detonated an explosive in the offices of the Presidential Council, leaving one civilian killed.<a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In 28 June that MK attacked railways in <a href="/wiki/Vryheid" title="Vryheid">Vryheid</a> and Scheepersnek.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> On 5 June, the MK bombs kill one person when the explosive blasts in a lift at the offices of the presidents Council in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Weeks later, two bombs cause extensive damage to the railway depot, pump station, stores and vehicles in Scheepersnek.<a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> A triple blasts in the <a href="/wiki/Drakensberg" title="Drakensberg">Drakensberg</a> Administration offices in <a href="/wiki/Pietermaritzburg" title="Pietermaritzburg">Pietermaritzburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-South-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> On 8 November, an improvised device causes important damage at the <a href="/wiki/Mobil" title="Mobil">Mobil</a> fuel storage depot in <a href="/wiki/Mkuze" title="Mkuze">Mkuze</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Days later, MK militants uses <a href="/wiki/RPG-7" title="RPG-7">RPG-7s</a> to attack a rural police station and temporary <a href="/wiki/South_African_Army" title="South African Army">South African Army</a> garrison at <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1983:_Church_Street_bombing">1983: Church Street bombing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1983: Church Street bombing">edit</a>]</div> In 1983, the <a href="/wiki/Church_Street,_Pretoria_bombing" title="Church Street, Pretoria bombing">Church Street bomb</a> was <a href="/wiki/Detonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Detonate">detonated</a> in Pretoria near the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force" title="South African Air Force">Air Force</a> headquarters, resulting in 19 deaths and 217 injuries.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1985:_Amanzimtoti_bombing">1985: Amanzimtoti bombing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1985: Amanzimtoti bombing">edit</a>]</div> In the 1985 the <a href="/wiki/Amanzimtoti_bombing" title="Amanzimtoti bombing">Amanzimtoti bombing</a> on the Natal South Coast, five civilians were killed and 40 were injured when uMkhonto weSizwe cadre <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Zondo" title="Andrew Zondo">Andrew Sibusiso Zondo</a> detonated an explosive in a rubbish bin at a shopping centre shortly before Christmas. In a submission to the <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a> (TRC), the ANC stated that Zondo's act, though "understandable" as a response to a recent <a href="/wiki/South_African_Defence_Force" title="South African Defence Force">South African Defence Force</a> raid in Lesotho, was not in line with ANC policy. Zondo was executed in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1986:_Durban_beach-front_bombing">1986: Durban beach-front bombing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1986: Durban beach-front bombing">edit</a>]</div> In the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Durban_beach-front_bombing" title="Durban beach-front bombing">Durban beach-front bombing</a>, a bomb was detonated in a bar, killing three civilians and injuring 69. <a href="/wiki/Robert_McBride_(police_officer)" title="Robert McBride (police officer)">Robert McBride</a> received the death penalty for this bombing, which became known as the "Magoo's Bar bombing".<a href="#cite_note-Durban-77">[77]</a> McBride received amnesty and became a senior police officer.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1987:_Johannesburg_bombings">1987: Johannesburg bombings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1987: Johannesburg bombings">edit</a>]</div> In 1987, an explosion outside a <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Magistrate%27s_Court_bombing" title="Johannesburg Magistrate's Court bombing">Johannesburg court</a> killed three <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police" title="South African Police">police</a> officers and injured a further 15; a court in Newcastle had been attacked in a similar way the previous year, injuring 24. Also in 1987, a bomb exploded at a military command centre in Johannesburg, killing one person and injuring 68 personnel.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_bombings">Other bombings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other bombings">edit</a>]</div> The armed struggle continued with attacks on a series of soft targets, including a bank in <a href="/wiki/Roodepoort" title="Roodepoort">Roodepoort</a> in 1988, in which four civilians were killed and 18 injured. Also in 1988, a bomb outside a <a href="/wiki/Magistrate%27s_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrate's court">magistrate's court</a> killed three. At the Ellis Park rugby stadium in Johannesburg, a <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bomb</a> killed two and injured 37 civilians. A multitude<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> of bombs at restaurants and fast food outlets, including <a href="/wiki/Wimpy_(restaurant)" title="Wimpy (restaurant)">Wimpy Bars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> and supermarkets occurred during the late 1980s, killing and wounding many people. Wimpy were specifically targeted because of their perceived rigid enforcement of many apartheid laws, including excluding non-whites from their restaurants. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1985–1987:_Landmine_campaign">1985–1987: Landmine campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1985–1987: Landmine campaign">edit</a>]</div> From 1985 to 1987, there also was a campaign to place <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_mine" title="Anti-tank mine">anti-tank mines</a> on rural roads in what was then the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Transvaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Transvaal">Northern Transvaal</a>. This tactic was abandoned due to the high rate of civilian casualties—especially among black labourers. The ANC estimated that there were 30 landmine explosions resulting in 23 deaths, while the government submitted a figure of 57 explosions resulting in 25 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Findings_by_the_Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission">Findings by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Findings by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission">edit</a>]</div> The Truth and Reconciliation Commission found that the use of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> by uMkhonto weSizwe was "routine", as were executions "without due process" at ANC detention camps. This was particularly true in the period of 1979–1989, although torture was not official ANC policy.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> It called the Durban bombing a "gross violation of human rights".<a href="#cite_note-Durban-77">[77]</a> The TRC also noted in its report that although "ANC had, in the course of the conflict, contravened the Geneva Protocols and was responsible for the commission of gross human rights violations…of the three main parties to the [South African] conflict, only the ANC committed itself to observing the tenets of the Geneva Protocols and, in the main, conducting the armed struggle in accordance within the international humanitarian law".<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_military_activities">Foreign military activities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Foreign military activities">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angola">Angola</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Angola">edit</a>]</div> In January 1969, the ANC declared its solidarity with the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola">People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola</a> (MPLA) and pursued close military relations with that party, then involved in the <a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dreyer-84">[84]</a> Both movements were drawn into a practical and ideological friendship because of their shared links with the Soviet Union through the communist parties of their respective nations.<a href="#cite_note-Dreyer-84">[84]</a> At the First International Conference of Solidarity with the Fighting People of Southern Africa and the Portuguese Colonies, organised by the <a href="/wiki/Afro-Asian_People%27s_Solidarity_Organisation" title="Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation">Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">World Peace Council</a>, the MPLA and ANC entered into a formal military alliance together with the <a href="/wiki/South_West_African_People%27s_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="South West African People's Organisation">South West African People's Organisation</a> (SWAPO), the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_People%27s_Union" title="Zimbabwe African People's Union">Zimbabwe African People's Union</a> (ZAPU), and the <a href="/wiki/African_Party_for_the_Independence_of_Guinea_and_Cape_Verde" title="African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde">African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde</a> (PAIGC).<a href="#cite_note-Dreyer-84">[84]</a> This became known as the Khartoum alliance.<a href="#cite_note-Dreyer-84">[84]</a> The ANC-MPLA alliance assumed new significance in the mid-1970s with Angolan independence.<a href="#cite_note-Dreyer-84">[84]</a> After consolidating power with Cuban support, the MPLA granted MK permission to establish training facilities in Angola.<a href="#cite_note-George-85">[85]</a> The primary MK base in Angola was located at Novo Catengue, where intakes of up to 500 recruits were trained by Cuban military advisers.<a href="#cite_note-George-85">[85]</a> Between 1976 and 1979, over 1,000 MK guerrillas were trained at Novo Catengue.<a href="#cite_note-George-85">[85]</a> In recognition of Cuba's role in supervising the training programme, the third MK intake to muster out was named the "Moncada Detachment".<a href="#cite_note-George-85">[85]</a> There were also a number of smaller MK training camps established throughout Angola, namely at Quibaxe.<a href="#cite_note-George-85">[85]</a> Aside from Cuba, the Soviet Union also contributed some instructors at the request of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a>; between 1976 and 1991, 200 Soviet military personnel served at various MK camps in Angola as training staff.<a href="#cite_note-Hot-86">[86]</a> The ANC and MK presence in Angola re-ignited its alliance with SWAPO and its own armed wing, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_of_Namibia" title="People's Liberation Army of Namibia">People's Liberation Army of Namibia</a> (PLAN).<a href="#cite_note-Dreyer-84">[84]</a> PLAN and MK frequently shared facilities in Angola and coordinated the transportation of supplies and war materiel.<a href="#cite_note-Dreyer-84">[84]</a> In 1984, there was a series of mutinies in MK's Angolan camps that were suppressed by the Mbokodo, the ANC's internal security service.<a href="#cite_note-Proxy-87">[87]</a> During this time, the ANC detained and executed a number of MK dissidents suspected of subversion or disloyalty.<a href="#cite_note-Proxy-87">[87]</a> In one case mutineers killed ANC members and after the mutiny was suppressed seven mutineers were executed (with further executions only halted after the personal intervention of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Mutiny-88">[88]</a> MK's presence in Angola inevitably embroiled it in the <a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a>. In August 1983, an MK battalion was deployed against the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_for_the_Total_Independence_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="National Union for the Total Independence of Angola">National Union for the Total Independence of Angola</a> (UNITA) insurgents near Kibashe.<a href="#cite_note-Hot-86">[86]</a> In 1986, three battalions of newly trained MK recruits were deployed to guard FAPLA rear areas during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Alpha_Centauri" title="Operation Alpha Centauri">Operation Alpha Centauri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mobility-89">[89]</a> MK also participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cuito_Cuanavale" title="Battle of Cuito Cuanavale">Battle of Cuito Cuanavale</a>, fighting against a joint South African and UNITA expeditionary force during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Hooper" title="Operation Hooper">Operation Hooper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Packer" title="Operation Packer">Operation Packer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Diplomacy-90">[90]</a> At least 100 MK cadres were killed during the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale, making that engagement of enormous symbolic importance, as it was the largest single loss of life in MK's history.<a href="#cite_note-Diplomacy-90">[90]</a> Furthermore, MK's prestige inside South Africa was greatly enhanced by its participation in a conventional battle, and apparent willingness to directly confront a South African military force.<a href="#cite_note-Diplomacy-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhodesia_(Zimbabwe)">Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a>, MK was closely allied with the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_People%27s_Revolutionary_Army" title="Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army">Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army</a> (ZIPRA), the armed wing of ZAPU.<a href="#cite_note-Diplomacy-90">[90]</a> MK became interested in using ZIPRA's infiltration routes to smuggle supplies to its fighters in South Africa, and organised a joint expedition with the latter in August 1967.<a href="#cite_note-Diplomacy-90">[90]</a> A combined MK-ZIPRA force was largely eliminated by the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Security_Forces" title="Rhodesian Security Forces">Rhodesian Security Forces</a> during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Nickel" title="Operation Nickel">Operation Nickel</a>, and the survivors driven back across the border into <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Diplomacy-90">[90]</a> Historian Rocky Williams assesses that MK and ZIPRA "fought well under difficult conditions" and that although the incursion failed, the Rhodesian authorities were forced to rely on clandestine military assistance from South Africa to counter them.<a href="#cite_note-African_Military_History_Society_2000-14">[14]</a> Concerning MK's alliance with ZIPRA, Oliver Tambo stated: "We have had close political relations with ZAPU, and these developed into relations at the military level, until we were in a position to fight together. This close alliance is the first of its kind one can recall in the liberation movement. In no previous instance has there actually been fighting by freedom fighters drawn from different territories."<a href="#cite_note-Diplomacy-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Equipment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_used_by_UMkhonto_we_Sizwe" title="List of military equipment used by UMkhonto we Sizwe">List of military equipment used by UMkhonto we Sizwe</a></div> MK received nearly all its military equipment from the Soviet Union, although other <a href="/wiki/COMECON" class="mw-redirect" title="COMECON">COMECON</a> member states such as <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> which were sympathetic to the ANC's cause also provided the movement with small quantities of materiel.<a href="#cite_note-Kolasa-91">[91]</a> The SACP was able to use its political contacts in the Soviet government to obtain these weapons, and was primarily responsible for MK's logistics from the beginning of the armed struggle.<a href="#cite_note-Kolasa-91">[91]</a> Soviet ordnance played a crucial role in the MK's sabotage campaign and in guerrilla engagements with the South African security forces.<a href="#cite_note-Kolasa-91">[91]</a> Military equipment was usually smuggled into South Africa from neighbouring states where the ANC was operating in exile.<a href="#cite_note-Douek-92">[92]</a> Once inside the country, they were cached in major urban centers where the ANC enjoyed a large political following.<a href="#cite_note-Douek-92">[92]</a> MK established enormous arms depots in Botswana, Mozambique, and Swaziland to facilitate these operations, and also had smaller quantities of weapons cached in Angola, Zambia, and Tanzania.<a href="#cite_note-Douek-92">[92]</a> Soviet arms deliveries to MK, valued collectively at 36 million rubles, began in 1963 and ceased in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-Hot-86">[86]</a> Despite the cessation of Soviet military aid, MK had still amassed enough conventional weapons inside South Africa to mount an effective urban guerrilla campaign as needed by 1991.<a href="#cite_note-Douek-92">[92]</a> The movement's preexisting arsenal was deemed sufficient to continue operations against the South African state for the foreseeable future in the event that ongoing negotiations to dismantle the apartheid system failed.<a href="#cite_note-Douek-92">[92]</a> MK cadres were primarily armed with Soviet <a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a> assault rifles and <a href="/wiki/SKS" title="SKS">SKS</a> carbines.<a href="#cite_note-Hot-86">[86]</a> By the late 1980s, it was beginning to supplement both these weapon types with the slightly more modern <a href="/wiki/AKM" title="AKM">AKM</a> assault rifle firing the same 7.62×39mm cartridge.<a href="#cite_note-Douek-92">[92]</a> MK also received over 6,000 handguns of various types, primarily derivatives of the <a href="/wiki/TT_pistol" title="TT pistol">TT-33 pistol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hot-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FDP-93">[93]</a> MK possessed some heavy weapons, namely 90 man-portable, single-tube Grad-P rocket launchers.<a href="#cite_note-Hot-86">[86]</a> The Soviet Union also supplied MK with over 40 <a href="/wiki/9K32_Strela-2" title="9K32 Strela-2">9K32 Strela-2</a> surface-to-air missile launchers and 60 <a href="/wiki/9M14_Malyutka" title="9M14 Malyutka">9M14 Malyutka</a> anti-tank missile systems.<a href="#cite_note-Hot-86">[86]</a> After MK was disbanded, the movement passed its logistical records to the newly integrated <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">South African National Defence Force</a> (SANDF) to ensure that the stored equipment was properly inventoried and disposed of.<a href="#cite_note-Douek-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In 1984, musician <a href="/wiki/Prince_Far_I" title="Prince Far I">Prince Far I</a>'s album <a href="/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe_(Spear_of_the_Nation)" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation)">Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation)</a> was released (posthumously) in an act of solidarity with the uMkhonto weSizwe.</li> <li>In 1987, a benefit <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore</a> compilation album Viva uMkhonto! was released on the Dutch label Konkurrel. It featured <a href="/wiki/Scream_(band)" title="Scream (band)">Scream</a>, Challenger Crew, Morzelpronk, Social Unrest, <a href="/wiki/The_Ex_(band)" title="The Ex (band)">The Ex</a>, Depraved, <a href="/wiki/Victims_Family" title="Victims Family">Victims Family</a>, B.G.K., <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_Pigs" title="Rhythm Pigs">Rhythm Pigs</a>, Everything Falls Apart, Kafka Prosess, S.C.A.*, and 76% Uncertain.</li> <li>Zimbabwean-born African-American author and filmmaker <a href="/wiki/M._K._Asante" title="M. K. Asante">M. K. Asante Jr.</a> embraced the initials M. K. after uMkhonto weSizwe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Matthews_Band" title="Dave Matthews Band">Dave Matthews Band</a> song "#36" is dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Chris_Hani" title="Chris Hani">Chris Hani</a>, the assassinated chief of staff of the uMkhonto weSizwe and the leader of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" title="South African Communist Party">South African Communist Party</a>, and includes the refrain: "Hani, Hani, won't you dance with me?"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_members">Notable members</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notable members">edit</a>]</div> In addition to co-founder <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mandela-94">[94]</a> notable members include: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tatamkhulu_Afrika" title="Tatamkhulu Afrika">Tatamkhulu Afrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipho_Binda" title="Sipho Binda">Sipho Binda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Fransch" title="Anton Fransch">Anton Fransch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Gqabi" title="Joe Gqabi">Joe Gqabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Goldberg" title="Denis Goldberg">Denis Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Gwala" title="Harry Gwala">Harry Gwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hani" title="Chris Hani">Chris Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hlongwane" title="Samuel Hlongwane">Samuel Hlongwane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Kasrils" title="Ronnie Kasrils">Ronnie Kasrils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Kotane" title="Moses Kotane">Moses Kotane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryphina_Mboxela_Jokweni" title="Tryphina Mboxela Jokweni">Tryphina Mboxela Jokweni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennox_Lagu" title="Lennox Lagu">Lennox Lagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mabhida" title="Moses Mabhida">Moses Mabhida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Kriel" title="Ashley Kriel">Ashley Kriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McBride_(police_officer)" title="Robert McBride (police officer)">Robert McBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Maharaj" title="Mac Maharaj">Mac Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikgope_Madi" title="Dikgope Madi">Dikgope Madi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Mahlangu" title="Solomon Mahlangu">Solomon Mahlangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Lesiba_Maphotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Lesiba Maphotho">Isaac Lesiba Maphotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudzani_Maphwanya" title="Rudzani Maphwanya">Rudzani Maphwanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Masisi" title="Jerry Masisi">Jerry Masisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vusumuzi_Masondo" title="Vusumuzi Masondo">Vusumuzi Masondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidson_Masuku" title="Davidson Masuku">Davidson Masuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Mbatha" title="Lawrence Mbatha">Lawrence Mbatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govan_Mbeki" title="Govan Mbeki">Govan Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duma_Mdutyana" title="Duma Mdutyana">Duma Mdutyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Mhlaba" title="Raymond Mhlaba">Raymond Mhlaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilton_Mkwayi" title="Wilton Mkwayi">Wilton Mkwayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Modise" title="Joe Modise">Joe Modise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thandi_Modise" title="Thandi Modise">Thandi Modise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabiso_Mokhosi" title="Thabiso Mokhosi">Thabiso Mokhosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Moloi" title="Lambert Moloi">Lambert Moloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Moumbaris" title="Alex Moumbaris">Alex Moumbaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Msimang" title="Fabian Msimang">Fabian Msimang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavuso_Msimang" title="Mavuso Msimang">Mavuso Msimang</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refiloe_Johannes_Mudimu" title="Refiloe Johannes Mudimu">Refiloe Johannes Mudimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phila_Portia_Ndwandwe" title="Phila Portia Ndwandwe">Phila Portia Ndwandwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Ngwenya" title="Godfrey Ngwenya">Godfrey Ngwenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Nqose" title="Wilson Nqose">Wilson Nqose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siphiwe_Nyanda" title="Siphiwe Nyanda">Siphiwe Nyanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vejaynand_Ramlakan" title="Vejaynand Ramlakan">Vejaynand Ramlakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Sebina" title="Tom Sebina">Tom Sebina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Sedibe" title="Aubrey Sedibe">Aubrey Sedibe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solly_Shoke" title="Solly Shoke">Solly Shoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Slovo" title="Joe Slovo">Joe Slovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Sparg" title="Marion Sparg">Marion Sparg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindile_Yam" title="Lindile Yam">Lindile Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Yengeni" title="Tony Yengeni">Tony Yengeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Zondo" title="Andrew Zondo">Andrew Zondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Number_of_deaths">Number of deaths</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Number of deaths">edit</a>]</div> South African police statistics indicate that, in the period 1976 to 1986, approximately 130 people were killed by guerrillas. Of those killed, about thirty were members of various security forces and one hundred were civilians. Of the civilians, 40 were white and 60 black.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> About eleven ANC members were killed in cross-border raids by <a href="/wiki/South_African_Defence_Force" title="South African Defence Force">the SADF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> The following medals and awards, some with post-nominal titles, were retrospectively defined and awarded to members of MK: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_Leadership_Star" title="Conspicuous Leadership Star CLS"><img alt="Conspicuous Leadership Star CLS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ribbon_Conspicuous_Leadership_Star.png/82px-Ribbon_Conspicuous_Leadership_Star.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ribbon_Conspicuous_Leadership_Star.png/125px-Ribbon_Conspicuous_Leadership_Star.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ribbon_Conspicuous_Leadership_Star.png/164px-Ribbon_Conspicuous_Leadership_Star.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_Leadership_Star" title="Conspicuous Leadership Star">Conspicuous Leadership Star</a> (CLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoration_for_Merit_in_Gold" title="Decoration for Merit DMG"><img alt="Decoration for Merit DMG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ribbon_-_Decoration_for_Merit_in_Gold.png/82px-Ribbon_-_Decoration_for_Merit_in_Gold.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ribbon_-_Decoration_for_Merit_in_Gold.png/125px-Ribbon_-_Decoration_for_Merit_in_Gold.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ribbon_-_Decoration_for_Merit_in_Gold.png/164px-Ribbon_-_Decoration_for_Merit_in_Gold.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Decoration_for_Merit_in_Gold" title="Decoration for Merit in Gold">Decoration for Merit</a> (Gold) (DMG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_Medal_in_Silver" title="Merit Medal MMS"><img alt="Merit Medal MMS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ribbon_-_Merit_Medal_in_Silver.png/82px-Ribbon_-_Merit_Medal_in_Silver.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ribbon_-_Merit_Medal_in_Silver.png/125px-Ribbon_-_Merit_Medal_in_Silver.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ribbon_-_Merit_Medal_in_Silver.png/164px-Ribbon_-_Merit_Medal_in_Silver.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Merit_Medal_in_Silver" title="Merit Medal in Silver">Merit Medal</a> (Silver) (MMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_Medal_in_Bronze" title="Merit Medal MMB"><img alt="Merit Medal MMB" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ribbon_-_Merit_Medal_in_Bronze.png/82px-Ribbon_-_Merit_Medal_in_Bronze.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ribbon_-_Merit_Medal_in_Bronze.png/125px-Ribbon_-_Merit_Medal_in_Bronze.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ribbon_-_Merit_Medal_in_Bronze.png/164px-Ribbon_-_Merit_Medal_in_Bronze.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Merit_Medal_in_Bronze" title="Merit Medal in Bronze">Merit Medal</a> (Bronze) (MMB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Medal_in_Gold" title="Service Medal '"><img alt="Service Medal '" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ribbon_-_Service_Medal_in_Gold.png/82px-Ribbon_-_Service_Medal_in_Gold.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ribbon_-_Service_Medal_in_Gold.png/125px-Ribbon_-_Service_Medal_in_Gold.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ribbon_-_Service_Medal_in_Gold.png/164px-Ribbon_-_Service_Medal_in_Gold.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Service_Medal_in_Gold" title="Service Medal in Gold">Service Medal</a> (Gold)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Medal_in_Silver" title="Service Medal '"><img alt="Service Medal '" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ribbon_-_Service_Medal_in_Silver.png/82px-Ribbon_-_Service_Medal_in_Silver.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ribbon_-_Service_Medal_in_Silver.png/125px-Ribbon_-_Service_Medal_in_Silver.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ribbon_-_Service_Medal_in_Silver.png/164px-Ribbon_-_Service_Medal_in_Silver.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Service_Medal_in_Silver" title="Service Medal in Silver">Service Medal</a> (Silver)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Medal_in_Bronze" title="Service Medal '"><img alt="Service Medal '" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ribbon_-_Service_Medal_in_Bronze.png/82px-Ribbon_-_Service_Medal_in_Bronze.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ribbon_-_Service_Medal_in_Bronze.png/125px-Ribbon_-_Service_Medal_in_Bronze.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ribbon_-_Service_Medal_in_Bronze.png/164px-Ribbon_-_Service_Medal_in_Bronze.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Service_Medal_in_Bronze" title="Service Medal in Bronze">Service Medal</a> (Bronze)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Service_Medal" title="South Africa Service Medal '"><img alt="South Africa Service Medal '" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ribbon_-_South_Africa_Service_Medal.png/82px-Ribbon_-_South_Africa_Service_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ribbon_-_South_Africa_Service_Medal.png/125px-Ribbon_-_South_Africa_Service_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ribbon_-_South_Africa_Service_Medal.png/164px-Ribbon_-_South_Africa_Service_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Service_Medal" title="South Africa Service Medal">South Africa Service Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_for_Bravery_in_Gold" title="Star for Bravery SBG"><img alt="Star for Bravery SBG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ribbon_Star_for_Bravery_in_Gold.png/82px-Ribbon_Star_for_Bravery_in_Gold.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ribbon_Star_for_Bravery_in_Gold.png/125px-Ribbon_Star_for_Bravery_in_Gold.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ribbon_Star_for_Bravery_in_Gold.png/164px-Ribbon_Star_for_Bravery_in_Gold.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Star_for_Bravery_in_Gold" title="Star for Bravery in Gold">Star for Bravery</a> (Gold) (SBG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_for_Bravery_in_Silver" title="Star for Bravery SBS"><img alt="Star for Bravery SBS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ribbon_Star_for_Bravery_in_Silver.png/82px-Ribbon_Star_for_Bravery_in_Silver.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ribbon_Star_for_Bravery_in_Silver.png/125px-Ribbon_Star_for_Bravery_in_Silver.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ribbon_Star_for_Bravery_in_Silver.png/164px-Ribbon_Star_for_Bravery_in_Silver.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Star_for_Bravery_in_Silver" title="Star for Bravery in Silver">Star for Bravery</a> (Silver) (SBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Medal_for_Southern_Africa" title="Operational Medal for Southern Africa '"><img alt="Operational Medal for Southern Africa '" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ribbon_-_Operational_Medal_for_Southern_Africa.png/82px-Ribbon_-_Operational_Medal_for_Southern_Africa.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ribbon_-_Operational_Medal_for_Southern_Africa.png/125px-Ribbon_-_Operational_Medal_for_Southern_Africa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ribbon_-_Operational_Medal_for_Southern_Africa.png/164px-Ribbon_-_Operational_Medal_for_Southern_Africa.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Operational_Medal_for_Southern_Africa" title="Operational Medal for Southern Africa">Operational Medal for Southern Africa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Reconciliation" title="Day of Reconciliation">Day of Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">Internal resistance to apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa" title="Military history of South Africa">Military history of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklacing" title="Necklacing">Necklacing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061217090228/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/manifesto-mk.html">"Manifesto of Umkhonto we Sizwe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a>. 16 December 1961. 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Retrieved 5 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Terrorism+Database&rft.atitle=GTD+ID%3A197905150003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.start.umd.edu%2Fgtd%2Fsearch%2FIncidentSummary.aspx%3Fgtdid%3D197905150003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=197906150007">"GTD ID:197906150007"</a>. Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 5 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Terrorism+Database&rft.atitle=GTD+ID%3A197906150007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.start.umd.edu%2Fgtd%2Fsearch%2FIncidentSummary.aspx%3Fgtdid%3D197906150007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=197911150008">"GTD ID;197911150008"</a>. Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 5 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Terrorism+Database&rft.atitle=GTD+ID%3B197911150008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.start.umd.edu%2Fgtd%2Fsearch%2FIncidentSummary.aspx%3Fgtdid%3D197911150008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=197911150009">"GTD ID;197911150009"</a>. Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 5 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Terrorism+Database&rft.atitle=GTD+ID%3B197911150009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.start.umd.edu%2Fgtd%2Fsearch%2FIncidentSummary.aspx%3Fgtdid%3D197911150009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=197912150003">"GTD ID:197912150003"</a>. Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 5 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Terrorism+Database&rft.atitle=GTD+ID%3A197912150003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.start.umd.edu%2Fgtd%2Fsearch%2FIncidentSummary.aspx%3Fgtdid%3D197912150003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/silverton-and-soekmekaar-trial">"Silverton and Soekmekaar trial"</a>. South African History Online. Retrieved 5 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+African+History+Online&rft.atitle=Silverton+and+Soekmekaar+trial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Farticle%2Fsilverton-and-soekmekaar-trial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198001250009">"GTD ID:198001250009"</a>. Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 5 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Terrorism+Database&rft.atitle=GTD+ID%3A198001250009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.start.umd.edu%2Fgtd%2Fsearch%2FIncidentSummary.aspx%3Fgtdid%3D198001250009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/01/26/3-blacks-killed-in-pretoria-bank-siege/04fff594-5e8d-476a-8f67-32fb4c675e90/">"3 Blacks Killed in Pretoria Bank Siege"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved 5 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=3+Blacks+Killed+in+Pretoria+Bank+Siege&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1980%2F01%2F26%2F3-blacks-killed-in-pretoria-bank-siege%2F04fff594-5e8d-476a-8f67-32fb4c675e90%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198003150006">"GTD ID:198003150006"</a>. Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 5 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Terrorism+Database&rft.atitle=GTD+ID%3A198003150006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.start.umd.edu%2Fgtd%2Fsearch%2FIncidentSummary.aspx%3Fgtdid%3D198003150006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198004040011">"GTD ID:198004040011"</a>. Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 5 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Terrorism+Database&rft.atitle=GTD+ID%3A198004040011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.start.umd.edu%2Fgtd%2Fsearch%2FIncidentSummary.aspx%3Fgtdid%3D198004040011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/anc-attack-booysens-police-station">"ANC attack on Booysens Police Station"</a>. South African History Online. Retrieved 5 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+African+History+Online&rft.atitle=ANC+attack+on+Booysens+Police+Station&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Fdated-event%2Fanc-attack-booysens-police-station&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/sasol-plant-under-attack">"SASOL plant under attack"</a>. South African History Online. 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Retrieved 8 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Terrorism+Database&rft.atitle=GTD+ID%3A198010290008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.start.umd.edu%2Fgtd%2Fsearch%2FIncidentSummary.aspx%3Fgtdid%3D198010290008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198010300019">"GTD ID:198010300019"</a>. Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 11 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Terrorism+Database&rft.atitle=GTD+ID%3A198010300019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.start.umd.edu%2Fgtd%2Fsearch%2FIncidentSummary.aspx%3Fgtdid%3D198010300019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198010290008">"GTD ID:198010290008"</a>. Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Terrorism+Database&rft.atitle=GTD+ID%3A198010290008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.start.umd.edu%2Fgtd%2Fsearch%2FIncidentSummary.aspx%3Fgtdid%3D198010290008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198105060009">"GTD ID:198105060009"</a>. Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 11 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Terrorism+Database&rft.atitle=GTD+ID%3A198105060009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.start.umd.edu%2Fgtd%2Fsearch%2FIncidentSummary.aspx%3Fgtdid%3D198105060009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198105150008">"GTD ID:198105150008"</a>. Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 11 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Terrorism+Database&rft.atitle=GTD+ID%3A198105150008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.start.umd.edu%2Fgtd%2Fsearch%2FIncidentSummary.aspx%3Fgtdid%3D198105150008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198105210013">"GTD ID"</a>. Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 11 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Terrorism+Database&rft.atitle=GTD+ID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.start.umd.edu%2Fgtd%2Fsearch%2FIncidentSummary.aspx%3Fgtdid%3D198105210013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198104210003">"GTD ID:198104210003"</a>. Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 7 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Terrorism+Database&rft.atitle=GTD+ID%3A198104210003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.start.umd.edu%2Fgtd%2Fsearch%2FIncidentSummary.aspx%3Fgtdid%3D198104210003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198105060009">"GTD ID:198105060009"</a>. Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 7 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Terrorism+Database&rft.atitle=GTD+ID%3A198105060009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.start.umd.edu%2Fgtd%2Fsearch%2FIncidentSummary.aspx%3Fgtdid%3D198105060009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198105150008">"GTD ID:198105150008"</a>. Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 7 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Terrorism+Database&rft.atitle=GTD+ID%3A198105150008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.start.umd.edu%2Fgtd%2Fsearch%2FIncidentSummary.aspx%3Fgtdid%3D198105150008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198105210013">"GTD ID:198105210013"</a>. Global Terrorism Database. 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Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report. 2. <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a>: 330. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 November 2009. Retrieved 12 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Truth+and+Reconciliation+Commission+of+South+Africa+Report&rft.atitle=The+Liberation+Movements+from+1960+to+1990&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=330&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov.za%2Ftrc%2Freport%2Ffinalreport%2FVolume%25202.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Durban-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Durban_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durban_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf">"The Liberation Movements from 1960 to 1990"</a> (PDF). Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report. 2. <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a>: 333. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 November 2009. Retrieved 12 August 2013. <q>The consequence in these cases, such as the magoo's bar and the durban esplanade bombings, were gross violations of human rights in that they resulted in injuries to and the deaths of civilians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Truth+and+Reconciliation+Commission+of+South+Africa+Report&rft.atitle=The+Liberation+Movements+from+1960+to+1990&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=333&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov.za%2Ftrc%2Freport%2Ffinalreport%2FVolume%25202.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mg.co.za/article/2014-02-28-mcbride-appointed-as-head-of-ipid">"McBride Appointed as Head of IPID"</a>. 28 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=McBride+Appointed+as+Head+of+IPID&rft.date=2014-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmg.co.za%2Farticle%2F2014-02-28-mcbride-appointed-as-head-of-ipid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008101121/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?id=2651">"AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS Appendix Four: List of MK Operations"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?id=2651">the original</a> on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AFRICAN+NATIONAL+CONGRESS+Appendix+Four%3A+List+of+MK+Operations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anc.org.za%2Fshow.php%3Fid%3D2651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/24/world/23-hurt-in-south-african-blast.html">"23 Hurt in South African Blast"</a>. New York Times. 24 August 1988. Retrieved 18 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=23+Hurt+in+South+African+Blast&rft.date=1988-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F08%2F24%2Fworld%2F23-hurt-in-south-african-blast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf">"The Liberation Movements from 1960 to 1990"</a> (PDF). Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report. 2. <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a>: 333. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 November 2009. Retrieved 12 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Truth+and+Reconciliation+Commission+of+South+Africa+Report&rft.atitle=The+Liberation+Movements+from+1960+to+1990&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=333&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov.za%2Ftrc%2Freport%2Ffinalreport%2FVolume%25202.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf">"The Liberation Movements from 1960 to 1990"</a> (PDF). Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report. 2. <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a>: 366. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 November 2009. Retrieved 12 August 2013. <q>The commission finds that 'suspected agents' were routinely subjected to severe torture and other forms of severe ill-treatment and that there were cases where such individuals were charged and convicted by tribunals without proper attention to due process being afforded them, sentenced to death and executed...With regard to allegations of torture, the commission finds that, although it was not anc policy to use torture, the security department of the anc routinely used torture to extract information and confessions from those being held in camps, particularly in the period 1979–89.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Truth+and+Reconciliation+Commission+of+South+Africa+Report&rft.atitle=The+Liberation+Movements+from+1960+to+1990&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=366&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov.za%2Ftrc%2Freport%2Ffinalreport%2FVolume%25202.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120515235447/http://www.info.gov.za/otherdocs/2003/trc/5_3.pdf">"Findings and Recommendations – Holding the ANC Accountable"</a> (PDF). Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report. 2. <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a>: 333. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.info.gov.za/otherdocs/2003/trc/5_3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Truth+and+Reconciliation+Commission+of+South+Africa+Report&rft.atitle=Findings+and+Recommendations+%E2%80%93+Holding+the+ANC+Accountable&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=333&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.za%2Fotherdocs%2F2003%2Ftrc%2F5_3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dreyer-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dreyer_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dreyer_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dreyer_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dreyer_84-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dreyer_84-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dreyer_84-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dreyer_84-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyer1994" class="citation book cs1">Dreyer, Ronald (1994). Namibia and Southern Africa: Regional Dynamics of Decolonization, 1945–90. 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New York: Frank Cass Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cubaninterventio00geor/page/n137">123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415647106" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415647106"><bdi>978-0415647106</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cuban+intervention+in+Angola&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0415647106&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcubaninterventio00geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Hot-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hot_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hot_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hot_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hot_86-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hot_86-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hot_86-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hot_86-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShubin2008" class="citation book cs1">Shubin, Vladimir Gennadyevich (2008). The Hot "Cold War": The USSR in Southern Africa. London: Pluto Press. pp. 92–93, 249–253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2472-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2472-2"><bdi>978-0-7453-2472-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hot+%22Cold+War%22%3A+The+USSR+in+Southern+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.pages=92-93%2C+249-253&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-2472-2&rft.aulast=Shubin&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+Gennadyevich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Proxy-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Proxy_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Proxy_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2014" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Geraint (2014). My Enemy's Enemy: Proxy Warfare in International Politics. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. pp. 65–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845196271" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845196271"><bdi>978-1845196271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Enemy%27s+Enemy%3A+Proxy+Warfare+in+International+Politics&rft.place=Brighton&rft.pages=65-79&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1845196271&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Geraint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mutiny-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Mutiny_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallinicos2012" class="citation journal cs1">Callinicos, Luli (2012). "Oliver Tambo and the Dilemma of the Camp Mutinies in Angola in the Eighties". South African Historical Journal. 64 (3): 587–621. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02582473.2012.675813">10.1080/02582473.2012.675813</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144909892">144909892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Oliver+Tambo+and+the+Dilemma+of+the+Camp+Mutinies+in+Angola+in+the+Eighties&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=587-621&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02582473.2012.675813&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144909892%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Callinicos&rft.aufirst=Luli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mobility-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Mobility_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteenkampHelmoed-Römer2016" class="citation book cs1">Steenkamp, Willem; Helmoed-Römer, Heitman (September 2016). Mobility Conquers: The Story Of 61 Mechanised Battalion Group 1978–2005. Solihull: Helion & Company. p. 706. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-911096-52-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-911096-52-8"><bdi>978-1-911096-52-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mobility+Conquers%3A+The+Story+Of+61+Mechanised+Battalion+Group+1978%E2%80%932005&rft.place=Solihull&rft.pages=706&rft.pub=Helion+%26+Company&rft.date=2016-09&rft.isbn=978-1-911096-52-8&rft.aulast=Steenkamp&rft.aufirst=Willem&rft.au=Helmoed-R%C3%B6mer%2C+Heitman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diplomacy-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diplomacy_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diplomacy_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diplomacy_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diplomacy_90-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diplomacy_90-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diplomacy_90-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diplomacy_90-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1995" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Scott (1995). The Diplomacy of Liberation: The Foreign Relations of the ANC Since 1960. London: Tauris Academic Studies. pp. 200–202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1850439936" title="Special:BookSources/978-1850439936"><bdi>978-1850439936</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diplomacy+of+Liberation%3A+The+Foreign+Relations+of+the+ANC+Since+1960&rft.place=London&rft.pages=200-202&rft.pub=Tauris+Academic+Studies&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1850439936&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolasa-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kolasa_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kolasa_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kolasa_91-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolasa2016" class="citation book cs1">Kolasa, Thomas Stanley (2016). The South African Communist Party: Adapting to Thrive in a Post-Communist Age. Jefferson: McFarland & Company. pp. 56–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786478040" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786478040"><bdi>978-0786478040</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+African+Communist+Party%3A+Adapting+to+Thrive+in+a+Post-Communist+Age&rft.place=Jefferson&rft.pages=56-58&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0786478040&rft.aulast=Kolasa&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Douek-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Douek_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douek_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douek_92-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douek_92-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douek_92-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douek_92-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douek_92-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouek1997" class="citation book cs1">Douek, Daniel (1997). Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in South Africa. London: Hurst & Company. pp. 51, 105–106, 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849048804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849048804"><bdi>978-1849048804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insurgency+and+Counterinsurgency+in+South+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.pages=51%2C+105-106%2C+268&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1849048804&rft.aulast=Douek&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDP-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FDP_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuthuliBopela2005" class="citation book cs1">Luthuli, Daluxolo; Bopela, Thula (2005). Umkhonto We Siswe: Fighting for a Divided People. Alberton: Galago Publishing Company. pp. 60, 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1919854168" title="Special:BookSources/978-1919854168"><bdi>978-1919854168</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Umkhonto+We+Siswe%3A+Fighting+for+a+Divided+People&rft.place=Alberton&rft.pages=60%2C+113&rft.pub=Galago+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1919854168&rft.aulast=Luthuli&rft.aufirst=Daluxolo&rft.au=Bopela%2C+Thula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mandela-94"><a href="#cite_ref-mandela_94-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/rivonia.html">Statement of Nelson Mandela at Rivonia trial</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221095404/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/rivonia.html">Archived</a> 21 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/mavuso-walter-msimang">"Mavuso Walter Msimang"</a>. South African History Online. Retrieved 5 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+African+History+Online&rft.atitle=Mavuso+Walter+Msimang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Fpeople%2Fmavuso-walter-msimang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf">"The Liberation Movements from 1960 to 1990"</a> (PDF). Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report. 2. <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a>: 327. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 November 2009. Retrieved 12 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Truth+and+Reconciliation+Commission+of+South+Africa+Report&rft.atitle=The+Liberation+Movements+from+1960+to+1990&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=327&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov.za%2Ftrc%2Freport%2Ffinalreport%2FVolume%25202.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://v1.sahistory.org.za/pages/governence-projects/apartheid-repression/cross-border-raids.htm">https://v1.sahistory.org.za/pages/governence-projects/apartheid-repression/cross-border-raids.htm</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2019" class="citation journal cs1">Stevens, Simon (November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/past/article/245/1/221/5580560">"The Turn to Sabotage by The Congress Movement in South Africa"</a>. Past & Present (245) (published 3 October 2019): 221–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtz030">10.1093/pastj/gtz030</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1814%2F75043">1814/75043</a>. Retrieved 8 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=The+Turn+to+Sabotage+by+The+Congress+Movement+in+South+Africa&rft.issue=245&rft.pages=221-255&rft.date=2019-11&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1814%2F75043&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtz030&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fpast%2Farticle%2F245%2F1%2F221%2F5580560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShubin2007" class="citation journal cs1">Shubin, Vladimir (1 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14682740701284157">"Unsung Heroes: The Soviet Military and the Liberation of Southern Africa"</a>. Cold War History. 7 (2): 251–262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14682740701284157">10.1080/14682740701284157</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2745">1468-2745</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154318774">154318774</a>. Retrieved 8 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+War+History&rft.atitle=Unsung+Heroes%3A+The+Soviet+Military+and+the+Liberation+of+Southern+Africa&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=251-262&rft.date=2007-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154318774%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1468-2745&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14682740701284157&rft.aulast=Shubin&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F14682740701284157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rocky Williams (page does not exist)">Williams, Rocky</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol115rw.html">"The other armies: A brief historical overview of Umkhonto We Sizwe (MK), 1961-1994"</a>. South African Military History Society - Journal. 11 (5). Retrieved 8 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Military+History+Society+-+Journal&rft.atitle=The+other+armies%3A+A+brief+historical+overview+of+Umkhonto+We+Sizwe+%28MK%29%2C+1961-1994&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Rocky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsamilitaryhistory.org%2Fvol115rw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShubin" class="citation web cs1">Shubin, Vladimir (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scnc.ukzn.ac.za/doc/AAmwebsite/Papers.htm">"Moscow and ANC: Three Decades of Co-operation and Beyond"</a>. scnc.ukzn.ac.za. Retrieved 8 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scnc.ukzn.ac.za&rft.atitle=Moscow+and+ANC%3A+Three+Decades+of+Co-operation+and+Beyond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscnc.ukzn.ac.za%2Fdoc%2FAAmwebsite%2FPapers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rocky Williams Articles in the Journal of Security Sector Management and others <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2005" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Rocky (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/jssm/jssm_3_2/jssm_3_2_002.pdf">"Demobilisation and Reintegration: The South African Experience"</a> (PDF). Journal of Security Sector Management. 3 (2): 531–567.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Security+Sector+Management&rft.atitle=Demobilisation+and+Reintegration%3A+The+South+African+Experience&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=531-567&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Rocky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciaotest.cc.columbia.edu%2Folj%2Fjssm%2Fjssm_3_2%2Fjssm_3_2_002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1998" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, R. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23489912">"Towards the creation of an African civil-military relations tradition"</a>. African Journal of Political Science. 3 (1): 20–41. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23489912">23489912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Towards+the+creation+of+an+African+civil-military+relations+tradition&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-41&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23489912%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23489912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2005" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/jssm/jssm_3_2/jssm_3_2_004.pdf">"Human Security and the Transformation of the South African National Security Environment from 1990–2004: Challenges and Limitations"</a> (PDF). Journal of Security Sector Management: 1–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Security+Sector+Management&rft.atitle=Human+Security+and+the+Transformation+of+the+South+African+National+Security+Environment+from+1990%E2%80%932004%3A+Challenges+and+Limitations&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciaotest.cc.columbia.edu%2Folj%2Fjssm%2Fjssm_3_2%2Fjssm_3_2_004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrhartSchnabel2005" class="citation web cs1">Ehrhart, Hans-Georg; Schnabel, Albrecht, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237350205">"Security sector reform and post-conflict peacebuilding"</a>. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Security+sector+reform+and+post-conflict+peacebuilding&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=United+Nations+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F237350205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/umkhonto-wesizwe-mk">"uMkhonto weSizwe (MK)"</a>. South African History Online. 20 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+African+History+Online&rft.atitle=uMkhonto+weSizwe+%28MK%29&rft.date=2011-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Ftopic%2Fumkhonto-wesizwe-mk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiredu1986" class="citation journal cs1">Wiredu, Kwasi (October 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017030412/http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&id=B96533F0-E7CE-4CF3-BD4C-409A8EE64951">"The Question of Violence in Contemporary African Political Thought"</a>. PRAXIS International: A Philosophical Journal. 6 (3). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&id=B96533F0-E7CE-4CF3-BD4C-409A8EE64951">the original</a> on 17 October 2015 – via [Central and Eastern European Online Library <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ceeol.com">http://www.ceeol.com</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PRAXIS+International%3A+A+Philosophical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Question+of+Violence+in+Contemporary+African+Political+Thought&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1986-10&rft.aulast=Wiredu&rft.aufirst=Kwasi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Faspx%2Fgetdocument.aspx%3Flogid%3D5%26id%3DB96533F0-E7CE-4CF3-BD4C-409A8EE64951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMkhonto+weSizwe" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150220033111/http://anc.org.za/themes.php?t=Umkhonto%20we%20Sizwe">Collection of uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK) documents</a> – from anc.org, timeline and manifesto.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_National_Congress" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#008000;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_National_Congress" title="Template:African National Congress"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_National_Congress" title="Template talk:African National Congress"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_National_Congress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African National Congress"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_National_Congress" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Leaders" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000;color:white;;width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#008000;color:white;">President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Langalibalele_Dube" title="John Langalibalele Dube">John Langalibalele Dube</a> (1912–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefako_Makgatho" title="Sefako Makgatho">Sefako Makgatho</a> (1917–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Richard_Mahabane" title="Zacharias Richard Mahabane">Zacharias Richard Mahabane</a> (1924–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Tshangana_Gumede" title="Josiah Tshangana Gumede">Josiah Tshangana Gumede</a> (1927–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixley_ka_Isaka_Seme" title="Pixley ka Isaka Seme">Pixley ka Isaka Seme</a> (1930–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Richard_Mahabane" title="Zacharias Richard Mahabane">Zacharias Richard Mahabane</a> (1937–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bitini_Xuma" title="Alfred Bitini Xuma">Alfred Bitini Xuma</a> (1940–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moroka" title="James Moroka">James Moroka</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a> (1952–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (1991–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a> (1997–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> (2007–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> (2017–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#008000;color:white;">Deputy President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rubusana" title="Walter Rubusana">Walter Rubusana</a> (1912–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (1952–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a> (1958–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (1985–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a> (1991–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a> (1994–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> (1997–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a> (2007–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> (2012–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mabuza" title="David Mabuza">David Mabuza</a> (2017–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mashatile" title="Paul Mashatile">Paul Mashatile</a> (2022–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#008000;color:white;">Secretary-General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Plaatje" title="Sol Plaatje">Sol Plaatje</a> (1912–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selope_Thema" title="Selope Thema">Selope Thema</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Msane" title="Saul Msane">Saul Msane</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li>Horatio L. Bud-M'belle (1919–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD_Mweli_Skota" title="TD Mweli Skota">TD Mweli Skota</a> (1923–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._J._Khaile" title="E. J. Khaile">E. J. Khaile</a> (1927–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Mdolomba" title="Elijah Mdolomba">Elijah Mdolomba</a> (1930–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Calata" title="James Calata">James Calata</a> (1936–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a> (1949–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a> (1955–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duma_Nokwe" title="Duma Nokwe">Duma Nokwe</a> (1958–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baphethuxolo_Nzo" title="Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo">Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo</a> (1969–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> (1991–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a> (1997–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwede_Mantashe" title="Gwede Mantashe">Gwede Mantashe</a> (2007–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ace_Magashule" title="Ace Magashule">Ace Magashule</a> (2017–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fikile_Mbalula" title="Fikile Mbalula">Fikile Mbalula</a> (2022–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="National Conference of the African National Congress">National Conferences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morogoro_Conference" title="Morogoro Conference">Morogoro</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/48th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="48th National Conference of the African National Congress">48th</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/49th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="49th National Conference of the African National Congress">49th</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/50th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="50th National Conference of the African National Congress">50th</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/51st_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="51st National Conference of the African National Congress">51st</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/52nd_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="52nd National Conference of the African National Congress">52nd</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/53rd_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="53rd National Conference of the African National Congress">53rd</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/54th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="54th National Conference of the African National Congress">54th</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/55th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="55th National Conference of the African National Congress">55th</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000;color:white;;width:1%">Structure and wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Working_Committee_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="National Working Committee of the African National Congress">National Working Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="National Executive Committee of the African National Congress">National Executive Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Executive_Committees_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="Provincial Executive Committees of the African National Congress">Provincial Executive Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress_Women%27s_League" title="African National Congress Women's League">ANC Women's League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress_Youth_League" title="African National Congress Youth League">ANC Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress_Veterans%27_League" title="African National Congress Veterans' League">ANC Veterans' League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luthuli_House" title="Luthuli House">Luthuli House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANC_Today" title="ANC Today">ANC Today</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="History of the African National Congress">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_Campaign" title="Defiance Campaign">Defiance Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_People_(1955)" title="Congress of the People (1955)">Congress of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rivonia_Trial" title="Little Rivonia Trial">Little Rivonia Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="UMkhonto we Sizwe">uMkhonto we Sizwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Freedom" title="Radio Freedom">Radio Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Mahlangu_Freedom_College" title="Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College">Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vula" title="Operation Vula">Operation Vula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisho_massacre" title="Bisho massacre">Bisho massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_House_massacre" title="Shell House massacre">Shell House massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Alliance" title="Tripartite Alliance">Allied organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Congress of South African Trade Unions">Congress of South African Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" title="South African Communist Party">South African Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#008000;color:white;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_National_Congress" title="Category:African National Congress">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_history_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_history_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political history of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1075–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1220)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a> (1652–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mthethwa_Paramountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mthethwa Paramountcy">Mthethwa Paramountcy</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1780–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1780–1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a> (1816–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Republic" title="Natalia Republic">Natalia Republic</a> (1839–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal Colony</a> (1843–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a> (1854–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> (1856–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_East" title="Griqualand East">Griqualand East</a> (1861–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_West" title="Griqualand West">Griqualand West</a> (1870–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Goshen" title="State of Goshen">Goshen</a> (1882–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellaland" title="Stellaland">Stellaland</a> (1882–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Republiek" title="Nieuwe Republiek">Nieuwe Republiek</a> (1884–1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upingtonia" title="Upingtonia">Upingtonia</a> (1885–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein_Vrystaat" title="Klein Vrystaat">Klein Vrystaat</a> (1886–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River Colony</a> (1902–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal Colony</a> (1902–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> (1910–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a> (1976–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bophuthatswana" title="Bophuthatswana">Bophuthatswana</a> (1977–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venda" title="Venda">Venda</a> (1979–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciskei" title="Ciskei">Ciskei</a> (1981–1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_South_Africa" title="Early history of South Africa">Pre-colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salt_River" title="Battle of Salt River">Battle of Salt River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1652%E2%80%931815)" title="History of South Africa (1652–1815)">1652–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cape_Colony_before_1806#First_settlement" title="History of the Cape Colony before 1806">Dutch settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">French Huguenot settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi%E2%80%93Dutch_Wars" title="Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars">Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muizenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Muizenberg">Battle of Muizenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Battle of Blaauwberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1814" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814">Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)" title="History of South Africa (1815–1910)">1815–1910</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_Settlers" title="1820 Settlers">1820 Settlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Great Trek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boer_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Republics">Boer Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Civil_War" title="Transvaal Civil War">Transvaal Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_Revolution" title="Mineral Revolution">Mineral Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Wars_(1879%E2%80%931915)" title="South African Wars (1879–1915)">South African Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act_1909" title="South Africa Act 1909">South Africa Act 1909</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Convention_(South_Africa)" title="National Convention (South Africa)">National Convention</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1910%E2%80%9348)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Africa (1910–48)">1910–1948</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West Africa campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Rebellion" title="Rand Rebellion">Rand Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_South_Africa" title="Great Depression in South Africa">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_African_Mine_Workers%27_Union_strike" title="1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike">1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_South_African_general_election" title="1948 South African general election">1948 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_legislation" title="Apartheid legislation">Apartheid legislation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pass_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Pass laws">Pass laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">Internal resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloured-vote_constitutional_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured-vote constitutional crisis">Coloured-vote constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_Campaign" title="Defiance Campaign">Defiance Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_People_(1955)" title="Congress of the People (1955)">Congress of the People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_(South_Africa)" title="Women's March (South Africa)">Women's March 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Alexandra_bus_boycott" title="1957 Alexandra bus boycott">1957 Alexandra bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_South_African_republic_referendum" title="1960 South African republic referendum">1960 republic referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa_during_apartheid" title="Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid">International isolation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_1761" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1761">UN Resolution 1761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_591" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 591">UNSC Resolution 591</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_boycott_of_South_Africa" title="Academic boycott of South Africa">Academic boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa" title="Disinvestment from South Africa">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_engagement" title="Constructive engagement">Constructive engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_Baby_Option" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar Baby Option">Tar Baby Option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporting_boycott_of_South_Africa_during_the_apartheid_era" title="Sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era">Sporting boycott</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid-era_South_Africa_and_the_Olympics" title="Apartheid-era South Africa and the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_and_apartheid" title="Rugby union and apartheid">Rugby union</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durban_Moment" title="Durban Moment">Durban Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations#Strategic_relations" title="Israel–South Africa relations">Israeli alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_Agreement" title="Israel–South Africa Agreement">Israel–South Africa Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafeje_affair" title="Mafeje affair">Mafeje affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soweto_uprising" title="Soweto uprising">Soweto Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Africa and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Coast" title="Project Coast">Project Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Street_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Street bombing">Church Street bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_South_African_constitutional_referendum" title="1983 South African constitutional referendum">1983 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langa_massacre" title="Langa massacre">Langa massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_speech" title="Rubicon speech">Rubicon speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vula" title="Operation Vula">Operation Vula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakar_Conference" title="Dakar Conference">Dakar Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Transkei_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Transkei coup d'état">Transkei coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Ciskei_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Ciskei coup d'état">Ciskei coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Venda_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Venda coup d'état">Venda coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(South_Africa)" title="Third Force (South Africa)">Third Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">CODESA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Kempton_Park_World_Trade_Centre" title="Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre">Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisho_massacre" title="Bisho massacre">Bisho massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_South_African_apartheid_referendum" title="1992 South African apartheid referendum">1992 apartheid referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_James_Church_massacre" title="Saint James Church massacre">Saint James Church massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">Bophuthatswana crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_House_massacre" title="Shell House massacre">Shell House massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1994%E2%80%93present)" title="History of South Africa (1994–present)">Post- apartheid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">1994 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nelson_Mandela" title="Cabinet of Nelson Mandela">Government of National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_and_Development_Programme" title="Reconstruction and Development Programme">Reconstruction and Development Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Arms_Deal" title="South African Arms Deal">Arms Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_crossing_(South_Africa)" title="Floor crossing (South Africa)">Floor crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Soweto_bombings" title="2002 Soweto bombings">Soweto bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Renaissance" title="African Renaissance">African Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travelgate_(South_Africa)" title="Travelgate (South Africa)">Travelgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">Xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Kennedy_Road" title="Attack on Kennedy Road">Attack on Kennedy Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blikkiesdorp" title="Blikkiesdorp">Blikkiesdorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marikana_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Marikana killings">Marikana massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_2012_Farm_Workers%27_strike" title="Western Cape 2012 Farm Workers' strike">2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkandla_(homestead)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nkandla (homestead)">Nkandlagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_South_African_platinum_strike" title="2014 South African platinum strike">2014 platinum strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Must_Fall" title="Rhodes Must Fall">#RhodesMustFall protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeesMustFall" title="FeesMustFall">#FeesMustFall student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshwane_riots,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshwane riots, 2016">Tshwane riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_service_delivery_protests" title="2019 service delivery protests">2019 service delivery protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Johannesburg_riots" title="2019 Johannesburg riots">2019 Johannesburg riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Phala_Phala_Robbery" title="2020 Phala Phala Robbery">2020 Phala Phala Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_South_African_unrest" title="2021 South African unrest">2021 unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_R_incident" title="Lady R incident">Lady R incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Calvinism" title="Afrikaner Calvinism">Afrikaner Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azania" title="Azania">Azania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baasskap" title="Baasskap">Baasskap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boerehaat" title="Boerehaat">Boerehaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black Consciousness Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Independence">Cape Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Vow" title="Day of the Vow">Day of the Vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_South_Africa" title="Greater South Africa">Greater South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_whites" title="Honorary whites">Honorary whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooi_gevaar" title="Rooi gevaar">Rooi gevaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swart_gevaar" title="Swart gevaar">Swart gevaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uitlander" title="Uitlander">Uitlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkstaat" title="Volkstaat">Volkstaat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civic and political organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Bond" title="Afrikaner Bond">Afrikaner Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Broederbond" title="Afrikaner Broederbond">Afrikaner Broederbond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Party" title="Afrikaner Party">Afrikaner Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_Income_Tax_and_Usury_Party" title="Abolition of Income Tax and Usury Party">AITUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Political_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="African Political Organization">APO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Volksfront" title="Afrikaner Volksfront">AVF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_People%27s_Convention" title="Black People's Convention">BPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sash" title="Black Sash">Black Sash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boerestaat_Party" title="Boerestaat Party">Boerestaat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Christian Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">CDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciskei_National_Independence_Party" title="Ciskei National Independence Party">CNIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Ecology_Group" title="Cape Town Ecology Group">CTEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Congress_of_Democrats" title="South African Congress of Democrats">COD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Alliance" title="Congress Alliance">Congress Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_Objector_Support_Group" title="Conscientious Objector Support Group">COSG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of South Africa">CP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_Front" title="Democratic Left Front">DLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Dominion Party (South Africa)">Dominion Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa,_1973)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa, 1973)">DP (1973–1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa)">DP (1989–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party_(Transkei)" title="Democratic Progressive Party (Transkei)">DPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Movement_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Socialist Movement (South Africa)">DSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_Conscription_Campaign" title="End Conscription Campaign">ECC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Federal Alliance (South Africa)">FA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Democrats_(South_Africa)" title="Federation of Democrats (South Africa)">FD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genootskap_van_Regte_Afrikaners" title="Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners">Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purified_National_Party" title="Purified National Party">GNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Het_Volk_(political_party)" title="Het Volk (political party)">Het Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herenigde_Nasionale_Party" title="Herenigde Nasionale Party">HNP (Herenigde)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herstigte_Nasionale_Party" title="Herstigte Nasionale Party">HNP (Herstigte)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Democratic_Alternatives_in_South_Africa" title="Institute for Democratic Alternatives in South Africa">IDASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Democrats" title="Independent Democrats">ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Independent Party (South Africa)">IP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_League_(South_Africa)" title="International Socialist League (South Africa)">ISL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeugkrag" title="Jeugkrag">Jeugkrag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Reform_Committee" title="Johannesburg Reform Committee">Johannesburg Reform Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Labour Party (South Africa)">Labour Party (1910–1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa,_1969)" title="Labour Party (South Africa, 1969)">Labour Party (1969–1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Liberal Party of South Africa">Liberal Party (1953–1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(South_Africa)" title="National Action (South Africa)">NA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Conservative Party (South Africa)">NCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natal_Indian_Congress" title="Natal Indian Congress">Natal Indian Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Labour Party (South Africa)">NLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New National Party (South Africa)">NNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">NP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Party_(South_Africa,_1981)" title="National People's Party (South Africa, 1981)">NPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Republic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Republic Party (South Africa)">NRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_South_African_Students" title="National Union of South African Students">NUSAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_South_Africa" title="Occupy South Africa">Occupy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangia_Unie" title="Orangia Unie">Orangia Unie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vereniging_van_Oranjewerkers" title="Vereniging van Oranjewerkers">Oranjewerkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orde_Boerevolk" title="Orde Boerevolk">Orde Boerevolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_ANC_Voters_Network" title="Progressive ANC Voters Network">PAVN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Federal_Party" title="Progressive Federal Party">PFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Cape_Colony)" title="Progressive Party (Cape Colony)">Progressive Party (Cape Colony)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Party (South Africa)">Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Reform Party (South Africa)">PRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Freedom" title="Radio Freedom">Radio Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Reform Party (South Africa)">Reform Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Business_Party" title="South African Business Party">SABP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Democratic_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Democratic Convention">SADECO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Indian_Congress" title="South African Indian Congress">SAIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Students%27_Organisation" title="South African Students' Organisation">SASO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Youth_Congress" title="South African Youth Congress">SAYCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Youth_Revolutionary_Council" title="South African Youth Revolutionary Council">SAYRCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party_(Cape_Colony)" title="South African Party (Cape Colony)">South African Party (Cape Colony)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party" title="South African Party">South African Party (1911–1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party_(Republic_of_South_Africa)" title="South African Party (Republic of South Africa)">South African Party (1977–1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transkei_National_Independence_Party" title="Transkei National Independence Party">TNIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch_Commando" title="Torch Commando">Torch Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Federal_Party" title="Union Federal Party">UFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Party_(South_Africa)" title="United Party (South Africa)">United Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Unionist Party (South Africa)">Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Venda" title="National Party of Venda">National Party of Venda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksparty" title="Volksparty">Volksparty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Workers Party of South Africa">Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Organisation_for_Socialist_Action" title="Workers Organisation for Socialist Action">WOSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade unions and social movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Privatisation_Forum" title="Anti-Privatisation Forum">APF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">BCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Trade_Union_of_Transnet_Workers" title="Black Trade Union of Transnet Workers">BLATU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Non-European_Trade_Unions" title="Council of Non-European Trade Unions">CNETU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Stevedoring_Workers_Union" title="Cape Town Stevedoring Workers Union">CTSWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Canning_Workers%27_Union" title="Food and Canning Workers' Union">FCWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Non-European_Trade_Unions" title="Federation of Non-European Trade Unions">FNETU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Federation of South African Trade Unions">FOSATU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_Commercial_Workers%27_Union" title="Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union">ICU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World_(South_Africa)" title="Industrial Workers of the World (South Africa)">IWW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicians_Union_of_South_Africa" title="Musicians Union of South Africa">MUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-European_Unity_Movement" title="Non-European Unity Movement">NEUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Railway_and_Harbour_Servants" title="National Union of Railway and Harbour Servants">NURHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_Arts_Workers%27_Equity" title="Performing Arts Workers' Equity">PAWE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Agricultural_Plantation_and_Allied_Workers_Union" title="South African Agricultural Plantation and Allied Workers Union">SAAPAWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Congress_of_Trade_Unions" title="South African Congress of Trade Unions">SACTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Industrial_Federation" title="South African Industrial Federation">SAIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Railways_and_Harbours_Union" title="South African Railways and Harbours Union">SARHU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Trades_Union_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Trades Union Council">SATUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Spoorbund" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Spoorbund">Die Spoorbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(South_Africa)" title="United Democratic Front (South Africa)">UDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umkosi_Wezintaba" title="Umkosi Wezintaba">Umkosi Wezintaba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paramilitary and terrorist organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Azanian People's Liberation Army">APLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Resistance_Movement" title="African Resistance Movement">ARM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">AWB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanke_Bevrydingsbeweging" title="Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging">BBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeremag" title="Boeremag">Boeremag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe">MK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orde_van_die_Dood" title="Orde van die Dood">Orde van die Dood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Against_Gangsterism_and_Drugs" title="People Against Gangsterism and Drugs">PAGAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Front" title="South African National Front">SANF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Histories of political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="History of the African National Congress">African National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="History of the Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="History of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan Africanist Congress of Azania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Political history of South Africa">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Template:Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Template talk:Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chairman: <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></li> <li>Deputy chairman: <a href="/wiki/Alex_Boraine" title="Alex Boraine">Alex Boraine</a></li> <li>National Research Director: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Villa-Vicencio" title="Charles Villa-Vicencio">Charles Villa-Vicencio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_testified_at_the_Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Category:People who testified at the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">testimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Biehl_Foundation_Trust" title="Amy Biehl Foundation Trust">Amy Biehl Foundation Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Justice_and_Reconciliation" title="Institute for Justice and Reconciliation">Institute for Justice and Reconciliation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Azanian People's Liberation Army">Azanian People's Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Cooperation_Bureau" title="Civil Cooperation Bureau">Civil Cooperation Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Security_Council" title="State Security Council">State Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vlakplaas" title="Vlakplaas">Vlakplaas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe">Umkhonto we Sizwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(South_Africa)" title="Third Force (South Africa)">Third Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massacre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanzimtoti_bombing" title="Amanzimtoti bombing">Amanzimtoti bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ventersdorp" title="Battle of Ventersdorp">Battle of Ventersdorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Street_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Street bombing">Church Street bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cradock_Four" title="The Cradock Four">The Cradock Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durban_beach-front_bombing" title="Durban beach-front bombing">Durban beach-front bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Tavern_massacre" title="Heidelberg Tavern massacre">Heidelberg Tavern massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gugulethu_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gugulethu Seven">The Gugulethu Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_raid_on_Mthatha" title="1993 raid on Mthatha">Mthatha Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pebco_Three" title="Pebco Three">Pebco Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_James_Church_massacre" title="Saint James Church massacre">Saint James Church massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_House_massacre" title="Shell House massacre">Shell House massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Council_of_Churches#1988_bombing_of_Khotso_House" title="South African Council of Churches">Bombing of Khotso House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Trojan Horse Incident">Trojan Horse Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queenstown_Massacre" title="Queenstown Massacre">Queenstown Massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Country_of_My_Skull" title="Country of My Skull">Country of My Skull</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Human_Being_Died_That_Night" title="A Human Being Died That Night">A Human Being Died That Night</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Dust_(novel)" title="Red Dust (novel)">Red Dust</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness_(2004_film)" title="Forgiveness (2004 film)">Forgiveness</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_My_Country_(2004_film)" title="In My Country (2004 film)">In My Country</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Dust_(2004_film)" title="Red Dust (2004 film)">Red Dust</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Love_Letter" title="Zulu Love Letter">Zulu Love Letter</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Forgiven_(2017_film)" title="The Forgiven (2017 film)">The Forgiven</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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